history of hospitality and foodservice ca-cai-1d: trace the history and growth of the foodservice...
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History of Hospitality and Foodservice
CA-CAI-1d: Trace the history and growth of the foodservice and hospitality industry and
list historical chefs and entrepreneurs relating their major accomplishments to the food
industry.
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Ancient Greece and Rome
• 300-400 B.C.• Meals were
considered a time to nourish the soul as well as the body
• People ate while reclining on couches, enjoying music, poetry, and dancing
• Lesche: private clubs where banquets where held for Greeks
• Phatnai: Catered to travelers and traders
– Travelers brought their own food to these clubs
• grapes, olives, bread, wine and cheese
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Rome
• 282 B.C.• Romans conquered
land surrounding Mediterranean that was formerly occupied by Greeks
• Romans were different—meals were primarily served in the home.
• They also desired more exotic foods and spices which increased trade
• Also stretched their empire farther east and north
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Middle Ages
• 475-1300 A.D.• Signaled by the end
of the Roman Empire• Feudal society• Large banquets were
held almost every night—to eat.
• Their main utensil was their hands
• Travel was no longer safe so trade stopped
• Europe became isolated until….
• Marco Polo from Venice brought spices back from his travels to China
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Renaissance
• 1400-1700’s• Spices were limited to just the wealthy• Creation of Haute Cuisine
– Elaborate and refined system of food preparation
– Began in Italy and was brought to France by Catherine de Medici
• Artisans began making utensils from fine metals
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Renaissance Continued
• International trade continued to improve
• Cafés began opening serving coffee and sweets
• Guilds were established – associations of people with similar interests or
professions– Cooking Guilds established many professional
standards that exist today
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Renaissance Continued
• Boulanger—1765
• Opened his café and served soups (restaurers) to his customers
• The term “restaurant” was coined.
• Many other cooks found themselves unemployed and began opening restaurants of their own.
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Settling in North America
• 1600-1700
• Boston and New York were the major ports of trade
• Very few early Americans traveled or dined out…
• Dinner was served at lodges and inns
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Industrial Revolution
• 1750-1890’s
• People in Europe began moving closer to the city to work in factories
• There was a need to live walking distance to work so you could return home for lunch
• Dining establishments opened up to serve the needs of workers and employers
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Scientific Advancements
• Louis Pasteur developed pasteurization which made milk safer to drink
• Nicholas Appert discovered canning methods
• Florence Nightingale made arguments on appropriate dietary needs and health maintenance
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The Gilded Age
• 1850-1890’s
• Factory owners were making big bucks and liked elegant and fancy
• Entrepreneurs opened restaurants so that people could dine and be seen in elegant surroundings.
• Delmonico’s and the Astor House– 18 course meals were common
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Marie-Antoine Careme
• 1800’s
• Created chef uniform to represent cleanliness
• Perfected the chef hat– Different sizes represented rank
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Georges Escoffier
• 1846-1935
• Perfected chef dress
• Established the brigade system and rules of conduct
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20th Century
• Birth of Fast Food– White Castle 1921 in Wichita, Kansas– Other early restaurants, KFC and McDonalds
• Growth of National Chains grew through the 1970’s
• “eating out” is now just as common as eating at home
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20th Century Continued
• The Food Network launched in 1993
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The Evolution of the Cooking School
• The first schools were really just classes conducted in private households or the teacher’s home.
• Originally used to teach women of the household, military organizations, and religious establishments
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A Man’s Perspective
• Men were trained in a completely different method
• They relied heavily on apprenticeships
• They trained with a master chef and made their way up to top-level culinary positions
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The First Schools• Philadelphia 1808: Elizabeth Goodfellow
opened a pastry shop and offered classes to the public– Considered America’s first cooking school
• 1855: Pierre Blot opened the Culinary School of Design
• Later, Blot partnered with Commodore Vanderbilt and opened the New York Cooking School– America’s first FRENCH cooking school
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Today’s Cooking Schools
• The original/first Le Cordon Blue in Paris was opened in 1895 by Marthe Distell
• Following WWII, the GI bill for returning veterans boomed education.
• The Culinary Institute of America was opened in 1946– The first American cooking school for professionals– Relocated to Hyde Park, NY in 1970