history of educational technology where are we going & where have we been
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History of Educational History of Educational TechnologyTechnology
Where Are We Going &
Where Have We Been
History of History of
EducationEducational al
TechnologTechnologyy
Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Objectives: To identify events and devices of the
past that contributed to the technological revolution.
To examine the organizations and their viewpoints that have shaped technology use in the classroom today.
To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances.
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.” (Muffoletto, 1994)
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The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”(Paul Saettler, 1990)
History of History of
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History of History of “Computers”“Computers”
Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC Calculators---1600s Punched Card Devices---1800s First Electronic Computers---1940s Mainframes---1950s Minicomputers---1960s Microcomputers---1970s Microcomputer Systems---1980s Internet---1990s
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Ancient ComputingAncient ComputingHistoryHistory
The AbacusThe AbacusMechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations.
Still in use
aroundthe
world.
Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.
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Early Computing Early Computing HistoryHistory
Invented the first mechanical calculator.
The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations.
Blaise Pascal
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Mechanical Mechanical CalculatorsCalculators
Joseph Jacquard First “programmable”
machine. Used punched cards
(binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.
Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.
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Electronic Computer Electronic Computer SystemsSystems
Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.
Used punch cards to input and externally store data.
Up to 4K of memory.
Programming in machine language and assembly language.
Required a compiler.
First Generation:1943-1956
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First Generation: First Generation: 1943-19561943-1956
World’s first electronic digital computer.
Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.
Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator (ENIAC)
Check out the ENIAC exhibit.
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1956 IBM 350 RAMAC
Second Generation: Second Generation: 1957-19641957-1964
Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.
Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.
Up to 32K of memory. Programming in
computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
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Third Generation: Third Generation: 1965-19711965-1971
Used integrated circuits.
Up to 3 million bytes of memory.
Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.
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1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.
Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.
Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.
Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.
Fourth Generation: Fourth Generation: 1972-Now1972-Now
Microcomputer Revolution Begins.
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Personal computers or PCs. Usually cost about $2,000 or less. Process over 1 billion operations per
second. “Stand-alone” or connected
to other computers as a network system.
Fourth Generation: Fourth Generation: 1972-Now1972-Now
Microcomputers
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Tim Berners-Lee Developed HTML and the World Wide Web
(WWW) was born.
1990’s 1990’s Connecting the WorldConnecting the World
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Marc Andreessen
An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.
Co-founder of Netscape Communications.
1990’s 1990’s Connecting the WorldConnecting the World
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Technologies of the Future Advanced robotics
commonplace Smart houses Wearable computers Holodeck virtual reality Truly individualized education
Check out Dave Moursund’s view of education in the year 2015, one of the Resources.
The 21st CenturyThe 21st Century
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The 21st CenturyThe 21st Century
Only recently focused on computers.
Internet current primary trend.
Communication with colleagues. Lesson plan preparation. Student resources. Access research and best practices for
teaching.
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Our Definition:“A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Has technology changed how and what we teach?
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Two trends of today’s society:
Explosive increase in number and type of technology resources available.
Dramatic decrease in total cost of ownership (TCO).
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
CPU: Intel 4.77 MHz 8088 Memory: 64K Storage: Single-sided, 160K 5” floppy disk drive Display: 12 inch monochrome Price: $2880.00
IBM unveils first PC in 1981.
Read about
IBM Through the Years in Resources.
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Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology
Change in educational philosophy of what constitutes basic skills
No longer just three R’s “Learning to learn” skills essential Lifelong learning
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
Association for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT)
International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)
International Technology Education Association (ITEA)
International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
Audiovisual Media Communications. Begun in 1923. Initially centered on radio. Quickly extended focus to include instructional
film strips and educational television. Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting,
two-way audio, and visual communications.
AECT
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
“Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.”
(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)
Publications: TechTrends Handbook of Research for Educational
Communications and Technology
Visit the AECT web site from Resources.
AECT
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ISPI Instructional systems approach
based on Behaviorist theories “Systematic approach to
designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.” (Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
Publications: Performance Improvement Journal Performance Improvement Quarterly
Explore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site.
ISPI
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ITEA Industry trainers and vocational
teachers. Schools should prepare
students for work force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ITEA Includes robotics, manufacturing
systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).
Publications: The Technology Teacher Technology and Children The Journal of Technology Education
Find out more at the ITEA web site.
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ISTE Primary focus encompassed both
instructional and support applications of computers.
Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education.
Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.
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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews
ISTE National Educational
Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS)
Publications: Learning and Leading with Technology
(formerly The Computing Teacher) Journal of Research on Computing in
Education
ISTE’s website is one of the Resources.
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Modern Ed Tech Modern Ed Tech HistoryHistory
First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950.
Mainframe Computer Systems
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Modern Ed Tech Modern Ed Tech HistoryHistory
First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959.
Mainframe Computer Systems
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Modern Ed Tech Modern Ed Tech HistoryHistory
Federal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s.
Mainframe Computer Systems
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Stanford University – first multimedia learning station, Course writer
Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)
BYU – Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)
Mainframe Computer Systems
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Designed to support personalizedmastery learning Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI)
- University of Pittsburgh Program for Learning in Accordance
with Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of Research
Mainframe Computer Systems
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National Education Computing Conference (NECC)
Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.
First conference held in1979. Today is the largest educational
technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people.
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Modern Ed Tech Modern Ed Tech HistoryHistory
Introduced in late 1970’s. Adopted by public school systems
during 1980’s. Apple II Commodore PET Radio Shack TRS - 80
Microcomputers in Education
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Modern Ed Tech Modern Ed Tech HistoryHistory
Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by: Large hardware manufacturers Software systems companies University development projects
New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators.
Software
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Modern Ed Tech Modern Ed Tech HistoryHistory
Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) Initially largest provider of educational
software. Funded by National Science Foundation.
MicroSift, EPIE Provided courseware evaluations.
Software
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Authoring systems Response to educators quest for input into
design of educational software. Allowed educators to develop their own
courseware.
Software
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Modern Ed Tech Modern Ed Tech HistoryHistory
Authoring systems Required extensive expertise. Extended time commitment. Expanded work investment.
Software
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Computer Literacy Originally defined as programming
skills and tools such as word processing.
Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing.
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Modern Ed Tech Modern Ed Tech HistoryHistory
Seymour Papert Educational theorist mentored by
Jean Piaget. Developed programming language
for young children based on constructivist theory of education.
Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system.
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The Internet and the WWW
Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom.
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Computer literacy or knowledge of computer applications is a moving target.
Teaching students technical skills for today is valuable.
More important are “learning to learn” tools for tomorrow and years to come.
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Computer-based materials are just one component of resources available to educational system.
Integration of technology as a tool to advance learning in the content areas adds to the effectiveness of other resources and teacher created activities.
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Development of technology materials and integration strategies is time intensive and should not be a classroom teacher’s primary responsibility – You’ve got enough to do!
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Educators must keep pace with technological advances.
But often times technology changes faster than the educational environment.
Business and Industry must do it’s part in providing economical technology solutions.
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Teachers will always be necessary! Definition of learning environments
are changing. Identity of classrooms must
change.
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Our models of effective instruction must change too!
Educators must be more than: Sage on the Stage Guide on the Side
What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned
Vet in the Net
Today’s teacher must be willing to be: A participating learner in the classroom. One who will take the same risks and
not always have the right answer. A veteran learner in a network of
learners called the classroom.
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