history of english literature sajid

ENGLISH LITERATUREENGLISH LITERATURE

Muhammad Sajid us SalamMuhammad Sajid us Salam

LecturerLecturerDepartment of English Language & Applied LinguisticsDepartment of English Language & Applied Linguistics

AIOU, Islamabad.AIOU, Islamabad.

What is literature?What is literature?

What is the nature of What is the nature of literature?literature?What is the value of literature?What is the value of literature?Why do we study literature?Why do we study literature?How do we study literature?How do we study literature?

1. What is Literature?1. What is Literature?

Literature refers to the practice and Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from human profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences.aspects of human experiences.

2. Why we read Literature?2. Why we read Literature?

PleasurePleasure RelaxationRelaxation KnowledgeKnowledge

Literature1. Histories

2. Romances – pose and verse (Metrical Romances)

3. Tales

4. Dramas

5. Lyric poetry

6. Ballads

ProsePoetry

Drama

Sonnet

Tudor Literature Courtly Literature - romantic by nature Citizen literature – more realistic by nature

Indo-European languagesIndo-European languages

Overview of English InfluencesOverview of English InfluencesPre-History-1066 A.D.Pre-History-1066 A.D.

C.R.A.V.N.C.R.A.V.N.

Celts (Brythons and Gaels) up to 55 B.C.Celts (Brythons and Gaels) up to 55 B.C.

Roman Conquest 55 B.C. - 407 A.D.Roman Conquest 55 B.C. - 407 A.D.

Anglo-Saxon Period 407 A.D. - 787 A.D.Anglo-Saxon Period 407 A.D. - 787 A.D.

Viking Invasions 787 A.D. - 1066 A.D.Viking Invasions 787 A.D. - 1066 A.D.

Noman Conquest begins in 1066 A.D. Noman Conquest begins in 1066 A.D.

History of English LiteratureHistory of English Literature

Old English Literature

Medieval English Literature

Renaissance English Literature

17th century English Literature


Romantic English Literature



Old English LiteratureOld English Literature

449449A.D.---1066A.D.---1066 Formation of EnglandFormation of England Formation of Old EnglishFormation of Old English Poetic traditionPoetic tradition The Song of BeowulfThe Song of Beowulf---the national epic---the national epic Anglo-Saxon period: from tribal society to Anglo-Saxon period: from tribal society to

feudalismfeudalism

Medieval English LiteratureMedieval English Literature

About five centuriesAbout five centuries Feudal system, Roman Catholic churchFeudal system, Roman Catholic church Literary forms: romance, popular balladLiterary forms: romance, popular ballad Representatives:Geoffrey Chaucer, Representatives:Geoffrey Chaucer,

William LanglandWilliam Langland

Renaissance English LiteratureRenaissance English Literature

Late 15Late 15thth century---early 17 century---early 17thth century century The rise of bourgeois classThe rise of bourgeois class Renaissance: the rebirth of lettersRenaissance: the rebirth of letters

the key: humanismthe key: humanism Thomas More: the greatest humanistThomas More: the greatest humanist Representatives:Representatives:

--William Shakespeare: drama--William Shakespeare: drama

--Edmund Spencer: poetry--Edmund Spencer: poetry

--Francis Bacon: essay--Francis Bacon: essay

1717thth century English Literature century English Literature

English Revolution, Restoration, the “Glorious English Revolution, Restoration, the “Glorious Revolution”--constitutional monarchyRevolution”--constitutional monarchy

Literature of the Revolution:Literature of the Revolution:

--Poetry: John Milton--Poetry: John Milton

Metaphysical poetryMetaphysical poetry

--Prose: John Bunyan--Prose: John Bunyan Literature of the Restoration:Literature of the Restoration:

--comedies (comedy of manners)--comedies (comedy of manners)

--John Dryden--John Dryden


The industrial revolution, the rise of bourgeois middle The industrial revolution, the rise of bourgeois middle classclass

The Enlightenment—the struggle of bourgeoisie The Enlightenment—the struggle of bourgeoisie against feudalismagainst feudalism

Neoclassicism: Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Neoclassicism: Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Richard SteeleRichard Steele

Realistic novel: Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Henry Realistic novel: Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Henry FieldingFielding

Sentimentalism: Laurence Stern, Thomas GraySentimentalism: Laurence Stern, Thomas Gray Pre-Romanticism: William Blake, Robert BurnsPre-Romanticism: William Blake, Robert Burns

Romantic English LiteratureRomantic English Literature

The French Revolution & the industrial The French Revolution & the industrial revolutionrevolution

PoetryPoetry

William Wordsworth, S. T. ColeridgeWilliam Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge

Robert Southey; Byron, Shelley, KeatsRobert Southey; Byron, Shelley, Keats Prose: Charles LambProse: Charles Lamb Novel: Walter Scott, Jane AustenNovel: Walter Scott, Jane Austen


The Victorian periodThe Victorian period The struggle between the working class and The struggle between the working class and

the capitaliststhe capitalists Critical realism: novel (Critical realism: novel (the 40s and early 50sthe 40s and early 50s))

Charles Dickens, W. M. Thackeray, Bronte Charles Dickens, W. M. Thackeray, Bronte sisters, George Eliot etc.sisters, George Eliot etc.

Prose & poetry: the mid and late 19Prose & poetry: the mid and late 19thth century century Chartist literatureChartist literature

Literary trends at the end of the 19Literary trends at the end of the 19thth centurycentury

--Naturalism: George Gissing--Naturalism: George Gissing

--Neo-romanticism: Robert Louis --Neo-romanticism: Robert Louis StevensonStevenson

--Aestheticism: Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater--Aestheticism: Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater


The two world warsThe two world wars New ideas and new theoriesNew ideas and new theories Realistic writing: early 20Realistic writing: early 20thth century century --poetry: Thomas Hardy, war poets--poetry: Thomas Hardy, war poets --novel: John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells, --novel: John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells,

Arnold Bennett Arnold Bennett --drama: George Bernard Shaw--drama: George Bernard Shaw Modernism: the 20s and 30sModernism: the 20s and 30s --a movement of experiments in techniques--a movement of experiments in techniques

-- -- poetry: W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot.poetry: W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot.

-- novel: D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce -- novel: D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia Woolfand Virginia Woolf

--drama: J.M. Synge --drama: J.M. Synge English literature since 1945English literature since 1945

--postmodernism--postmodernism

--drama: Samuel Becket, John Osborne,Harold --drama: Samuel Becket, John Osborne,Harold PinterPinter

--novel: William Golding, John Fowles, Kingsley Amis --novel: William Golding, John Fowles, Kingsley Amis (the Angry Yong man), Martin Amis etc. (the Angry Yong man), Martin Amis etc.

--poetry: Dylan Thomas, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes --poetry: Dylan Thomas, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes and Seamus Heaney and Seamus Heaney

BEOWULF: c. 1000BEOWULF: c. 1000 Written in alliterative verse and uses kennings, as does Written in alliterative verse and uses kennings, as does

Caedmon’s Hymn. An epic poem in the elegiac mode. Caedmon’s Hymn. An epic poem in the elegiac mode.

Deals with the Danish King, Hrothgar, whose court is Deals with the Danish King, Hrothgar, whose court is attacked by the monster Grendel and his mother, who attacked by the monster Grendel and his mother, who kill Many of the kings men. kill Many of the kings men.

Beowulf , a young Great, comes boasting to Hrothgar’s Beowulf , a young Great, comes boasting to Hrothgar’s court, and avenges these deaths by fighting Grendel court, and avenges these deaths by fighting Grendel and his mother, receiving rich rewards from Hrothgar—and his mother, receiving rich rewards from Hrothgar—his ring-bearer—for these deeds. his ring-bearer—for these deeds. He then fights a dragon to save his own people, but He then fights a dragon to save his own people, but dies in slaying it. The poem ends in a lament for dies in slaying it. The poem ends in a lament for Beowulf.Beowulf.

Contributions to Literature1. Epic and War poetry

Norman conquest led by William of Normandy “The Conqueror” Norman conquest led by William of Normandy “The Conqueror”

EFFECTS/INFLUENCESEFFECTS/INFLUENCES

Love of law and orderLove of law and order

William drew up the code of laws and prepared the William drew up the code of laws and prepared the Domesday BookDomesday Book w/c includes a gigantic survey of all the real estate & w/c includes a gigantic survey of all the real estate & other taxable property of Englandother taxable property of England

great increase in the growth and importance of towns in Englandgreat increase in the growth and importance of towns in England

French or Anglo- Norman which is based on Latin. French or Anglo- Norman which is based on Latin.

Many words were introduced. Many words were introduced.

English grammar was simplified.English grammar was simplified. Standard English languageStandard English language

The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales next

ChaucerChaucer’’s masterpiece and one of the s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literaturemonumental works in English literature

Outline of the storyOutline of the story The tales: The Wife of BathThe tales: The Wife of Bath

GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1343 – 1400)GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1343 – 1400)

The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales (1380s) (1380s)

24 tales and a framing prologue that sets up the fiction of 24 tales and a framing prologue that sets up the fiction of pilgrims meeting at a tavern as they begin their pilgrimage pilgrims meeting at a tavern as they begin their pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury.

Each agrees to tell a tale. The tales are inked by prologues. Each agrees to tell a tale. The tales are inked by prologues. The narrator begins the prologue by describing the fine The narrator begins the prologue by describing the fine April day and each of the pilgrims in his entourage. April day and each of the pilgrims in his entourage.

Some characters: Knight, Miller, Wife of Bath, Prioress, Some characters: Knight, Miller, Wife of Bath, Prioress, Nun’s Priest, Squire, Reeve, Pardoner, Summoner, Cook, Nun’s Priest, Squire, Reeve, Pardoner, Summoner, Cook, Man of Law, Oxford Man of Law, Oxford Scholar, etc. Scholar, etc.

RENAISSANCE LITERATURE (1485 – RENAISSANCE LITERATURE (1485 – 1660)1660)

““Renaissance” means “Rebirth”--Rebirth of interest Renaissance” means “Rebirth”--Rebirth of interest in the Greek and Latin classics. in the Greek and Latin classics.

Emphasis on humanistic education for Emphasis on humanistic education for statesmanship statesmanship

Focus on the individual and a concern with the Focus on the individual and a concern with the fullest possible cultivation of human potential fullest possible cultivation of human potential through proper educationthrough proper education

Focus on individual consciousness and the interior Focus on individual consciousness and the interior mind mind concern with the refinement of the language and concern with the refinement of the language and the development of a national, vernacular literature the development of a national, vernacular literature

Reformation- movement that aimed for reformation in the Roman Catholic church which gave rise to the Protestant domination empowered by Martin Luther.

Christopher MarloweChristopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe (1564Christopher Marlowe (1564––1593) was an 1593) was an

English dramatist, poet and translator of the English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. He is known for his Elizabethan era. He is known for his magnificent magnificent blank verse, his overreaching , his overreaching protagonists, and his own mysterious and protagonists, and his own mysterious and untimely death.untimely death.

Christopher MarloweChristopher Marlowe

““University Wits”” The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus

The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus next 1. It is based on a German legend. 1. It is based on a German legend. The hero of the play is Doctor Faustus, a young and The hero of the play is Doctor Faustus, a young and

brilliant scholar. The chief feature of his character is a brilliant scholar. The chief feature of his character is a thirst for knowledge.thirst for knowledge.

Faustus takes one by one the chief subjects of Faustus takes one by one the chief subjects of academic curriculum, philosophy, medicine and law. academic curriculum, philosophy, medicine and law. He is bored with the orthodox curriculum, and turns to He is bored with the orthodox curriculum, and turns to the study of magic in order to understand and the study of magic in order to understand and possess the kingdoms of the earth. possess the kingdoms of the earth.

Then he meet the Devil and the doctor must sell his Then he meet the Devil and the doctor must sell his soul to the Devil so he may live 24 years, with the soul to the Devil so he may live 24 years, with the Devil at his command. Then Faustus signs the bond Devil at his command. Then Faustus signs the bond with his own blood.with his own blood.

The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus back

After the contract with the Devil, Faustus makes a After the contract with the Devil, Faustus makes a tour in the universe on a dragontour in the universe on a dragon’’s back. Then he s back. Then he gives a display of his magic art and plays tricks upon gives a display of his magic art and plays tricks upon the Pope at a banquet. the Pope at a banquet.

Meanwhile Faustus is drawing near his doom. It is Meanwhile Faustus is drawing near his doom. It is the scholars who are his companions on his last night the scholars who are his companions on his last night on earth. Even in his painful expectation of the on earth. Even in his painful expectation of the coming of the devils, he thinks of his friends safety: coming of the devils, he thinks of his friends safety: ““ Gentlemen, away, lest you perish with me.Gentlemen, away, lest you perish with me.”” So one So one hour before midnight, Faustus is left to face his awful hour before midnight, Faustus is left to face his awful destiny alone until he is carried away by the Devil.destiny alone until he is carried away by the Devil.

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (1564William Shakespeare (1564––1616) was 1616) was an an English poet and and playwright, widely , widely regarded as the greatest writer in the regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's and the world's preeminent dramatist. He is often called preeminent dramatist. He is often called England's England's national poet and the " and the "Bard of Bard of AvonAvon" (or simply "The Bard"). " (or simply "The Bard").

Shakespeare in LoveShakespeare in Love

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

Shakespeare’s BirthplaceShakespeare’s Birthplace

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare His surviving works consist of 38 plays, His surviving works consist of 38 plays,

154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living been translated into every major living language, and are performed more often language, and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.than those of any other playwright.

Historical plays Great comedies Great tragedies

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare back

Historical plays:Historical plays: Henry ⅣHenry Ⅳ Richard IIIRichard III Henry ⅤHenry Ⅴ Henry VIIIHenry VIII


Great comedies:Great comedies: The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice As You Like ItAs You Like It Twelfth NightTwelfth Night A Midsummer NightA Midsummer Night’’s Dreams Dream


Great tragedies:Great tragedies: HamletHamlet OthelloOthello King LearKing Lear MacbethMacbeth

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon

He is the founder of English materialist He is the founder of English materialist philosophy, founder of modern science in philosophy, founder of modern science in England and the first English essayist.England and the first English essayist.

His works:His works: Essays (Essays (Of Study, Of Truth), Of Truth) New InstrumentNew Instrument Advancement of LearningAdvancement of Learning

Of StudyOf Study

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. for ability.

Reading makes a full man; conference a Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. ready man; and writing an exact man.

Histories make men wise; poets witty; the Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. contend.

John MiltonJohn Milton About the author About Paradise Lost Major works

John MiltonJohn Milton With the Restoration of Charles II, Milton was With the Restoration of Charles II, Milton was

arrested and imprisoned. His book were arrested and imprisoned. His book were burnt. But he was saved, he probably owed burnt. But he was saved, he probably owed his escape from death to his blindness. A fire his escape from death to his blindness. A fire in London destroyed his house. He moved in London destroyed his house. He moved from place to place until he settled down on from place to place until he settled down on the outskirts of London.the outskirts of London.

His blindness forced him to depend on his His blindness forced him to depend on his daughters for an assistance with his reading daughters for an assistance with his reading and writing. Everyday he dictated his epic and writing. Everyday he dictated his epic Paradise LostParadise Lost 10 or 20 lines at a time. 10 or 20 lines at a time.

Paradise LostParadise Lost

It is a long epic of 12 books. The story was taken It is a long epic of 12 books. The story was taken from the Bible. from the Bible.

The Old Testament The Old Testament The New TestamentThe New Testament The story was taken from the Old Testament, the The story was taken from the Old Testament, the

Creation.Creation.

Paradise LostParadise Lost

Content:Content: 1. the rebellion of Satan and his fellow-angles in 1. the rebellion of Satan and his fellow-angles in

Heaven.Heaven. 2. the Creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve 2. the Creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve

by God.by God. 3. Satan3. Satan’’s temptation of Eve and the departure of s temptation of Eve and the departure of

Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.

Paradise Lost Paradise Lost Satan and his followers are banished from Satan and his followers are banished from

Heaven and driven into the hell.Heaven and driven into the hell. Satan fearlessly withstands all pains and Satan fearlessly withstands all pains and

passionately strives for victory. He choose for passionately strives for victory. He choose for his battlefield the most perfect spot ever his battlefield the most perfect spot ever created by God--the Garden of Eden, where created by God--the Garden of Eden, where live the first man and woman--Adam and Eve. live the first man and woman--Adam and Eve. They were not permit to eat the fruit that They were not permit to eat the fruit that grows on the Tree of Knowledge. grows on the Tree of Knowledge.

Paradise LostParadise Lost Satan persuade her to break GodSatan persuade her to break God’’s command, s command,

Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and pick Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and pick for Adam. Adam and Eve were expelled from the for Adam. Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden and doomed to an earthly life full Garden of Eden and doomed to an earthly life full of hardships and sufferings.of hardships and sufferings.

John MiltonJohn Milton back

His masterpiece:His masterpiece: Paradise LostParadise Lost Paradise Regained Paradise Regained Samson AgonistSamson Agonist

William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth

His works: His works: Lyrical BalladsLyrical Ballads To the CuckooTo the Cuckoo Lines Written in Early SpringLines Written in Early Spring I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Lucy PoemsLucy Poems

Samuel Taylor ColeridgeSamuel Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772––1834) was an 1834) was an English poet, critic and philosopher who was, English poet, critic and philosopher who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the of the founders of the Romantic Movement in in England and one of the England and one of the Lake Poets. .

He is probably best known for his poems He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, as well as , as well as his major prose work his major prose work Biographia Literaria..

Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge

George Gordon ByronGeorge Gordon Byron George Gordon Byron (1788George Gordon Byron (1788––1824) was a British 1824) was a British

poet and a leading figure in poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.. He is regarded as one of the greatest European He is regarded as one of the greatest European

poets and remains widely read and influential, poets and remains widely read and influential, both in the English-speaking world and beyond.both in the English-speaking world and beyond.

Byron's fame rests not only on his writings but Byron's fame rests not only on his writings but also on his life, which featured extravagant living, also on his life, which featured extravagant living, numerous love affairs, debts, separation, and numerous love affairs, debts, separation, and marital exploits. He was famously described by marital exploits. He was famously described by Lady Caroline Lamb as "mad, bad, and as "mad, bad, and dangerous to know."dangerous to know."

George Gordon Byron George Gordon Byron

His major works:His major works: Child HaroldChild Harold’’s Pilgrimages Pilgrimage Don JuanDon Juan

Percy Bysshe ShelleyPercy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792––1822) was 1822) was

one of the major one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely and is widely considered to be among the finest considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. in the English language.

He was famous for his association with He was famous for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron. The and Lord Byron. The novelist Mary Shelley was his second novelist Mary Shelley was his second wife.wife.

Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley

His major works:His major works: Prometheus UnboundPrometheus Unbound A Defence of PoetryA Defence of Poetry Ode to the West WindOde to the West Wind The Revolt of IslamThe Revolt of Islam

Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley

The trumpet of a prophecy ! O, Wind,The trumpet of a prophecy ! O, Wind,

If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

John KeatsJohn Keats John Keats (1795John Keats (1795––1821) was one of the 1821) was one of the

principal poets of the English Romantic principal poets of the English Romantic movement. During his short life, his movement. During his short life, his work received constant critical attacks work received constant critical attacks from periodicals of the day, but his from periodicals of the day, but his posthumous influence on poets has posthumous influence on poets has been immense.been immense.

Elaborate word choice and sensual Elaborate word choice and sensual imagery characterize Keats's poetry.imagery characterize Keats's poetry.

John Keats John Keats Major works:Major works: IsabellaIsabella The Eve of St. AgnesThe Eve of St. Agnes,, LamiaLamia Ode to a NightingaleOde to a Nightingale

19th Century Novels19th Century Novels Mary ShelleyMary Shelley Walter ScottWalter Scott Jane AustenJane Austen Bronte SistersBronte Sisters Charles DickensCharles Dickens William Makepeace ThackerayWilliam Makepeace Thackeray Thomas HardyThomas Hardy

Jane AustenJane Austen

Her major works:Her major works: Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice Sense and SensibilitySense and Sensibility EmmaEmma Northanger AbbeyNorthanger Abbey Mansfield ParkMansfield Park PersuasionPersuasion

Jane AustenJane Austen

Jane Austen(1775-1817), is a famous English Jane Austen(1775-1817), is a famous English novelist. With detail, Austen portrayed the novelist. With detail, Austen portrayed the quiet, day-to-day life of members of the upper quiet, day-to-day life of members of the upper middle class. middle class.

Her works combine romantic comedy with Her works combine romantic comedy with social satire and psychological insight. social satire and psychological insight.

Charles DickensCharles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens(1812Charles John Huffam Dickens(1812––1870), 1870),

pen-name "Boz", was one of the most popular pen-name "Boz", was one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era.English novelists of the Victorian era.

Many of Dickens's novels first appeared in Many of Dickens's novels first appeared in periodicals and magazines in serialized form.periodicals and magazines in serialized form.

Unlike many other authors who completed Unlike many other authors who completed entire novels before serial production entire novels before serial production commenced, Dickens often composed his commenced, Dickens often composed his works in parts, in the order in which they were works in parts, in the order in which they were meant to appear. Such a practice lent his meant to appear. Such a practice lent his stories a particular rhythm.stories a particular rhythm.

Charles DickensCharles Dickens

His Major works:His Major works: Oliver TwistOliver Twist A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield

Charles DickensCharles Dickens

Thomas HardyThomas Hardy Thomas Hardy(1840Thomas Hardy(1840––

1928) was an English 1928) was an English novelist, short story novelist, short story writer, and poet of the writer, and poet of the naturalist movement, naturalist movement, though he saw himself though he saw himself as a poet and wrote as a poet and wrote novels mainly for novels mainly for financial gain only. financial gain only.

Thomas HardyThomas Hardy His Major works:His Major works: Tess of the DTess of the D’’urbervillesurbervilles Under the Greenwood TreeUnder the Greenwood Tree Far from the Madding CrowdFar from the Madding Crowd Major of CasterbridgeMajor of Casterbridge Jude the ObscureJude the Obscure

The 20The 20thth Century Literature Century Literature ModernismModernism Joseph ConradJoseph Conrad Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf D. H. LawrenceD. H. Lawrence E. M. ForsterE. M. Forster T. S. EliotT. S. Eliot William Butler YeatsWilliam Butler Yeats Oscar WildeOscar Wilde

Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf (1882Virginia Woolf (1882––1941) was an English 1941) was an English novelist and essayist, regarded as one of novelist and essayist, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.twentieth century.

During the interwar period, Woolf was a During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. and a member of the Bloomsbury Group.


The Bloomsbury GroupThe Bloomsbury Group was an English was an English collectivity of friends and relatives who lived collectivity of friends and relatives who lived in or near London during the first half of the in or near London during the first half of the twentieth century. twentieth century.

Their work deeply influenced literature, Their work deeply influenced literature, aesthetics, criticism, and economics as well aesthetics, criticism, and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism, and sexuality. Its best known pacifism, and sexuality. Its best known members were Virginia Woolf, John Maynard members were Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E. M. Forster, and Lytton Strachey.Keynes, E. M. Forster, and Lytton Strachey.

Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf She sometimes used the She sometimes used the ““stream of stream of

consciousnessconsciousness”” technique. technique.▶▶Stream of Consciousness is Stream of Consciousness is a psychological a psychological

termterm indicating the flux of conscious and indicating the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time moving in the mind at any given time independently of the personindependently of the person’’s will.s will.▶▶In the 20th century, under the influence of In the 20th century, under the influence of

FleudFleud’’s theory of psychological analysis , a s theory of psychological analysis , a number of writers adopted the Stream of number of writers adopted the Stream of Consciousness as a method of novel writing.Consciousness as a method of novel writing.


Her most famous works include the Her most famous works include the novels novels Mrs DallowayMrs Dalloway (1925), (1925), To the To the LighthouseLighthouse (1927) and (1927) and OrlandoOrlando (1928), (1928), and the book-length essay and the book-length essay A Room of A Room of One's OwnOne's Own (1929), with its famous (1929), with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."fiction."

OthersOthers T. S. EliotT. S. Eliot William Butler YeatsWilliam Butler Yeats Oscar WildeOscar Wilde

Another view of Another view of The 20The 20thth Century Literature Century Literature

PostmodernismPostmodernism George OrwellGeorge Orwell John FowlesJohn Fowles Graham GreeneGraham Greene

Let us RecapLet us Recap

Pre-Historical/Pre-RomanPre-Historical/Pre-Roman

Anglo-Saxons-JutesAnglo-Saxons-Jutes

Anglo-Saxon LiteratureAnglo-Saxon LiteratureGermanic ethos that celebrated the warrior and his exploits.Germanic ethos that celebrated the warrior and his exploits.

Most storytelling was oral.Most storytelling was oral.

Old English PoetryOld English Poetry became distinctive...became distinctive...

1.1. AlliterationAlliteration- repetition of consonant sounds- repetition of consonant sounds

2.2. KenningKenning- a metaphor expressed as a compound noun - - a metaphor expressed as a compound noun - “whale-path” for the seaCaesura- a break or pause in poetry“whale-path” for the seaCaesura- a break or pause in poetry

3.3. CaesuraCaesura- a break or pause in poetry- a break or pause in poetry

RUNES: Anglo-Saxon alphabet/OLD ENGLISH. Runes were probably RUNES: Anglo-Saxon alphabet/OLD ENGLISH. Runes were probably brought to Britain in the 5brought to Britain in the 5thth century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and were used until about the 11and Frisians, and were used until about the 11thth century. Runic century. Runic inscription are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and other inscription are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and other objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have survived.survived.

Anglo-Saxon Poetry and RiddlesAnglo-Saxon Poetry and RiddlesThe Book of ExeterThe Book of Exeter

Contains more than 30 poems and 90 Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles.riddles.

Written down by monks in about 975, our Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetryprimary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry

Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful mournful

Dominant tone of riddles is light and Dominant tone of riddles is light and somewhat bawdy (for entertainment somewhat bawdy (for entertainment purposes- think SNL). purposes- think SNL).

BeowulfBeowulf......The major text we will read from this period is the EPIC The major text we will read from this period is the EPIC BeowulfBeowulf. It . It is the story of a Scandinavian (GEAT) warrior or knight probably in is the story of a Scandinavian (GEAT) warrior or knight probably in the sixth century, who comes to help a neighboring tribe, the Danes, the sixth century, who comes to help a neighboring tribe, the Danes, who are being attacked by a monster.who are being attacked by a monster.

We study English history to understand the CONTEXT of We study English history to understand the CONTEXT of BeowulfBeowulf, , and we study and we study BeowulfBeowulf to understand the world which was OLD to understand the world which was OLD ENGLISH.ENGLISH.

Consider the fighting, hunting, farming and loving Anglo-Saxon Consider the fighting, hunting, farming and loving Anglo-Saxon heritage. The Non-Christians only hope was for fame and heritage. The Non-Christians only hope was for fame and commemoration in poetry. commemoration in poetry.

BeowulfBeowulf is considered the shining star of Old English literature. is considered the shining star of Old English literature.

The Book of ExeterThe Book of Exeter is the largest surviving collection of poetry. is the largest surviving collection of poetry.

A Brief Glimpse of the History of A Brief Glimpse of the History of English from “Our Father”English from “Our Father”

OLD ENGLISH

400-1066

Beowulf

Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum si þin nama gehalgod tobecume þin rice gewurþe þin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us to dæg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice.

Middle English

1066-1485

Chaucer

Oure fadir þat art in heuenes halwid be þi name; þi reume or kyngdom come to be. Be þi wille don in herþe as it is doun in heuene. yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred. And foryeue to us oure dettis þat is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris þat is to men þat han synned in us. And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl.

Early Modern

English

1485-1800

Shakes-peare

Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen. Giue us this day our daily bread. And forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters. And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. Amen.

Modern English

1800-present

Austen Extra Credit! Write “The Our Father” in Modern English.

So, what do I need to know about the So, what do I need to know about the History of the Englsih Language?History of the Englsih Language?

Major datesMajor dates

55 B.C.55 B.C.

43 A.D.43 A.D.

410 A.D.410 A.D.

597 A.D.597 A.D.

1066 A.D.1066 A.D.

Major people…Major people…

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

St. AugustineSt. Augustine

King Ethelbert of KentKing Ethelbert of Kent

King Alfred “the great”King Alfred “the great”

William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

William, Duke of NormandyWilliam, Duke of Normandy

3. Old English Period3. Old English Period469 AD - 1066 AD 469 AD - 1066 AD

Three conquests.Three conquests. The Song of Beowulf:The Song of Beowulf:

Middle English LiteratureMiddle English Literature

Bible translations,Bible translations, Geoffrey Chaucer: Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales

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Renaissance Literature Renaissance Literature

Vernacular Literature.Vernacular Literature. William Caxton.William Caxton. Book of Common Prayer.Book of Common Prayer.

Early Modern PeriodEarly Modern Period

Elizabethan EraElizabethan Era Jacobean LiteratureJacobean Literature Caroline and Cromwellian LiteratureCaroline and Cromwellian Literature Restoration LiteratureRestoration Literature Augustan Literature.Augustan Literature.

Elizabethan EraElizabethan Era

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare Hamlet,Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet,Romeo and Juliet, The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice MacbethMacbeth



Jacobean LiteratureJacobean Literature

Post-Shakespeare.Post-Shakespeare. Dramatist Ben Jonson: Dramatist Ben Jonson:

TTheory of Humorsheory of HumorsBeaumont and FletcherBeaumont and FletcherThe Knight of the Burning PestleThe Knight of the Burning Pestle

Caroline and Cromwellian Caroline and Cromwellian LiteratureLiterature

Commonwealth.Commonwealth. Samuel Pepys.Samuel Pepys. Great Plague.Great Plague. Great Fire of London.Great Fire of London.



Restoration LiteratureRestoration Literature

John Milton:John Milton: Paradise LostParadise Lost The Country WifeThe Country Wife Pilgrim’s ProgressPilgrim’s Progress



Augustan LiteratureAugustan Literature

Jonathan Swift:Jonathan Swift: A Tale of a TubA Tale of a Tub Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels



18th Century18th Century

Age of Enlightment.Age of Enlightment. Age of Sensibility.Age of Sensibility. Horace Walpole: Horace Walpole: The Castle of OtrantoThe Castle of Otranto

RomanticismRomanticism

Industrialism.Industrialism. William Blake: Romantic AgeWilliam Blake: Romantic Age Oscar WildeOscar Wilde Mary Shelley: Mary Shelley:



Victorian LiteratureVictorian Literature

Charles Dickens.Charles Dickens. Arthur Conan Doyle: Arthur Conan Doyle: Sherlok HolmesSherlok Holmes



English Literature since 1900English Literature since 1900

Modernism: Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce, Modernism: Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce, Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf

Post-Modern Literature: Truman CapotePost-Modern Literature: Truman Capote Post World War II: J.R.R. TolkienPost World War II: J.R.R. Tolkien



history of english literature sajid

Education

value of literature

naturecitizen literature

john bunyan literature

gloriousenglish revolution

john dryden

roman conquest

william blake

william shakespeare