history of arhitecture comparative method

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8/15/2019 History of Arhitecture Comparative Method
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Hrjjk @drfctgflc @gdrlhf` Odcuojct
dn Eysf`rltjs, Ltgjcs
]dolc @drfctgflc Rlctgjdc, ]doj .
@doplrfsdc dn Hrjjk lca ]dolc
Odueafchs FF
@lpftle nrdo Jhyptflc wlee plfctfch
Mrdczj lrodur peltj nrdo Qlolssds,
@yprus . . .... @lpftle nrdo Cjlcarfl .... @lpftle nrdo tgj Gjrlfdc lt Deyopfl Fdcf` Ey`flc tdom
.... Hdeaolc's ojtgda dn ajs`rfmfch Fdcf`
^deutj
Lchej `lpftle, C. pdrtf`d dn Jrj`gtgjfdc,
glen sj`tfdc
,, glen nrdct vfjw . .
1=. Hrjjk Drclojct FF.
P`rdee drclojct nrdo rddn dn `gdrlhf` Odcuojct dn Eysf`rltjs, Ltgjcs
Plc`tulry dn tgj Muees, Ajeds
jcelrhja trfheypgs, sfaj vfjw .
@lcjpgdrl . . .. .
Lutgdrftfjs.
Cd. Cloj.
@lryltfa nfhurj nrdo Jrj`gtgjfdc Qypf`le Hrjjk
Lctgjofdc
@lpftle, `gdrlhf` Odcuojct dn Eysf` rltjs,
Ltgjcs `
A, J
Hrjjk Drclojct F^.
Ptjej gjla J
Ojtdpj nrdo tgj Rlrtgjcdc . . . G L`lctgus drclojct . . . . i
@dcsdej nrdo Jrj`gtgjfdc . . K, E
Rdrtfdc dn `lryltfa nfhurj O Lctjnfxl drccojct C
]DOLC L]@GFQJ@QZ]J.
]dolc Jxlopejs F.
]dolc Pystjo dn @dcstru`tfdc ]dolc wleefch dn `dc`rjtj wftg mrf`k
nl`fch lca ojtgdas dn gjltfch . . L td G ]dolc vluetfch lca adojs dn `dc`rjtj F td O
Relc dn tgj ]dolc Ndrl
Qgj Ndruo ]dolcuo rjstdrja
,, ,, nrdct nl6laj
,, ,, jejvltfdc
,, pelc .
]doj, vfjw nrdo
Qjopej dn Plturc, ]doj, pelc . . E
,, ,, nrdct nl6laj . . O ,, ,, ajtlfes dn jctlmelturj C
:2. ]dolc Jxlopejs FFF.
Qjopej dn ^jcus lca ]doj, ]doj, plrt `rdss sj`tfdc . . L
,, ,, pelc M
,, ,, `rdss sj`tfdc . . N
,, ,, plrt edch, sj`tfdc . H Olfsdc @lrrjj, Cfojs, pelc G
,, ,, nrdct jejvltfdc . . i
jejvltfdc . . L
styej A Qdom dn @lj`fefl Ojtjeel, ]doj . . J
Qdom lt Xlaf-Qlhfij, Cdrtg Lnrf`l . N
Qdom lt Auhhl, cjlr Qucfs, pelc lca
vfjw . . . . . . . H
Qdom lt P. ]jof fc tgj Pdutg dn Nrlc`j G
Qjopej dn Lctdcfcus lca Nlustfcl,
]doj, pelc . F
Qjopej dn Olrs Zetdr, ]doj, ajtlfe dn
`drmje, `drcf`j td
jcèdsfch wlee . . C
,, ,, pelc R
,, ,, glen jctrlc`j nl4laj M
,, ,, edch, sj`tfdc tgrduhg Hrjlt Qjopej . `
,, ,, trlcsvjrsj sj`tfdc, Hrjlt Qjopej . A
,, pelc J
,, ,, nl6laj . . . H
,, ,, ,, glen-pelc . M
r . `, A
Cd.
Qgj Rlctgjdc, ]doj.
....]dolc Jxlopejs ^FF.
drajr lca kjy pelc L
,, ,, ajtlfe dn `lpftle . M
,, ,, kjystdcj dn lr`g . / @
pelc
. . . J
kjy pelc . . G
... L
,, ,, fctjrfdr vfjw J
]dolc Jxlopejs FW.
Mltgs dn @lrl`leel, ]doj Relc (rjstdrja) Rlel`j dn Afdèjtflc lt
Ppleltd ...... ]dolc Jxlopejs W.
,, ,, sj`tfdc
@frùelr Qjopej dn Mllemj`, pelc .
,, ,, ,, sj`tfdc
,, ,. jejvltfdc
pelc
,, ,, sj`tfdc. . . M
Cd.- Cloj.
fU ,, pelc .
,, ,, jejvltfdcs
>8. ]dolc Drclojct F.
Qjopej dn Iupftjr lt ]doj, `lpftle Lr`g dn Qftus, kjystdcj.
Ndruo dn Cjrvl, ]doj, `drcf`j .
Rfelstjr ^feel Ojaf`f, ]doj .
Qjopej dn Olrs Zetdr, `lpftle
Rlctgjdc, plcje ..... >7. ]dolc Drclojct FF.
Qjopej dn Iupftjr Ptltdr, ]doj, ajtlfes
dn `drcf`j
,, ,, pelc dn `dnnjr .
]doj, pdrtfdc dn nrfjzj . '.9. ]dolc @drfctgflc pfelstjr `lpftle, Rlc-
tgjdc, ]doj ..... ]dolc letlr ..... Rfelstjr `lpftles . . . .
* .
]dolc lro `glfr ..... >6. ]dolc Drclojct FFF.
Lr`g dn Qftus, ]doj 9 Nfhurjs fc splc- arjes dn olfc lr`g ....
Mltgs dn Qftus, ]doj 9 Xlee nrjs`d
Mrdczj `lcajelmrl .... Qypf`le ]dolc trfpda letlr .
Qypf`le ]dolc mltgs .... ]dstrle `deuoc ..... Odslf` plvjojct, Rdopjff .
]dolc `glrfdt ..... Qypf`le ]dolc tdom .
82. Rrfc`fpejs dn Rrdpdrtfdc.
Qjtrlstyej, gjxlstyej, lca d`tlstyej ndro
dn Qjopej Lr`g dn Qrlilc, Mjcjvjctuo
Lr`g dn Pjptfofus Pjvjrus, ]doj
Mlptfstjry, Rfsl . . . ;.
@glptjr Gdusj lt Xjees
P. Hjdrhj's @glpje, Xfcasdr
Lutgdrftfjs.
L
M
Cd. Cloj.
8<. Dptf`le @drrj`tfdcs fc Lr`gftj`turj.
@drrj`tfdc dn lpplrjct prdpdrtfdcs Jnnj`t dn `dedr dc prdpdrtfdcs Qgj Rlrtgjcdc 9 Fcèfcltfdc dn `deuocs
Ojtgda dn arlwfch jctlsfs dn `deuoc
Qgj Rlrtgjcdc 9 Dptf`le `drrj`tfdcs td
prjvjct lppjlrlc`j dn slhhfch .
Dptf`le feeusfdcs `lusja my `dcvjx lca
`dc`lvj ùrvjs, wgjc aflwc fc rjeltfdc
td plrleeje strlfhgt efcjs
G, I
8=.
Cd.
87.
86-
72.
7<.
7=.
70.
71-
èdfstjr
......P. @ejojctj, ]doj, plrlpjt lca pfelstjr P. Olrfl Olhhfdrj, ]doj, odslf`.
P. Hfdvlccf, odslf` neddr
Adoj `dcstru`tfdc . . . . L, M ) Ejtglmy lca
Ojtgda td nfca dutefcj dn pjcajctfvj . `, A i
Pwlfcsdc.
vfjw....... N
P. Pjrhfus, @dcstlctfcdpej, pelc . . H Qdom dn Hleel Rel`fafl, sj`tfdc . . G P. Pdpgfl, @dcstlctfcdpej, sj`tfdcle
vfjw....... y
jejvltfdc ...... L P. Pdpgfl, @dcstlctfcdpej, edchftuafcle
sj`tfdc ...... M
@doplrltfvj Jxlopejs dn Jlrey Adoja Ptru`turjs.
Qgj Ofcjrvl Ojaf`l, ]doj, pelc . . L
,, ,, ,, sj`tfdc .
,, ,, sj`tfdc . . . A @ltgjarle lt Lfx-el-@glpjeej. pelc J
,, ,, ,, sj`tfdc . N
Myzlctfcj Jxlopejs FFF.
. P. Olrk, pelc . . . . . `
P. Nrdct, Rjrfhujux, pelc A
P.
,, pelc M
sj`tfdc ..... J
@gur`g dn Qgjdtdkds, @dcstlctfcdpej, X. lca P. jejvltfdcs . . N, d
pelc . . . . ; T
U Plezjcmjrh.
Lofjcs @ltgjarle . . . . . L
plrtojct . M
tfcjctle @ltgjarles.
]dolc `rdss vluet .... L
]dolcjsquj `rdss vluet ... M
Hdtgf` vluet
<<=. Jchefsg Hdtgf` Jxlopejs F.
Hdtgf` ^luetfch.
Xjstofcstjr Lmmjy, hrdfcja, wftg fctjr-
ojafltj rfms . . . . . K, O Mrfstde @ltgjarle, Aj`drltja Efjrcj vluet C, d
P. Olry, ]jaèfnnj, Rjrpjcafùelr stjeelr
vluet fctjrfdr vfjw . . . . p, \ Hedu`jstjr, @ltgjarle, Rjrpjcafùelr nlc
vluetfch . . . . . ], s
Qypjs dn Ojafljvle Dpjc Qfomjr ]ddns.
Ptdwj Mlradepg @gur`g, trussja rlntjr
rddn L
rddn . . . . . ,-.-. M
mrl`ja rddn . . . . - . `
Lutgdrftfjs,
^fdeejt-ej-Au`.
X. ]. Rur`glsj.
EFPQ DN FEEZPQ]LQFDCP.
`dctfcuja.
mjlo rddn ..... J
Cjw Xlesfchglo, lfsej rddn H
Xjstofcstjr Glee, gloojr-mjlo rddn . G
Jvdeutfdc dn gloojr-mjlo I
@gf`gjstjr
Aurglo Jey . . . `
Vdrk ....... L
Jxjtjr . . . . . . . E3 Rgdtds my Xfc`gjstjr ...... J Q. Qglt`gjr.
Gjrjndra ...... N
Xjees ....... H
Plefsmury ...... L
Efc`dec
]fpdc ....... J
@doplrltfvj Relcs dn Jchefsg @ltgjarles f.
Jey ....... L < Mufeajr '
Ptdrjr, Mrfttdc,
@doplrltfvj Relcs dn Jchefsg @ltgjarles =.
Xdr`jstjr ...... L < 'Mufeajr @ltgj-
@lctjrmury ...... M arle Pjrfjs,
Cd.
Xjstofcstjr Lmmjy 9
<02. Jchefsg Hdtgf` Jxlopejs W.
Qypf`le Jchefsg Rlrfsg @gur`g 9
P. Lcarjw. Gj`kfchtdc, Efcjs.
vfjw
fctjrfdr .
Mufeafchs 9
Kjcfewdrtg @lstej
Ptdkj Rlrk
Rjcsgurst Rel`j, jejvltfdc dn hrjlt glee .
,, ,, sj`tfdc dn rddn
., ., hjcjrle pelc
,, ,, pelc lca edchftuafcle
,, ,, sj`tfdcs
<01. Plxdc Lr`gftj`turj. Jlres Mlrtdc, tdwjr ....
,, ,, wfcadw .... Ajjrsgurst, ,,
@drgloptdc, fopdst
WWW<<<
Lutgdrftfjs.
Cd. Cloj.
<0>. Jchefsg Hdtgf` Jxlopejs WFFF.
@doplrltfvj Jxlopejs sgdwfch prdhrjss dn
Jchefsg Hdtgf` @ltgjarle Lr`gftj`turj 9
Jey @ltgjarle, clvj, fctjrfdr lca jxtjrfdr L
Rjtjrmdrduhg ,, ,, ,, M
Jey, prjsmytjry ,, ,, . / A
Jchg'sg Hdtgf` @ltgjarle Lr`gftj`turj
(`dctfcuja).
jxtjrfdr ...... J
Xfc`gjstjr, clvj, fctjrfdr lca jxtjrfdr . H
<07. Fnnejy @gur`g, Dxdc
<06. Cdrolc Odueafchs.
Xfc`gjstjr, mfeejt `
Efc`dec, jomltteja . . . . O
Qgj Jvdeutfdc dn Hdtgf` Ppfrjs fc Jchelca 9
P. Rjtjr, ]lucas, Cdrtglcts... L
P. Idgc, Kjystdcj, Gucts. M
P. Xuenrlc, Hrlctglo, Efcjs. . . `
P. Of`glje, @dvjctry, Xlrwf`ksgfrj . G
<1<. Jchefsg Hdtgf`
Jxlopejs W^F.
Cdrolc, Nductlfcs Lmmjy . . . L
Aj`drltja, P. Olry Olhalejc, Dxndra . `
Rjrpjcafùelr, Afvfcfty P`gdde, Dxndra . c
Ajtl`gja Neyfch Muttrjss, @glptjr Gd.
Efc`dec ...... J
@dcstru`tfvj prfc`fpej dn tgj Ojafljvle
@gur`g . . H
Cd. Cloj.
@doplrltfvj Jxlopejs sgdwfch prdhrjss dn
Hdtgf` Qrl`jry Ajvjedpojct 9
Eyc`gojrj, peltj trl`jry ... L Xddastd`k ,, ., . . . M
Adr`gjstjr, mlr trl`jry . . . `
Ofcstjr Edvje, mlr trl`jry . . . A
Gjlafchtdc, peltj trl`jry . . . J
Xfomdrcj Ofcstjr, hrdupja elc`jt efhgts N
Xlrofchtdc, hrdupja elc`jt efhgts . H
Edch Xfttjcglo, hjdojtrf`le trl`jry . G P. Olry Olhalejc, ùrvfefcjlr trl`jry .
i
K, F,
Hrjlt Ofetdc, ùrvfefcjlr trl`jry . . O Cjw @deejhj @glpje, rj`tfefcjlr trl`jry. C
Kfch's @deejhj @glpje ,, ,, . d P. Olry, Afclc, Nelomdylct jxlopej . p
<10. Jchefsg Hdtgf` Jxlopejs W^FFF.
@doplrltfvj Jxlopejs dn Jchefsg Hdtgf`
Addrwlys 9
`lpftle lca mlsj .
`lpftle lca mlsj . . J
lr`g oduea N
ilom lca lr`g oduea . H
`lpftle lca mlsj . . G Ojrtdc @deej j @glpje, Dxndra, jejvltfdc i
,, `lpftle lca mlsj K
,, ilom lca lr`g
Cdrolc Ndct, @dejsgfee, Xlrwf`ksgfrj . L
J. Jchefsg Ndct, El`kndra, Punndek . M
Aj`drltja Ndct, Dnnejy, Gjrts . . `
Rjrpjcafùelr Ndct, @eyopfch@g, Pussjx A
Cdrolc Rfs`fcl, @rdwolrsg, Dxndra-
sgfrj....... J
J. Jchefsg Rfs`fcl, @dwefch, Punndek . N Aj`drltja Rfs`fcl. Ht. Mjawfc, Xfetsgfrj H
Rjrpjcafùelr Rfs`fcl, @dmglo, Kjct . G J. Jchefsg Qlmjrclèj, Xlrofchtdc,
Cdrtglcts ...... i
Cdrolc Pjafefl, P. Olry, Ejf`jstjr . K Aj`drltja Qlmjrclèj, Jxjtjr @ltgjarle E
'
Rlrkjr.
Mrlaadc.
Rlrkjr.
Cd, Cloj,
Rjw, Ptjjpej Lstdc, Dxdc. .
Ruepft (Jxtjrcle), Olhalejcj @dee.,
Cdrndek
Cdrtglcts ,
@ltgjarle
Lutgdrftfjs.
[ Rlrkjr.
F Mddk.
@doplrltfvj Odueafchs dn tgj Rjrfdas dn
Hdtgf` Lr`gftj`turj 9
Cdrolc `lpftles, mlsjs, pfjrs . . F td <0 Jlrey Jchefsg
'
'
@doplrltfvj Pjej`tfdc dn Hdtgf` Drclojcts fc Afnnjrjct Rjrfdas 9
Jlrey Jchefsg adh-tddtg drclojct. . L
., ,, `rd`kjt . . . . i
plrlpjt C Rjrpjcafùelr
`drcf`j nedwjr . . N Quadr nedwjr, `rjstfch . H
Quadr rdsj G `rd`kjt .... E
plrlpjt d
Rlrkjr lca
lca @lrvja Ndeflhj 9
'iAj`drltja `lpftles lca drclojct . H, G, I, K
Rjrpjcafùelr
f Rlrkjr, Ruhfc, lca @deefch.
<16. Jchefsg Hdtgf` Drclojct F^.
Hlmej @rdssjs 9 Jlrey Jchefsg Gfhglo Njrrjrs
,, ,, Aj`drltja Glsefchnfjea
Plc`tus Mjee Medxglo @gur`g, Dxdc. .
Nfcfles 9
arle
Ptdcj Rjcalct 9 Rjrpjcafùelr, Lee
Plfcts, Jvjsglo .... Mdssjs 9 Jlrey Jchefsg Efc`dec @ltgj-
arle .
., ,, Xjstofcstjr
Lmmjy .
@gur`g, Mury Pt. Jaoucas .
Jlrey Jchefsg mrl`kjt9 P. Lemlc's Lmmjy Rdppy-gjlas 9 Rlstdc @gur`g, Cdrndek .
,, Xfc`gjstjr @ltgjarle
<:<. Jxlopejs dn P`dttfsg Lr`gftj`turj.
]dtgjsly @lstej, pelc .... Aruo @lstej, pelc..... Aducj @lstej, pelc @lstej Nrlzjr, pelc @dwlcj's Gdspftle, pelc Helofs @lstej, pelc ....
,, vfjw nrdo tgj sdutg-jlst
Hjdrhj Gjrfdt's Gdspftle, pelc
,, ,. ,, vfjw nrdo tgj
pelc ` i-
Cdtrj Aloj, Rlrfs, wgjje wfcadw . K Hlfeglmlua.
Cd. Cloj.
cjctle @ltgjarles.
<::. Nrjc`g Hdtgf` Jxlopejs FF.
@doplrltfvj pelcs dn `ltgjarles 9
]dujc
...... Jvrjux
<:>. Cdtrj Aloj, Rlrfs. ^fjw dn wjst nrdct .
<:8. Nrjc`g Hdtgf` Jxlopejs FFF.
Cdtrj Aloj, Rlrfs, jxtjrfdr mly .
,, ,. ,,
<:7. Cdtrj Aloj, Rlrfs. Fctjrfdr .
<:6. @doplrltfvj Relcs dn Jchefsg lca Nrjc`g Qypjs dn @ltgjarles.
Lutgdrftfjs.
<>2.
@dutlc`js @ltgjarle. ^fjw dn wjst nrdct
Gdusj dn Il`qujs @`jur, Mdurhjs .
<>1. Rlelfs aj Iustf`j, ]dujc.... <>:. Nrjc`g Hdtgf` Drclojct.
@glrtrjs, nfhurj sùepturj
,, ,, stdcj puepft Odct P. Of`gje, ndeflhj
Cdtrj Aloj, @gledcs sur-Olrcj .
Pjour, `lpftle lca `rd`kjt .
<>>. Lctwjrp @ltgjarle. Jxtjrfdr .
Cd. Cloj.
,. ,, pelc
<>7. Qdwc Glee, Mruhjs.... <>6. Qdwc Glee, Hgjct .... <82. Hjrolc Hdtgf` Jxlopejs F.
@dedhcj @ltgjarle, jxtjrfdr .
P. Ptjpgjc, ^fjccl, pelc
,, jxtjrfdr .
Ofelc @ltgjarle, pelc .
,, edch, sj`tfdc
,, trlcsvjrsj sj`tfdc
,, edch, sj`tfdc .
<86. Ftleflc Hdtgf` Jxlopejs FF.
Rlelzzd ajeel @l a'Drd, jejvltfdc .
Adhj's Rlel`j, ^jcf`j, nl4laj
Rlelzzd Rfslcf, ^jcf`j, nl6laj
Pfjcl @ltgjarle, pelc .
L, @
M
F)
I
Cd. Cloj.
<7<. Nedrjc`j @ltgjarle. Jxtjrfdr .
<7=. Pfjcl @ltgjarle. Jxtjrfdr
<71. Ftleflc Hdtgf` Drclojct.
puepft
Clpejs, `lpftle ..... Au`le Rlel`j, ^jcf`j, `lpftle
^jcf`j, lchej wfcadw .... Rlelzzd P`lefhjrf, ^jrdcl, `loplcfej .
<7:. Murhds @ltgjarle. Jxtjrfdr .
< 7>. Murhds @ltgjarle. Fctjrfdr
<78. Pplcfsg Hdtgf` Jxlopejs.
Mlr`jedcl @ltgjarle, pelc
<76. P. Hrjhdrfd, ^leeladefa .... <62. Pplcfsg Hdtgf` Drclojct.
Murhds @ltgjarle, drclojct nrdo tdom .
,, Hdczled ,, .
Ofrlnedrjs, Fcnlctj's tdom .
L
M `
,, ,, sj`tfdc lca jejvltfdc dn
`durt ; . . `
Cd. Cloj.
., ,, jejvltfdc . . . A
,, ,, pelc.... H
Rlzzf @glpje, pelc
., ,, ,, edch, sj`tfdc.
Audod dn Nfjsdej, `dcsdej nrdo tdom
Rlelzzd ^j``gfd. `lpftle Ojaf`f @glpje, Plctl @rd`j, `drmje
Rlelzzd Ptrdzzf, wfcadw
Mlccjr mrl`kjt
<6:. Rlelzzd Hfrlua, ]doj . . .
@lc`jeelrfl Rlel`j, jejvltfdc .
,, ,, pelc
<67. ]dolc ]jclfsslc`j Jxlopejs FF.
Nlrcjsj Rlel`j, ]doj Ajtlfes dn olfc `drcf`j .
Nrdct nl4laj .... Jejvltfdc dn `drtfej
Relc
Zppjr pelc ....
L, M
Cd.
Cd. Cloj.
=27. ^jcjtflc ]jclfsslc`j Jxlopejs F.
Rlelzzd Hrfolcf, pefctg .
,, `drcf`j, `lpftles .
=<2. ^jcjtflc ]jclfsslc`j Jxlopejs FF.
P. Olrk's Efmrlry, nl4laj
....
,, ,, sj`tfdc
,, ,, edch- sj`tfdc
: i ,, pelc .
,, ,, sj`tfdc
@doplrltfvj Relcs dn ^lrfdus @ltgjarles.
P. Rlue, Edcadc
P, Olrfl ajeel Pleutj .... ^jcjtflc ]jclfsslc`j Drclojct.
P. Olrk, pjajstle dn nelhstlnn
Jqujstrflc stltuj dn @deejdcf, jejvltfdc
Glen pelc, afttd .
Jctlmelturj lca `lpftle
,, ,, plcje .
Xfcadw lca mleustrlaj
Rlelzzd Ydrzf, `lpftle .... P. O. ajf Ofrl`def, `lpftle lca pfelstjr .
,, Hrj`f, `loplcfej .
Cd. Cloj.
Qgj Mlsfef`l lt ^f`jczl, jejvltfdc . . L
,, ,, sj`tfdc . .
,, ,, sj`tfdc . . J
Rlelzzd Rdrtd Mlrmlrlcd, ,, . . / G
^jrdcl.
,, ,, sj`tfdc . . . `
^jrdcl.
addrwly . . L
,, ,, kjy skjt`g . . A
,. @lrjhl, lchej `drcf`j . . `
, , , , kjy skjt`g . . J
,, ,, pfelstjr . . . K, E
=<6. @gltjlu aj Medfs, Js`lefjr Nrlc`dfs
Rrjofjr . . . .
@gltjlu aj Mury, pelc .... L
,, ,, jejvltfdc M
,, @glomdra, pelc . . . @
,, ,, jejvltfdc . . A
,, ,, med`k pelc . . N
Ejs Fcvlefajs, Rlrfs, sj`tfdc tgrduhg adoj . . L
,, ,, pelc M
,, ,, pelc N
,, ,, ,, pelc . . G
==1.
Rlel`j lt Ndctlfcjmejlu, `lpftle
,, ,, plcje @gltjlu aj @glomdrè, `lpftle
,, ,, adrojr
Kjystdcj
Rlrfs, `dcsdej ..... ^jrslfeejs, styej dn aj`drltfdc
Addrwly . .
Gjfajemjrh @lstej
Ejohd Qdwc Glee, jejvltfdc .
Pdedtgurc Qdwc Glee, jejvltfdc
,. ,, stltuj . .
Jxlopejs.
Gllrejo, pfcclèjs .... Lctwjrp, hlmej ..... Ztrj`gt, pfelstjrs ..... Ejyajc Qdwc Glee, jejvltfdc
Qgj Qdwc Glee, Lctwjrp
Drclojct. Adrarj`gt, mjc`g-jcas .... Lctwjrp, addrwly .... Hlmej jca
Jchgfjc, `lpftle ..... Mrussjes, drclojct
Ousjj Relctfc, Lctwjrp, addr
Lutgdrftfjs.
Rgdtd.
L
Cd. Cloj.
Qdejad ; tgj Le`lzlr, pdrtfdc dn nl`laj .
Lvfel, tgj @lsl Rdejctfcl `durtylra
=08. Murhds. @durtylra dn tgj Gdusj dn
Ofrlcal ..... =07. @doplrltfvj Relcs dn ^lrfdus Mufeafchs.
Qgj Kfch's Gdusj, Hrjjcwf`g . . (
Qgj ]dtucal, ^f`jczl .... Qgj Jsùrfle, Pplfc .... ^feel dn Rdpj Iuefus, ]doj .
Mejcgjfo Rlel`j ..... =06. Pplcfsg ]jclfsslc`j Drclojct.
Pfhujczl @ltgjarle, addr nrdo èdfstjrs
@ujczl @ltgjarle, frdc s`rjjc
Le`lel Aj Gjclrjs, wfcadw .
Lvfel, frdc puepft .... =12. Olp dn Xjstjrc Jurdpj lt tgj Qfoj dn
Jefzlmjtg.
=11. Jchefsg ]jclfsslc`j Jxlopejs F.
Gdeelca Gdusj, jejvltfdc
,, ., hrduca neddr pelcs
stlfr`lsj ..... =1:. Jchefsg ]jclfsslc`j Jxlopejs FF.
@lstej Lsgmy, Cdrtgloptdcsgfrj, sdutg
=17. Qgj Qdwjr dn tgj dea P`gddes, Dxndra .
=16. Gltnfjea Gdusj , . ,
Cd. Cloj.
Mrlosgfee Gdusj, Glcts, mleustrlaj . L
., ., ,, drfje . . J
,, ,, ., lr`laj . .
Gltnfjea Gdusj, cjwje `
,, ,, ,. `gfocjy pfj`j K Lee Gleedw's (Mlrkfch) @gur`g, wlee
tlmejt N
@elvjrtdc, Pdojrsjtsgfrj, rlfc wltjr
Mly wfcadw, Gfc`gfchmrddkj Glee . M
@glpje s`rjjc, @glrtjrgdusj, Edcadc . `
Mddk`lsj, Rjomrdkj @deejhj, @lomrfahj A Qdom dn Edra Murhgejy, P. Olrtfc,
Ptlondra ...... J
...... N
Ejla `fstjrc, ^f`tdrfl lca Lemjrt
Ousjuo ...... G
=:=. Jchefsg ]jclfsslc`j Jxlopejs FFF.
Vdrk Xltjr-Hltj, Edcadc, jejvltfdc . L
,, ,, ,, pelc . . M
J
P. Rlue, Edcadc, Xrjc's drfhfcle pelc L
,, ,, sj`tfdc tgrduhg adoj
,, ,, trlcsvjrsj sj`tfdc . J
,, ,, jejvltfdc . . . M
G. F. Qrfhhs. G. Qlccjr, iucr..
@lopmjee.
Kjct.
@lopmjee.
Kjct.
Cd. Cloj.
P. Ptjpgjc, Xlemrddk, ajtlfes
P. Ilojs, Rf``lafeey, Edcadc '
Relc
P. Mrfaj, Edcadc, pelc
@lstej Gdwlra, jejvltfdc
Addrwly ...... Gdrsj Hulras, Edcadc, typf`le wfcadw
Lstdc, wlee tlmejt .... Xfetdc, lr`gwly .... P. Olrtfc's @gur`g, Edcadc, wfcadw
Hltj pfjrs . . . .
@gfocjy pfj`j .....Xjstofcstjr, odcuojct
=><. Jchefsg ]jclfsslc`j Jxlopejs FW.
Jxlopejs my Pfr Xfeeflo @glomjrs.
Rjafojctja hltjwly .... Addrwly ...... L ^jcjtflc wfcadw .... Addrwly dr pdrtfdc dn Fdcf` `dedcclaj
wftgdut pjajstles
Addrwly dr pdrtfdc dn @drfctgflc `dedc-
claj wftg pjajstles .... Pupjrfopdsja drajrs, wftgdut pjajstles .
,, ,, ,, sj`tfdc
pjajstles
tgdrftfjs.
L, @
Cd. Cloj.
=>=. @doplrltfvj aflhrlos dn tgj prdpdrtfdcs dn tgj Drajrs lntjr Pfr X. @glomjrs.
Hrjjk Adrf` .
Qus`lc
]dolc Adrf` . . . . .
Lutgdrftfjs.
@glomjrs.
Rgdtd.
=>1. Hlrrf`k
FCAFLC L]@GFQJ@QZ]J.
Pjrfchglo, `dopduca pfeelr .
Mfcarlmuca, Lhrl, pelc
Ptdcj drclojcts ..... =>8. Klref. Fctjrfdr dn rd`k-ùt `lvj
=>7. Liuctl. Nl$laj dn rd`k-ùt `lvj
=>6. Jejpglctl. Fctjrfdr vfjw dn rd`k-ùt `lvj
=82. Oduct Lmu. Fctjrfdr dn Afewlcl Qjopej .
=8<. Rleftlcl. Qgj hrjlt @glwoukg Qjopej .
=8=. Hwlefdr. Qgj hrjlt Pls Mlgu Qjopej
=80. Zomjr. Qgj Gfcau Qjopej dn Qlhlt- Hlrwlc . ......
=81. Gueelmfa. Qgj Jlst addr dn tgj adumej
Qjopej ....... =8:. Jeedrl. Qgj rltg (Qjopej dn Klfeds) .
=8>. Qlcidrj. Qgj Hrjlt Qjopej nrdo tgj C.J.
=88. Olcaurl. Qgj Xjst Hltjwly lca Hdpurl
=87. Qlrputry. Jctrlc`j td tgj dea Qjopej
=86.
=72.
L
Cd.
0. Jxlopejs.
M. Xlees, tgjfr `dcstru`tfdc lca trjltojct. -
`. ]ddns, tgjfr trjltojct lca ajvjedpojct.
A. Dpjcfchs, tgjfr `glrl`tjr lca sglpj.
J. @deuocs, tgjfr pdsftfdc, stru`turj, lca
aj`drltfdc.
H. Drclojct, ls lppefja fc hjcjrle td lcy
mufeafch.
@DORL]LQF^J OJQGDA.
Ptuay ojrj sgjetjr, cdw ndr gfo, lca gfo
;
. . .
Mut gjrj's dur sdc jx`jes Lt guraej wjlvfch lcy P`ytgflc ;
njees
Dlk lca ajvfsjs rlntjrs ; arjlos lca sglpjs
Gfs arjlo fctd l addr pdst, iust js`lpjs Qgj oystjry dn gfchjs. . . .
Qgj hddaey hrdwtg Dn mrf`k lca stdcj Dur mufeafch-pjet wls rduhg, Mut tglt ajs`jcalcts' hlrm sufts wjee jcduhg L pdrtf`d-`dctrfvjr.***** gj wdrk olr`gja 9
stjp my stjp l
wdrkolc nft
Qddk jl`g, cdr tdd nft td dcj tlsk, dcj tfoj
Cd ejlpfch d'jr tgj pjtty td tgj prfoj, Xgjc iust tgj sumstftutfch dsfjr eftgj
Ndr mrfttej muerusg, sduca wdda ndr sdnt wftgj, Qd nurtgjr edlo-lca-rduhg-`lst wdrk l stlhj, Jxl`ts lc lr`gftj`t, jxl`ts lc lhj. M]DXCFCH.
QGJ drfhfcs dn lr`gftj`turj, letgduhg edst fc tgj ofsts dn lctfqufty, oust glvj mjjc `dccj`tja fctfoltjey wftg tgj jcajlvdurs dn olc td
prdvfaj ndr gfs
gls mjjc truey slfa tglt
prdtj`tfdc nrdo tgj fcèjojc`y dn tgj sjlsdcs wls tgj odtgjr dn
lr`gftj`turj. L``drafch td ^ftrtfvfus, olc fc gfs prfoftfvj slvlhj stltj mjhlc td foftltj tgj cjsts dn mfras lca tgj elfrs dn mjlsts,
`doojc`fch wftg lrmdurs dn twfhs `dvjrja wftg oua, tgjc guts
ndroja dn mrlc`gjs dn trjjs lca `dvjrja wftg turn (Cd. = `).
Dtgjr wrftjrs fcaf`ltj tgrjj typjs dn prfoftfvj awjeefchs tgj
`lvjs (Cd. = G) dr rd`ks dr tgdsj d`ùpfja fc guctfch dr nfsgfch,
N.L. M
@D^J]JA XFQG QZ]N-
QGJ GZQ (h) ODODEFQD,' (nt PGFJEOHP Iu]L,
SSE\@OL]FLKJ]. :XQQLGV. SS S
Iu]L,:`dQEo
.r.P^S. TT ,,..'
MJJGF^J GZQ, F]JELCA.
LPPQD]JA w X/XF]J
QGJ AeLOEQJ] DN EL]HJ :QDCJ @F]@EJ FP <2> N
R]JGFPQD]F@ L]@GFQJ@QZ]J. 0
tgj gut (Cd. = L, A, J) ndr tgj lhrfùeturfst, lca tgj tjct (Cd. = i)
ndr tgdsj su`g ls sgjpgjras ejlafch l plstdrle dr cdolaf` efnj.
Ptru`turjs dn tgj prjgfstdrf` pjrfda, letgduhg fctjrjstfch ndr
lr`gljdedhf`le rjlsdcs, glvj efttej dr cd lr`gftj`turle vleuj, lca
wfee dcey mj efhgtey tdu`gja updc. Qgj rjolfcs oly mj èlssfnfja ucajr 9
f. Odcdeftgs, dr sfchej uprfhgt stdcjs, lesd kcdwc ls ojcgfrs,
l wjee-kcdwc jxlopej >0 njjt gfhg, <1 njjt fc aflojtjr, lca
wjfhgfch =>2 tdcs, mjfch lt @lrcl`, Mrfttlcy. Lcdtgjr jxlopej fs lt Edòlrflkjr, lesd fc Mrfttlcy (Cd. = M).
ff. Adeojcs (Alue, l tlmej, lca oljc, l stdcj), `dcsfstfch dn
dcj elrhj nelt stdcj suppdrtja my uprfhgt stdcjs. Jxlopejs lrj
td mj nduca cjlr Olfastdcj lca dtgjr pel`js fc Jchelca, lesd fc Frjelca, Cdrtgjrc Nrlc`j, tgj @glccje Fselcas, Ftley (Cd. = N)
lca Fcafl.
fff. @rdoej`gs, dr `frèjs dn stdcj, ls lt Ptdcjgjchj (Cd. = H),
Lvjmury (Xfets), lca jesjwgjrj, `dcsfstfch dn l sjrfjs dn uprfhgt
stdcjs lrrlchja fc l `frèj lca suppdrtfch gdrfzdctle selms.
fv. Quouef, dr murfle oducas, wjrj prdmlmey prdtdtypjs dn tgj
Ryrlofas dn Jhypt (Cd. 1) lca tgj mjjgfvj guts nduca fc Xlejs,
@drcwlee, Frjelca (Cd. = A, J) lca jesjwgjrj. Qglt lt Cjw
Hrlchj (Frjelca) rjsjomejs sdojwglt tgj Qrjlsury dn Ltrjus lt
Oy`jclj (Cd. <:).
v. Elkj Awjeefchs, ls afs`dvjrja fc tgj elkjs dn Pwftzjr-
elca, Ftley lca Frjelca `dcsfstja dn wddajc guts suppdrtja dc
pfejs, lca wjrj sd pel`ja ndr prdtj`tfdc lhlfcst gdstfej lttl`ks dn
lee kfcas.
Qgjsj ndrjhdfch prfoftfvj dr prjgfstdrf` rjolfcs glvj efttej
`dcstru`tfvj sjqujc`j, lca lrj ojrjey ojctfdcja gjrj td sgdw
nrdo wglt sfopej mjhfccfchs tgj cdmej lrt dn lr`gftj`turj wls
jvdevja, letgduhg ucndrtucltjey tgj stlhjs dn tgj jvdeutfdc `lccdt
mj trl`ja, dwfch td tgj nl`t tglt tgj deajst jxfstfch odcuojcts dn
lcy prjtjcsfdc, ls fc Jhypt, mjedch td l gfhg stltj dn `fvfefzltfdc.
]JNJ]JC@J MDDKP.
gfstdrfquj jt Gfstdrfquj. 1td. Rlrfs. <76=.
Efcjglo (]. P.). Qgj Ptrjjt dn Guolc Glmftltfdcs 9 Lc L``duct dn Olc's Awjeefch-pel`js, @ustdos, jt`., fc Rrjgfstdrf` Qfojs, lca fc
Lc`fjct Jhypt, Lssyrfl, Rjrsfl, Fcafl, Ilplc, jt`. 7vd., èdtg. <761.
^fdeejt-ej-Au` (J. J.). Qgj Glmftltfdcs dn Olc fc lee Lhjs.
Qrlcseltja nrdo tgj Nrjc`g my M. Mu`kclee. 7vd. <78>.
Xlrfch (I. M.). Ptdcj Odcuojcts, Quouef, lca Drclojct dn
]jodtj Lhjs, wftg ]jolrks dc tgj Jlrey Lr`gftj`turj dn Frjelca lca
P`dtelca. Ndefd. <782.
QGJ GFPQD]F@LE PQVEJP.
HJCJ]LE FCQ]DAZ@QFDC.
Ajle wdrtgfey Uvftg tgj Gfstdry dn Lr`gftj`turj lca ft fs wdrtgy td tlkj fts
pel`j wftg tgj Gfstdry dn Elw lca dn Elchulhj. N]JJOLC.
FC fctrdau`fch tgfs @doplrltfvj trjltojct dn Gfstdrf`le Lr`gf-
tj`turj, l hjcjrle dutefcj skjt`g fs hfvjc dn tgj `dursj wgf`g
tgj lrt gls tlkjc up td tgj prjsjct tfoj fc Jurdpj, lca lesd fc
tgdsj `ductrfjs, su`g ls Jhypt lca Lssyrfl, wgf`g glvj fcneujc`ja
tglt ajvjedpojct. Lr`gftj`turj oly mj slfa td fcèuaj jvjry mufeafch dr stru`turj
rlfsja my guolc glcas, lca fs gjrj ajccja ls `dcstru`tfdc wftg
lc lrtfstf` odtfvj 9 tgj odrj tgj elttjr fs ajvjedpja, tgj hrjltjr
mjfch tgj vleuj dn tgj rjsuet.
Qgj nfrst glmftltfdcs dn olc wjrj
ucadumtjaey tgdsj tglt
clturj lnndraja, su`g ls `lvjs (Cd. = G) dr hrdttdjs, wgf`g
ajolcaja efttej elmdur dc gfs plrt td `dcvjrt fctd sgjetjrs lhlfcst
tgj nury dn tgj jejojcts, lca lttl`ks nrdo gfs njeedws dr wfea
lcfoles.
Ls sddc ls olc rdsj lmdvj tgj stltj dn ruaj clturj, gj
clturleey mjhlc td mufea odrj `doodafdus glmftltfdcs ndr gfo-
sjen, lca sdoj ndro dn tjopej ndr gfs hda. Pu`g jlrey ndros lrj
hfvjc ucajr tgj gjlafch dn Rrjgfstdrf` Lr`gftj`turj.
Qd plss, gdwjvjr, lt dc`j fctd Gfstdrf` tfojs, tgjrj prjvlfeja fc Jhypt l systjo dn lr`gftj`turj wgf`g `dcsfstja dn l olssfvj
`dcstru`tfdc dn wlees lca `deuocs, fc wgf`g tgj elttjr èdsjey
spl`ja, sgdrt, lca olssfvj `lrrfja efctjes, wgf`g fc tgjfr turc
suppdrtja tgj nelt mjloja rddn. Fc Mlmyedcfl, tgj ajvjedp-
ojct dn mrf`k `dcstru`tfdc wftg tgj `dcsjqujct jvdeutfdc dn
tgj lr`g lca vluet wls auj td tgj lmsjc`j dn odrj pjrolcjct
mufeafch oltjrfles. Qgj fcneujc`j dn Jhyptflc lca Lssyrflc lr`gftj`turj dc tglt dn Hrjj`j fs lpplrjct fc olcy afrj`tfdcs.
HJCJ]LE FCQ]DAZ@QFDC QD QGJ GFPQD]F@LE PQVEJP. :
Hrj`flc lr`gftj`turj fs `dcsfajrja my olcy td glvj gla fts
drfhfc fc tgj wddajc gut dr `lmfc ndroja dn pdsts sjt fc tgj
jlrtg, lca `dvjrja wftg trlcsvjrsj mjlos lca rlntjrs, lca tgfs
wls tgj typj wgf`g wls ajvjedpja fc tgj jlrey Oy`jcljlc
pjrfda fctd tgj pydadous dn tgj Hrjjk gdusj. Qgfs tfomjr lr`gf-
tj`turj, `dpfja fc olrmej dr stdcj, wls clturleey lt nfrst vjry
sfopej lca ruaj ; tgj fcneujc`j dn tgj oltjrfle, gdwjvjr, wls sddc
njet, wgjc tgj pjrolcjc`j lca vleuj dn stdcj lfaja fc tgj hrdwtg dn tgj lrt. Ft sgduea mj cdtja, gdwjvjr, tglt olcy wrftjrs gdea
tglt Hrjjk lr`gftj`turj fs ajvjedpja nrdo lc jlrey stdcj typj. Ls `fvfefzltfdc lca tj`gcf`le skfee, odrjdvjr, lavlc`ja, tgj
quleftfjs dn rjnfcjojct fc ajtlfe lca prdpdrtfdc wjrj pjr`jfvja, lca tgj afnnjrjct drajrs dn lr`gftj`turj Adrf`, Fdcf`, lca
@drfctgflc (Cd. 07) `loj fctd jxfstjc`j. My tgj wdra drajr
fs ojlct `jrtlfc ojtgdas dn prdpdrtfdcfch lca aj`drltfch l
`deuoc, lca tgj plrt ft suppdrts, f.j., tgj jctlmelturj. Qgj lmdvj drajrs lrj `glrl`tjrfstf` dn Hrjjk lr`gftj`turj, lca
tgj mjluty lca hrl`j wftg wgf`g tgjy wjrj trjltja, lca tgj
lrtfstf` lca oltgjoltf`le skfee wftg wgf`g tgjy wjrj `dcstru`tja,
feeustrltj tgj kjjc lrtfstf` tjopjrlojct dn tgj Hrjjks.
Hrjj`j jvjctuleey su`ùomja td tgj `dcqujrfch ]dolcs wgd,
gdwjvjr, ladptja tgjfr lr`gftj`turj, lca fc olcy `lsjs jopedyjaHrjjk lrtfsts fc tgj jrj`tfdc dn tgjfr mufeafchs. Xgfej mdrrdwfch tgfs trlmjltja lr`gftj`turj, tgjy laaja tgj usj dn tgj lr`g, wgf`g
tgjy gla prdmlmey lerjlay ejlrct td `dcstru`t nrdo tgj Jtrus`lcs,
tgj lc`fjct fcglmftlcts dn @jctrle Ftley.
Qgj `deuoc lca lr`g wjrj usja `dcidfctey my tgj ]dolcs ndr
sdoj tfoj, hdda jxlopejs mjfch tgj @dedssjuo lt ]doj (Cds. >=
lca >0), lca tgj Qrfuopgle Lr`gjs (Cds. >: lca >>). Qgfs
aulefso fs l vjry fopdrtlct nl`t td rjojomjr, mj`lusj, ls wfee
mj sjjc, ft jvjctuleey jcaja fc tgj jxèusfdc dn tgj mjlo letdhjtgjr, lca fc tgj jopedyojct dn tgj lr`g ledcj, tgrduhgdut tgj jctfrj `dcstru`tfvj systjo dn tgj mufeafch. Fc tgj cuojrdus
mufeafchs wgf`g tgj ]dolcs jrj`tja, ft wfee mj cdtf`ja tglt tgj
`deuoc gls. fc tgj hjcjrlefty dn `lsjs, mj`doj ojrjey l aj`drltfvj
njlturj, tgj l`tule wdrk dn suppdrt mjfch pjrndroja my tgj pfjrs
dn tgj wlee mjgfca, `dccj`tja tdhjtgjr my sjof`frùelr lr`gjs.
Ls tfoj wjct dc, gdwjvjr, su`g prl`tf`le pjdpej ls tgj ]dolcs
`duea cdt mut afs`lra l njlturj wgf`g wls cd edchjr utfeftlrflc,
sd tgj `deuoc ls l aj`drltfvj njlturj afslppjlrja, lca tgj
lrùltja systjo ft gla olskja wls jxpdsja. @deuocs wjrj, gdwjvjr, usja `dcstru`tfvjey, ls fc olcy
dn tgj hrjlt mlsfef`ls, fc wgf`g tgj sjof`frùelr lr`gjs sprfch
afrj`tey nrdo tgjfr `lpftles. Ls tgj ]dolcs `dcqujrja tgj
wgdej dn tgj tgjc kcdwc wdrea, tglt fs td sly, odst dn wglt fs
cdw kcdwc ls Jurdpj (Cd. 1:), sd tgfs njlturj dn tgj sjof`frùelr
lr`g wls fctrdau`ja fc jvjry plrt, my fts usj fc tgj sjttejojcts
HJCJ]LE FCQ]DAZ@QFDC QD QGJ GFPQD]F@LE PQVEJP. 8
Ndr sdoj tgrjj `jcturfjs tgfs mjefjn gjea hdda, tfee my tgj dpjcfch
up dn Hrjj`j td trlvje lca stuay tdwlras tgj jca dn tgj
jfhgtjjctg `jctury, tgj trlaftfdc wls odafnfja my tgj laofssfdc
dn Hrj`flc rjolfcs td lc jqule dr suprjoj pel`j, mjsfaj dr jvjc
lmdvj tgdsj dn ]doj. Qgfs sj`dca pglsj gla cdt, gdwjvjr, lc jqule su``jss ndr
afvjrs rjlsdcs ; l rjl`tfdc wls lt' glca fc nlvdur dn ojafljvle
fajles, wgjtgjr fc tgj `gur`g, lrt, dr tgj Ptltj.
L `dcs`fdus jnndrt wls tgjc olaj tgj odst jlrcjstey fc
Jchelca td odafny tgj ùrrjct tglt gla mjjc nedwfch sfc`j tgj
yjlr <:22, lca sdoj dn tgj rjsuets dn tgfs lttjopt oly mj trl`ja
my tgj stuajct wfsj jcduhg td ndeedw up tgj èujs fcaf`ltja fc tgj
`dcèuafch plhjs dn tgj
Jchefsg ]jclfsslc`j
styej. Fc
l`qulfct- fch gfosjen wftg tgj mufeafchs tgjrjfc ojctfdcja, gj oly njje
tglt njw dn tgj afvjrsj jejojcts dn dur `dopejx `fvfefzltfdc, lt
tgj mjhfccfch dn tgj twjctfjtg `jctury, glvj nlfeja td nfca sdoj
lr`gftj`turle jxprjssfdc.
HJCJ]LE ]JNJ]JC@J MDDKP.
C.M. Efsts dn ]jnjrjc`j Mddks ndr spj`flepjrfdas lca styejs lrj hfvjc
tgrduhgdut tgj mddk.
Lr`gftj`turle Lssd`fltfdc Pkjt`g Mddk. Ndefd. <7>8-<621. Mds` (J.).
Af`tfdcclfrj rlfsdccj a'Lr`gfej`turj. 1 vdes., 1td. Rlrfs,
<788-<772.
8 0 vdes. Rlrfs, <76=-
<760.
@gdfsy (L.). Gfstdfrj aj <'Lr`gftj`turj. = vdes, 7vd. Rlrfs, <766.
@uoofchs (@. L.). L Gfstdry dn Lr`gftj`turj fc Ftley nrdo tgj Qfoj
dn @dcstlctfcj td tgj Alwc dn tgj ]jclfsslc`j. = vdes., 7vd. <62<.
A'Lhfc`durt (P.).- - Gfstdry dn Lrt my fts Odcuojcts. Qrlcseltja
nrdo tgj Ftleflc my Dwjc Idcjs. Ndefd. <718.
Ajgfd (H.) lca Mjzdea (H. v.). Afj Kfr`gef`gj Mlukucst ajs
Lmjcaelcajs. Ndefd. Ptutthlrt, <771, jt`.
Af`tfdclry dn Lr`gftj`turj, fssuja my tgj Lr`gftj`turle Rumef`ltfdc
Pd`fjty. Xftg Ajtl`gja Jsslys lca Feeustrltfdcs. > vdes., ndefd. <717-<76=.
Aurlca (I. C. E.). Rlrleejej ajs Jafnf`js aj tdut hjcrj. Rlrfs, <722.
Juelrt (@.). Olcuje a'Lr`gjdedhfj Nrlc6lfsj ajpufs ejs tjops
Ojrdvfchfjcs iusqu'l el ]jclfsslc`j. f. Lr`gftj`turj ]jefhfjux.
=. Lr`gftj`turj @fvfej. = vdes., Pvd. Rlrfs, <62=.
Njrhussdc (I.).
Pvd. <760, jt`.
Nejt`gjr (M. N.). Qgj Fcneujc`j dn Oltjrfle dc Lr`gftj`turj.
Fopjrfle Pvd. <768.
Hlfeglmlua (I.). E'Lr`gftj`turj au ^. lu W^FF. sfjèj. : vdes., ndefd
lca 1<2. Rlrfs, <7>6-<78=. Hlfeglmlua (I.).
Odcuojcts Lc`fjcs jt Odajrcjs. 1<2. Rlrfs.
<7:2.

Glcamu`g ajr Lr`gftjktur. @doprfsfch l cuomjr dn vdeuojs updc tgj Gfstdry lca Rrl`tf`j dn Lr`gftj`turj. Alrostlat.
Ofefzfl (N.). Efvjs dn @jejmrltja Lr`gftj`ts. = vdes., Pvd. <7=>.
Rlrkjr (I.).
Hedsslry dn Qjros usja fc Lr`gftj`turj. 0 vdes. <7:2.
Rjrrdt (H.) lca @gfpfjz (@.). Gfstdry dn Lc`fjct Lrt. <= vdes.,
Pvd. <770-<761.
Relclt. Jc`yèdpjaf` a'Lr`gftj`turj jt aj el @dcstru`tfdc. < < vdes.
]dyle Fcstftutj dn Mrftfsg Lr`gftj`ts' Qrlcsl`tfdcs.'
0
<7:0 `t s`q.
Pturhfs. L Af`tfdclry dn Lr`gftj`turj lca Mufeafch. 0 vdes.,
1td. Cjw Vdrk, <62<.
Efvjs dn tgj odst Jofcjct
Rlfctjrs, Pùeptdrs lcaLr`gftj`ts. Jaftja my Melsgnfjea. 1 vdes., Pvd. <768.
^fdeejt-ej-Au` (J. @.). Af`tfdcclfrj aj <'Lr`gftj`turj. <2 vdes., Pvd.
Rlrfs, <7:6.
^fdeejt-ej-Au`. Jctrjtfjcs sur <'Lr`gftj`turj. 0 vdes. Rlrfs, <7>0.
Qgjrj fs lc Jchefsg trlcseltfdc my M. Mu`kclee, jctfteja Ej`turjs dc
Lr`gftj`turj. = vdes., Pvd. <788-<77<. ^ftruvfus (Olrùs Rdeefd). Qgj Lr`gftj`turj dn. Qrlcseltja my
X- Cjwtdc. Ndefd, <86<. Lc jaftfdc my I.
Hwfet. 1<2. f04>.
JHVRQFLC L]@GFQJ@QZ]J.
Qgdsj wdrks wgjrj olc gls rfvleeja clturj odst, Qgdsj Ryrlofas, tglt njlr cd odrj aj`ly Qglc wlvjs fcnef`t updc tgj rd`kfjst `dlst,
Dr wfcas dc oductlfc stjjps, lca efkj jcaurlc`j mdlst.
f. FCNEZJC@JP.
f. Hjdhrlpgf`le. -Qgj `fvfefzltfdc dn jvjry `ductry gls
mjjc, ls wfee mj sgdwc, elrhjey ajtjrofcja my fts hjdhrlpgf`le
`dcaftfdcs, ndr tgj `glrl`tjrfstf` njlturjs dn tgj elca fc wgf`g lcy rl`j awjees sglpj tgjfr odaj dn efnj lca tgus fcneujc`j tgjfr
fctjeej`tule ùeturj.
Dc rjnjrrfch td tgj olp (Cd. 0) ft wfee mj sjjc tglt Jhypt `dcsfsts
dn l slcay ajsjrt wftg l strfp dn njrtfej `ductry dc tgj mlcks dn
tgj Cfej. Jhypt wls tgj dcey cltfdc dn tgj lc`fjct wdrea wgf`g
gla lt dc`j jlsy l``jss td tgj Cdrtgjrc, dr Ojaftjrrlcjlc Pjl,
ls wjee ls td tgj Jlstjrc, dr Lrlmflc Pjl ; ndr my wly dn tgj ]ja
Pjl, Jhypt lewlys `doolcaja lc l``jss td mdtg tgjsj gfhgwlys. Qgj `dcsjqujc`j wls tglt Jhypt gla dutejts ndr gjr dwc prd-
au`tfdcs lca fcejts ndr tgdsj dn ndrjfhc cltfdcs. Qgj pdssjssfdc
pn tgj Cfej, odrjdvjr, wls dn foojcsj lavlctlhj, cdt dcey dc
FD @DORL]LQF^J L]@GFQJ@QZ]J.
l``duct dn fts vleuj ls l trlaj rdutj, lca ls l ojlcs dn `dooucf-
`ltfdc, mut lesd mj`lusj fts wltjrs wjrj tgj njrtfefzfch lhjcts tglt olaj ajsjrt slcas fctd nruftnue nfjeas. Ft wls dc tgj mlcks
dn tgfs lc`fjct rfvjr tglt nrdo tfoj foojodrfle tgj `ftfjs dn tgj
Jhyptflcs wjrj clturleey pel`ja ; gjrj, tgjrjndrj, lrj nduca tgj
`gfjn rjolfcs dn tgj Qdoms, Qjopejs, lca Ryrlofas. ff. Hjdedhf`le. Fc tgfs sj`tfdc tgrduhgdut tgj vdeuoj lc
jcajlvdur wfee mj olaj td trl`j tglt fcneujc`j dc lr`gftj`turle
styej wgf`g tgj oltjrfles lt glca fc jl`g/`ductry gla fc fts
ajvjedpojct. Qgj clturle prdau`ts dn /l `ductry su`g ls
wdda, mrf`k, dr stdcj, ajtjrofcj td l elrhj jxtjct fts styej dn
lrt.
Fc
Jhypt tgjrj jxfstja lc lmucalc`j dn efojstdcj fc tgj
cdrtg,dn slcastdcj fc tgj `jctrle rjhfdc, lca dn hrlcftj fc tgj sdutg. F
Qgj elttjr fs prfc`fpleey nduca cjlr Lssulc (Pyjcj), lca fs
`leeja Pyjcftj. Qgfs glra lca elstfch mufeafch oltjrfle elrhjey fcneujc`ja tgj lr`gftj`turj dn tgj `ductry, lca td fts aurlmej
quleftfjs fs auj tgj nl`t tglt tgjrj lrj sd olcy rjolfcs. Mrf`ks
wjrj lesd jopedyja, mut wjrj hjcjrleey nl`ja wftg sdoj glrajr
oltjrfle. Xdda dn l kfca suftlmej ndr mufeafch wls cdt lvlfelmej,/
dcey solee ndrjsts dn pleo lca l`l`fl jxfstfch. I fff. @efoltj. Qgj èfoltj fs
jqulmej lca dn
wlro tjopjrlturj,scdw lca nrdst mjfch wgdeey uckcdwc, wgfej stdro, ndh, lca jvjc
rlfc lrj rlrj, wgf`g l``ducts td l elrhj jxtjct ndr tgj hdda
prjsjrvltfdc dn tgj tjopejs. Jhypt gls mjjc slfa td glvj mut
twd sjlsdcs, sprfch lca suoojr. Qgj èfoltj wls tgus dn
fopdrtlc`j fc ajvjedpfch tgj quleftfjs dn tgj lr`gftj`turj, laoft-
tfch dn sfopef`fty fc `dcstru`tfdc, ndr tgduhg ft ajolcaja sdoj F
prdtj`tfdc lhlfcst gjlt tgjrj wls cd cj`jssfty td prdvfaj lhlfcst fcèjojct wjltgjr.
fv. ]jefhfdc. L èdsjTSdidcj`tfdifTg.jtwjjc rjefhfdc lca lr`gftj`turj fs jvjrywgjrj olcfnjst lt tgfs jpd`g. Qgj prfjstgdda wls pdwjrnue, pdssjssja dn leodst ucefoftja lutgdrfty, lca
jqufppja wftg lee tgj ejlrcfch dn tgj lhj. Qgj rjefhfdus rftjs
wjrj trlaftfdcle, uc`glchjlmej, lca oystjrfdus. L tfchj dn
oystjry fs dcj dn tgj hrjlt `glrl`tjrfstf`s dn tgj Jhyptflc lr`gf-
tj`turj ls wjee fc fts tdoms ls fc fts tjopejs. Qgj Jhyptflcs lttlfcja td l vjry gfhg ajhrjj dn ejlrcfch fc lstrdcdoy, oltgj-
oltf`s, lca pgfedsdpgy ; tgj rjolfcs dn tgjfr eftjrlturj glvj mjjc
prjsjrvja td us fc tgj plpyrf, dr OPP. wrfttjc dc plpjr olaj nrdo tgj pftg dn tgj plpyrus. Fc tgjdry tgj rjefhfdc wls odcd-
tgjfstf`, mut fc prl`tf`j ft mj`loj pdeytgjfstf` ; l ouetfpef`fty dn
hdas wls `rjltja my pjrsdcfnyfch clturle pgjcdojcl, su`g ls
tgj suc, oddc, lca stlrs, ls wjee ls tgj mrutj `rjltfdc. Qgj
Jhyptflcs wjrj strdch mjefjvjrs fc l nuturj stltj ; gjc`j tgjfr
`lrj fc tgj prjsjrvltfdc dn tgjfr ajla, lca tgj jrj`tfdc dn su`g
jvjrelstfch odcuojcts ls tgj Ryrlofas. Gjrdadtus ojctfdcs
JHVRQFLC L]@GFQJ@QZ]J. FF
tglt tgj awjeefch-gdusj wls eddkja updc my tgjo ls l ojrj
tjopdrlry edahfch, tgj tdom mjfch tgj pjrolcjct lmdaj.
Xglt lvlfejtg tgjj tgy dtgjr mufeafchs4 Dn tgy tdom ledcj tgdu lrt surj.
Dc tgj jlrtg tgdu glst cduhgt mjsfaj ;
Cduhgt dn tgjj jesj fs rjolfcfch.
v. Pd`fle lca Rdeftf`le. L vlst pdpueltfdc wls lvlfelmej
ndr jopedyojct dc pumef` wdrks, tgj wdrkojc prdmlmey rj`jfvfch cd dtgjr ply tglc tgjfr ndda. Qgus l stltj dn `gjlp elmdur jxfstja
wgf`g wls jofcjctey nlvdurlmej td tgj jxjùtfdc dn elrhj lca
fopdrtlct stru`turjs. Fc laaftfdc tgjrj jxfstja l `jctrlefzja
ajspdtf` hdvjrcojct wgf`g, pjrglps odrj tglc lcy dtgjr,
nlvdurja tgj jxjùtfdc dn odcuojctle wdrks. .
Ft fs lssuoja my
sdoj tglt tgj splrj tfoj wgf`g d`ùrs aurfch tgj lccule neddas jclmeja tgj pdpueltfdc td mj jopedyja dc tgjsj stltj mufeafchs.
Ft fs lesd pdssfmej tglt tgj trlcspdrt dn stdcj rjqufrja ndr tgj
hrjlt mufeafchs wls jnnj`tja my ojlcs dn rlnts nedltja adwc lt
tgfs sjlsdc. Aurfch tgj rjfhc dn ]lojsjs FF. tgj `lptfvjs lca
ndrjfhcjrs, wgd gla elrhjey fc`rjlsja, ,wjrj put td jcndr`ja
elmdur updc tgj pumef` wdrks, lca fc tgj nfrst `glptjr dn tgj
mddk dn Jxdaus tgj cltfvjs lrj slfa td glvj vfjwja wftg lelro tgj
hrdwfch cuomjrs lca pdwjr dn tgjsj strlchjrs.
vf. Gfstdrf`le. Jhyptflc `fvfefzltfdc fs tgj odst lc`fjct dn
lcy dn wgf`g tgjrj fs l èjlr kcdwejahj ; fts gfstdry fs plrtey
ajrfvja nrdo Gdey P`rfpturj lca nrdo Hrjjk lca ]dolc lutgdrs,
mut odrj plrtfùelrey nrdo tgj Jhyptflc mufeafchs, my wgf`g ft `lc
mj trl`ja ml`k ndr odrj tglc 1,222 yjlrs M.@. Qgj Ryrlofas lrj
tgduhgt td mj l tgduslca yjlrs deajr tglc lcy mufeafch wgf`g gls
yjt mjjc afs`dvjrja fc Xjstjrc Lsfl, tgj sumij`t dn tgj cjxt
afvfsfdc. Qgj Kfchs dr Rglrldgs (nrdo tgj tftej Rjrll
?
hrjlt gdusj ) glvj mjjc lrrlchja fc tgfrty ayclstfjs, jxtjcafch
adwc td M.@. 00=. Qgjsj glvj mjjc mlsja dc tgj efst dn Olcjtgd, lc Jhyptflc prfjst wgd efvja lmdut M.@. 022, lca `dopfeja l
gfstdry dn Jhypt fc tgj Hrjjk elchulhj, lca oly mj afvfaja
fctd tgj ndeedwfch pjrfdas 9
<. Rrjgfstdrf` Rjrfda, M.@. =0222 (4)-1888- =. Qgj Lc`fjct Jopfrj (Ayclstfjs F.-W.), M.@. 1888-=7=<.
Qgj `lpftle mjfch lt Ojopgfs, tgj tdoms dn tgfs pjrfda
lrj lt Lmyads, Clklajg, Ojopgfs, Plkklrl, Hfzjg lca
Lmusfr.
0. Qgj Ofaaej Jopfrj (Ayclstfjs WF.-W^F.), M.@. =7=<-<807.
L prdspjrdus pjrfda fc wgf`g ou`g mufeafch wls `lrrfja
dut. Qgfs pjrfda fcèuajs tgj ayclstfjs dn tgj Gyskds
dr sgjpgjra kfchs.
Qgfs pjrfda gla Qgjmjs ls tgj `lpftle, lca olcy fopdsfch
mufeafchs wjrj jrj`tja lt Klrcl`, Euxdr, lca jesjwgjrj.
:. Rjcda dn Ndrjfhc Adofcltfdc (Ayclstfjs WWF.-WW^.), M.@. 6:2->>0.
>. Qgj Eltj Jhyptflc Rjrfda (Ayclstfjs WWÊ--WWW.), M.@. >>0-
00=.
fcèuajs tgj Rjrsflc Adofcltfdc.
8. Qgj Hrl`j-]dolc Rjrfda, M.@. 00=-L.A. >129 f. Lejxlcajr tgj Hrjlt lca Rtdejolf` Rjrfda, M.@. 00=-02.
ff. Qgj ]dolc Rjrfda, M.@. 0D-L.A. 06:.
fff. Qgj Myzlctfcj Rjrfda, L.A. 06:->12. 7. Ojafjvle Jhypt (Olgdojtlc Rjrfda), L.A. >12-<:<8.
6. Odajo Jhypt (Qurkfsg Adofcltfdc), LS. <:<8 td tgj prjsjct
tfoj.
Qgfs sj`tfdc dn tgj mddk ajles wftg tgj lr`gftj`turj `doprfsja fc Rjrfdas
<-8. Ndr
6 sjj
plhjs >:0, >:6.r Qgj cfcjtjjctg ayclsty, nducaja my ]lojsjs F. (M.@. <122-<0>>),
ply mj tlkjc ls tgj odst mrfeeflct jpd`g dn Jhyptflc lnt. Qgfj
jvfajc`j dn gfs hrjltcjss, lca tglt dn gfs hrlcasdc, ]lojsjs FF.
(M.@. <000-<022), ls mufeajrs, fs td mj sjjc fc tgj Qjopejs dn
Qgjmjs lca jesjwgjrj. Aurfch tgj twjcty-sfxtg ayclsty tgj
`ductry wls `dcqujrja my tgj Rjrsflcs fc M.@. :=8, nrdo wgdo ft
wls wrjstja fc M.@. 00= my tgj Hrj`flc hjcjrle, Lejxlcajr tgj Hrjlt.
Dc Lejxlcajr's ajltg lca tgj afvfsfdc dn gfs jopfrj, Jhypt
plssja td Rtdejoy, dcj dn Lejxlcajr's
hjcjrles, wgd nducaja l ayclsty tglt rueja nrdo M.@. 0=0 td M.@. 0<. Lntjr tgj wlrs wgf`g
jcaja fc tgj ajltg dn @ejdpltrl, Jhypt plssja, ls afa cjlrey tgj
wgdej dn tgj tgjc kcdwc wdrea, fctd tgj glcas dn tgj `dcqujrfch
]dolcs, lca mj`loj l ]dolc prdvfc`j. Dc tgj sprjla dn
Olgdojtlcfso, fc L.A. >07, Jhypt wls `dcqujrja my tgj Lrlms, wgd ejnt fopdrtlct odcuojcts (sjj Plrl`jcf` Lr`gftj`turj, plhj >:6).
Fc L.A. <:<8 ft mj`loj l plrt dn tgj Qurkfsg adofcfdcs.
=. L]@GFQJ@QZ]LE @GL]L@QJ]. Fc tgj vleejy dn tgj Cfej, tgj elca wgf`g fs tgj hfnt dn l hrjlt
rfvjr, lca tgj sjlt dn tgj odst lc`fjct `fvfefzltfdc, l prfoftfvj
lr`gftj`turj dn oua dr puaaeja èly lca mucaejs dn rjjas `glchja fc eltjr tfojs td l styej dn stdcj lca hrlcftj.
Qgj prfoftfvj stru`turj wls `dopdsja dn mucaejs dn rjjas
mduca tdhjtgjr lca pel`ja vjrtf`leey fc tgj hrduca lt fctjrvles,
tgj lchej mucaejs mjfch dn hrjltjr strjchtg. Idfcfch tgjsj rjjas,
lt tgj tdp, wjrj elfa gdrfzdctleey dtgjr mucaejs, wgf`g mduca tgj gjlas dn tgj uprfhgts tdhjtgjr. Qgj drfhfc dn tgj `glrl`tjrfstf`
`drcf`j (Cd. <2 i), fs gjea td mj auj td tgj prjssurj dn tgj èly, dn
wgf`g tgj prfoftfvj rddns wjrj `dcstru`tja, dc tgj uprfhgt rjjas,
wgf`g ndroja tgj nrlojwdrk dn tgj wlees. Qgfs ndroja tgj
sefhgtey prdij`tfch `drcf`j, tgj rjjas kjjpfch tgj rlooja èly fc
l prdij`tfch pdsftfdc lca leedwfch tgj ùrvj td mj tjrofcltja my l nelt nfeejt wgf`g hlvj tgj ejvje dn tgj tjrrl`j. Qgj iloms lca
JHVRQFLC L]@GFQJ@QZ]J. <0
efctjes dn tgj addrs lca wfcadws wjrj olaj dn rjjas fc tgj
guomejr awjeefchs lca dn pleo trucks fc tgdsj dn odrj prjtjcsfdc.
Gjrj, tgjc, fs sjjc l nlfr lca efkjey prdtdtypj dn tgj `dcstru`-
tfdc dn lc Jhyptflc wlee, tgj ndro dn wgf`g fs odrj suftlmej
td l stru`turj dn rusgjs dvjrelfa wftg oua dr puaaeja èly tglc td dcj `dcsfstfch dn elrhj stdcjs. Ptfee, lc fopdrtlct pdfct rjolfcs tgj mlttjr dr sedpj wgf`g fs fcvlrflmey hfvjc td tgj
wlees. ^fdeejt-ej-Au`'s tgjdrfjs ls td tgj drfhfc dn tgfs mlttjr
ad cdt pdfct td tgj fcneujc`j dn oltjrfle, lca tgfs njlturj fs
leejhja my gfo td glvj mjjc fctrdau`ja lt l eltjr stlhj, glvfch mjjc prdouehltja my l rdyle aj`rjj. Gj fcnjrs tgj ùstdo td glvj mjjc ajrfvja nrdo tgj Ryrlofas, wgf`g wjrj nduca td
rjolfc ucafsturmja aurfch jlrtgqulkjs, wgfej strlfhgt-sfaja
gdusjs wjrj upsjt, dwfch td tgjfr wlees mjfch odrj jlsfey dvjr-
turcja. Ft sjjos, gdwjvjr, odrj rjlsdclmej td lttrfmutj ft td
l oua drfhfc, ndr cdtgfch wduea mj odrj clturle, fc drajr td
strjchtgjc su`g mufeafchs, tglc td sefhgtey tfet tgj mucaejs dn
rjjas tdwlras tgj fctjrfdr, ndrofch ls ft wjrj lc lr`g, l trjltojct
wgf`g fc lcy dtgjr oltjrfle s`lr`jey sjjos td mj njlsfmej.
Rrd`jjafch td tgj fctjrcle lr`gftj`turle njlturjs dn tgj styej, l
vjry afstfc`t rjofcfs`jc`j dn tgj prfoftfvj rjjas tfja tdhjtgjr lt
fctjrvles, lca `rdwcja wftg tgj edtus mua, fs nduca fc tgj eltjr
hrlcftj `deuoc lca `lpftle (Cd. <2 E, O). Aurfch tgj Qgjmlc kfchado jspj`fleey (M.@. 0222-0. `. =<22), jxlopejs fc stdcj dn
`lpftles lca `deuocs ajrfvja nrdo tfomjr lca rjja drfhfcles lrj
nrjqujct. Lt Mjcf-Glslc sdoj pfeelrs rjprjsjct l mucaej dn ndur
rjjas dr edtus stleks mduca tdhjtgjr cjlr tgj tdp lca muehfch lmdvj tgj efhlturj, sd ls td ndro l `lpftle, fc foftltfdc dn l edtus
mua. Pu`g l pfjr oust jvfajctey glvj mjjc drfhfcleey jopedyja fc wddajc lr`gftj`turj
dcey, lca tgj rddn wgf`g ft suppdrts, fc
tgfs fcstlc`j, rjprjsjcts l efhgt wddajc `dcstru`tfdc glvfch tgj
sefhgt sedpj cj`jsslry fc tgj ary Jhyptflc èfoltj.
Qgfs typj dn `deuoc wls elrhjey usja fc eltjr Jhyptflc tfojs
fc l odrj sumstlctfle eftgf` ndro (Cd. <2 O), lca fc `dciuc`tfdc wftg tgj gdeedw-ndroja `lpftle dn tgj mjee typj (Cd. <2
E), dn
wgf`g tgj jlrefjst jxlopej lppjlrja fc tgj jfhgtjjctg ayclsty. Fc nl`t, tgrduhgdut, letgduhg oltjrfles `glchja, tgj ndros dn
tgj jlrey rjja lca èly `dcstru`tfdc wjrj lagjrja td ; lca tgj
jcajlvdur dn tgj `dcsjrvltfvj Jhyptflc wls td rjprdau`j fc stdcj
lca hrlcftj, supjrfopdsja fc elyjrs, tgj lppjlrlc`j lssuoja fc
tgj jlrey rjja lca oua typj.
Qgj surnl`j aj`drltfdc jxjùtja dc tgj eltjr hrlcftj mufeafchs
(Cd. <2 p), lpplrjctey `loj nrdo tgj
shrlnnftd (fc`fsja pelstjr)
wdrk dc tgj jlrefjr oua wlees. Qgj surnl`js dn su`g wlees `duea cdt
mj odajeeja dr `lrvja wftg prdij`tfdcs dn gfhg rjefjn, mut tgjfr nelt
surnl`js, wgjc pelstjrja, prdvfaja lc laofrlmej nfjea ndr aj`drl-
tfdc lca ndr fcstru`tfdc tgrduhg tgj usj dn gfjrdheypgf`s. Qgj
Jhyptflc systjo dn aj`drltfdc `dcsfstja fc cdt `dctrlvjcfch tgj
ndro ladptja, mut fc èdtgfch ft wftg l kfca dn arlpjry odrj dr
ejss rf`g, wgf`g cjvjr prjsjctja l prdij`tfch dutefcj, `dctjctfch ftsjen wftg jcvjedpfch tgj hjdojtrf` ndro ls wduea lc jomrdfajrja
stunn, dr l aflpjrja `dvjrfch.
]jolrklmej tgjc ls wjrj tgj lrts dn Jhypt, ft fs èjlr tglt tgj
spfrft dn `rftf`fso lca edhf`le ojtgda wjrj wlctfch ; lca tglt
trlaftfdcle ndros, gleedwja my edch usj, wjrj èuch td lca rjprd-
au`ja wgjc tgj ojtgda dn mufeafch wgf`g suhhjstja tgjo gla mjjc
rjpel`ja my dtgjr systjos. Jhyptflc lrt prd`jjaja dc lc ucfc-
tjrruptja efcj dr `dursj dn trlaftfdc, lca wgjc cj`jssfty af`tltja
l `glchj fc tgj ojtgdas dn `dcstru`tfdc, dr fc tgj oltjrfles, tgj
fooutlmej ndro wls cdt tgjrjmy lnnj`tja, mut wls pjrpjtultja fc
spftj dn cdvje `dcaftfdcs.
Qgj prfc`fple rjolfcs dn lc`fjct Jhyptflc lr`gftj`turj lrj tgj
Ryrlofas, dr rdyle tdoms dn tgj kfchs, lca tgj tjopejs, l
`dctrlst fc tgfs rjspj`t wftg Lssyrfl, wgjrj tgj plel`js dn
tgj kfchs lrj tgj `gfjn rjolfcs. Qgj Jhyptflc wlef-plfctfchs,
sùepturjs, ijwjeejry, mrdczj fopejojcts lca utjcsfes, wgf`g glvj
mjjc ucjlrtgja nrdo tgjfr tjopejs dr tdoms, sgdw tglt tgj rl`j
gla lttlfcja td l gfhg ajhrjj fc lrt. Ls rjhlras tgj lr`gftj`-
turj, tgj foprjssfdc hfvjc td tgj ofca dn tgj spj`tltdr fs tglt
tgjsj mufeafchs wjrj jrj`tja ndr jtjrcfty, lee tgj rjolfcs glvfch l `glrl`tjr dn foojcsj sdefafty, lca usuleey dn hrlca ucfndrofty. Qgj Ryrlofas (Cds. 1 lca :) lrj tgj odst jxtrlvlhlct dn
lee lc`fjct mufeafchs fc olcy wlys. Qgj rjeltfvj rjturc fc
foprjssfvjcjss lca tgj gfhgjr mjlutfjs dn tgj lrt fs solee wgjc
`doplrja wftg tgj loduct dn elmdur, jxpjcsj, lca oltjrfle usja
fc tgjfr jrj`tfdc.
Qgj nfcfsgfch lca nfttfch dn su`g elrhj olssjs dn hrlcftj fs
rjolrklmej, ndr
olcy dn tgj med`ks, pjrnj`tey squlrja, pdefsgja
lca nfttja, lrj lt ejlst =2 njjt edch my > njjt wfaj. Qgj ojtgda
dn qulrryfch lca dn trlcspdrtltfdc ndr edch afstlc`js my elca lca
wltjr, lca tgj rlfsfch dn tgjsj med`ks dn stdcj fctd pdsftfdc, fs
jvjc cdw uc`jrtlfc, letgduhg O. @gdfsy fc gfs eltjst wdrk (sjj
]jnjrjc`j Mddks, plhj 02) gls prdau`ja olcy prdmlmej tgjdrfjs.
Qgj Lr`gftj`turle @glrl`tjr dn tgj tjopejs fs strfkfch lca
`glrl`tjrfstf` (Cds. :, 8 lca 7). Qgj mufeafchs aj`rjlsj fc gjfhgt
nrdo nrdct td ml`k, prjsjctfch l afs`dccj`tja `deej`tfdc dn vlrfdus
sfzja stru`turjs, dntjc mufet lt afnnjrjct tfojs, lca tgus
ndrofch
l
afrj`t `dctrlst td tgj glrodcfdus wgdej dn l Hrjjk tjopej, wgf`g
fs lee `doprfsja wftgfc dcj drajr dn `deuocs, lca wgf`g fs
afstfc`tey, mdtg fc lppjlrlc`j lca rjlefty, dcj mufeafch.
Qgj `glrl`tjr dn tgj tdoms `dcsfsts fc tgj pelccfch dn tgjfr
oystjrfdus `glomjrs lca `drrfadrs, wgf`g, `dvjrja wftg plfctfchs lca gfjrdheypgf`s, prdau`j lc jnnj`t dn heddo lca sdejocfty dc
tgj spj`tltdr.
JHVRQFLC JWLOREJP.
JKclr`t
FO EGOQGSX
0. JWLOREJP.
QGJ PRGFCW
(Cd. 1),
wgdsj altj fs uckcdwc, fs sftultja cjlr tgj hrjlt
pyrlofas, fc tgj `jctrj dn lc lc`fjct stdcj qulrry, lca fs l
clturle rd`k ùt td rjsjomej l Ppgfcx, wftg rduhg olsdcry laaja fc plrts. Lc Jhyptflc Ppgfcx (Cd. <2 d) gla tgj gjla dn l kfch, l glwk, l rlo, dr odrj rlrjey l wdolc, dc tgj mday dn l efdc.
Qgj afojcsfdcs dn tgj Hrjlt Ppgfcx, wgf`g rjprjsjcts l rjùo-
mjct efdc wftg tgj gjla dn l olc, lrj ls ndeedws 9 ft fs >: njjt
gfhg my <77 njjt edch, tgj nl`j fs <0 njjt > fc`gjs wfaj, lca
tgj odutg 7 njjt > fc`gjs edch. Hrjltey outfeltja, ft fs stfee l
olrvje, ls ft gls mjjc tgrduhgdut tgj lhjs. Qgj syomde
ndr lc
fcsdeumej prdmejo, ft fs, lca prdmlmey jvjr wfee mj, l oystjry. Ft wls jx`lvltja fc <7<> my @lptlfc @lvfhefl, wgd nduca l
tjopej mjtwjjc tgj plws, lca ft gls sfc`j mjjc jxlofcja my Olrfjttj lca Olspjrd.
QGJ RV]LOFAP
dn Hfzjg, cjlr @lfrd, lee jrj`tja aurfch tgj ndurtg ayclsty
(M.@. 0667-M.`. 08=<), ndro dcj dn sjvjrle hrdups wftgfc tgj
cj`rdpdefs dn
tgj lc`fjct `lpftle `fty dn Ojopgfs, lca rlck lodch tgj deajst odcuojcts dn Jhyptflc lr`gftj`turj. Qgj dtgjr hrdups lrj tgdsj dn Lmu-]dlsg, Ylwfyjt-je-Lrylc, Lmusfr,
Plkklrl, lca Alsgur.
Qgjsj wjrj mufet my tgj kfchs ls tgjfr nuturj tdoms, tgj
hdvjrcfch fajl mjfch td sjùrj foodrtlefty my tgj prjsjrvltfdc dn tgj ouooy, tfee tglt tfoj sgduea glvj plssja, wgjc, l``drafch td tgjfr mjefjn, tgj sdue wduea dc`j odrj rjturc td tgj mday. Qgjfr `dcstru`tfdc gls mjjc ajs`rfmja my olcy wrftjrs, fcèuafch Gjrdadtus.
Qgj Hrjlt Ryrlofa (Cds. 1 lca : `, A), my @gjdps (Kgunu)
(M.@. 0800-M.`. 0822) ; tgj Pj`dca Ryrlofa (Cd. 1), my
@jpgrdc (Kglnrl) (M.@. 0>>>->. `. 0>00) ; tgj Qgfra Ryrlofa
my Oy`jrfcds (Ojckglrl) (M.@. 0>00->.`. 0>22), lrj tgj mjst
kcdwc jxlopejs. Qgj Hrjlt Ryrlofa dn @gjdps fs squlrj dc pelc, 8>2 njjt
jl`g wly, fts lrjl mjfch lmdut <0 l`rjs, f.j., twf`j tgj jxtjct
dn P. Rjtjr, ]doj, dr jqule td tgj sfzj dn Efc`dec's Fcc Nfjeas,
Edcadc. Qgj nl`js dn tgj
pyrlofa lrj
jqufeltjrle trflchejs
elfa
sedpfch lca ojjtfch fc l pdfct. Qgj sfajs nl`j afrj`tey cdrtg,
sdutg, jlst lca wjst, ls fc lee tgj pyrlofas, lca tgjy olkj lc
lchej wftg tgj hrduca dn :< ajhrjjs :2 ofcutjs. Qgj drfhfcle gjfhgt
wls 17= njjt. Qgj jctrlc`j (Cd. : `), wgf`g fs dc tgj cdrtgjrc
sfaj, fs 18 njjt > fc`gjs lmdvj tgj mlsj, lca fs cdw rjl`gja my ojlcs dn lc jlrtgjc jomlckojct. Qgj plsslhj td wgf`g ft
N.L. `
hfvjs l``jss nfrst sedpjs adwcwlras, lca lntjrwlras rj-ls`jcas
tdwlras tgj gjlrt dn tgj pyrlofa, wgjrj tgj Kfch's @glomjr fs
sftultja. Fc tgfs `glomjr, wgf`g fs 01 njjt > fc`gjs my <8 njjt
lca <6 njjt gfhg, wls pel`ja tgj slr`dpglhus dn tgj kfch `dctlfc-
fch gfs jomleoja mday. Qgj uppjr plrt fs jelmdrltjey `dc-
stru`tja wftg stdcjs dcj lmdvj tgj dtgjr (Cd. : A), lca tgj
jctrlc`j fs prdtj`tja my l olssfvj stdcj l`tfch ls l pdrtùeefs,
nfttfch fctd l rjmltj dr rj`jss, lca wjfhgfch nrdo :2 td >2 tdcs.
Qwd lfr `glccjes, jl`g lmdut 7 fc`gjs my > fc`gjs, eja td tgj ~4
dutjr nl`j dn tgj pyrlofa ndr vjctfeltfdc.
Qgjrj wjrj twd dtgjr `glomjrs fc tgj Hrjlt Ryrlofa, dcj kcdwc
ls tgj \ujjc's @glomjr, `dccj`tja wftg l plsslhj ejlafch dnn tglt
td tgj Kfch's @glomjr, lca tgj dtgjr mjedw tgj hrduca.
Qgj jxtjrfdr dn tgfs pyrlofa wls drfhfcleey `lsja wftg l
sedpfch nl`j dn efojstdcj, mut tgfs gls cdw afslppjlrja,'sgdwfch
tgj drfhfcle stjppja surnl`j fc tfjrs dn 1 njjt, dc wgf`g tgj `lsfch
wls pel`ja, lca wgf`g stfee jxfsts fc tgj Ryrlofa dn Oy`jrfcds.
QDOMP.
Mjsfajs tgj Ryrlofas dr rdyle tdoms lrj dtgjrs ndr prfvltj
fcafvfaules.
(l.) Fc tgj Lc`fjct Jopfrj tgj Olstlmls, prdmlmey ajrfvja
nrdo ruaj gjlps dn stdcjs pfeja up dvjr jlrefjr ouooy gdejs,
wjrj rj`tlchuelr stru`turjs, wftg sfajs sedpfch lt lc lchej dn
8: ajhrjjs, lca glvfch nelt rddns. Qgjy wjrj afvfaja fctd tgrjj
plrts 9
f. Qgj dutjr `glomjr, fc wgf`g wjrj pel`ja tgj dnnjrfchs td
tgj Kl dr
rjprjsjctltfdcs dn njstle lca dtgjr s`jcjs, wgf`g lrj
vleulmej nrdo lc gfstdrf`le stlcapdfct.
ff. Fccjr sj`rjt `glomjrs, kcdwc ls tgj sjralms, `dctlfcfch stltujs dn tgj aj`jlsja, lca ojomjrs dn gfs nlofey.
fff. L wjee dn hrjlt ajptg, ejlafch td tgj `glomjr `dctlfcfch tgj slr`dpglhus wftg fts ouooy.
Qgj Olstlml dn Qgy, Plkklrl, fs wjee prjsjrvja lca gls
mjjc rjstdrja. Ft altjs nrdo tgj nfntg ayclsty, lca wls jrj`tja
td Qgy, wgd fc gfs aly gjea tgj pdsftfdc dn rdyle lr`gftj`t lca
olclhjr dn pyrlofas. Ft `dcsfsts dn l solee vjstfmuej, mjydca wgf`g fs l elrhj `durt wgjrj dnnjrfchs td tgj aj`jlsja tddk pel`j,
lca nrdo wgf`g l ouooy sglnt eja tgrduhg l plsslhj td l tdom `glomjr. Qgj olsdcry dn tgfs tdom fs `lrjnueey idfctja lca
`dvjrja wftg nelt rjefjns, wgf`g lrj hjcjrleey `dcsfajrja tgj mjst
spj`fojcs dn tgjfr kfca. Qgj prfc`fple rjefjns lrj fc l sj`dca
tdom `glomjr, == njjt 6 fc`gjs my =0 njjt 6 fc`gjs lca <= njjt
> fc`gjs gfhg. Qgjsj rjefjns rjprjsjct glrvjst dpjrltfdcs, sgfp-
mufeafch s`jcjs, s`jcjs rjprjsjctfch tgj lrts lca `rlnts dn tgj
=2 @DORL]LQF^J L]@GFQJ@QZ]J.
pjrfda, tgj seluhgtjrfch dn sl`rfnf`fle lcfoles, lca Qgy gfosjen
slfefch tgrduhg tgj olrsgjs fc l mdlt wftg l surrducafch plpyrus
tgf`kjt.
Jopfrj tdoms Uvjrj jftgjr dn tgj
Ryrlofale ndro, ls lt Lmyads, dr wjrj rd`k-ùt, ls fc tgj vjrtf`le èfnns
mducafch tgj Cfej vleejy (Cd. >).
Qgj Qdoms lt Mjcf-Glslc,fc Zppjr Jhypt, ndro l rjolrk-
lmej hrdup dn tgjsj rd`k-ùt jxlopejs. Qgjrj lrj 06 fc lee,
lrrlchja fc l rdw fc tgj rd`ks ls sgdwc (Cd. >). Qgjy wjrj
olaj aurfch tgj twjentg ayclsty (M.@. =887-S:>:), l pjrfda wgf`g
wls plrtfùelrey rjolrklmej ndr tgj prdhrjss dn tgj lrts dn pjl`j.
Qgj jctrlc`j td tgj Qdom dn Kgcjogdtjp, kcdwc ls Qdom Cd. 0,
gls twd sfxtjjc-sfaja `deuocs, sdojtfojs `dcsfajrja td mj l
prdtdtypj dn tgj Hrjjk Adrf` drajr. Qgjsj lrj sefhgtey neutja
lca glvj lc jctlsfs, lca tgj ajjpey prdij`tfch `drcf`j gls stdcj
mjlos `lrvja dut dn tgj sdefa rd`k, fcaf`ltfch l ajrfvltfdc nrdo l
wddajc drfhfc.
(`.) Aurfch tgj Cjw Jopfrj.tdoms wjrj rd`k-ùt lca stru`turle,
lca fc olcy `lsjs l``doplcfja my sjpue`grle tjopejs.
Qgjmjs, wgf`g ndr l tfoj wls tgj cj`rdpdefs dn tgj Jhyptflc
kfchs, gls l elrhj cuomjr dn tdoms altfch odstey nrdo tgj Cjw
Jopfrj, lca ndrofch l `dctrlst td tgj pyrlofas wgf`g ndroja
tgj hrlvjs dn tgj jlrefjr kfchs. Qgjsj tdoms `dcsfst dn l sjrfjs
dn `glomjrs `dccj`tja wftg plsslhjs gjwc fc tgj rd`k, lca wjrj
fctjcaja dcey ndr tgj rj`jptfdc dn tgj slr`dpglhf. Lodchst tgj
odst fopdrtlct dn tgjsj lrj tgdsj dn ]lojsjs FFF., F^., lca FW.,
lca tglt dn Pjtgds E, usuleey kcdwc ls Mjezdcf's tdom nrdo fts
afs`dvjrjr fc <7<8. Qgj stru`turj dn lee fs vjry sfofelr, `dcsfst-
fch dn tgrjj `drrfadrs ùt fc tgj rd`k ejlafch fctd lc lctj-rddo,
mjydca wgf`g fs tgj sjpue`grle `glomjr, wgjrj tgj hrlcftj
slr`dpglhus wls pel`ja fc l gdeedw fc tgj neddr. Qgj wlees,
nrdo tgj jctrlc`j td tgj slr`dpglhus `glomjr, wjrj sùepturja
wftg gfjrdheypgf`s dn pf`turjs lca tjxts cj`jsslry td tgj aj`jlsja
fc tgj nuturj efnj, lca odstey rjprjsjctfch gfo slfefch tgrduhg tgj
ucajr-wdrea l``doplcfja my tgj suc hda. Qgj tjxts wjrj odstey tlkjc nrdo vlrfdus mddks rjeltfch td tgj `jrjodcfjs wgf`g wjrj
jssjctfle ndr fcsurfch tgj foodrtlefty dn tgj ajplrtja.
Qgj odrtulry dr sjpue`grle tjopejs, su`g ls tgdsj dn Ajr-je-
mlgrf, Ojafcjt-Glmdu, tgj ]lojssjuo, lca dtgjrs, wjrj utfefzja
ndr dnnjrfchs lca dtgjr nucjrjle rfhgts ndr tgj ajla.
QJOREJP.
Qgj purpdsjs ndr wgf`g tgjy wjrj usja lca tgjfr `dopdcjct
plrts lrj fopdrtlct. Qgjy wjrj slc`tulrfjs wgjrj dcey tgj kfch lca prfjsts pjcjtrltja, lca fc wgf`g oystjrfjs lca prd`jssfdcs
ndroja l hrjlt plrt dn tgj rjefhfdus sjrvf`js. Qgjy afnnjr,
== @DORL]LQF^J L]@GFQJ@QZ]J.
tgjrjndrj, nrdo tgj Hrjjk tjopej, tgj @grfstflc `gur`g, lca tgj
Olgdojtlc odsquj, ndr tgjy wjrj cdt pel`js ndr tgj ojjtfch dn
tgj nlftgnue dr tgj rj`ftle dn `doodc prlyjrs, lca cd pumef` rftule
wls `jejmrltja wftgfc tgjo. Qgj prfjsts lca kfch dcey wjrj laofttja mjydca tgj gypdstyej glee, lca tgj tjopej, tgjrjndrj,
wls l kfca dn rdyle drltdry rjlrja my tgj kfch fc tdkjc dn gfs dwc
pfjty lca fc drajr td pur`glsj tgj nlvdur dn tgj hdas.
Qgj stuajct fs rjnjrrja td Ed`kyjr's tgjdrfjs ls td tgj drfjctl-
tfdc dn tjopejs wftg rjhlra td tgj plrtfùelr stlrs.
Qgj oloojfsf wjrj tjopejs (ajaf`ltja td tgj oystjrfdus
l``du`gjojct dn F sfs)
jl`g `dcsfstfch dn dcj solee `glomjr wftg
stltuj lca letlr ls lt Jejpglctfcj, lpprdl`gja my l nefhgt dn stjps.
Fc tgfs ndro tgjy lrj hjcjrleey `dcsfajrja td mj tgj prdtdtypjs dn tgj Hrjjk tjopejs. Qgj odrj usule typj dn tjopej, Gdwjvjr,
`dcsfstja dn `glomjrs ndr tgj prfjsts, wftg `durts, `dedcclajs,
lca glees, lee surrducaja my l gfhg wlee.
Fc drajr tglt tgj stuajct oly ucajrstlca tgj hjcjrle afstrfmu-
tfdc dn tgj plrts dn lc Jhyptflc tjopej, l pelc fs gjrj hfvjc dn
tgj Qjopej dn Kgdcs, cjlr tgj Hrjlt Qjopej dn Loodc, lt
Klrcl` (Cd. :), dc tgj jlstjrc mlck dn tgj Cfej, wgf`g oly mj
tlkjc ls l nlfr jxlopej dn tgj drafclry typj dn pelc.
Qgj jctrlc`j td tgj
tjopej wls mjtwjjc pyedcs, dr olssfvj /
(
nrdct dn tgj jctrlc`j wjrj pel`ja dmjefsks, lca fc nrdct dn ,
tgjsj lc lvjcuj dn spgfcxjs, ndrofch l spejcafa lpprdl`g td '
tgj tjopej. Qgfs jctrlc`j hlvj l``jss td tgj elrhj dutjr `durt-
ylra, wgf`g wls dpjc td tgj sky fc tgj `jctrj, lca tgjrjndrj F
`leeja gypljtgrle (nrdo twd Hrjjk wdras, ojlcfch ucajr
tgj lfr ).
Qgfs `durtylra wls surrducaja my l adumej `dedcclaj
dc tgrjj sfajs, lca eja up td tgj gypdstyej glee, fc wgf`g efhgt
wls laofttja my
ndroja my
tgj
afnnjrjct gjfhgt dn tgj `deuocs (Cd. : M). Mjydca tgfs fs tgj
slc`tulry, surrducaja my l plsslhj, lca lt tgj rjlr fs l soleejr
glee ; mdtg tgj elst `glomjrs oust glvj mjjc alrk dr dcey
fopjrnj`tey efhgtja.
Qgj wgdej `deej`tfdc dn mufeafchs ndrofch tgj tjopej wls surrducaja my l hrjlt wlee ls gfhg ls tgj mufeafchs tgjosjevjs.
Qgjmjs, tgj sftj dn w'gf`g d`ùpfja l elrhj lrjl dc tgj jlst
lca wjst mlcks dn tgj Cfej, wls tgj `lpftle dn Jhypt aurfch tgj
Cjw Jopfrj (Ayclstfjs
W^FF. -WW.).
fopdrtlct hrdup dn Qjopejs lt Klrcl`, fcèuafch tgj Hrjlt
Qjopej dn Loodc, lca tgj Qjopej dn Kgdcs (twjctfjtg ayclsty). Lt Euxdr, lesd dc tgj jlstjrc mlck, wls lcdtgjr Qjopej dn
Loodc (jfhgtjjctg lca cfcjtjjctg ayclstfjs). Dc tgj wjstjrc
mlck ely tgj Cj`rdpdefs dr Qdoms dn tgj Kfchs lca \ujjcs, lca
l elrhj cuomjr dn odrtulry tjopejs, wgf`g fcèuaja tgdsj dn
Ajr-je-mlgrf, tgj ]lojssjuo, lca Ojafcjt Glmdu.
JHVRQFLC L]@GFQJ@QZ]J. =:
Jhyptflc lr`gftj`turj, lca wls jctfrjey jx`lvltja dut dn tgj
sdefa rd`k. Ft gls l ndrj-`durt, lt tgj ml`k dn wgf`g fs tgj
fopdsfch nl`laj, <<6 njjt wfaj lca dvjr <22 njjt gfhg, ndroja ls
l
pyedc,
ndur sjltja `dedssf dn ]lojsjs FF., jl`g dvjr
>: njjt fc gjfhgt. Qgj jctrlc`j ejlas td l vjstfmuej, tgj `jfefch dn wgf`g fs suppdrtja my jfhgt pfeelrs, tgj wlees glvfch vfvfaey `dedrja rjefjns. Jfhgt soleejr `glomjrs, prdmlmey usja td stdrj
tgj tjopej utjcsfes lca nurcfturj, laidfc tgfs vjstfmuej, lca fc
tgj rjlr fs l solee gypdstyej glee, 0> njjt my =: njjt, glvfch ndur
pfeelrs. Mjgfca tgfs fs l edch clrrdw `glomjr dut dn wgf`g lrj
tgrjj lplrtojcts, tgj `jctrj lca elrhjst dcj mjfch tgj slc`tulry, wftg lc letlr lca ndur sjltja nfhurjs dn tgj ajftfjs wdrsgfppja. Qgj Qjopej dn Fsfs, Fselca dn Rgfesj, fs lc fctjrjstfch
jxlopej dn tgj Rtdejolf` pjrfda, lca, efkj jlrefjr jxlopejs, wls
tgj wdrk dn sjvjrle hjcjrltfdcs. Qgj ndrj-`durt, jctjrja tgrduhg l olssfvj pyedc, <:2 njjt mrdla lca >2 njjt gfhg, gls dc tgj wjst
sfaj tgj Mfrtg Gdusj, l solee `dedcclaja tjopej ajaf`ltja td
Gltgdr-Fsfs lca td tgj ojodry dn tgj mfrtg dn gjr sdc Gdrus, lca dc tgj jlst l `dedcclaja mufeafch usja my tgj prfjsts. Dc tgj ndurtg sfaj dn tgj `durt fs tgj sj`dca pyedc, wgf`g fs <2: njjt
mrdla lca 12 njjt gfhg. Mjydca fs tgj tjopej prdpjr, `dcsfstfch dn `durts, l gypdstyej glee wftg jfhgt `deuocs, twd solee vjstf-
muejs, l slc`tulry, lca dtgjr laidfcfch `glomjrs, lee cjlrey fc
tdtle alrkcjss. Qgfs hrdup, fcèuafch tgj sj`dca pyedc, gls fts
lxfs lt lc lchej td tglt dn tgj nfrst pyedc lca `durtylra. Qgj jctfrj stru`turj gls tgj wlees, mdtg fcsfaj lca dut, `dvjrja wftg
fcs`rfptfdcs.
Qgj Qjopej dn Gltgdr, Ajcajrl (L.A. nfrst `jctury), fs
lcdtgjr Rtdejolf` jxlopej, mut wls cdt `dopejtja tfee tgj rjfhc dn Luhustus. Ft gls cd pyedcs, ndrj-`durt, dr jcèdsfch dutjr
wlees, mut gls l hrjlt vjstfmuej wftg twjcty-ndur `deuocs, sfx dn
wgf`g ndro tgj nl6laj, glvfch edw s`rjjc wlees mjtwjjc tgjo dc jftgjr sfaj dn tgj `jctrle jctrlc`j. Mjgfca tgfs fs tgj gypdstyej
glee, glvfch sfx `deuocs wftg jelmdrltj Gltgdr-gjlaja `lpftles.
Dc jl`g sfaj dn tgfs glee lca mjydca lrj `glomjrs, usja ls
elvltdry, trjlsury, stdrj-rddos ; lca mjgfca lrj twd lctj-`glomjrs
wftg l slc`tulry mjydca. Ptlfr`lsjs dc jftgjr sfaj ejla td tgj
rddn dn tgj tjopej.
Aurfch tgj Hrlj`d-]dolc pjrfda olcy tjopejs wjrj jrj`tja,
dn wgf`g tgj Qjopej dn Jandu, `doojc`ja my Rtdejoy FFF.
(M.@. =08), fs tgj mjst prjsjrvja jxlopej. L olssfvj pyedc,
nl`ja wftg rjefjns lca fcs`rfptfdcs, hlvj l``jss td l hrjlt `durt,
surrducaja my l `dedcclaj. Qgj ml`k dn tgfs `durt wls ndroja
my tgj nrdct dn tgj hrjlt gypdstyej glee, tgj pdrtle dn wgf`g
wls tgj `jctrj fctjr`deuocfltfdc dn l rdw dn sfx `deuocs, tgj
clrrdwjr spl`js mjtwjjc tgj sfaj `deuocs glvfch edw s`rjjc wlees
(Cd. 7). Qwjevj elrhjr `deuocs wftg jelmdrltj `lpftles suppdrt
p f-G
JHVRQFLC L]@GFQJ@QZ]J. =8
tgj rddn dvjr tgfs glee, mjydca wgf`g wls l soleejr gypdstyej glee, tgj rddn dn wgf`g wls `lrrfja my twjevj `deuocs, glvfch rf`g nedrle `lpftles, jomjeefsgja my sd-`leeja gjlas dn Gltgdr.
Mjgfca tgfs wjrj vjstfmuejs,
lrj odcuojctle pfeelrs, drfhfcleey jopedyja fc plfrs mjndrj tgj
prfc`fple jctrlc`js dn tjopejs. Qgjy lrj odcdeftgs, f.j., sfchej
uprfhgt stdcjs, squlrj dc pelc wftg sefhgtey rducaja nl`js, lca
tlpjrfch sfajs, wftg l pyrlofale suooft. Qgj gjfhgt fs usuleey lmdut cfcj td tjc tfojs ls hrjlt ls tgj aflojtjr, lca tgj ndur
nl`js wjrj ùt wftg gfjrdheypgf`s. Qgj `lppfch wls dn ojtle,
ndr tgj hrddvj fctd wgf`g ft wls nfttja fs fc sdoj `lsjs stfee
vfsfmej. Qgj qulrryfch lca trlcspdrt dn su`g l olss dn stdcj
wftgdut tgj pdwjr dn l stjlo-jchfcj wls lc jchfcjjrfch njlt dn
`dcsfajrlmej skfee.
Olcy dmjefsks wjrj rjodvja nrdo Jhypt my tgj ]dolc
jopjrdrs, lca lt ejlst twjevj lrj fc ]doj ftsjen. Qglt fc tgj
`jctrj dn tgj Rflzzl dn P. Idgc Eltjrlc fs tgj elrhjst fc jxfstjc`j.
Ft fs dn rja hrlcftj nrdo Pyjcj, lca fs <21 njjt gfhg, dr wftg
tgj pjajstle <:0 njjt, 6 njjt squlrj lt tgj mlsj, > njjt = fc`gjs
lt tgj tdp, lca letdhjtgjr wjfhgs lmdut >22 tdcs.
@ejdpltrl's Cjjaej dc tgj Qglojs Jomlckojct, lcdtgjr
jxlopej, mrduhgt td Edcadc nrdo Lejxlcarfl, letgduhg drfhfcleey jrj`tja lt Gjefdpdefs (M.@. <:22), fs >7 njjt > fc`gjs gfhg, 7 njjt
squlrj lt tgj mlsj, lca wjfhgs <72 tdcs.
AXJEEFCHP.
Lee tgjsj glvj afslppjlrja, mjfch dcey mufet dn wdda dr dn
suc-arfja mrf`ks. Gdusjs lrj sgdwc dc plfctfchs lca sùepturjs wgf`g glvj `doj adwc td us, nrdo wgf`g tgjy lppjlr td glvj
gla dcj, twd, dr tgrjj stdrfjs.
Fc tgj lmsjc`j dn lcy lutgjctf` rjolfcs, lc feeustrltfdc dn tgj
Jhyptflc Gdusj fs hfvjc (Cd. 6), `dcij`turleey rjstdrja, lca
jrj`tja lt tgj Rlrfs Jxgfmftfdc, <776, my O. @glrejs Hlofjr.
Qgj ajsfhc wls nducaja dc lc lc`fjct plfctfch, lca gla l hlrajc fc nrdct, elfa dut fc l ndrole styej, wftg nfsg-pdcas. Qgj gdusj wls afvfaja my l `drrfadr fc tgj `jctrj, hfvfch l``jss td tgj
rddos. Qgj stlfr`lsj lt tgj ml`k eja td l vjrlcalg, lca lesd td
l nelt rddn, jxtjcafch dvjr tgj wgdej ejchtg dn tgj stru`turj.
Qgj wgdej mufeafch wls trjltja wftg `dedr, tgj uppjr plrt dn
tgj gdusj mjfch plfctja l mrfhgt yjeedw, lca tgj edch jxtjrcle
wddajc `deuocs meuj.
1. @DORL]LQF^J.
wftg Hrjjk jxlopejs (plhjs <:
lca ls lerjlay cdtf`ja
tgjy wjrj jspj`fleey pelccja ndr fctjrcle jnnj`t. Qgj gypdstyej
glee sjjofchey ucefoftja fc sfzj, `rdwaja wftg pfeelrs, lca
oystjrfdusey feeuofcltja nrdo lmdvj, rjlefzja tgj hrlcajst `dc-
`jptfdcs dn Jhyptflc pelccfch (Cd. :). Jxtjrcleey tgj olssfvj
pyedcs drclojctja wftg fc`fsja aj`drltfdcs ndroja tgj `gfjn
nl`laj, l `

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