HISTORY OF AEROPLANE

ORNITHOPTER

҉� Thinking of human flight imagination was created on the wings flapped by birds

҉�This concept was done by flapping up and down by various mechanism by human arm or legs

҉�LEONARDO DA VINCI possessed the idea of ornithopters

҉�This concept was failure due to poor knowledge of aerodynamics stability and control

HOT AIR BALLOONS

҉�The balloon was inflated and hot air from an open fire burning in an ‘large wicker basket ‘ for lifting purpose

҉�MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS, JOSEPH & ETIENNE designed the first hot air balloon

҉�It was the first to lift the human beings from ground level

҉�Based on this concept J.A.C.CHARLES built and fly an hydrogen filled an air balloon

MULTI PLANES

• CAYLEY’S TRIPLANE � Model airplane is designed by the concept of Sir

GEORGE CAYLEY ҉�He is the grand parent of the concept of model aircraft҉�His tri plane enlighted as “ON AERIAL NAVIGATION” in

Nicholson’s journal of national philosophy & his another paper on mechanics magazine enlighted

҉�These are the important contribution of theoretical and applied thermodynamics

MAJOR CONTRIBUTION OF SIR CAYLEY

҉�Separate mechanism for propulsion ҉�The use of flappers for propulsion҉� A version towards propeller and rotary

machinery of any kind҉�Combined horizontal and vertical tail for

stability of air plane҉�Tests where conducted to measure

aerodynamic force and center of pressure on a lifting surface

FEATURES

҉�A main wing at an angle for lift and lateral stability

҉�An adjustment in tail for longitudinal and directional stability

҉�Pilot operate elevator and rudder҉�Cayley is the first to identify the aerodynamic

forces and velocity resolve them into lift and thrust forces

҉�Fixed wing for generating lift

JOHN STRING FELLOW’S TRIPLANE

҉�In first aeronautical exhibition organized by Royal aeronautical society of Great Britain

a beautiful triplane model submitted by stringfellow weighted with of boiler 6kg

҉�The model ran along with wire stretched with the ground

҉�This was the first experiment of a steam engine

҉�H.P=0.75kw

LANGLEY’S AEODROMES҉�Samuel porpoint & secratory of Smithsonian

institute designed many types of aerodromes҉�It can fly up to 3300 feet ҉�It has stem engine which contains two propeller҉�The two propeller rotate in opposite direction

one in clock wise and other in anticlockwise҉�If two propeller rotate in same direction then

torque &damped vibration are produced҉�Langley produced first gasoline engine with her

assistants Charles mangley of 52.4H.P

WRIGHT BROTHER’S PLANE҉�Wright brothers are first invented the ailerons used to increase the flow of flight

and also designed a 6 feet wind tunnel҉�They invented more than 200 designs҉�Wright Brothers tested all the invented flight by the help of 6 feet wind tunnel҉�Types of wind tunnel 1.Sub sonic ; m=1 2.super sonic ; m>1 3.hyper sonic ;m>25҉�m is called as MAC NUMBER҉�They invented 5 feet glider then 14 ,, ,, then 22 ,, ,, then 32 ,, ,, with vertical rudder҉�Their first successful model is Flyer -1

FLYER -1

҉�32 feet glider then called as flyer-1 ҉�The wing size is increased to 40 feet and

they placed two rudder behind the aircraft҉�At first flyer-1 propeller’s one side is

connected to one engine and leaving the other end leaving free it create damped vibration

҉�It is the first failure

FLYER-2

҉�This aircraft has a smaller wing camber and a more powerful and efficient engine

҉�In outward it look like as an flyer-1

FLYER-3

҉� The wing area was slightly smaller than flyer-2

҉�The aerofoil looks like as an flyer-2҉�The biplane elevator was made larger and

was placed further in front of wing ҉�The double rudder was placed further

behind the wings

WORLD WAR -1 PLANES҉�Design = Biplane҉�Constructed by wood , fabric , steel plane ,

fittings҉�Ailerons = lateral control҉�Propeller is run by piston engine҉�Empennage at tail҉�single pilot with cockpit in fuselage҉�instrument - airspeed , altimeter , engine RPM ,

magnetic compassWeight = 600 – 1200kg Engine RPM = 100 – 300RPM

Top speed = 200 – 250 km/hr Range = 200km

Altitude = 7000m Ascent rate =7km in 1 hour

SUMMARYNAME OF SCIENTIST &AIRCRAFT

YEAR

ACHIVEMENTS

LEONARDO DA VINCI “ORNITHOPTER”

1489-1490 INTRODUCED’FLAPPING OF WINGS UP AND DOWN’

MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS “BALLOON”

1783 “LIFTING POWER OF HOT AIR “

SIR GEORGE CAYLEY”GRAND PARENT OF MODERN AEROPLANE”

1804 WHIRILING ARM APPARATUS MEASURED AERODYNAMIC AND CENTER OF PRESSURE ON LIFTING SURFACE

FRANCIS WENHAM 1849-1871 FIRST WIND TUNNEL IN THE WORLD TO CALCULATE

WILLIAM SAMUEL HENSON 1843 DESIGNED “FIXED WING MONOPLANE”POWERED BY STEAM ENGINE

FELIX DU TEMPLE 1857-1858 INTRODUCED MONOPLANE”SWEPT FORWARD WING”

LILIENTHAL 1894 PARENT OF MODERN AEROPLANE

NAME OF SCIENTIST &AIRCRAFT

YEAR

ACHIVEMENTS

LANGLEY “AERODROME” 1896 INVENT GASOLINE POWER FOR ENGINE

WRIGHT BROTHERS 1871 – 1948 WING WARPING TO CONTROL AIRPLANE IN LATERAL MOTION

SEP 1900 HORIZONTAL ELEVATOR FOR LONGITUDINAL MOTION

WRIGHT BROTHERS 1901 USED HORIZONTAL ELEVATOR IN FRONT OF WING

1901 – 1902 BUILT “WIND TUNNEL FOR LIFT , DRAG “

BIPLANE GLIDER NO 3 GLIDER

1902 RUDDER , LINKED WING

WRIGHT FLYER – 1 17 DEC 1903 DOUBLE RUDDER & ELEVATOR , TWO PROPELLER

NAME OF SCIENTIST &AIRCRAFT YEAR

ACHIVEMENTS

OCTAVE GHANUTEA 1896 TRUSS METHOD OF STRUCTURAL RIGGINGWHICH WAS SIMILAR TO WRIGHT BROTHERS

GERMAN MESSERSCH MITT ME 262

1939 TURBOJET ENGINED AIRCRAFT DECELOPED BY VON OHAIN GERMANY

BRITISH GLOSTER METEOR FJGHTERS

1941 TURBOJET ENGINE DEVELOPED BY SIR FRANK WHITTLE OF UK

USA F 86 E SABRE SOVIET MIG 15

1950 TRANSONIC FIGHTERS

US F 16/D SOVIET M21B 1984 MACH 2+MACH 2 DELTA WING PLANFORMS

INSTRUMENTS

BOURDON TUBE - To measure pressureDIAPHRAGAM - To measure pressureBELLOWS - To measure pressurePITOT STATIC TUBE - To identify air speedALTIMETER - To identify the height of aircraft from groundMACHMETER - To measure the air speed sound