History of aerosol measurements from space - where do we go from here?

Yoram Kaufman

Dust, smoke, sea salt or pollution particles suspended in the air

- Why aerosols? - climate, air quality

- From hand held camera on Vostok 6 in 1963 to multi-spectral, polarization and lidars

- Exponential rate of publications

-20 year record on some satellites

- GSFC contribution: AVHRR, TOMS, MODIS, GLASS… Glory….

- Maturity: Review papers in Science and Nature

- inclusion in air quality and climate models

Coo

lin

g W

arm

ing

2.6±0.3 W/m2

1.8±1 W/m2

Hansen & Sato, 2001

Greenhouse gases lifetime10-100 years

Aerosol lifetime - 1 week

Why aerosol ? - climate:

The stronger the aerosol effect is today the stronger the greenhouse effect will emerge in the future (Andreae, Nature2005)

Operational use of satellites to

monitoring air pollution

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5

Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3)

Sept 9 Sept 10

Sept 11 Sept 12

No EPA sitesMODIS fills in

“The aerosol roadmap”0.1

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

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Publication per year on "Aerosol AND satellite"

Year

1967: Sekera: aerosol from satellites polarization meas. 1967: ATS III

1972: ATS III dust transport

1976: dust-gr/m2 - Landsat

1972: Landsat,

1980s: Burst in aerosol research: transport, effect on climate; stratospheric aerosol, aerosol over land

1999: MODIS, MISR2002: GLI

1990s: Satellites designed for aerosol research: POLDER, ATSR, MODIS, MISR

2000s: aerosol climatology, aerosol-cloud interaction, effect on the hydrological cycle, 20yr record

1996-2004: POLDER

1991: ATSR

1984: Earth Radiation budget satellites

1975: GOES-VISSR

1978-1981: AVHRR, TOMS SAGE,

1965: stratospheric aerosol profiles from Vostok 6 -

Rosenberg and Tereshkova

2003: GLAS

1963: Vostok 6

Quick history of aerosol research 2004: OMI

Stratospheric aerosol

MCCORMICK MP, HAMILL P, PEPIN TJ, et al. SATELLITE STUDIES OF THE STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL BULL AMER MET SOC 1979 Cited: 158

RUSSELL PB, SWISSLER TJ, MCCORMICK MP, et al. SATELLITE AND CORRELATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL .1. AN OPTICAL-MODEL FOR DATA CONVERSIONS J ATMOSPH SCI 1981 Cited: 69

RUSSELL PB, MCCORMICK MP, SWISSLER TJ, et al. SATELLITE AND CORRELATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL .2. COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS MADE BY SAM-II, DUSTSONDES AND AN AIRBORNE LIDAR

  J ATMOSPH SCI 1981 Cited: 62

Tropospheric aerosol

FRASER RS, KAUFMAN YJ, MAHONEY RL SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL MASS AND TRANSPORT ATMOS ENVIRON 1984 Cited: 71

KAUFMAN YJ SATELLITE SENSING OF AEROSOL ABSORPTION  JGR 1987 Cited: 43

NORTON CC, MOSHER FR, HINTON B, et al. A MODEL FOR CALCULATING DESERT AEROSOL TURBIDITY OVER THE OCEANS FROM GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE DATA J APPL METEOR 1980 Cited: 43

Burst in aerosol research: transport, effect on climate; stratospheric aerosol, aerosol over land: most cited:

BAMS 1979, Cited: 158

Cited: 181

1990s: Stratospheric aerosol, AVHRR, TOMS, SeaWifs and preparation for POLDER, MODIS and MISR (most cited)

Herman JR, Bhartia PK, Torres O, et al. Global distribution of UV-absorbing aerosols from Nimbus 7/TOMS data  JGR 1997 (314)

Husar RB, Prospero JM, Stowe LL Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product  JGR 1997 (286)

DESCHAMPS PY, BREON FM, LEROY M, et al. THE POLDER MISSION - INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES  IEEE TGRS 1994 (244)

MCCORMICK MP, VEIGA RE SAGE-II MEASUREMENTS OF EARLY PINATUBO AEROSOLS  GRL, 1992 (238)

GORDON HR, WANG MH RETRIEVAL OF WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE AND AEROSOL OPTICAL-THICKNESS OVER THE OCEANS WITH SEAWIFS - A PRELIMINARY ALGORITHM  APPL OPT, 1994 (195)

KING MD, KAUFMAN YJ, MENZEL WP, et al.REMOTE-SENSING OF CLOUD, AEROSOL, AND WATER-VAPOR PROPERTIES FROM MODIS  IEEE TGRS 1992 (194)

Tanre D, Kaufman YJ, Herman M, et al .Remote sensing of aerosol properties over oceans using the MODIS/EOS spectral radiances  JGR 1997 (157)

Field experiments including surface aircraft and satellite: Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Lelieveld J, et al. Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze  JGR 2001 (180)

Reviews Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Kiehl JT, et al. Atmosphere - Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle SCIENCE 2001 (194)

Kaufman YJ, Tanre D, Boucher O A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system  NATURE 2002 (145)

Results in impact journals Satheesh SK, Ramanathan V Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface  NATURE 2000 (127)

Use to develop aerosol transport models Ginoux P, Chin M, Tegen I, et al. Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model  JGR 2001 (115)

Long term climatology Torres O, Bhartia PK, Herman JR, et al. A long-term record of aerosol optical depth from TOMS observations and comparison to AERONET measurements  J ATMOS SCIE 59: 2002 (81)

Prospero JM, Ginoux P, Torres O, et al. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the TOMS absorbing aerosol product  REVIEWS OF GEOPH 2002 (73)

Reviews, inclusion in field experiments, transport models and start of long term climatology

Long-term record on aerosol optical depth from TOMS observations

India

Massie et al., JGR, 2004

AO

T

(Torres et al, JAS, 2002)

JQSRT 2004

Holben BN, Eck TF, Slutsker I, et al. AERONET - A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization  REM SENS ENVIRON, 1998 Cited: 486

Dubovik O, Holben B, Eck TF, et al. Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations  J ATMOS SCIE 2002 Cited: 200

AERONET - a grounded satellite

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Banizoumbou, Niger)

2001-2004MISR

Girolamo et al GRL 2005

Polder 1996

Kaufman, Tanré, Boucher, Nature 2002Population <--> pollution

MODIS 2001 MODIS 2003MODIS 2002

ÅngströmAOTATSR 1999

C. Robles Gonzales2005

http://g0dup05u.ecs.nasa.gov/Giovanni/

145

230±80 tg of dust left Africa. - 120±40 tg deposited in the Atlantic- 40±15 tg reach the Amazon Basin - 70±25 tg arrive to the Caribbean. - 30±10 tg return to Africa and Europe

Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-MODIS space observations, Kaufman, et al., J. Geophys. Res 2005

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MODIS AOTMODIS AOT-anthGOCART AOTGOCART AOT-anthLMDZ AOT

LMDZ AOT-anth

SPRINTAS-AOTSPRINTAS-AOT-anth

month since 2001

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aerosoloptical thickness

anthropogenicoptical thickness MODIS 0.033

GOCART 0.030LMDZ 0.032SPRINTAS 0.036

Satellite derivation of the anthropogenic component

Kaufman, Boucher, Tanre, Chin, Remer & Takemura, GRL, 2005

Koren, et al., Biomass Burning Aerosol Inhibition of Cloud Formation over the Amazon Science, 2004.

Science 1987

(89)

(30)Amazon

Aerosol effect on cloud cover, covered by Science, from AVHRR (1987) to MODIS (2004)

0 1 10 100 1000

1960

1970

1980

1990

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Publication per year on "Aerosol AND satellite"

Year

WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

First measurements

First applications

Extensive use of satellites not designed for trop. aerosol

Launch and design of aerosol sensors

2010 Multi-satellite analysis <--> transport and climate models

Lidars, wide spectral polarimeters

Aerosols Clouds

Surface

Radiation

Chemistry

HydrologyClimate change

Long term data series

precipitation