history of bucharest

8/13/2019 History of Bucharest

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History of BucharestFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 1868coat of arms of Bucharest(logo:"The Homeland And My Right")

The history ofBucharestcovers the time from the early settlements on the locality'sterritory (and that of the surrounding area inIlfov County)until its modern existence as a

city, capital ofWallachia,and present-day capital ofRomania.

Contents[hide]

1 Ancient times 2 Foundation

o 2.1 Beginningso 2.2 Early development

3 17th centuryo 3.1 Growth and declineo 3.2 Late 1600s

4 Phanariote erao 4.1 Early Phanarioteso 4.2 Russo-Turkish Wars

5 Kiselyov and Alexandru II Ghica 6 1840s and 1850s 7 Capital of the United Principalities
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8 Capital of the Romanian Kingdomo 8.1 1878-1919o 8.2 Inter-waro 8.3 1940s

9 Communist era 10 1989 to present-day 11 Administrative history 12 Religious and communal history

o 12.1 Romanian Orthodoxyo 12.2 Jewish history of Bucharesto 12.3 Other communities

13 Population history 14 Treaties signed in Bucharest 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading

Ancient times[edit]

Tei Culture artefacts

InAntiquity,much of the territory of Bucharest and Ilfov was covered by the thick forests

ofCodrii Vlsiei.The forested area, especially theColentina andDmboviavalleys, were

home to small, scattered settlements as early as thePaleolithic;during theNeolithic,

Bucharest saw the presence of theGlina culture,and, before the19th century BC,was

included in areas of theGumelnia culture.[1]During theBronze Age,a third phase of

the Glina culture(centered onpastoralism,partly superimposed on the Gumelnia culture)

and, later, on theTei culture,evolved on Bucharest soil.[2]During theIron Age,the area was

inhabited by a population identified with theGetaeand theDacians,who spoke anIndo-

European language.The view that the two groups were the same is disputed,[3]while the
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ipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#Administrative_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#1989_to_present-dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#Communist_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#1940shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#Inter-warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#1878-1919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#Capital_of_the_Romanian_Kingdom


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culture's latter phase can be attributed to the Dacians; small Dacian settlements--such

asHerstru,Radu Vod,Dmroaia,Lacul Tei,Pantelimon,andPopeti-Leordeni--were found

around Bucharest.[4]These populations had commercial links with theGreek cities and

theRomans --ancient-Greek coins were found at Lacul Tei and Herstru (together with a

large amount of localcounterfeit ones), and jewels and coins of Roman origin

inGiuleti and Lacul Tei.[5]

Bucharest was never underRoman rule,with an exception duringMuntenia's brief conquest

by the troops ofConstantine I in the 330s; coins from the times of Constantine,Valens,

andValentinian I etc. were uncovered at various sites in and around Bucharest.[6]It is

assumed that the local population wasRomanized after the initial retreat of Roman

troops from the region, during theAge of Migrations (seeOrigin of the Romanians,Romania

in the Early Middle Ages).

Foundation[edit]

Beginnings[edit]

Curtea Veche,the old princely court

Slavs founded several settlements in the Bucharest region, as pointed out by

theSlavicnames ofIlfov (from elha-

"alder"),Colentina,Snagov,Glina,Chiajna etc.[7]According to some researches, the Slavic

population was alreadyassimilated before the end of theDark Ages.[8]According to some

studies, the area was part of theFirst Bulgarian Empire between 681 and c.1000.[9]While

maintaining commercial links with theByzantine Empire (as attested by the excavations of9th-12th century Byzantine coins at various locations),[10]the area was subject to the

successive invasions ofPechenegs andCumans and conquered by theMongols during the

1241invasion of Europe.[11]It was probably later disputed between theMagyars andSecond

Bulgarian Empire.[12]
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tp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiajnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glina,_Ilfovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snagovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colentina,_Bucharesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfov_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtea_Vechehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Migrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munteniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Daciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giule%C5%9Ftihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%C5%9Fti-Leordenihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelimon,_Ilfovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacul_Tei&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83m%C4%83roaiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Vod%C4%83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C4%83str%C4%83u


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According to a legend first attested in the 19th century, the city was founded by a

shepherd namedBucur (or, alternatively, aboyar of that same name).[13]Like most of the

older cities inMuntenia,its foundation has also been ascribed to the legendaryWallachian

princeRadu Negru (in stories first recorded in the 16th century).[14]The theory identifying

Bucharest with a "Dmboviacitadel"andprclabmentioned in connection withVladislav I

of Wallachia (in the 1370s)[15]is contradicted byarchaeology,which has shown that the

area was virtually uninhabited during the 14th century.[16]

Early development[edit]

Writ issued by the Wallachian PrinceRadu cel Frumos from his residence in Bucharest

Bucharest was first mentioned on September 20, 1459, as one of the residences of PrinceVlad

III Dracula.[17]It soon became the preferred summer residence of the princely court -

together withTrgovite,one of the two capitals ofWallachia - and was viewed by

contemporaries as the strongest citadel in its country.[18]In 1476, it was sacked by

theMoldavianPrinceStephen the Great,but was nonetheless favoured as a residence by

most rulers in the immediately following period[19]and was subject to important changes in

landscape underMircea Ciobanul,who build the palace and church inCurtea Veche (the

court's area), equipped the town with astockade,and took measures to provide Bucharest

with fresh water andproduce (early 1550s).[20]

When Mircea Ciobanul was deposed by theOttoman Empire (Wallachia's overlord) in the

spring of 1554, Bucharest was ravaged byJanissarytroops; violence again occurred after

Mircea returned to the throne and attacked those who had been loyal toPtracu cel

Bun (February 1558),[21]during the 1574 conflict betweenVintilandAlexandru II Mircea,and

under the rule ofAlexandru cel Ru (early 1590s).[22]
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u_cel_Bunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtea_Vechehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Ciobanulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Moldaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C5%9Ftehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_III_Draculahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_III_Draculahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bucharest&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A2rc%C4%83lab&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C5%A3a_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C5%A3a_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Negruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munteniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucur_(legendary_shepherd)


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17th century[edit]

Growth and decline[edit]In tune with the increasing demands of the Ottomans and the growing in importance of trade

with theBalkans,the political and commercial center of Wallachia began gravitating

towards the south; before the end of the 17th century, Bucharest became Wallachia's most

populous city, and one of the largest ones in the region, while its landscape became

cosmopolitan.[23]This was, however, accompanied by a drastic decrease in princely authority,

and a decline of state resources.

On November 13, 1594, the city witnessed widespread violence, upon the start ofMichael the

Brave's uprising against the Ottomans, and the massacre of Ottomancreditors,who held

control over Wallachia's resources, followed by a clash between Wallachians and the

Ottoman troops stationed in Bucharest.[24]

In retaliation, Bucharest was attacked andalmost completely destroyed bySinan Pasha's forces.[25]It was slowly rebuilt over the

following two decades, and again surfaced as a successful competitor

toTrgovite underRadu Mihnea (in the early 1620s).[26]Matei Basarab,who divided his rule

between Trgovite and Bucharest, restored the decaying court buildings (1640).[27]

Bucharest was again ravaged, after only 15 years, by the 1655 rebellion

ofseimenimercenaries against the rule ofConstantin erban - the rebel troops arrested

and executed a number of high-rankingboyars,before being crushed

byTransylvaniantroops in June 1655.

[28]

Constantin erban added important buildings to thelandscape, but he was also responsible for a destructive fire which was meant to

preventMihnea III and his Ottoman allies from taking hold of an intact citadel.[29]According

to the travelerEvliya elebi,the city was rebuilt as rapidly as it was destroyed: "houses

of stone or brick [...] are few and unfortunate, given that theirgavurmasters rebel once

every seven-eight years, and the Turks and [their allies] theTatars consequently set fire

to the city; but the inhabitants, in the space of the same year, restore their small one-

storeyed, but sturdy, houses".[30]Bucharest was touched byfamine and thebubonic plague in

the early 1660s (the plague returned in 1675).[31]

Late 1600s[edit]Main article:Brncovenesc style

BetweenGheorghe Ghica's rule (16591660) and the end oftefan Cantacuzino's (1715/1716),

Bucharest saw a period of relative peace and prosperity (despite the prolonged rivalry
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between theCantacuzino and theBleni families, followed by worsened relations between

the former and theCraioveti).[32]

The climactic moment was reached undererban Cantacuzino andConstantin Brncoveanu,

when the city embraced theRenaissance under the original form known as theBrncovenesc

styleand was expanded (growing to include the area ofCotroceni), furnished

withinnsmaintained by princes, and given its first educational facilities (the princelySaint

Sava College,1694); Brncoveanu developedCurtea Veche (which probably accommodated

theboyar council in its new version), and added two otherpalaces,including theone at

Mogooaia (built inVenetianstyle and noted for itsloggia); this was also the time when the

futureCalea Victorieiwas carved out throughCodrii Vlsiei.[33]

Phanariote era[edit]

Early Phanariotes[edit]In 1716, following the anti-Ottoman rebellion of tefan Cantacuzino in the context of

theGreat Turkish War,Wallachia was placed under the more compliant rules

ofPhanariotes,inaugurated byNicholas Mavrocordatos (who had previously reigned

overMoldavia). These decisively marked Bucharest's development in several ways - the city

was the unrivalled capital, being favoured by the decrease in importance

ofmanorialism and rural centers, cumulated with the progress witnessed by themonetary

economy (during the period,boyarstatus began revolving around appointment to

administrative offices, and most of the latter were centered on the princely residence,including, after 1761, thebanatofOltenia).[34]

Prince Nicholas' rule coincided with a series of calamities - a major fire, the

firstHabsburg occupation during theAustro-Turkish War of 1716-18 (1716), and another

plague epidemic -, but witnessed major cultural achievements inspired byThe Enlightenment,

such as the creation of a short-lived princelylibrary (maintained byStephan

Bergler).[35]Grigore II Ghica andConstantine Mavrocordatosmaintained the commercial

infrastructure, and the city became the site of a large market (probably in

theLipscani area) andcustoms.[36]In 1737, during theAustro-Turkish War of 1737-39,the city

was again attacked by Habsburg troops and ransacked by theNogais,before suffering

another major plague outbreak (followed by new outbursts in the 1750s), accompanied by a

relative economic decline brought about by the competition betweenGreek,Levantine and

locals for official appointments.[37]

Russo Turkish Wars[edit]
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Main article:History of the Russo-Turkish Wars

Nicholas Mavrogenes,PhanariotePrince ofWallachia,riding throughBucharest in a deerdrawn

carriage (late 1780s)

Bucharest was twice occupied byImperial Russiantroops during theWar of 1768-

74 (initially aided byPrvu Cantacuzino's anti-Ottoman boyar rebellion, and then stormed

by the troops ofNicholas Repnin); the subsequentPeace of Kucuk Kaynarcawas partly

negotiated in the city.[38]

UnderAlexander Ypsilantis,large-scale works to provide the city with fresh water were

carried out, andCurtea Veche,destroyed by the previous conflicts, was replaced by a new

residence inDealul Spirii (Curtea Nou,1776); his legacy was carried out byNicholas

Mavrogenes.[39]TheRusso-Turkish-Austrian War erupted in 1787, and Mavrogenes retreated

in front of a new Habsburg invasion, led byPrince Josias of Coburg (1789).[40]Despite other

epidemics, coupled with the immense taxes imposed byConstantin Hangerli,and the majorearthquake of October 14, 1802 (followed by ones in 1804 and 1812), the city's population

continued to increase.[41]During theRusso-Turkish War of 1806-1812,Russian troops

underMikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich entered the city to reinstateConstantine

Ypsilantis in late December 1806;[42]it was under the latter's rule thatManuc's Inn had been

built byEmanuel Mrzaian.

After the peace signed in Bucharest, the rule ofJohn Caradja brought a series of

important cultural and social events (the reformist Caragea law, the firsthot air

balloon ride in the country, the first theater play, the first clothmanufacture,and the

first privateprinting press,Gheorghe Lazr's educational activities), but also witnessed

the devastatingCaragea's plaguein 1813-1814 - which made between 25,000 and 40,000

casualties.[43]Sources of the time indicate that the city alternated dense agglomerations

with large privately owned gardens andorchards,a pattern which made impossible the

task of calculating its actual area.[44]
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ia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2rvu_Cantacuzinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1768-1774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1768-1774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanariotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanariotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mavrogeneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_Wars


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TheGreek War of Independence and the contemporaryWallachian uprising brought

Bucharest under the brief rule of thepandurleaderTudor Vladimirescu (March 21, 1821),

and was then occupied by theFiliki Eteria forces ofMajor General Ypsilantis - before

seeing the violent Ottoman reprisals (ending in a massacre during August, one which made

over 800 victims).[45]

Kiselyov and Alexandru II Ghica[edit]

Main article:Regulamentul Organic

Manuc's Inn in 1841

The following non-Phanariote reign ofGrigore IV Ghica,acclaimed by the Bucharesters upon

its establishment, saw the building of aNeoclassical princely residence inColentina,the

expulsion of foreignclergymenwho had competed with Wallachians for religious offices,

and the restoration of bridges over theDmbovia River,but also high taxes and a number

of fires.[46]

Ghica was removed from his position by thenew Russo-Turkish War and the Russian

occupation of May 16, 1828; subsequently, thepeace of Adrianople placed the whole of

theDanubian Principalities'territory under military governorate (still under

thesuzerainty of theOttoman Empire), pending the payement ofwar reparations by the

Ottomans.[47]

After the short governorship ofPyotr Zheltukhin came the prolonged and profoundly

influential term ofPavel Kiselyov (November 24, 1829 1843), under whom the two

Principalities were given their first document resembling aconstitution,theOrganic

Statute(negotiated in Wallachia's capital). Residing in Bucharest, Kiselyov took

particular care of the city: he acted against the plague andcholera epidemics of 1829 and

1831, instituted a "city beautifying commission" comprising physicians and architects, paved

many central streets withcobblestone (instead of wooden planks), drained the swamps

formed around the Dmbovia and built public fountains, settled the previously fluctuating

borders of the city (it now measured ca.19 km inperimeter and was guarded bypatrols and
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barriers), carved outCalea Dorobanilor andoseaua Kiseleff (major northsouth

routes), mapped the city and counted its population, gave Bucharest agarrison for the

newly createdWallachian Army and improved itsfire fightingservice;[48]the changing city

was described as unusually cosmopolitan and home to extreme contrasts by French

visitorMarc Girardin.[49]

A bridge in Bucharest withSpirii Hillin the background, 1837

The granting of commercial rights to the Principalities and the retaking ofBrila by

Wallachia ensured an economic rebirth under the rule of PrinceAlexandru II Ghica,[50]who

expanded the number of paved streets and added the new Princely Palace (later replaced

by the much largerRoyal Palace).[51]

This was also the time the first opposition to Russian rule made itself felt, as the standoff

in the BucharestAssembly between Price Ghica and theradicalIon Cmpineanu).[52]The city

was affected by a minor earthquake in January 1838, and a major flood in March 1839. [53]

1840s and 1850s[edit]

Main article:1848 Wallachian revolution

TheGreat Fire of 1847
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Firemen defending Spirii Hill in 1848

The new princeGheorghe Bibescu completed awater supply network and works on public

gardens, began constructing theNational Theater of Romaniabuilding (1846; finished in

1852) and improved thechausseslinking Bucharest with other Wallachian centers.[54]On

March 23, 1847, theGreat Fire of Bucharest consumed around 2,000 buildings (about a third

of the city).[55]

Pressured by therevolutionary liberalswho had issued theIslaz Proclamationattacking

theconservative and increasingly abusive system of the Organic Statute, attacked in the

street by a group of young men, and faced with the opposition of the Army, Prince Bibescu

accepted cohabitation with a Provisional Government taking inspiration from theEuropean

Revolutions on June 12, 1848, and, just a day later, renounced the throne.[56]The new

executive, backed by popular shows of support on theFilaret fieldwhich reunited the

Bucharestermiddle classwith peasants from the surrounding area (June 27, August 25),

passed a series of radical reformist laws that drew the animosity ofTsarNicholas I,who

pressured thePorteto crush the Wallachian movement; the proposedland reform also led

a group of boyars, headed byIoan Solomon,to attack and arrest the government on July 1 -

the effects of this gesture were cancelled on the same day by the inhabitants' reaction

and theAna Iptescu-led attack on the building occupied byconspirators.[57]

SultanAbdlmecid,sympathetic to the anti-Russian scope of the revolt, pressured the

revolutionaries to accept a relatively minor change in the executive structure - the

Provisional Government ceded position to a more moderateregency (Locotenena

Domneasc), which was, nevertheless, not recognized by Russia.[58]

The potential threat of a war between the two powers led Abdlmecid to revise his position

and sendFuat Pasha as his observer in Bucharest; at the same time, the city witnessed panic

over the threat of a Russian invasion, and the briefly successfulcoup d'tatcarried out by

MetropolitanNeofit[disambiguation needed]against the Revolution.[59]On September 18, revolutionary

crowds swept into the Interior Ministry, destroyed the lists of assignedboyar ranks and
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ipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Bucharesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theater_of_Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Bibescu


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privileges, and forced Neofit to cast ananathema over the Organic Statute: such measures

made Fuat Pasha lead Ottoman troops into Bucharest, a move which only met resistance

from a group of firemen stationed onDealul Spirii (who engaged in a shootout after an

incident which they perceived as provocation).[60]

Saint Spiridon Church in 1860

Bucharest remained under foreign occupation until late April 1851, and was again held by

the Russian troops ofMikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov during theCrimean War (between July

15, 1853 and July 31, 1854), being ceded to an interimAustrian administration which lasteduntil the1856 Treaty of Paris.[61]The three successive foreign administrations brought

several improvements to the city (theBellu cemetery and theCimigiu gardens,

thetelegraph andoil lamplighting,the creation of new schools and academies, thetirbei

Palace of PrinceBarbu Dimitrie tirbei,and the comprehensive city map drawn byRudolf

Artur Borroczyn).[62]

Capital of the United Principalities[edit]

Watercolour panorama of the city, as seen fromTurnul Colei,byAmadeo Preziosi (1868)
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The Paris treaty called for the creation ofad hoc Divans inMoldavia and Wallachia, the

first venue for the advocacy of a union between the two countries. Bucharest returned

only delegates from the unionistPartida Naionalto the new forums, but the overall

majority in Wallachia was constituted of anti-unionists conservatives; on January 22,

1859, Partida Naionalmembers decided to vote for the Moldavian candidate for Prince,

colonelAlexandru Ioan Cuza,who had already been elected inIai - their vote was carried

on January 24, after street pressure forced the other delegates to change their vote,

leading to the eventual creation of theUnited Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia,a

state with Bucharest as its capital and seat of itsParliament.[63]Cuza, who ruled

asDomnitor,paved the Bucharest streets with a better class ofcobblestone,

establishedgymnasia and several academic societies (including theUniversity of

Bucharest), and ordered thebuilding of a railway between the capital and theDanube port

ofGiurgiutogether with severalmetallurgical plants in theIlfov County area; during hisday, brick and stone lodgings became the norm.[64]

On February 22, 1866, the city witnessed the coup against DomnitorCuza, carried out by a

coalition ofLiberals andConservatives disenchanted with the attemptedland reform and

the increasinglyauthoritarian regime - they occupied the ruler's residence and arrested

Cuza and his mistressMarija Obrenovi,instating a Regency.[65]

The largelyFrancophile population of Bucharest came close to causing the fall ofCarol I,

Cuza's successor, during theFranco-Prussian War,after a clash with theGerman residents

of Bucharest in March 1871 - it was averted by the nomination of the ConservativeLascrCatargiu aspremier;the welcoming of Russian intervention by Bucharesters at the start of

theRusso-Turkish War of 18771878 contributed to the Ottoman decision to bombard the left

bank of theDanube,as Romania's independence was being proclaimed by Parliament.[66]

Capital of the Romanian Kingdom[edit]

1878 1919[edit]During the early years of Carol's rule,[67]Bucharest was equipped withgas lighting,

theFilaret Station (1869) andGara de Nord (1872), ahorsecartramsystem,

atelephonesystem, several factories,boulevards,administrative buildings, as well as

large private lodgings (including theCreulescu Palace). TheNational Bank of Romaniawas

opened in April 1880, as the first and most important in a series of new banking institutions.

After the proclamation of theKingdom of Romania in 1881, building works in the city

accelerated. In 1883, floodings of theDmbovia,endemic under Cuza, were stopped through
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ister_of_Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasc%C4%83r_Catargiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Obrenovi%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania,_1880-1918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfov_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobblestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bucharest#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Wallachia_and_Moldaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partida_Na%C5%A3ional%C4%83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc_Divan


13/21

thechannelling of the river (the change in course modified the neighbourhoods adjacent to

the banks).[68]New buildings were added, including theRomanian Athenaeum,and the skyline

increased in height - theAthne Palace,the first one in the city to usereinforced

concrete,[69]had five stories. In 1885-1887, after Romaniadenounced its economic ties

withAustria-Hungary,Bucharest's commercial and industrial development went unhindered:

over 760 new enterprises were established in the city before 1912, and hundreds more by the

1940s.[70]Limited use of electricity was introduced in 1882.

Bucharesters at apro-wardemonstration, 1915

At the climax of the World War IRomanian Campaign on December 6, 1917, Bucharest was

placed under the military occupation of theCentral Powers (while the government

retreated toIai). Of the 215 millionlei demanded by the new administration in order to

cover its expenses, 86 were owed by the capital.[71]After theCompigne Armistice,German

troops evacuated Bucharest, and a Romanian administration was reinstated in late

November 1918. As the country was embarking on the course that led to the creation of

aGreater Romania(confirmed by the treaties ofSaint-Germain,Neuilly andTrianon), its

capital witnessed a relatively expanded social crisis - on December 26, 1918, troops firedoncompositors engaged in astrike,who had been agitated by the newly createdSocialist

Party of Romania.[72]

Inter war[edit]The elaborate architecture and the city's status as cosmopolitan cultural center won

Bucharest the nickname of "Paris of the East" (orMicul Paris- "Little Paris"). Development

continued during the 1930s - one of the most prosperous times in Romanian history: after

1928, the population increased by 30,000 inhabitants per year, the area reached 78 km in

1939, and many new peripheral boroughs were added (AprtoriiPatriei,Bneasa,Dmroaia,Floreasca,Giuleti,theMilitarivillage, and the first streets

in theBalta Albarea).[73]In 1929, the old tram system was replaced by atrolley-based

one.[74]

A workers' riot erupted during theGrivia Strike of 1933,ending in a violent clampdown.
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