History of Educational Technology

Educational Technology

“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.”

(Muffoletto, 1994)

Educational Technology

The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”

(Paul Saettler, 1990)

History of “Computers”

Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC Calculators---1600s Punched Card Devices---1800s First Electronic Computers---1940s Mainframes---1950s Minicomputers---1960s Microcomputers---1970s Microcomputer Systems---1980s Internet---1990s

Ancient Computing History

The AbacusThe AbacusMechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations

Still in use

aroundthe

world.

Early Computing History

Invented the first mechanical calculator.

The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations.

Blaise Pascal

Mechanical Calculators

Joseph Jacquard First “programmable”

machine. Used punched cards

(binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.

Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.

Electronic Computer Systems

Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.

Used punch cards to input and externally store data.

Up to 4K of memory.

Programming in machine language and assembly language.

Required a compiler.

First Generation:1943-1956

First Generation: 1943-1956

World’s first electronic digital computer.

Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.

Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator (ENIAC)

1956 IBM 350 RAMAC

Second Generation: 1957-1964

Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.

Up to 32K of memory. Programming in computer

languages, such as

FORTRAN and COBOL.

Third Generation: 1965-1971

Used integrated circuits.

Up to 3 million bytes of memory.

Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.

Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.

Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.

Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.

Fourth Generation: 1972-Now

Microcomputer Revolution Begins.

Personal computers or PCs. Usually cost about $2,000 or less. Process over 1 billion operations per

second. “Stand-alone” or connected

to other computers as a network system.

Fourth Generation: 1972-Now

Microcomputers

TEA

Tim Berners-Lee Developed HTML and the World Wide Web

(WWW) was born.

1990’s Connecting the World

Marc Andreessen

An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.

Co-founder of Netscape Communications.

1990’s Connecting the World

Technologies of the Future Advanced robotics commonplace Smart houses Wearable computers Holodeck virtual reality Truly individualized education

The 21st Century

The 21st Century

Only recently focused on computers Internet current primary trend.

Communication with colleagues. Lesson plan preparation. Student resources. Access research and best practices for

teaching.

05:34.0TEA

Educational Technology

“So therefore, a combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)