history of early modern engineering
TRANSCRIPT
8/4/2019 History of Early Modern Engineering
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The ‘Real Iron Age’
and Tom, George and IKs’ impact on it!
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Key steps in Industrial
Revolution (real iron age)• Pre Industrial revolution
– Materials mostly stone and wood
• Smelting of iron (~1760) with coke – Vastly improved production quantity
– Lower impurities and higher quality
• Low pressure steam engines (1776)• High pressure steam engines (1799)
• Scientific understanding of mechanics
(Newton, Boyle and friends)
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Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, UK
• Foundries in region developed key stepsand processes
– Use of coal/coke
– Less impurities
– Abundant fuel and no reliance on naturalgrowth of wood
– Created a revolution in smelting iron
• World Heritage Site
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New building materials
• Availability of abundant material that wasaffordable, moldable and strong
• Freedom from dependency on wood and
stone• Forge methods were crude and often cast
iron was hammered to shape after casting
(40 lb sledge hammers)• Early works with new material used known
stone building technology
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1795 Pont Cysyllte Aqueduct
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Early innovations
Ironbridge in Telford (100ft span 1779)
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Major steps and some key engineers
who made them in:
• Railways
• Bridges• Tunneling
• Shipping
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Railways
• Invention - Richard Trevithick in 1790 – James Watt low pressure steam for pumping 1776
– Grasped idea of harnessing power of high pressuresteam 1799
– The famous 500 guineas wager (10T over 9m) andmissed opportunity
• Development - George Stephenson – Blucher, Locomotion and Rocket (1812-1829)
– Hands on mechanic who envisaged goods andpassenger traffic by rail
– Standard Gauge
– Stockton to Darlington (1825), Manchester LiverpoolRailways (1830) and decline of Canals
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Bridges
• Arch bridges – Thomas Abraham
– 1779 Ironbridge (100ft span)
• Suspension bridges – Thomas
Telford
– Menai (580ft span) and Conway 1826
• Tubular Box Girder bridge – RobertStephenson
– Britannia 1850
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Menai Suspension Bridge Opened 1826; Still standing and carries road traffic
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Menai suspension
bridge today
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Conway Bridge with Castle in background
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Britannia Bridge - 1850
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UK learned bodies
• Royal Society 1660 – For the Improvement of Natural Knowledge,
• Institution of Civil Engineers 1818 – Founders more akin to mechanicals
– 1st President Thomas Telford
– President Robert Stephenson
• Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1847
– 1st President George Stephenson – Literacy and the Civils test
• Location, Location!
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Tunneling and Shipping
• London tunnels – Marc Brunel
– Tunneling techniques
– Face protection technology
• Iron Ships – Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Great Western 1837 steamship
– Great Britain 1843 first propeller
– Great Eastern 1846 return trip to Auz
– Coincidentally also:
• Clifton suspension bridge 700ft 1864
• Great Western railway (Paddington and beyond)
• 2nd only to Churchill in 2006 as the greatest Briton!
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Isambard Kingdom Brunel Innovator extraordinaire
LondonRiverTunneling
Clifton Suspension Bridge 1864
HMS Great Britain – Iron Ship
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Thames Tunnel Shield
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Innovation and the lessons
• Leaving the caves Innovation with associated risk in inherent in our
development
• Engineering and construction methods
Move towards planning and drafting of worksConstruction contracting models
Scale of projects demanded teamwork in engineering
• Learning by trial and errorTay Bridge collapse – pressure from wind
Tacamo Narrows – Dynamics of Eddying
Ferrybridge cooling towers - Ovalling
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Early Bridge Failures
• Tay Bridge, Dundee, Scotland
– Lateral stability of key girders
– Failed in a storm emanating strong winds
– Train lost and 75 passengers killed
– Inquiry recommendations
• Poor workmanshiop and details
• Lack of true understanding of wind loading• Failure to pay attention top warning signs
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Tacamo Narrows
Constructed and collapsed 1940
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Canadian engineers ring
• Quebec bridge collapse 1907, 75 fatalities
• Failure to recheck self weight