history of france(please don't deleate)

8/14/2019 History of France(Please Don't Deleate)

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History of France

History of France


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Ancient times

Prehistoric France Consulate (17991804)

Celtic Gaul First Empire (18041814)

Roman Gaul (50 BC486) Restoration (18141830)

The Franks July Revolution (1830)

Merovingians (481751) July Monarchy (18301848)

France in the Middle Ages 1848 Revolution

Carolingians (751987) Second Republic (18481852)

Direct Capetians (9871328) Second Empire (18521870)

Valois (direct) (13281498) Third Republic (18701940)

Early Modern France(14921792) Paris Commune (1871)

Valois-Orlans (14981515) France in the 20th century

Valois-Angoulme (15151589) Vichy France (19401944)

House of Bourbon (15891792) Provisional Government (19441946)

French Revolution (1789) Fourth Republic (19461958)

France in the 19th century Fifth Republic (1958present)

First Republic (17921804) Topical

National Convention (17921795) Historical French provinces

Contents 1 Prehistory 2 Gaul 3 Roman Gaul 4 Frankish kingdoms (486-987) 5 France in the Middle-Ages (987-1453)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois_.28direct.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Communehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orl.C3.A9anshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_twentieth_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Angoul.C3.AAmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_nineteenth_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Prehistory#Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Gaul#Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Roman_Gaul#Roman_Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Frankish_kingdoms_.28486-987.29#Frankish_kingdoms_.28486-987.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#France_in_the_Middle-Ages_.28987-1453.29#France_in_the_Middle-Ages_.28987-1453.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois_.28direct.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Communehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orl.C3.A9anshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_twentieth_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Angoul.C3.AAmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_nineteenth_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Prehistory#Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Gaul#Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Roman_Gaul#Roman_Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Frankish_kingdoms_.28486-987.29#Frankish_kingdoms_.28486-987.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#France_in_the_Middle-Ages_.28987-1453.29#France_in_the_Middle-Ages_.28987-1453.29


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5.1 The Early Capetians (987 - 1165)

5.2 The late Capetians (1165 - 1328)

5.2.1 Philip II Augustus

5.2.2Saint Louis5.3 The early Valois Kings and the Hundred Years' War (1328 - 1453)

6 Early Modern France (1453-1789)

o 6.1 Religious conflictso 6.2 Louis XIVo 6.3 Colonial struggles and the dawn of the revolution

7 France in modern times I (17891914)o 7.1 The Revolutiono 7.2 The Napoleonic Erao 7.3 The Restored Monarchy and the Second Empireo 7.4 The Third Republic and the Belle Epoque

8 France in modern times II (1914-today)o 8.1 World War Io 8.2 Les annes folleso 8.3 World War IIo 8.4 Cold Waro 8.5 Post Cold War

9 See also 10 Further reading 11 External links

12 Notes

Cave painting in Lascaux.The History of France has been divided into a series of separate historical articles nathrough the list to the right. The chronological era articles (highlighted in blue) addrebroad French historical, cultural and sociological developments. The dynasty and regarticles deal with the specific political and governmental regimes in France. The histoother cultural topics such as French art and literature can be found on their own pagesinformation on today's France, see France. For other information, go to Portal:FranceTNeanderthals, a member of the homogenus, began to occupy Europe from about 200,0

BCE, but seem to have died out by about 30,000 years ago, presumably out-competed by the modern humans duringperiod of cold weather. The earliest modern humans Homo sapiens entered Europe (including France) aroundyears ago (the Upper Palaeolithic). The caves paintings ofLascaux and Gargas (Gargas in the Hautes-Pyrnes) as he Carnac stones are remains of the local prehistoric activity.

GOUL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Early_Capetians_.28987_-_1165.29#The_Early_Capetians_.28987_-_1165.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_late_Capetians_.281165_-_1328.29#The_late_Capetians_.281165_-_1328.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Philip_II_Augustus#Philip_II_Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_early_Valois_Kings_and_the_Hundred_Years.27_War_.281328_-_1453.29#The_early_Valois_Kings_and_the_Hundred_Years.27_War_.281328_-_1453.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Early_Modern_France_.281453-1789.29#Early_Modern_France_.281453-1789.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Religious_conflicts#Religious_conflictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Louis_XIV#Louis_XIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Colonial_struggles_and_the_dawn_of_the_revolution#Colonial_struggles_and_the_dawn_of_the_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#France_in_modern_times_I_.281789.E2.80.931914.29#France_in_modern_times_I_.281789.E2.80.931914.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Revolution#The_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Napoleonic_Era#The_Napoleonic_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Restored_Monarchy_and_the_Second_Empire#The_Restored_Monarchy_and_the_Second_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Third_Republic_and_the_Belle_Epoque#The_Third_Republic_and_the_Belle_Epoquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#France_in_modern_times_II_.281914-today.29#France_in_modern_times_II_.281914-today.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#World_War_I#World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Les_ann.C3.A9es_folles#Les_ann.C3.A9es_folleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#World_War_II#World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Cold_War#Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Post_Cold_War#Post_Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#See_also#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Further_reading#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#External_links#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Notes#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Pyr?n?eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnac_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Early_Capetians_.28987_-_1165.29#The_Early_Capetians_.28987_-_1165.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_late_Capetians_.281165_-_1328.29#The_late_Capetians_.281165_-_1328.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Philip_II_Augustus#Philip_II_Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_early_Valois_Kings_and_the_Hundred_Years.27_War_.281328_-_1453.29#The_early_Valois_Kings_and_the_Hundred_Years.27_War_.281328_-_1453.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Early_Modern_France_.281453-1789.29#Early_Modern_France_.281453-1789.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Religious_conflicts#Religious_conflictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Louis_XIV#Louis_XIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Colonial_struggles_and_the_dawn_of_the_revolution#Colonial_struggles_and_the_dawn_of_the_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#France_in_modern_times_I_.281789.E2.80.931914.29#France_in_modern_times_I_.281789.E2.80.931914.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Revolution#The_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Napoleonic_Era#The_Napoleonic_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Restored_Monarchy_and_the_Second_Empire#The_Restored_Monarchy_and_the_Second_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#The_Third_Republic_and_the_Belle_Epoque#The_Third_Republic_and_the_Belle_Epoquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#France_in_modern_times_II_.281914-today.29#France_in_modern_times_II_.281914-today.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#World_War_I#World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Les_ann.C3.A9es_folles#Les_ann.C3.A9es_folleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#World_War_II#World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Cold_War#Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Post_Cold_War#Post_Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#See_also#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Further_reading#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#External_links#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_france#Notes#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lascaux_painting.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Pyr?n?eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnac_stones


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n 418 the Aquitanian province was given to the Goths in exchange for their support against theVandals. Those Gotpreviously sacked Rome in 410 and established a capital in Toulouse. The Roman Empire had difficulty respondinghe barbarian raids, andFlavius Atius had to use these tribes against each other in order to maintain some Roman c

He first used Huns against Burgundians and these mercenaries destroyedWorms, killed kingGunther, and pushed thBurgundians westward. The Burgundians were resettled by Atius near Lugdunum in 443. The Huns, united by Attibecame a greater threat, and Atius used the Visigoths against the Huns. The conflict climaxed in 451 at the Battle oChalons, in which the Romans and Goths defeated Attila.

The Roman Empire was on the verge of collapsing. Aquitania was definitely abandoned to the Visigoths, who wouldonquer a significant part of southern Gaul as well as most of the Iberian Peninsula. The Burgundians claimed their

kingdom, and northern Gaul was practically abandoned to the Franks. Aside of the Germanic peoples theVascones eWasconia from the Pyrenees and the Bretons formed three kingdoms in Armorica: Domnonia,CornouailleandBro

Frankish kingdoms (486-987)The Battle of Poitiers. This battle is often

considered of macro-importance in European and Islamic history.

n 486,Clovis I, leader of the Salian Franks, defeatedSyagrius at Soissonsand subsequently united most of northernentral Gaul under his rule. Clovis then recorded a succession of victories against other Germanic tribes such as the

Alamanni at Tolbiac. In 496, he adopted Christianity. This gave him greater legitimacy and power over his Christianubjects and granted him clerical support against the Visigoths. He defeated Alaric IIat Vouill in 507 and annexed

Aquitaine, and thus Toulouse, into his Frankish kingdom. The Goths retired to Toledo in what would become Spain.made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian Dynastybut his kingdom would not survive his death. The Freated land purely as a private possession and divided it among heirs, so four kingdoms emerged: Paris,Orleans,So

andRheims. When the majordome ofAustrasiaPepin of Herstal defeated hisNeustrian counterpart at Tertry theMerovingian dynasty eventually lost effective power to their successivemayors of the palace (majordomes). The HoHerstal was to become theCarolingiandynasty. By this time Muslims invaders hadconquered Hispania and werehreatening the Frankish kingdoms. Duke Odo the Great defeated a major invading force at Toulouse in 721 but failepel a raiding party in 732. The mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated that raiding party at the Battle of Touactually the Battle of Poitiers) and earned respect and power within the Frankish Kingdom. The assumption of the cn 751 byPippin the Short (son of Charles Martel) established the Carolingian dynasty as Kings of the Franks.

The coronation of CharlemagneThe new rulers' power reached its fullest extent under Pon Charlemagne, who in 771 reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conque

Lombards underDesideriusin what is now northern Italy(774), incorporating Bavaria(788) into his realm, defeatinAvars of theDanubian plain (796), advancing the frontier withIslamic Spain as far south as Barcelona (801), andubjugating Lower Saxony (804) after prolonged campaigning.

n recognition of his successes and his political support for the Papacy, Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of theRomans, or Roman Emperor in the West, byPope Leo III in 800. Charlemagne's son Louis I(emperor 814-840) kepmpire united; however, this Carolingian Empire would not survive Louis I's death. Two of his sons Charles the B

andLouis the German swore allegiance to each other against their brother Lothair I in the Oaths of Strasboand the empire was divided among Louis's three sons (Treaty of Verdun, 843). After a last brief reunification (884-8mperial title ceased to be held in the western realm which was to form the basis of the future French kingdom. The ealm, which would become Germany, elected the Saxon dynasty ofHenry the Fowler.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_A?tiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_A?tiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms%2C_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms%2C_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_the_Hunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chalonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chalonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasconeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasconeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornouaillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornouaillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornouaillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro?rechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro?rechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salian_Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(486)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(486)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tolbiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vouill?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soissonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soissonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tertryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desideriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desideriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bavaria#The_Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bavaria#The_Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Avarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Baldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaths_of_Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sacre_de_Charlemagne.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_A?tiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms%2C_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_the_Hunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chalonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chalonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasconeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornouaillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro?rechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salian_Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(486)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tolbiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vouill?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo%2C_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soissonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tertryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippin_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desideriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bavaria#The_Frankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Avarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Baldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Germanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaths_of_Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler


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Under the Carolingians, the kingdom was ravaged by Viking raiders. In this struggle some important figures such asOdo of Paris and his brotherKing Robertrose to fame and became kings. This emerging dynasty, whose members walled the Robertines, was the predecessor of the Capetian Dynasty, who were descended from the Robertines. Led

Rollo, the Vikings had settled in Normandy and were granted the land first as counts and then as dukes by King ChaSimple. The people that emerged from the interactions between Vikings and the mix of Franks and Gallo-Romans bknown as the Normans.

France in the Middle-Ages (987-1453)

France was a very decentralised state during the middle age. The authority of the king was more religious thanadministrative. The eleventh century in France marked the apogee of princely power at the expense of the king whenike Normandy, Flanders or Languedoc enjoyed a local authority comparable to kingdoms in all but name. The Cape

as they were descended from the Robertines, were former powerful princes themselves who had successfully removweak and unfortunate Carolingian kings. The Carolingians Kings had nothing more than a royal title when the CapeKings added their principality to that title. The Capetians in a way had this double status of King and Prince, as kingheld the Crown of Charlemagne and as Count of Paris they held their personnal fief best known as le-de-France. Thhe Capetians both held lands as prince as well as the title of King gave them a complicated status, thus they were inn the struggle for power within France as princes but also gave them a religious authority over theChurch of Franc

However and despite the fact the Capetians kings often treated other princes more as enemies and allies than subordhis royal title was often recognised yet not often respected. The authority was so weak in some remote places that bawere the effective power.

Some of the king's vassals would grow so powerful that they would be among the strongest rulers of western EuropNormans, the Plantagenets, the Lusignans, the Hautevilles, the Ramnulfids, and the House ofToulouse successfullyands outside of France for themselves. The most important of these conquests for French history was theNorman

Conquest of Englandfollowing the Battle of Hastingsby William the Conquerorbecause it linked England to Franchrough Normandy. Although the Normans were now both vassals of the French kings and their equals as King of Eheir zone of political activity remained centered in France.[1]These Norman nobles then commissioned the Bayeux

Tapestry. An important part of the French aristocracy involved itself in the crusades. French knights founded and ruCrusader states. An example of legacy left in the Mideast from these nobles is theKrak des Chevaliers' enlargementCounts ofTripoli and Toulouse.

The Early Capetians (987 - 1165)
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A view of the remains of the Abbey of Cluny. This church was the centre of monastic life revival in the middle age amarked an important step of the cultural rebirth following the Dark Age.

Hugh Capet was elected by an assembly summoned in Reims on 5 June 988. Capet was previously "Duke of the Fraand then became "King of the Franks" (Rex Francorum). He was recorded to be recognised king by the Gauls, BretoDanes, Aquitanians, Goths, Spanish and Gascons.[2] The Danes here are certainly the Normans (of Normandy), and tSpanish entry probably refers to the Carolingian Spanish marches. Hugh Capet's reign was marked by the loss of theSpanish marches as they grew more and more independent. Count Borell of Barcelona called for Hugh's help againsslamic raids, but even if Hugh intended to help Borell, he was otherwise occupied in fighting Charles of Lorraine. T

of other Spanish principalities then followed. Hugh Capet, the first Capetian king, is not a well documented figure, hgreatest achievement being certainly to survive as king and defeating the Caroligian claimant, thus allowing him tostablish what would become one of Europe's most powerful house of kings.

Hugh's son Robert the Pious was crowned king of France before Capet's demise. Hugh Capet decided so in orhave his succession secured. Robert II, as King of France, met Emperor Henry II in 1023 on the borderline. They agnd all claims over each other's realm, setting a new stage of Capetian and Ottonian relationships. The reign of Robe

was quite important because it involved thePeace and Truce of God and the Cluniac Reforms. Although a weak kinpower Robert II's efforts were considerable. His surviving charters imply he was heavily relying over the church to rFrance, much like his father did. Although he lived with a mistress Bertha of Burgundy and was excommunicatbecause of this, he was regarded as a model of piety for monks (hence his nickname, Robert the Pious). He crownedon Hugh Magnus King of France to secure his succession, however Hugh Magnus rebelled against his father a

died fighting him. The next King of France Henry I was crowned after Robert's death, which is quite exeptiona

French king of the times.

Henry I was one of the weakest King of France, his reign saw the rise of some very powerful nobles such as WilliamConqueror. However his biggest source of concerns was his brother Robert I of Burgundy who was pushed byhimother to the conflict. Robert of Burgundy was made Duke of Burgundy by King Henry I and had to be satisfied what title. From Henry I onward the Dukes of Burgundy were relatives of the King of France until the end of the Duc

proper. King Philip I, named by his Kievan mother with a typicaly Eastern European name, was no more fortunate tpredecessor.
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Godefroy de Bouillon, a French knight, leader of theFirst Crusade and founder of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

t is from Louis VI onward that royal authority became more accepted. Louis VI was more a soldier and warmongerking than a scholar. The way the king raised money from his vassals made him quite unpopular, he was described asand ambitious and that is corroborated by records of the time. His regular attacks on his vassals, although damagingoyal image, reinforced the royal power. From 1127 onward the royal advisor was a skilled politician Abbot Suge

The abbot was the son of a minor family of knights however his policital advices would show extremely valuables tking. Louis VI succesfully defeated, both military and politicaly, many of the robber barons. Louis VI often summonvassals to the court, those who did not show up often had their land possessions confiscated and then military campawere mounted against them. This drastic policy clearly imposed some royal authority on Paris and its surrounding aWhen Louis VI died in 1137 there still was a long way to go, however a lot of efforts had been done.

Thanks to Abbot Suger's political advices King Louis VII enjoyed the moral authority over France his predecessors have got. Even more powerful vassals such asHenry Plantagenet paid homage to the French king.[3] It was the Abbo

got Louis VII married with Eleanor of Aquitaine in Bordeaux. Louis VII was then Duke of Aquitaine from his weddwith Eleanor and enjoyed considerable power. However the couple was not getting on well at all because of the burnmore than a thousand people in Vitry during the conflict against the Count of Champagne. King Louis VII was deephorrified by such event and sought penitence by going to the holy land. Louis then involved the Kingdom of FranceSecond Crusade but his relationship with Eleanor did not improve. The marriage was ultimately annulated by the pounder the pretext of consanguinity and Eleanor soon married the Duke of Normandy Henry Fitzempress who wbecome King of England as Henry II two years later. Louis VII was once a very powerful monarch and was now facmuch stronger vassal, who was his equal as King of England and his strongest prince as Duke of Normandy and AqAbbot Sugar's vision of construction became known as theGothic Architecture during the laterRenaissance. This stbecame standard for most French cathedrals built in the late middle-age.

The late Capetians (1165 - 1328)

The late direct Capetian kings were considerably more powerful and influencial than the earliest

While Philip I could hardly control his Parisian barons Philip IV, on the other hand, could dictate

popes and emperors. The late Capetians, although they often ruled for a shorter time than their e

peers, were often much more influentially. This period also saw the rise of a complex .internationa
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Saint Louis. He saw France's cultural expansion in the Western Christian world.

t can be said that France became a truly centralised kingdom underLouis IX, who initiated several administrative rSaint Louis has often been portrayed as a one dimensional character, a flawless representant of the faith and anadministrator caring for the governed ones. However his reign was far from perfect for everyone, he made unsuccesrusades and his expanding administrations raised oppositions. His jugdements were not often practical, although th

eemed fair by the standards of the time. It appears Louis had a strong sense of justice and always wanted to judge phimself before applying any sentence. This was said about Louis and French clergy asking for excommunications ofvassals:[4]

For it would be against god and contrary to right and justice if he compelled any man to seek absolution when

the clergy were doing him wrong.

Louis IX was only twelve years old when he became King of France, his mother Blanche of Castile was the effpower although the King was indeed Louis IX. Blanche's authority was strongly opposed by the French barons yet sould maintain her position as regent (although she did not formally use the title) until Louis was old enough to rule

himself. In 1229 the King had to struggle with a long lasting strike at the University of Paris, the Quartier Latin wastrongly hit by these strikes. War was still going on in the County of Toulouse, the royal army was occupied fightingesistance in Languedoc and the kingdom was therefore vulnerable. Count Raymond VII of Toulousefinally signed

Treaty of Paris in 1229, in which he retained much of his lands to life, but his daughter, married to Count Alfonso ofPoitou, produced him no heir and so the County of Toulouse went to the King of France. King Henry III of Englandnot yet recognised the Capetian overlordship over Aquitaine and still hoped to recover Normandy and Anjou and refhe Angevin Empire. He landed in 1232 atSaint-Malo with a massive force. Henry III's allies in Brittany and Norma

fell down because they did not dare fight their king who led the counterstrike himself. This evolved into the SaintonHenry III was defeated and had to recognise Louis IX's overlordship although the King of France did not seize Aquifrom Henry III. Louis IX was now the most important landowner of France, adding to his royal title. There were somopposition to his rule in Normandy, yet it proved remarkably easy to rule, especially compared to the County of Tou

which had been brutally conquered. The Conseil du Roi, which would evolve into the Parlement, was founded in theimes.

Saint Louis also supported new forms of art such as Gothic architecture; his Sainte-Chapelle became a very famous building, and he is also credited for the Morgan Bible. After his conflict with King Henry III of England Louis estaba cordial relation with the Plantagenet King. An amusing anecdote is about Henry III's attending the French ParlemeDuke of Aquitaine, the King of England was always late because he liked to stop each time he met a priest to hear thmass, so Louis made sure no priest was on the way of Henry III. Henry III and Louis IX then started a long contest i
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was the most faithful up to the point none ever arrived anymore on time to the Parlement which was then allowed ton their abscence.[5]

The Kingdom was involved in two crusades under Saint Louis: theSeventh Crusade and theEighth Crusade. Both po be complete failures for the French King. He died in the Eighth Crusade and Philip III became king. Philip III toon another crusading disaster: theAragonese Crusade, which cost him his life.

More administrative reforms were made by Philip the Fair. This king was responsible for the end of the Templars, she Auld Alliance, and established the Parlement of Paris. Philip IV was so powerful that he could name popes andmperors, unlike the early Capetians. The papacy was moved to Avignon and all the contemporary popes were Fren

as Philip IV's puppet: Bertrand de Goth.

Capetian Dynasty

The early Valois Kings and the Hundred Years' War (1328 - 1453)

The tensions between the Houses of Anjou and Capet climaxed during the so-called Hundred Years' War(actually sedistinct wars) when the English descendants of the former claimed the throne of France from the Valois. This was alime of the Black Death, as well as several civil wars. The French population suffered much from these wars. It has

argued that the difficult conditions the French population suffered during the Hundred Years' War awakened Frenchnationalism, a nationalism represented byJoan of Arc. Although this is debatable, the Hundred Years War is remembmore as a Franco-English war than as a succession of feudal struggles. During this war, France evolved politically amilitarily. Although a Franco-Scottish army was successful at Baug, the humiliating defeats ofPoitiers and Agincoforced the French nobility to realise they could not stand just as armoured knights without an organised army.Charlstablished the first French standing army, the Compagnies d'ordonnance, and defeated the English once atPatayan

again, using cannons, at Formigny. The Battle ofChtillon was regarded as the last engagement of this "war", yet Cand the Channel Islands remained ruled by the English crown.

French Kings:

Early Modern France (1453-1789)

Charles the Bold, the last CapetianDuke of Burgundy, died at theBattle of Nancy. His death marked the division ofands between the Kings of France and Castile.
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France evolved from a feudal country to an increasingly centralized state (albeit with many regional differences) orgaround a powerful absolute monarchy that relied on the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings and the explicit suppohe established Church. The Duke of Burgundy had assembled a large territory including his native duchy and the

Burgundian Netherlands.King Louis XII facedCharles the Bold duringBurgundian Wars and the French King was with the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Duke of Burgundy was defeated atMorat, Battle of Grandson, Hricourt andultimately defeated atNancyin 1477. The Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by France but the part of Burgundy thatformed Franche-Comt was given to Philip I of Castile in 1493.

France engaged in the long Italian Wars (1494-1559), which marked the beginning of early modern France. Francis powerful foes, and he was captured atPavia. The French monarchy then sought for allies and found one in theOttomEmpire. The Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa captured Nice on5 August1543 and handed it down to Francis I. These talso gave birth to the Protestant Reformation, and John Calvinand his reformed doctrine challenged the power of thCatholic Church in France. During the 16th century, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were the dominant power Europe. In addition to Spain and Austria, they controlled a number of kingdoms and duchies across Europe. Charlesas Count of Burgundy, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Aragon, Castile and Germany (among many other titles) enciFrance. The Spanish Tercio was used with great success against French knights and remained undefeated for a long Finally on January 7,1558the Duke of Guise seized Calais from the English.

Despite the challenge to French power posed by the Habsburgs, French became the preferred language of Europe'saristocracy. Holy Roman EmperorCharles V (born in 1500) said this about languages:

I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my

horse.

Because of its international status, there was a desire to regulate the French language. Several reforms of the Frenchanguage worked to uniformise it. The Renaissance writerFranois Rabelais (probably born in 1494) helped to shap

French language as a literary language, Rabelais' French is characterised by the re-introduction of Greek and Latin w

acques Peletier du Mans (born 1517) was one of the scholars that reformed the French language. He improved NicoChuquet'slong scale system by adding names for intermediate numbers (milliards instead of thousand million, etc...During the 16th century the French kingdom also established coloniesbegan to claim North American territories. JaCartierwas one of the great explorers who ventured deep into American territories during the 16th century. The larggroup of French colonies became known asNew France, and several cities such asQuebec City, Montreal, Detroit aNew Orleans were founded by the French. The Italian navigatorGiovanni da Verrazzano worked for the French crowdiscoveredNew Angoulme which would later come to be known asNew York City.

Religious conflicts
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ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Angoul?mehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City


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Henry IV of France, King ofFrance andNavarre, was the first French Bourbon king.

Renewed Catholic reaction headed by the powerful duke of Guise, led to a massacre of Huguenots at Vassyin 1562

tarting the first of the French Wars of Religion, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on thof rival Protestant and Catholic forces. In the most notorious incident, thousands of Huguenots were murdered in thBartholomew's Day massacre of 1572. The Wars of Religion culminated in the War of the Three Henrys in which Hassassinated Henry de Guise, leader of the Spanish-backed Catholic league, and the king was murdered in return.Following this warHenry III of Navarrebecame king of France as Henry IV and enforced the Edict of Nantes (1598Religious conflicts resumed underLouis XIIIwhen Cardinal de Richelieu forced Protestants to disarm their army anfortresses. This conflict ended in theSiege of La Rochelle (1627-1628), in which Protestants and their English suppwere defeated. The following Peace of Alais confirmed religious freedom yet dismantled the Protestant defences. Thalso a time of philosophy.Ren Descartes sought answers to philosophical questions through the use of logic and reand formulated what would be called Cartesian Dualismin 1641.

The religious conflicts that plagued France also ravaged the Habsburg-led Holy Roman Empire. The Thirty Years Wroded the power of the Catholic Habsburgs. AlthoughCardinal Richelieu, the powerful chief minister of France, hapreviously mauled the Protestants, he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was theraison d'tat. ImperialHabsburg forces invaded France, ravagedChampagne, and nearly threatened Paris. Richelieu died in 1642 and waseplaced by Mazarin, while Louis XIII died one year later and was succeeded byLouis XIV. France was served by s

very efficient commanders such as Louis II de Bourbon (Cond) and Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne(Turenne). The Fforces won a decisive victory at Rocroi (1643), and the Spanish army was decimated; the Tercio was broken. The TrUlm (1647) and thePeace of Westphalia (1648) brought an end to the war. But some challenges remained. France wby civil unrest known as the Fronde which in turn evolved into the Franco-Spanish Warin 1653. Louis II de Bourbooined the Spanish army this time, but suffered a severe defeat atDunkirk(1658) by Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne. Terms for the peace inflicted upon the Spanish kingdoms in theTreaty of the Pyrenees (1659) were harsh, as France

annexed Northern Catalonia.

Louis XIV
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Louis XIV, the "Sun King"

The Sun King wanted to be remembered as a patron of the arts, like his ancestor Louis IX. He invited Jean-Baptisteo establish the French opera. A tumultuous friendship was established between Lully and Molire.Jules Hardouin M

became France's most important architect of the period. Louis XIV's long reign saw France involved in many wars tdrained its treasury. His reign began during the Thirty Years' War and during the Franco-Spanish war. His military aVauban, became famous for his pentagonal fortresses, and Jean-Baptiste Colbert supported the royal spending as mupossible. France fought the War of Devolution against Spain in 1667. France's defeat of Spain and invasion of the SpNetherlands alarmed England and Sweden. With the Dutch Republic they formed theTriple Alliance to check Louisxpansion. Louis II de Bourbon had captured Franche-Comt, but in face of an indefensible position, Louis XIV ag

a peace at Achaean. Under its terms, Louis XIV did not annex Franche-Comt but did gain Lille.

Peace was fragile, and war broke out again between France and the Dutch Republic in the Franco-Dutch War(1672-Louis XIV asked for the Dutch Republic to resume war against the Spanish Netherlands, but the republic refused. Fattacked the Dutch Republic and was joined by England in this conflict. Through targeted inundations ofpolders by

breaking dykes, the French invasion of the Dutch Republic was brought to a halt. The Dutch Admiral Michiel de Runflicted a few strategic defeats on the Anglo-French naval alliance and forcedEngland to retire from the warin 167

Because the Netherlands could not resist eternally, it agreed to peace in theTreaties of Nijmegen, according to whicFrance would annex France-Comt and acquire further concessions in the Spanish Netherlands. On 6 May1682, thourt moved to the Palace of Versailles, which Louis XIV had greatly expanded. Peace did not last, and war between

France and Spain again resumed. TheWar of the Reunions broke out (1683-1684), and again Spain, with its ally theRoman Empire, was easily defeated. Meanwhile, in October 1685 Louis signed the Edict of Fontainebleau ordering destruction of all Protestant churches and schools in France. Its immediate consequence was a large Protestant exodFrance.

France would soon be involved in another war, the War of the Grand Alliance. This time the theatre was not only in

but also in North America. Although the war was long and difficult (it was also called the Nine Years War), its resultnconclusive. The Treaty of Ryswickin 1697 confirmed French sovereignty overAlsace, yet rejected its claims toLuxembourg. Louis also had to evacuate Catalonia and the Palatinate. This peace was considered a truce by all sideswar was to start again. In 1701 the War of the Spanish Succession began. The Bourbon Philip of Anjou was designao the throne of Spain. The Habsburg Emperor Leopold opposed a Bourbon succession, because of the power that suuccession would bring to the Bourbon rulers of France, and claimed the Spanish thrones for himself. England and t

Dutch Republic joined Leopold against Louis XIV and Philip of Anjou. The allied forces were led by John Churchilby Prince Eugene of Savoy. They inflicted a few resounding defeats to the French army; the Battle of Blenheim in 1
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was the first major land battle lost by France since its victory at Rocroi in 1643. Yet, after the extremely bloody battRamillies andMalplaquet, Pyrrhic victories for the allies, they had lost too many men to continue the war. Led by Vhe French forces recovered much of the lost ground in battles such as Denain. Finally, a compromise was achieved he Ultrecht in 1713. Philip of Anjou was confirmed as Philip V, king of Spain, and Emperor Leopold did not get thehrone, but Philip V was barred from inheriting France.

Colonial struggles and the dawn of the revolution

Louis XIV died in 1715 ofgangrene. In 1718 France was, once again, at war as Philip II of Orleans's regency joinedWar of the Quadruple Alliance against Spain. King Philip V of Spain had to withdraw from the conflict confronted weality that Spain was no longer a great power of Europe. UnderFleury's administration, peace was maintained as m

possible. However, in 1733 another war broke in central Europe, this time about the Polish succession, and France jhe war against the Austrian Empire. This time there was no invasion of the Netherlands, and Britain remained neutronsequence, Austria was left alone against a Franco-Spanish alliance and faced a military disaster. Peace was setted

Treaty of Vienna (1738), according to which France would annex, through inheritance, the Duchy of Lorraine. Two ater war broke out over the Austrian succession, and France seized the opportunity to join the conflict. The war playn North America and India as well as Europe, and inconclusive terms were agreed to in theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapel1748). Once again, no one regarded this as a peace but rather as a mere truce. Prussia was then becoming a new thr

had gained substantial territory from Austria. This led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, in which the alliances sduring the previous war were mostly inverted. France was now allied to Austria and Russia while Britain was now aPrussia. In the North American theatre, France was allied with various Native American peoples during theSeven YWarand, despite a temporary success at the battles ofthe Great MeadowsandMonongahela, French forces were deat the disastrous Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec. In Europe, Russia was on the verge of crushing Prussiahe Anglo-Prussian alliance was saved by The miracle of the House of Brandenburg, while the French suffered nava

defeats against British fleets at Lagos and Quiberon Bay. Finally peace was concluded in the Treaty of Paris (1763),France lost most of its North American empire. In 1768 the French Kingdom bought Corsica from Genoa.

Lord Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown to American and French allies.

Having lost its colonial empire, France saw a good opportunity for revenge against Britain in assisting insurgeant trohe American Revolutionary War. Spain, allied to France by the Family Compact, and the Netherlands also joined th

on the American side. Admiral de Grasse defeated a British fleet at Chesapeake Bay whileJean-Baptiste Donatien dVimeur, comte de Rochambeau and Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayettejoined American forces in defeating thBritish atYorktown. The war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris (1783), under which Britain lost its former Amer

olonies.While the state expanded, new ideas broke on the role of the king and the powers of the state.Charles deSecondat, baron de Montesquieudescribed the separation of powers. Many French other philosophers and intellectugained influence, such as: Voltaire, Denis Diderot and, most importantly, Jean-Jacques Rousseau with his The SociaContract, Or Principles of Political Right. Science, mathematics and technology also flourished. French scientists suAntoine Lavoisierworked to replace the archaic units of weights and measures by a coherent scientific system,ommissioned by king Louis XVI. Lavoisier also formulated the law ofConservation of mass and discovered Oxyg

Hydrogen.
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uiberon_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Cornwallishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacte_de_Famillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran?ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grassehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur%2C_comte_de_Rochambeauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur%2C_comte_de_Rochambeauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_marquis_de_La_Fayettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat%2C_baron_de_Montesquieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat%2C_baron_de_Montesquieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Contract_(Rousseau)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Contract_(Rousseau)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen


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The Early Modern period in French history spans the following reigns:

France in modern times I (17891914)

From the Revolution to World War I.

Main article:France in the nineteenth century

The Revolution

Main article:French Revolution

Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789

The immediate trigger for the Revolution was Louis XVIs attempts to solve the governments worsening financialituation. In February 1787 his finance minister, Lomnie de Brienne, convened an Assembly of Notables, a group o

nobles, clergy, bourgeoisie, and bureaucrats selected in order to bypass the parlements. This group was asked to appnew land tax that would, for the first time, include a tax on the property of nobles and clergy. The assembly did not ahe tax, instead demanding that Louis XVI call the Estates-General. In August 1788 the King agreed to convene the

Estates-General in May of 1789. During their first meetings, however, there was little representation from the other Estates (clergy and nobles). On June 10, 1789, the Abbot Sieys moved that the Third Estate proceed with verificatits own powers and invite the other two estates to take part, but not to wait for them. They proceeded to do so, and th

voted a measure far more radical, declaring themselves theNational Assembly, an assembly not of the Estates but oPeople." In an attempt to keep control of the process and prevent the Assembly from convening, Louis XVI orderedlosure of the Salle des tats where the Assembly met. After finding the door to their chamber locked and guarded, t

met nearby on a tennis court and pledged the Tennis Court Oath on June 20, 1789, binding them "never to separate, meet wherever circumstances demand, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and affirmed on solidfoundations".[1] They were joined by some members of the second and first estates.

After the king fired his finance minister, Jacques Necker, for giving his support and guidance to the Third Estate, wourfaced that the legitimacy of the newly-formed National Assembly might be threatened by royalists. Paris was sooonsumed with riots, anarchy, and widespread looting. The mobs soon had the support of the French Guard, includin

and trained soldiers, because the royal leadership essentially abandoned the city. On July 14, 1789 the insurgents setyes on the large weapons and ammunition cache inside the Bastille fortress, which also served as a symbol of royal

yranny. Insurgents seized the Bastille prison, killing the governor and several of his guards. The French now celebra4th each year as a symbol of the shift away from the Ancien Regime to a more modern democratic state. Gilbert du

Motier, hero of American independence, took command of the National Guard, and the king was forced to recognizeTricolour Cockade. Although peace was found, several nobles did not regard the new order as acceptable and migratpush neighbouring kingdoms to war against the new rule. Because of this new period of instability, the state was strueveral weeks in July and August of 1789 by the Great Fear, a period of violent class conflict.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted by the National Assembly in August 1789 as a first sheir effort to write a constitution. Considered to be a precursor to modern international rights instruments and using

U.S. Declaration of Independence as a model, it defined a set of individual righ

history of france(please don't deleate)

Documents