C H A P T E R 1 3

HISTORY OF EUROPE

MEDITERRANEAN EUROPEA History of Ancient Glory: Mediterranean EU• Spain• Italy • Greece• Mild Climate• Location encourages

trade & commerce• Wealth• Cultural diffusion• Leads to advances in

knowledge

MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE

Greece: Birthplace of Democracy• 2000 BC earliest inhabitants move into Balkans• Mountainous and rugged

• Built villages that became city-states• Athens & Sparta

• Greek science, philosophy, drama and art influenced modern culture• 400s BC war with Persia then Sparta • 338 BC Macedonia conquered Greece• 336 BC, Alexander the Great defeats Persia then India• spreads Greek culture

MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE

The Roman Empire• Romulus and Remus (raised by wolf)• 275 BC Roman republic was on the rise• Conquered overseas territory• Emperor Augustus (27BC – 14AD) first

Official emperor• 300s AD Christianity becomes official religion• Faith spreads through empire/Europe

• Legacy of the Empire• Art, architecture, engineering, language,

philosophy and government

MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE

Roman Empire Cont’d.• Factors leading to end of WRE• Empire became too big to defend• Threatened by barbarians

• No real loyalty amongst troops• Corrupt leaders• Too many taxes• Growing unrest amongst the poor • Spilt between Eastern and Western

• 476 AD fell to Vandals• Eastern Roman Empire goes on • Western Roman Empire breaks into

small kingdoms

MEDITERRANEAN EUROPEEaster Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)• Balkan peninsula and Middle East • Constantinople • Gateway to Asia and Middle East• Great wealth from trade

• Eastern Orthodox Church • Patriarch vs Pope• Hagia Sophia

MEDITERRANEAN EUROPEItalian City-States• 6th Century WRE breaks into small kingdoms • Christianity continues to spread • Feudalism emerges – kings, nobles, knights, peasants and serfs• Vassal swears oath of loyalty (service and taxes) to lord in return for

land and title• Kingdoms eventually grow into countries

• 1096 AD Crusades begin • Italian city-states’ of Florence and

Venice benefit greatly• Renaissance (‘rebirth’) begins

12th Century• New ideas from Muslims• Greek and Roman “Classics”

• Bubonic Plague 14th Century

MEDITERRANEAN EUROPESpain• 8th Century Muslims (the Moors) move

into Spain• Religious tolerance between Jews,

Muslims and Christians• Learning and education flourish for

700 years• Cordoba and Granada

• 15th Century Spain• Ferdinand and Isabella (1492)• Spanish Inquisition – cast out or

kill Jews and Muslims• Columbus sails for the west

WESTERN EUROPE• France and Germany dominate• 2 largest• Access to resources, ports and trade routes =

productive economies• Switzerland and Benelux countries have own culture• Historical Roots• Charlemagne conquered much of GER and FR

during 8th Century• Crowned Holy Roman Emperor• Spread Christianity

• Protestant Reformation 1517AD• Martin Luther and his 95 Theses• Question Church’s authority and practices

WESTERN EUROPE• Growth of Nationalism leads to war• French Revolution 1789• Napoleon Bonaparte

• Industrialization grows economies and countries 19th – Early 20th Century

• Imperialism and global domination• Leads to WWI (1914 – 1919)

• Allied Powers vs. Central Powers• Reparations leads to WWII

• World War II (1939 – 1945)• Holocaust, Atomic Age, civilian

casualties• Cold War (1947 – 1991)

NORTHERN EUROPE• United Kingdom, Ireland and Nordic Countries (Denmark, Finland,

Iceland, Norway and Sweden• History of sea travel and conquest• Waves of migrants push earlier settlers further north and west• Sami – earliest inhabitants now live in northern Scandinavia• Great Britain first settled by Celtic• 80AD Romans conquered southern Britain• 400s AD Celts, Angles, Saxons, Jutes drive out Romans and push Celts

further north• 795 AD – first Viking attack on GB (Lindisfarne Monastery)

• Terrorize, hit-and-raids in longships which make travel up-river and beaching possible

• Conquer parts of GB, Iceland, Greenland, North America, Normandy and parts of Russia

NORTHERN EUROPE• 1066, William Duke of Normandy conquered England

• Spoke French but like Vikings in Normandy, eventually settled and adopted customs and language of new land

• Sweden grew to regional power in 1600s but never rivaled GB’s empire

• GB – “Sun never set on the Empire”• History of seafaring = strong navy and trade – naval bases around the world• Status as an island nation• Relatively stable gov’t• Spread the English language

NORTHERN EUROPE: MODERN AGEGovernment • GB lead revolutions in gov’t

• Parilament, 930• Magna Carta, 1215• English Bill of Rights, 1689• Female representation, 1990s

• Iceland has oldest parliament in the worldIndustrial Revolution• GB leads Industrial Revolution

• Natural resources + capital + new inventions (steam engine) = industrial rev.• Indus. Rev. spread to Nordic countries & Sweden developed most

industrySince 1900• Nordic countries are not heavily involved in world affairs• GB greatly involved in world wars

NORTHERN EUROPE: MODERN AGE• GB Empire changes greatly after WWII

• Many colonies gain independence• Ethnic conflicts come about as a result of colonial rule• Irish Question: Northern Ireland = Protestant WHILE Republic of Ireland =

Catholic• IRA = Irish Republican Army fought for independence

Economics• manufacturing in GB and Sweden because of natural resources• timber, fishing and oil in Nordic countries• High Tech – Silicon Glen, Ireland in the 2000s• EU – United States of Europe?

• Euro – pros vs. cons• ECSC, 1951 – economic benefits and protection against war• EEC, 1957 – Common market• Maastricht Treaty, 1993 = EU

EASTERN EUROPE

EASTERN EUROPECultural crossroads

• Location = great diversity and wealth• b/c of importance and wealth, many want to control it• 100 AD – Rome• 500 AD – Byzantines

• Various Slavic groups moved around 400-600s• 800s AD – Magyars sweep into Hungary• 1300 AD – Ottoman Turks• 1400 AD – Austro-Hungarian Empire

• 1700s – Austria becomes very powerful – drive out Ottomans in Hungary• Austria, Prussia and Russia break apart Poland

Turmoil in the 20th Century • Balkanization - process of breaking up into small, mutually hostile units• By 1908, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia gain freedom

from Ottomans• By 1913, Balkans countries fight over who should control the area

EASTERN EUROPE: 20TH CENTURY• 1914, Gavrillo Principe assassinates Archduke Ferdiand (Austria) in Sarajevo

• Sparks World War I• After war: Austria and Hungary split apart; Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,

Poland and Yugoslavia gain independence; Turkey replaces Ottoman Empire

• Following WWII – Soviet Union gained control over Eastern Europe as communist satellite nations• 40 years of communist rule weakened the East’s economy• 1989, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania end communist rule• 1990, Romania and Yugoslavia follow suit

• Cause turmoil when establishing new economies - Market Economy from Command Economy

• Yugoslavia becomes scene of brutal civil war (ethnic cleansing)

TURMOIL IN THE BALKANS