history of geotechnical engineering - tu dresden
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of Geotechnical Engineering
Ivo Herle
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering
TU Dresden
Dresden, October 2004
![Page 2: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Prehistory
Footprint Evolution: Ape ; human
![Page 3: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Egyptian pyramids
Giza (2750-2500 BC)
the oldest one: Saqqara
(3rd dynasty)
Originality
great load concentrations
(Cheops: 5 000 000 t / 231 x 231 m)
≈ almost 1000 kPa
steepness of the slopes
(Cheops: 52◦, 147 m high)
![Page 4: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Comparison of slopes
Pyramid of Cheops, great Pyramid of the Sun in Mexico
![Page 5: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pyramid – a pile of stones
Meidum Pyramid (2750 BC)
![Page 6: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Pyramid cross-section (Meidum)
slope of the nucleus (steps): 74◦, external coating walls
![Page 7: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Instability of the Meidum Pyramid
Unstable wedge ABC
(possible slip line)
– friability of the stone
– earthquakes
![Page 8: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dahshur Pyramid
originally planed at 60◦ slope but poor quality of the subsoil
![Page 9: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dahshur Pyramid – slippage in corridors
punching effect, uneven settlement ; fractures and slip
![Page 10: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Horizontal restraint
Toe-in to rock providing horizontal restraint (Cheops Pyramid)
![Page 11: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Kafara Dam (2600 BC)
Wadi Garawi
(30 km south of Cairo)
just after the first
pyramid of Saqqarah
imperviousness vs stability
![Page 12: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Kafara Dam
(Schnitter, 1994)
![Page 13: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Section of a modern earth dam
1: Upstream shell (crushed rock)
2: Clay core
3: Filter
4: Downstream shell (sand, gravel, crushed rock)
5: In situ wall or grout curtain
![Page 14: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Egyptian caisson — Zarbiyyeh
Egyptian selfsinking caisson
(according to description)
divers needed
![Page 15: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Temple at Eridu (Mesopotamia)
Reconstruction of Temple I at Eridu (4000-3000 BC) — Ziggurat
![Page 16: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ancient Mesopotamia
![Page 17: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Eridu
Rests of Temple I at Eridu
![Page 18: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ziggurat of Nanna at Ur (2300 BC)
![Page 19: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ziggurat of Nanna at Ur (2300 BC)
![Page 20: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ziggurat at Aqar Quf (Aqar Auf)
Kassite Ziggurat at Aqar Auf (2100 BC) – sun-baked bricks
![Page 21: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ziggurat at Aqar Quf
![Page 22: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Settlement and spreading
1 – Fill
2 – Soft soil
3 – Temenos (platform for the temple)
(Interpretation by J. Kerisel)
![Page 23: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Reinforcement
woven reed mats
embedded in sand between bricks
(drainage)
Present adaptation:
Fill
![Page 24: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ancient Greece
Parthenon in Athens (about 440 BC)
![Page 25: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ancient Greece
Attalos Stoa in Athens (about 150 BC)
![Page 26: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Column base
Doric order Ionic order
![Page 27: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Underground Doric order
columns: load concentration
stylobates(orthostats):
long blocks of dressed stone
(column foundation wall)
wider foundation base
Present adaptation:
![Page 28: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Stylobates at Delos
iron clamps:
– uniform load spreading
– prevention of dislocation
(earthquakes)
![Page 29: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Earthquake protection
(Palace at Beycesultan, Anatolia)
![Page 30: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Isolated footings
(Delos)
![Page 31: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Foundations — Pergamum
three or four storage
buildings in the ’Arsenal’
![Page 32: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Retaining walls — Pergamum
retaining wall for the terrace
of the Temple of Demeter
at Pergamum
(about 2nd century BC)
![Page 33: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Pergamum — Model
![Page 34: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Temple of Demeter, Pergamum
![Page 35: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Temple of Tiberius, Pergamum
![Page 36: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pergamum — Fortifications
![Page 37: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Ancient Rome
Colosseum (80 AD)
![Page 38: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Vitruvius: De Re Architectura (On Architecture)
1st century BC
Vitruvius began as an architect and engineer under Julius Caesar.
Later he took charge of the first Augustus’s siege engines.
When Augustus died, Vitruvius retired.
Then, under Octavian’s patronage, he wrote a ten-volume account
of known technology.
He talks about city planning, building materials, and acoustics.
He explains water clocks and sundials. He describes all kinds of
pumps.
![Page 39: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Foundations after Vitruvius
’Let the foundations of those works be dug from a solid site and to a solid base if it
can be found, as much as shall seem proportionate to the size of the work; and let
the whole site be worked into a structure as solid as possible. And let walls be built
upon the ground under the columns, one-half thicker than the columns are to be,
so that the lower portions are stronger than the higher. . . . The spaces between
the columns are to be arched over, or made solid by being rammed down, so that
the columns may be held apart.’
’But if a solid foundation is not found, and the site is loose earth right down, or
marshy, then it is to be excavated and cleared and remade with piles of alder or
of olive or charred oak, and the piles are to be driven close together by machinery,
and the intervals between are to be filled with charcoal. Then the foundations are
to be filled with very solid structures.’
![Page 40: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Foundation after Vitruvius
![Page 41: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Roman shallow foundations
originally sun-baked bricks and later fired bricks
foundations built of
fired earth slabs
with wooden reinforcement
however, erosion after flooding ; collapse of many buildings
![Page 42: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Invention of concrete
concrete — from Latin ’concrescere’ = ’to grow together’
concrete cast between a formwork
in brick for foundations
1: wooden tie-bar
application: e.g. concrete raft for the foundation of Colosseum
![Page 43: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cofferdam after Vitruvius
How to built a double walled cofferdam to construct a pier:
”Let double-walled formwork to be set up in the designated spot,
held together by close set planks and tie beams, and between the
anchoring supports have clay packed down baskets made of swamp
reeds. When it has been well tamped down in this manner, and is as
compact as possible, then have the area bounded by the cofferdam
emptied and dried out by means of water-screw installations and
water wheels with compartmented rims and bodies. The foundations
are to be dug there, within the cofferdam.”
![Page 44: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Cofferdam after Vitruvius
upper scene: pumping dry with wheels and drums (screw principle)
lower scene: underwater construction using stone and quicklime to drive out water
![Page 45: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Retaining walls after Vitruvius
’A series of supplementary walls
should be built. . . to form the
shape of the teeth of a saw or
of a comb: by this means the
earth is broken up into com-
partments and cannot push on
the wall with such a great force’
![Page 46: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Roman military roads
1: The ’statumen’ (20 to 30 cm thick): a layer of mortar over a layer of sand
(prevents underlying clay from rising)
2: The ’rudus’ (30 to 50 cm): slabs and blocks of stone with cement mortar joints
3: The ’nucleus’ (30 to 50 cm): gravel and broken stones mixed with lime to form
a kind of concrete (firm core)
4: The ’summum dorsum’: either stone slabs (4) or gravel concrete (4’) (resistent
to wear by rain and wheels)
![Page 47: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Paved Roman road
![Page 48: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Old China — compaction techniques
Sung Code (1103)
improvement of clayey soils:
dig out a hole, alternate layers
of stones (broken bricks) and
original clayey soil, each layer
carefully compacted
![Page 49: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Anji bridge (China, 600 AD)
clayey subsoil, high vertical and horizontal forces (compacted backfill)
![Page 50: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Pile foundations of bridges
Bridge of Beaugency
(earlier than 14th century)
– foundations of a pier on sand
– masonry on short wooden piles
– susceptible to scour
![Page 51: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Pile driving
drop-hammer piling rig
hand-operated
designed by Francesco di Giorgio
(around 1450)
Difficulties of pile foundations:
pile rotting due to water lowering, horizontal loading
![Page 52: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Venice
![Page 53: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Venice subsoil
(depths in m)
![Page 54: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Rialto Bridge, Venice
![Page 55: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Rialto bridge (Venice, 1588-92)
single span of 26.4 m (designed by Antonio da Ponte)
alluvium subsoil
beneath each abutment 600 piles – 15 cm diameter, 3.3 m length (3 groups)
group effect (fewer longer piles would be more efficient)
![Page 56: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
”Tre Archi” bridge (Venice, 1688)
![Page 57: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
”Tre Archi” bridge (Venice, 1688)
technique of root piles (drilled through the masonry)
abutments founded at a shallow depth (inside small cofferdams)
piers built directly on the river bed (inside wooden caissons)
![Page 58: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Venetian foundations
outer walls on piles
internal walls on ground preconsolidated by older buildings
![Page 59: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Old Venice — Foundation types
![Page 60: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Protection works of foundations
![Page 61: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Venetian wells (underground tanks)
rainfall collection ; sand fill (support and filtration)
1: filtering sand, 2: clay, 3: natural soil
![Page 62: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Leaning tower of Pisa (1173-1373)
![Page 63: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Subsoil in Pisa
![Page 64: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Annular shallow foundation
soft ground + too heavy tower ; close to limit equilibrium
![Page 65: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Leaning history
![Page 66: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Banana shape
![Page 67: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Rotation
![Page 68: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Remediation by underexcavation
![Page 69: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Remediation by underexcavation
![Page 70: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Tower of Saragossa (1504-1512)
inclination probably due to the
heterogeneity of the mortar
demolished in 1892 because ”it
throws too much shade onto
the shops. . . ”
![Page 71: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Holstentor of Lubeck (1464-1478)
![Page 72: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Load superposition
![Page 73: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Mining
Mining techniques
after Agricola (1556)
shaft dimension 3×1 m
four-wheeled trolleys for transport
hydraulic pumps for dewatering
ventilation shafts
![Page 74: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Tunnel shield (patented 1818)
1: prepared shield, 2: drainage sump
invented by Marc Brunel, first under-river tunnel in London, 1825-1841,
several accidents
![Page 75: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736-1806)
Coulomb addressed the Academy of Science (Paris, 1773) present-
ing a modest ”essay on the application of the rules of maxima and
minima to certain statics problems relavant to architecture.” This
”essay,” printed three years later by the Academy, is the earliest
published soil mechanics theory; it started the active and passive
pressure concepts.
He served as the ”Engineer of the King” in Paris and helped the
design and construction of many structures. He needed a theory
for the calculation of lateral earth pressures on retaining walls, so
he derived one himself. He used the newly invented calculus in this
work. For this application he was awarded by being admitted to
the Academy of Science.
![Page 76: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The friction concept was known (newly invented) at the time, and
Coulomb added the cohesion term to it. Though he didn’t write
the shear strength equation as we know it today
τ = c + σ tanϕ,
he used it almost the same way.
Coulomb worked on applied mechanics but he is best known to
physicists for his work on electricity and magnetism. He established
experimentally the inverse square law for the force between two
charges which became the basis of Poisson’s mathematical theory
of magnetism.
![Page 77: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Coulomb contributions to soil mechanics
All results in terms of total stresses.
![Page 79: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
(Soil) Mechanics in the 19th century
1807: Thomas Young (elastic constant)
1828: A.L. Cauchy (equations of isotropic linear elasticity)
1846: Alexandre Collin (analysis of landslides in clay)
1856: H.P.G. Darcy (filtration of water through sand)
1857: W.J.M. Rankine (critical states of stress in a mass of soil,
”planes of rupture”)
1882: Otto Mohr (stress diagrams)
1883: G.H.Darwin (density-dependent friction angle)
1885: Osborne Reynolds (dilatancy)
1885: J. Boussinesq (stress and deformation of elastic halfspace)
![Page 80: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Role of passive earth pressure
Analysis of the failure of
retaining wall at Soissons
by Poncelet, 1840
; required foundation depth
2.5 m instead of 1.4 m
![Page 81: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Slope stability analysis (Collin, 1846)
measured profiles of slip surfaces in clay slopes ; cycloid
![Page 82: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Undrained shear strength
Collin (1848): Investigation of effects of changes in water content
(shear strength under zero normal load)
![Page 83: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Permeability of sand (Darcy, 1856)
Falling head experiments
![Page 84: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Role of density (Darwin, 1883)
”No mass of sand can be put together without some history, and that
history will determine the nature of its limiting equilibrium.”
![Page 85: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Dilatancy experiment (Reynolds, 1886)
water-saturated sand ; shearing is accompanied by volume change
if volume change is inhibited in dense saturated sand ; decrease in
pore water pressure
![Page 86: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Modern Soil Mechanics
1911: A.M. Atterberg (water content associated with changes in
state from soild to plastic to liquid)
1916: K.E Petterson (method of slices)
1925: Karl von Terzaghi (effective stress, consolidation theory)
1936: Arthur Casagrande (plasticity chart)
1936: M.J. Hvorslev (shear strength of clay as a function of
effective normal stress and void ratio)
1936: Arthur Casagrande (critical void ratio)
1958: Roscoe et al. (critical state soil mechanics)
![Page 87: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Classification of clay (Atterberg, 1911)
![Page 88: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Method of slices (Petterson, 1916)
(only friction considered)
![Page 89: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Panama Canal
![Page 90: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Landslides at Culebra Cut (1913)
– weak clayey rocks with interbedded layers of water-saturated sand
– heavy rains
![Page 91: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Landslides at Culebra Cut (1915)
![Page 92: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Landslides at Culebra Cut (1915)
![Page 93: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Embankment failure
Train accident at Weesp
The Netherlands, 1918
42 victims
![Page 94: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Terzaghi – Compressibility test
(reconstituted samples, 1921)
![Page 95: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Compressibility
relationship between
void ratio e
and pressure p:
a =∆e
∆p
![Page 96: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Theory of consolidation, PES (1923)
![Page 97: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Concluding remarks
Ancient Egypt: steep piles of stones, sliding restraint, earth dams,
caissons
Mesopotamia: large settlements, reinforcement with woven reed
mats
Ancient Greece: strip foundations for concentrated loads, iron
clamps connecting foundation blocks, retaining walls
Ancient Rome: Vitruvius - Code of Practice, concrete foundations,
cofferdams, arches behind retaining walls, roads
Old China: compaction techniques, shallow foundations for bridges
![Page 98: History of Geotechnical Engineering - TU Dresden](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051522/58a2e61b1a28ab37018b89a4/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Medieval times: wooden pile foundations for houses and bridges,
non-uniform settlements of foundations on soft soils
Enlightenment: shear strength and earth pressure theory (Coulomb)
19th century: basic (soil) mechanics (Darcy, Rankine, Mohr,
Boussinesq)
modern times: cohesive soils (Atterberg, Terzaghi, Hvorslev,
Roscoe)