(history) - neon classes

C L A S S E S

ª Previous Year Questions

ª SSC, Railway

ª Bank PO, I.B. & All Govt. Exams

(History)

Indus Valley Civilization

ª CDS, NDA, IAS Pre

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• Introduction:

A vast civilization is the North-West of India was archaeologically

discovered in 1921-22, what is now referred to as the Indus Valley

Civilization or the Harappan Civilization.

Many other cities too came to be dug out gradually, by other

excavators, namely Ropar (Chandigarh), Lothal (Ahmedabad),

Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Kot Diji and Chanhudaro (Sindh), Dholavira

(Kutch, Gujarat), Banawali (Hisar, Haryana) and Sutkagen-Dor (Makran

coast, Pakistan) etc.

Phases of Indus Valley Civilization: The three main phases of the Indus Valley Civilization are:

Early Harappan (Integration era) (3300 BC to 2800 BC)

Mature Harappan (Localization era) (2600 BC)

Late Harappan Phase (Regionalization era) (1800 BC-1700 BC)

The Harappan Civilization was one of the four earliest civilizations

of the world, along with the civilizations of Mesopotamia

(between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates), Egyptian Civilization

on river Nile and the Shang Civilization on river Hwang Ho. The

Harappan Civilization was known as a Bronze age civilization.

The urban culture of the Bronze Age found in Harappa in Pakistani

Punjab was a path-breaking discovery.

In 1853, A. Cunningham, the British engineer who became a great

excavator and explorer, noticed a Harappan seal.

Though the seal showed a bull and six written letters, he did not

realize its significance.

Much later, in 1921, the potentiality of the site of Harappa was

appreciated when an Indian archeologist, Daya Ram Sahni, stated

excavating it.

At about the same time, R.D. Banerjee, a historian, excavated the

site of Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh.

Both discovered pottery and other antiquities indicative of a

developed civilization.

• Town Planning and Structures:

The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town

planning.

Both Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had a citadel or acropolis, and this

was possibly occupied by members of the ruling class.

Below the citadel in each city lay a lower town with brick houses,

that were inhabited by the common people.

• Great Bath

Harappan Culture Bronze Age Civilization in the Indus Valley

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The most important public place of Mohenjo-Daro seems to have

been the great bath, comprising the tank which is situated in the

citadel mound, and is a fine example of beautiful brickwork.

It measures 11.88 x 7.01 m and 2.43 m deep.

Flights of steps at either end lead to the surface, and there are side

rooms for changing clothes.

The floor of the bath was made of burnt bricks.

The large tank found in Dholavira may be compared to the great bath.

In Mohenjo-Daro, the largest building is a granary, 45.71 m long

and 15.23 m wide.

• Granery

A series of brick platforms formed the basis for two rows of six

granaries in Harappa.

In the southern part of Kalibangan too, there are brick platforms,

which may have been used for granaries.

The use of burnt bricks in the Harappan cities is remarkable

because in the contemporary buildings of Egypt dried bricks were

primarily used.

The drainage system of Mohenjo-Daro was very impressive. In

almost all the cities, every house, large or small, had its own

courtyard and bathroom.

In Kalibangan many houses had their own wells.

Water flowed from the house to the streets which had drains.

Sometimes these drains were covered with bricks and sometimes

with stone slabs.

The Indus people produced wheat, barley, rai, peas and the like.

Two types of wheat and barley were grown.

A substantial quantity of barley was discovered at Banawali.

In addition, sesamum and mustard were grown.

The people of Lothal grew rice, the remains of which have been

found.

Food grains were stored in huge granaries in both Mohenjo-Daro

and Harappa , and possibly in Kalibangan.

The Indus people were the earliest people to produce cotton, and

because of this, the Greeks called the area Sindon which is derived

from Sindh.

• Domestication of Animals: The Harappans practised agriculture, animals were raised on a

large scale.

Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep and the pigs were domesticated.

Humped bulls were favoured by the Harappans.

There is evidence of dogs and cats from the outset, and asses and

camels were bred and were obviously used as beats of burden, and

the latter may also have been used for ploughing.

The remains of a horse are reported from Surkotada, situated in west

Gujarat, and relate to around 2000 BC but the identity is doubtful.

Elephants were well known to the Harappans, who were also

acquainted with the rhinoceros.

The contemporary Sumerian cities in Mesopotamia produced

virtually the same food grains and domesticated the same animals

as did the Harappans, but the Harappans in Gujarat produced rice

and domesticated elephants which was not the case with the

Mesopotamians.

• Technology and Crafts:

The rise of towns in the Indus zone was based on agricultural

surplus, the making of bronze tools, various other crafts, and

widespread trade and commerce.

This is known as the first urbanization in India, and the Harappan

urban culture belongs to the Bronze Age.

The bronze tools and weapons recovered from the Harappan sites

contain a smaller percentage of tin.

A piece of woven cotton has been recovered from Mohenjo-Daro, and

textile impressions have been found on several objects.

Spindle whorls were used for spinning. Weavers wove cloth of

wool and cotton.

The Harappans also pratised boat-making. As will be shown later,

seal-making and terracotta manufacturing were also important

crafts.

The goldsmiths made jewelleries of silver, gold and precious

stones.

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• Trade and Commerce: The importance of trade in the life of the Indus people is supported

not only by granaries found at Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal

but also by finds of numerous seals, a uniform script, and

regulated weights and measures covering a wide area.

They did not use metal money, and in all probability carried

exchanges through a barter system.

They were aware of the use of the wheel, and carts with solid

wheels were in use in Harappa.

The Harappans had commercial links with Rajasthan, and also

with Afghanistan and Iran.

Many Harappan seals have been discovered in Mesopotamia, and

it appears that the Harappans imitated some cosmetics used by

the urban people of Mesopotamia.

The Mesopotamian records from about 2350 BC onwards refer to

trade relations with Meluha, which was the ancient name given to

the Indus region.

Dilmun is probably identifiable with Bahrain on the Persian Gulf.

Thousands of graves await excavation in that port city.

• Social Organization: Excavations indicate a hierarchy in urban habitation.

The citadel or the first locality was where the ruling class lived and the

lowest tower was where the common people dwelt.

• The middle settlement may have been meant for bureaucrats

and middle-class merchants.

• The city of Harappa had two-roomed houses, probably meant for

artisans and labourers.

• Polity: In the Harappan culture, the citadel may have been the seat of

sovereign power, the middle town may have been the area where

the bureaucrats lived or the seat of governments, and the great

granary at Mohenjo-Daro may have been the treasury.

• It appears that taxes were collected in grain.

• Also, the entire Harappan area was a well-populated territory.

• Fortification was a feature of several cities.

Dholavira, in particular, had forts within forts.

We have no clear idea of an organized force or standing army, but

a heap of sling stones and the depiction of a soldier on a potshered

at Surkotada may suggest a standing army.

In any case, the state was well established in the mature Harappan phase.

Harappa was possibly ruled by a class of merchants.

However, the Harappans did not have many weapons which might

mean the lack of an effective warrior class.

• The Harappan Script: There are nearly 4000 specimens of Harappan writing on stone seals

and other objects. Unlike the Egyptians and Mesopotamians, the

Harappans did not write long inscriptions.

Most inscriptions were recorded on seals and contain only a few

words.

We have about 250 to 400 pictographs, and in the form of a picture

each letter stands for some sound, idea, or object.

The Harappan script is not alphabetical but largely pictographic.

• Weights and Measures: The urban people of the Indus region also needed and used

weights and measures for trade and other transactions.

Numerous articles used as weights have been found.

They show that in weighing, largely 16 or its multiples of 16 has

continued in India up 320, and 640.

• Harappan Pottery: Numerous pots have been found painted with a variety of designs.

Harappan pots were generally decorated with the designs of trees

and circles, and images of men also figure on some pottery

fragments.

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• Seals and Sealings: The greatest artistic creations of the Harappan culture are seals.

Seals were made of steatite or faience and served as symbols of

authority. They were hence used for stamping.

Seals were also used as amulets.

• Images: The Harappan artisans made beautiful images of metal.

A woman dancer made of bronze is the best specimen, and she,

apart from wearing a necklace, is naked.

A few pieces of Harappan stone sculpture have been found.

One steatite statue wears an ornamented robe passing over the

left shoulder under the right arm like a shawl, and the short locks

at the back of the head are held in place by a woven fillet.

• Terracotta Figurines There are many figurine made of fire-baked earthen clay,

commonly called terracotta.

The contrast between the two sets indicates the gap between the

classes that utilized them, the first being used by members of the

upper classes and the second by the common people.

• Stone Work:

Stone slabs is used in three types of burials in Dholavira, and in

one of these, above the grave there is a circle of stones resembling

a Megalithic stone circle.

Important Facts • The social system of harappan was fairly egalitarian

(equality and equal rights).

• Harappa is an important site of Indus Valley Civilization

situated at the present day Sahiwal district of Punjab,

Pakistan.

• Temple has not been found in the excavation of Harrapan

sites ?

• Chanhudaro was the only Indus city without a citadel.

The first metal used by man was copper.

• The harappan were the first to produce and spin cotton.

Yorns of spin cotton were excavated at Mohenjodaro.

• The great bath of Indus Valley Civilization is found at

Mohenjodaro.

• The back bone of Indus economy was based on Agriculture

and agricultural surplus.

• The Great Granary of Mohenjadaro was the largest building

of the town.

• The Great bath as found at Mohanjodaro.

• Latest Indus city which discovered is Rakhigarhi in

(Haryana) and Dholavira in (Gujarat).

• Copper, bronze, silver, gold were known but not iron.

• Ink-pot has been discovered at Chanhudaro.

• Most of the sites of Harappan civilization is found is state of

Gujarat.

• Two big mounds of Harrapan sites found at Rakhigarhi in

Hisar district of Haryana in January 2014, it has led to

Archaeologists establishing it as the biggest harappan

civilization site.

• At Kalibangan and lothal fire altars have been discovered.

• In this civilization Ist people to grow cotton.

• Cows and lions are absent (according to evidence).

City without citadle found in Chanhudaro.

• Banawali is situated in Hisar district in Haryana it saw two

cultural phase, pre harappan and harappan Kalibangan also

have two cultural pre harappan and harappan.

• The most unique features of the Pholavira site is its division

into three sections, it is the warehousing settlement of

harappan civilization.

• The monuments of the cities symbolized the ability of the

ruling class to mobilize labour and collect taxes.

• In Mohenjo-Daro the largest building is a granary 45.71 m

long and 15.23 m wide.

• In the citadel of harappa found six granaries in two rows.

The later harappan phase is found in Rangpur and Rojdi in

Gujarat.

• In Surkotada (Gujarat) both citadel and the lower town were

fortified with stone wall.

• One figure with a plant is shown growing out of the embryo

of a woman is found in harappa.

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• Agriculture & Domestication

Main Crops → Wheat & Barley

Rice → Husk found in lothal

Ist people to grow → Cotton

• Domestication: Present Absent

Buffalow, Dogs, Cows, Lions

Oxen, Sheep, Goats,

Camel, Asses

Elephants (Harappa), Rinosorous (Amri)

• Town Planning

Grid System

Main roads - (North to South)

Alleys - (East to West)

Underground drainage system

City:- Upper Town - Lower Town

Citadel - Fortified

Burnt Bricks - (4:2:1)

Doors opened towards alleys

• Trade Tin, Precious stone - Iran & Afghanistan

Gold - Karnataka

Copper - Rajasthan, Oman

Trade with foreign countries, name - Dilmun, Island of Bahrain in

the Persian Gulf, Magan (Oman or other South Arabian port) and

Meluhha (now understood to mean India, especially the Indus

region) and Saurashtra referred to as a land of sea-farers.

Craft - Craft Production (Mohenjodaro), Bead making, metal

working, seal making and weight making, shell cutting.

• Technology: Well skilled at mining, construction and metal working.

Manufacturing of Gypsum.

• Weight & Measures: Weights were also made Jasper, Agates and even of grey stone.

They have no marking, they were in multiple of 16. A strict control

was exercised over the maintenance of proper standards of

weight (16, 32, 64)

• Religious Life

• Male God:

Pashupati (Proto Shiv) found in a seal.

Surrounded by animals

Sitting posture of a Yogi, surrounded by a elephant, a tiger, a

rhinoceros, a buffalo and two deers appear at his feet.

This God is depicted as having a three-horned head.

• Female God:

Mother Goddess

Plant growing from woman's embryo.

Numerous terracotta figurines of women have been found.

• Worship of Trees: Pipal Tree

Other objects:

They worshiped animals like Bull, Bufallo & tiger.

Worshipped Sun, Fire & Water.

Faith in magic, charms and sacrifices.

• Political Life Indus valley people called their kings, rajas, the rulers governed

through trade and religion instead of military strength.

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• Social Life

Food: Wheat & Barley

Rice was also probably grown (Lothal)

Utensils - Red ware

People use fruits, vegetables, fish, milk, meat of animals.

Dress: Cotton use

Dress of men & women consisting of two piece of cloth. New

weaving and spinning (spindles founded)

Also new art of stitching (needles & buttons founded many sites).

Women worn a fan shaped head dress covering there hair.

Ornaments:

Both men & women wore ornaments made of Gold, Silver, Copper

& other metal.

Men - Neckless, finger rings & armlends.

Women - Ear rings, Bangles, girdles, bracelets and anklets.

Rich people - Gold

Poor People - Shell, Bone & Copper.

Cosmetics: Use of face paint & collyrium.

Bronze oval mirrors, Ivory combs of various shapes, small

dressing table (Mohenjodaro).

Chanhudaro - Lipstik

• Death

Burial was the usual rite in Mohenjodaro

Three types - 1. Complete burials, 2. Fractional burials, 3. Post

Cremation Burials.

They believe in life after death.

They buried their dead together with household, potary,

ornaments and other articles of daily use.

Public bath - Ritual bathing.

Major Harapan Sites

Harappa

Bhirrana (Haryana) This is latest excavated Harappan site, which as per

Archaeological Survey of India report, located in Fatehabad

district, state of Haryana dating back to 7570-6200 BC.

This is even older than the Mehrgarh site in Pakistan belonging to

a bracket of 6400-7000 BC.

Excavator: Dayaram Sahni (1921)

River: Montgomery district of Punjab on the left bank of the river Ravi

Findings: Rows of six granaries.

Fractional and Coffin burials.

A red sandstone naked male Torso showing traces of Jainism.

Stone lingam and yoni figurines.

Virgin Goddess seal.

Wheat and barley in wooden mortar.

Copper scale, mirror, vanity box, dice.

Nude dancing male and female made of stone

Dancing Nataraja.

Mohenjo-Daro Excavator: RD Banerjee (1922)

River: Larkana district in Sindh on the right bank of Indus

The word Mohenjo-Daro means Mound of the Dead.

Findings: Pashupati seal.

Bronze image of a dancing girl.

Three cylindrical seals.

Steatite image of a bearded man.

Mother Goddess figurines.

Seated male sculpture of the 'Priest King'.

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The Great Granary and the Great Bath.

Seal representing Mother Goddess with a plant growing from her

womb and woman to be sacrificed by a man with a knife.

Other buildings include an oblong multipillared assembly hall and a big

rectangular building, which was served for administrative purpose.

Sutkagen-Dor (Afghanistan) Excavator: Aurel Stein, George Dales (1927)

River: Situated in Baluchistan on Dasht River

The town at Sutkagen-Dor had a citadel surrounded by a stone

wall built for defence.

The site, in all probability, made up for the need of a sea port for

trading purposes.

Findings: Evidence of horse

Amri Excavator: MG Majumdar (1929)

River: Situated in Sindh on the bank of the river Indus

Findings: Evidence of antelope.

Chanhudaro Excavator: M. Gopal Majumdar, Mackey (1931)

River: Situated in Sindh on the bank of the river Indus

Findings: Shops of shell omaments makers, bead makers, metal

workers (metals so, discovered were gold, silver, tin, copper etc.)

Huge number of copper implements.

A small pot probably an inkpot.

Copper or bronze carts with seated driver.

Specialized drills for bead making.

Kalibangan Excavator: A Ghosh (1953-60)

River: Situated in Rajasthan on the left bank of the river Ghaggar

Findings: Seven fire altars.

A ploughed field with two sets of furrows at right angles

suggesting the cultivation of two crops.

Cylindrical seals.

Wheels of toy carts.

Houses with their own wells.

Black bangles.

Two types of burials in a rectangular grave and in a circular grave.

A ship designed on a seal, a terracotta ship

Joint (double) Burials.

Kot Diji Excavator: Fazal Ahmed (1953-54)

River: Situated on the left bank of the river Indus

Findings: Wheel made painted pottery

Artistic toys

Five figurines of Mother Goddess

Rangpur Excavator: Rangnath Rao (1953-54)

River: Situated on the left bank of Mahi river (Gujarat)

Findings: Rice was cultivated.

Ropar Excavator: YD Sharma (1953-54)

River: Situated in Punjab on the bank of the river Sutlej

First site to be excavated after independence.

Findings: Buildings were made stone and soil.

Ropar has yielded a sequence of six cultural periods or phases

with some break from Harappa.

Evidence of burying a dog with a human burial.

A rectangular mud brick chamber.

Surkotada (Gujarat) Excavator: JP Joshi (1954)

River: Situated in Kutch (Bhuj), Gujarat

Findings:

Both citadel and the lower town were fortified with a stone wall.

Provides the first actual remains of horse bones.

Bead making shops.

Lothal (Gujarat): Excavator: Rangnath Rao (1957)

River: Situated in Gujarat on the confluence of the Sabarmati and

Bhargava rivers near the Gulf of Cambay.

The most unique feature of Lothal was its dockyard, the world's

first tidal port, which served as a main sea-port for the Indus

people baked bricks with lime plaster were used in the dockyards

of Lothal.

It is known as the Manchester of Harappan Civilization for its

cotton trade.

Findings:

Only site with an artificial brick dockyard.

The famous Persian Gulf seal.

Terracotta model of Egyptian Mummies.

Sacrificial fire Altar.

A tiled floor bearing intersecting design of circles.

A jar depicting scene from the story 'Cunning fox' Panchtantra.

As a critical fire altar.

Remains of rice husk, the only other site with remains of rice husk

being rangpur (Ahmedabad).

A terracotta figurine of a horse.

Alamgirpur Excavator: Y.D. Sharma (1958)

River: Situated in Meerut on the bank of the Hindon river

Findings:

Impression of a trough on a cloth.

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Rakhigarhi (Haryana) Excavator: Prof. Surajbhan (1963)

River: In Drishdavati (Hisar district, Haryana) on Ghaggar river

Two distinct cultures, i.e. Early Harappan and Mature Harappan

can be seen here.

Findings:

Paved roads, drainage system, terracotta bricks, statue

production.

Couch shells, gold and semi-precious stones have been found.

Banawali Excavator: R.S. Bisht (1973)

River: Situated on the left bank of the river Saraswati

Findings:

Terracotta model of the plough

Good quantity of Barley

Clay figurines of Mother Goddess

Balakot Excavator: RS Bisht (1974-77)

River: Situated on the Arabian sea

Findings:

High rising mounds indicating the existence of settlements.

Beads manufacturing and shales industry.

Dholavira (Gujarat) Excavator: BB Lal (1959), RS Bisht (1990-91)

River: Situated in Gujarat in the Rann of Kutch

The most unique feature of the site is its division into three

sections.

Two of these parts were protected by strong rectangular

fortifications with entrances through gateways.

It is the warehousing settlement of Harappan Civilization.

Findings:

Giant reservoirs.

Dams and Embankments, Unique water management systems.

10-alphabet sign board

Megalithic burials.

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cSy] HkSal] HksM+] cdjh o lqvj ikyrw i'kq FksA

gM+Iik ls ,d Jaxh cSy ds lk{; feysA

vyx&vyx txgksa ls dqRrs] fcfYy;ksa ds lk{; feys gSaA jksiM+ ls ekuo

ds lkFk dqRrs nQukus ds lk{; feysA

x/ks vkSj ÅaVksa dk mi;ksx cks> mBkus ds:i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA budk

ckn esa tqrkbZ ds fy, Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA

?kksM+s ls gM+Iikoklh ifjfpr ugha Fks ysfdu vioknLo:i lqjdksVM+k ls

?kksM+s dh vfLFk;ka feyh gSA

gM+Iikoklh xSaM+s o gkFkh ls HkyhHkkafr ifjfpr FksA

ÅaV dh fLFk;ka dkyhcaxk ls feyh gSA

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eslksiksVkfe;k ds ledkyhu lqesfj;u 'kgjksa us yxHkx ,d gh [kk|kUu

dk mRiknu fd;kA bUgksaus gM+IikbZ yksxksa dh rjg gh tkuojksa dks ikyrw

cuk;kA

xqtjkr ds yksFky ls pkoy ds mRiknu ds lk{; feys] gkFkh dks ikyrw

i'kq cuk;k tks eslksiksVkfe;k ds ekeys esa ugha FkkA

• izkS|ksfxdh vkSj f'kYi &

fla/kq {ks= esa 'kgjksa dk mn; df"k vf/k'ks"k] dkaL; midj.k cukus vU;

f'kYi] O;kikj] okf.kT; ij vk/kkfjr FkkA

izFke ckj uxjksa dk mn; gksus ds dkj.k izFke uxjhdj.k dgk tkrk Fkk

rFkk ;g uxjh; lH;rk dkals ds vf/kd mi;ksx ds dkj.k dkaL; ;qxhu

lH;rk dgykrh gSA

rkack o fVu dks feykdj dkalk cuk;k tkrk FkkA gM+IikbZ LFkyksa ls izkIr

fd;s x;s midj.kksa esa rkack o fVu dk lfEeJ.k ik;k tkrk FkkA

eksgutksnM+ks ls cquk gqvk dikl dk VqdM+k izkIr gqvk gS tks oL= fuekZ.k

dh dyk dks n'kkZrk gSA

pj[kh dk mi;ksx drkbZ ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA cqudj Åu vkSj dikl

dk diM+k cqurs FksA lwrh o Åuh nksuksa gh diM+ksa ds lk{; feys gSaA

gM+Iikoklh uko] tgkt Hkh cukrs FksA lsy[kM+h] lhi o VsjhdksVk ls crZuksa

o lhyksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA

lksus] pkanh] euds o dherh iRFkjksa dk mi;ksx dj xgus Hkh cuk;s tkrs FksA /kuoku

yksx lksus&pkanh ds rFkk xjhc yksx lhi o lsy[kM+h ds tsoj igurs FksA

• O;kikj o okf.kT; &

fla/kq ?kkVh ds yksxksa dk O;kikj&okf.kT; df"k vf/k'ks"k ij vk/kkfjr FkkA

eksgutksnM+ks o gM+Iik ds vUukxjksa esa laxzfgr vukt gh O;kikj o lef)

dk vk/kkj FkkA

blds vfrfjDr eqgjsa] ,d leku eki rkSy] ekiu i)fr] fyfi Hkh O;kikj

dh lef) dks n'kkZrh gSA

oks ifg, ds mi;ksx ls ifjfpr Fks rFkk gM+Iik ls csyxkM+h o Bksl

ifV~V;ksa okyh xkfM+;ksa ds lk{; feys gSaA

gM+Iik ds jktLFkku] vQxkfuLrku o bZjku ds lkFk vPNs O;kikfjd

lEcU/k FksA

gM+Iik lH;rk ds eslksiksVkfe;k] esyqgk] ekdu] fnYequ] cgjhu ls Hkh

O;kikfjd lEcU/kksa ds lk{; feys gSaA

eslksiksVkfe;k esa dbZa gM+Iik eqgjksa dh [kkst xbZ gSA ,sls lk{; feys gSa

fd gM+Iikokfl;ksa us eslksiksVkfe;k ds 'kgjh yksxksa }kjk lkSUn;Z izlk/kuksa

ds mi;ksx dh dyk lh[khA

yxHkx 2350 bZlk iwoZ ls eslksiksVkfe;k ds lkjxkSu 'kkld ds vfHkys[k

esa esyqgk ds lkFk O;kikj lEcU/kksa ds lk{; feysA

• lkekftd laLFkk &

'kgjh vkokl ds oa'kkuqxr gksus ds lk{; feys gSaA

if'peh Vhyk ;k nqxZ esa 'kkld ;k iqjksfgr oxZ jgrk Fkk rFkk iwohZ Vhys

esa lk/kkj.kr;k vke yksx fuokl djrs FksA

nqxZ ;k x<+h dh fdyscanh dh tkrh FkhA

/kkSykohjk og LFky gs tgka ls x<+h ¼nqxZ½ o iwohZ Vhys ds vfrfjDr ,d

e/;e fgLlk ;k e/; Vhys ds Hkh vo'ks"k feys gSaA

;g e/;e cLrh ukSdj'kkgh vkSj e/;e oxZ ds O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, gks

ldrh gSA

gM+Iik 'kgj esa nks dejksa okys ?kjksa ds lk{; feys gSa tks 'kk;n dkjhxjksa

;k etnwjksa ds fy, FksA

• jktuhfrd O;oLFkk &

gM+Iik lH;rk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds Li"Vr% lk{; ugha feys gSaA

if'peh Vhys ;k nqxZ laHkor% mPp ;k vfHktu oxZ ds yksx ;k iqjksfgr

fuokl djrs Fks] iwohZ Vhys esa lk/kkj.k yksx jgrs FksA

[ktkus ds:i esa eksgutksnM+ks ls o`gn~ vUukxkj ds lk{; feysA

,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd djksa dks vukt ds:i esa ,df=r fd;k tkrk FkkA

gM+Iik dk {ks= ,d lqO;ofLFkr vkcknh okyk {ks= FkkA

if'peh Vhys dh fdyscanh dh tkrh Fkh] dgha&dgha iwohZ Vhyksa esa Hkh

fdyscanh ds lk{; feys gSaA

pUgwnM+ks esa flVsMy ugha Fkk rFkk fdyscanh Hkh ugha gksrh FkhA

gM+Iik lH;rk ,d 'kkfUrfiz; lH;rk FkhA fdlh Hkh rjg ds gfFk;kjksa ds

lk{; ugha feys gSaA fdlh Hkh rjg ds ;q) ds vo'ks"k Hkh ugha feysA

ifjiDo gM+Iik dky esa lH;rk rFkk jkT; iw.kZr% fodflr FksA

laHkor% gM+Iik O;kikfj;ksa ds ,d oxZ }kjk 'kkflr FkkA

• gM+Iik fyfi &

gM+Iik dh fyfi Hkkofp=kRed FkhA ;g igys nk,a ls ck,a fy[kh tkrh

Fkh] fQj ck;sa ls nk;sa fy[kh tkrh gSA

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bl fyfi dks czwLVksQsMfud Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

iRFkj dh eqgjksa vkSj vU; oLrqvksa ij gM+Iik ys[ku ds yxHkx 400 uewus feys gSaA

feJokfl;ksa o eslksiksVkfe;k ds foijhr gM+Iikokfl;ksa ds yEcs f'kykys[k

ugha feys gSaA

vf/kdka'k ys[k lhy ij feys gSa ftu ij dqN 'kCn FksA

gM+Iik dh fyfid o.kZuqØfed ugha gSA ;g orZeku le; rd i<+h ugha

tk pqdh gSA

gekjs ikl 250 ls 400 fpUg ¼fiDVksxzkQ½ fey pqds gSaA buesa izR;sd v{kj

esa dqN /ofu] fopkj ;k Hkko fy, gq, gSA

• Hkkj o ekiu &

flU/kq {ks= ds 'kgjh yksxksa dks Hkh O;kikj o vU; ysu&nsu ds fy, Hkkj

o eki&rkSy dh vko';drk iM+rh FkhA

oLrq fofue; gksrk FkkA

16 ;k mlds xq.kt esa Hkkj ¼okV½ feyrs FksA rkSy esa csbZekuh ugha dh

tkrh FkhA

• gM+Iik ds crZu &

gM+Iik lH;rk esa dbZa rjg dh vkdfr okys vufxur crZu feys gSaA

gM+Iik ds crZuksa dks vke rkSj ij isM+ksa vkSj oÙk dh vkdfr ls ltk;k tkrk FkkA

dqN feV~Vh ds crZuksa ij iq#"kksa dh Nfo vafdr feyh gSA

fla/kq LFkyksa ls nks izdkj ds enHkk.M+ ,d fMtkbu okys rFkk nwljs fpf=r

enHkk.M+ i;kZIr ek=k esa feys FksA

fofHkUu i'kq vkdfr;ksa ds feV~Vh ds f[kykSus Hkh feys gSaA

• lhy ¼eqgjsa½ &

gM+Iik laLdfr dh lcls dykRed jpuk eqgjsa gSaA

eqgjksa dks lsy[kM+h ;k LVsVkbV ls cuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj izkf/kdj.k ds

izrhd ds:i esa dk;Z fd;k x;k FkkA blfy, bldk mi;ksx eqnzkadu ds

fy, fd;k x;k FkkA

eqgjksa dk mi;ksx rkcht ds:i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA

vf/kdrj oxkZdkj ;k vk;rkdkj lhysa izkIr gqbZ gSA

• vkd`fr;k¡ &

gM+Iik ds dkjhxjksa us /kkrq dh lqUnj Nfo;ka ;k vkdfr;ka cukbZ gSA

eksgutksnM+ks ls ,d dkals dh urdh dh uXu vkdfr dh ewfrZ feyh gSA

;g ewfrZ esa urdh us dsoy gkj iguk gqvk gSA

,d ;ksxh dh ewfrZ feyh gS ftUgksaus nka;s gkFk ds uhps ls ysrs gq, cka;s

da/ks ds Åij ,d 'kkWy iguk gqvk gSA ewfrZ esa djhus ls nk<+h cuh gqbZ

gSA flj ds ihNs NksVs rkys ,d cqus gq, ifV~Vdk }kjk j[ks tkrs gSaA

• VsjkdksVk ewfrZ;ka &

vkx ls idh gqbZ feV~Vh dh cuh gqbZ cgqr lh ewfrZ;ka cuh gSA

bu lsVksa ds chp dk vUrj mu oxksZa ds chp vUrj dks bafxr djrk gS

tks mudk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

ekr nsoh dh vusd ewfrZ;ka feyh gSA

/kkSykohjk esa iRFkj ds LySc dk mi;ksx rhu izdkj ds nQukus esa fd;k

tkrk gS vkSj buesa ls ,d d{k ds Åij iRFkjksa dk ,d pØ gS tks

esxkfyfFkd iRFkj ds f?kjs ls feyrk&tqyrk gSA

• egRoiw.kZ dkjd &

gM+Iik dh lkekftd iz.kkyh dkQh lerkoknh FkhA lHkh ds leku vf/kdkj FksA

gM+Iik orZeku le; esa iatkc ikfdLrku ds lkghokyk ;k ek.Vxksejh

ftys esa fLFkr fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk egRoiw.kZ LFky gSA

gM+IikbZ LFkyksa esa fdlh Hkh eafnj ds lk{; ugha feys gSaA

pUgwnM+ks ,d x<+ ds fcuk dk ,dek= fla/kq 'kgj gSA

euq"; }kjk igys iz;qDr /kkrq rkack FkhA

gM+Iik dh eqnzk ij x:M+ dk vadu feyk gSA

yksFky o dkyhcaxk esa ;qXe lekf/k;ka feyh gSA

eksgutksnM+ks esa o`gn Lukukxkj ds lk{; feysA

eksgutksnM+ks dh lcls cM+h bekjr vUukxkj gSA

jk[khx<+h ¼gfj;k.kk½ o /kksykohjk ¼xqtjkr½ uohure fla/kq 'kgj gSA

eksgutksnM+ks ls dksbZ dfczLrku ugha feyk gSA

pUgwnM+ks ls euds cukus dk dkj[kkuk rFkk badiksV rFkk fyfifLVd dk

lk{; feyk gSA

fla/kq lH;rk ds yksx yksgs ls ifjfpr ugha FksA

yksFky ls enHkk.M dk ,d ,slk lk{; izkIr gqvk tks iapra= ds pkykd

ykseM+h ds leku yxrk gSA

dksVnhth ls iRFkj ds ck.kkx feys gSa tks vU; fdlh LFky ij ugha feysA

gM+Iik lH;rk ds vf/kdka'k LFky xqtjkr ls feys gSaA

xk; o 'ksj ds izek.k ugha feysA

cukoyh ls iDdh feV~Vh dk gy feykA

ckykdksV ls lhi m|ksx dk lk{; feykA

dkyhcaxk o yksFky ls vfXuosnh;ksa ds lk{; feysA

fodflr gM+Iik ds lk{; jaxiqj o jkstM+h ls ik;s tkrs gSaA

lqjdksVM+k ls ?kksM+s dh vfLFk;ksa ds lk{; feysA

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ekrlÙkkRed FkhA

cuokyh dks le)ksa dk 'kgj Hkh dgrs gSaA ;gka cM+s&cM+s vkoklksa ds lkFk

?kjksa ls ok'kcsflu dk lk{; feyk gSA

yksFky ls vkVk ihlus dh pDdh ds lk{; feys gSaA

dkyhcaxk ls ranwjh pwYgs ds vo'ks"k feys gSaA

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Level - 1 1. Which one of the following Harappan sites is not located in

Gujarat?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk gM+Iik LFky xqtjkr esa fLFkr ugha gS\

(a) Surkotada (b) Rangpur

(c) Sutkangendor (d) Desalpur

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Sutkagandor is the westernmost known archeological site of

the indus valley civilization it is located about 400 km. west

of Karachi on the Makran coast near Gwadar, close to the

Iranian border, in Pakistan's Baluchistan province, the site is

near the western bank of the Dastit River and confluence

with a smaller stream known as the Gajo Kaur.

2. Most depicted animal of the Indus Valley civilization was?

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk lokZf/kd fpf=r i'kq Fkk\

(a) Elephant (b) lion

(c) Bull (d) Dog

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Bull seal, Harappa, the majestic Zebu bull, with its heavy

develop and wide curving horns is perhaps the most

impressive motif found on the Indus seals.

3. Which is the correct Chronology of the excavation of the site

in the Indus civilization?

fla/kq lH;rk ds LFky dh [kqnkbZ dk lgh dkyØe dkSulk gS\

(I) Mohenjodaro (II) Chandhudaro

(III) Harappa (IV) Lothal

(a) III, I, II & IV (b) II, I, III & IV

(c) I, IV, V & IV (d) III, IV, II & I

Sol. (a)

Exp.: The correct chronology of the excavation of the site in the

Indus Civilization are Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Chanhudaro,

Lothal. Harappa - 1921, Mohenjodaro - 1922, Chandhudaro

- 1931 and Lothal - 1957.

4. The utensils of Indus valley people were mainly made of:

fla/kq ?kkVh ds yksxksa ds crZu eq[; :i ls cus Fks&

(a) clay (b) copper

(c) bronze (d) brass

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Utensil of Indus valley people were mainly made of clay. Clay

ports were made and used for cooking purpose and various

other utensils work also made of clay.

5. The striking feature of the Indus valley civilization:

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk vkd"kZd D;k gS &

(a) Urban civilization (b) Agrarian civilization

(c) Mesolithic civilization (d) Paleolethic civilization

Sol. (a)

Exp.: The Indus valley civilization had advanced urban culture,

proper town planning and wide roads cutting each other at

90o. Its town planning and drainage system, main holes at

regular intervals are striking features of IVC. Drainage

system shows that Harappan paid a good deal of attention to

health and cleanliness.

6. Which of the following technique used for making bronze

statues during harappa civilization?

gM+Iik lH;rk ds nkSjku dkaL; dh ewfrZ;ka cukus ds fy, fuEu esa

ls fdl rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk\

(a) lost wase costing (b) stone carving

(c) wood carving (d) Ivory carving

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Lost wax technique was known during harappa civilization

for making bronze statues and Dancing Girl statue is famous

example and its perhaps the first copper statue in the world.

7. Which of the following statement is correct about

terracotta?

VsjkdksVk ds ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk dFku lgh gS\

(a) it is clay like earthenware

(b) it is a type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or

glazed ceramic, where the fired body is parous.

(c) The terracotta representations of human form are crude

in the Indus valley.

(d) all of the above.

Sol. (d)

Exp.: The Indus valley people made terracotta images also but

compare to the stone and bronze. Terracotta is a type of

earthen ware, it is a type of ceramic pottery, the word

terracotta comes from the Italian words for 'backed earth'.

8. The polity of the harappan people, as derived from the

material evidence was:

gM+IikbZ yksxksa dh HkkSfrd lk{;ksa ds vk/kkjksa ij dSlh uhfr Fkh\

(a) secular federalist

(b) theocratic-federalist

(c) theocratic-federalist oligarchic

(d) theocratic-unitary

Sol. (d)

Exp.: The policy of the Harappa people derived from the material

evidence, was theocratic unitary.

9. Which one of the following Indus cities was known for water

management?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk fla/kq 'kgj ty izca/ku ds fy, tkuk

tkrk Fkk\

(a) Lothal (b) Mohenjodaro

(c) Harappa (d) Dholavira

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Sol. (d)

Exp.: The kind of efficient system of harappans of Dholavira,

developed for conservation, harvesting and storage of water

speaks eloquently about their advanced hydraulic.

10. Which statement on the harappan civilization is correct?

gM+Iiu lH;rk ij dkSulk dFku lgh gS\

(a) horse sacrifice was known to them

(b) cow was sacred to them

(c) Pashupati was venerated by them

(d) The culture was not generally static.

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Harappan's people worshiped Pashupati (Modern Shiva).

This seal is a steatite seal that was discovered at

Mohenjodaro, the seal depicts a seated figure that is having

three horns.

11. Out of the following remains excavated in Indus Valley,

which one indicates the commercial and economic

development?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fla/kq ?kkVh esa [kqnkbZ dh xbZ oLrq] tks okf.kfT;d

vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dks bafxr djrh gS\

(a) The Pottery (b) Seals

(c) The boats (d) The houses

Sol. (b)

Exp.: More than 2000 seals were excavated from Harappan sites.

These seals were made of soapstone, terracotta and copper.

Harappan seals also found in Mesopotamia. The famous seal

is Pashupati seal that was discovered at Mohenjodaro.

12. The earliest city discovered in India was:

Hkkjr esa [kkstk x;k lcls igyk 'kgj Fkk &

(a) Harappa (b) Punjab

(c) Mohenjo Daro (d) Sindh

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Harappa is an important site of Indus valley civilization. It is


Pakistan on the bank of Ravi river. The first Harappan sites

were discovered by Dr. D.R. Sahni in 1921.

13. Which among the following not been found in the excavation

of Harappan sites?

gM+Iik LFkyksa dh [kqnkbZ esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk ugha ik;k

x;k gS\

(a) Drains and well (b) Fort

(c) Reservoirs (d) Temple with Shikhar

Sol. (d)

Exp.: No temples have been excavated from the sites of Harappan

Civilization. They used to worship Mother and Pashupati

Maharaj. Yoni and Lingam worship culture was also

prevelant in Harappa. Faith in magic, charms and sacrifices,

they also worshipped sun, fire and water.

14. The Harappan Civilization was discovered in the year:

gM+Iik lH;rk dh [kkst o"kZ esa dh xbZ Fkh &

(a) 1935 (b) 1942

(c) 1921 (d) 1922

Sol. (c)

Exp.: First Harappan civilization was discovered in 1921 by

Dayaram Sahni.

15. Which was the only Indus city without a citadel?

fcuk x<+ okyk ,dek= fla/kq 'kgj dkSulk Fkk\

(a) Kalibangan (b) Harappa

(c) Mohenjodaro (d) Chanhudaro

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Chanhudaro was the only Indus city without a citadel. It is

situated in Sindh on the bank of the river Indus.

16. The essential feature of the Indus Valley Civilization was:

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dh vko';d fo'ks"krk Fkh &

(a) worship of forces of nature (b) organized city life

(c) pastoral farming (d) caste society

Sol. (b)

Exp.: The Indus valley civilization had advanced urban culture


90o. Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of

town planning, drainage system was maintain.

17. Name the oldest civilization:

lcls iqjkuh lH;rk dk uke crkb, &

(a) Indus Valley civilization

(b) Mesopotamian civilization

(c) Egyptian civilization

(d) Chandragupta Vikramaditya

(SSC CHSL 2014)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: The order of Civilization is:- Mesopotamian Civilization,

Egyptian civilization, Indus valley civilization, Chandragupta

Vikramaditya. Mesopotamian civilization - Tigris River,

Egyptian civilization - Neel River, Indus Civilization - Indus

River.

18. The people of the Indus valley civilization worshipped:

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds yksx iwtk djrs Fks &

(a) Vishnu (b) Pashupati

(c) Indra (d) Brahma

(SSC CGL TIER-1 2016)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: The people of Indus Valley worshipped Pashupati Shiva also

called Protoshiva.

19. Match the following:

fuEufyf[kr dks feyk,a &

(a) Mohenjodaro 1. Statue of a priest

(b) Harappa 2. Port

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(c) Kalibangan 3. Plough marks

(d) Lothal 4. The Great Bath

(a) a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2 (b) a-3, b-2, c-4, d-1

(c) a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4 (d) a-1, b-4, c-2, d-3

(SSC CGL TIER-1 2016)

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Mohenjodaro - The Great Bath

Harappa - Statue of a Priest

Kalibangan - Plough marks

Lothal - Port (Dockyard)

20. How were the streets of cities in Indus Valley Civilization?

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa 'kgjksa dh lMdsa dSlh Fkh\

(a) Wide and Straight (b) Narrow and Unhygienic

(c) Slippery (d) Narrow and Curved

(SSC FCI 2012)

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Indus Valley civilization had system of wide roads running

straight from north to south and east to west cutting each

other at 90o. The road and streets intersected at right angles

with covered drink along the road street were wide and

straight.

21. The Ruins of Harappa and Mohanjodaro were found on

which of the following river bank?

gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks ds [kaM fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl unh ds

rV ij ik, x, Fks\

(a) Ravi (b) Indus

(c) Beas (d) a and b both

(SSC STENOGRAPHER GR. D EXAM 2010)

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Mohenjodaro was located the west of Indus river in Sindh,

Pakistan. City of Harappan was located near the Ravi river,

in Punjab, Pakistan.

22. Which is the script of Indus Valley Civilization?

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dh fyfi dkSulh gS\

(a) Tamil (b) Kharshti

(c) Unknown (d) Brahmi

(SSC CHSL 2013)

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Seals found during excavation of Indus Valley civilization

had symbolic (pictographic) script which has not been

deciphered yet. The Indus script is a corpus of symbols,

produce by IVC.

23. Which was the biggest building in Mohanjodaro?

eksgutksnM+ks dh lcls HkO; bekjr dkSulh gS\

(a) Great Bath (b) Granary

(c) Huge Hall (d) Two story building

(SSC FCI 2012)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: The Great Granary of Mohenjodaro was the largest building

of the town. It was 45.71 in high and 15.25 m wide. The

granary is divided in 227 rooms of different shape & size.

24. The Great bath was found at:

egkLukukxkj dgka ik;k x;k\

(a) Harappa (b) Lothal

(c) Chanhudaro (d) Mohanjodaro

(SSC CHSL 2015)

Sol. (d)

Exp.: The Great Bath was found at Mohenjodaro. It was public

water tank used for religious purposes. It had a set of

staircase on two sides that lead down into the tank. There

was also a changing room along the bath.

25. Whose statue was an important creation of the people of

Indus Valley Civilization?

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds yksxksa dh egRoiw.kZ ewfrZ fdldh izfrek Fkh\

(a) Natraj (b) Dancing Girl

(c) Buddha (d) Narasimha

(SSC CHSL 2006)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: A nude bronze statue of a dancing girl was found at

Mohenjodaro. The Girl was in dancing position and was

wearing a no. of bangles in her both hands. It is well

regarded as a work of Art and is a cultural artefact of Indus

valley civilization. Its ownership disputed by Pakistan.

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Level - 2 1. The site of Harappa is located on the bank of river?

gM+Iik LFky fdl unh ds fdukjs fLFkr gS\

(a) Saraswati (b) Indus

(c) Beas (d) Ravi

(CDS EXAM 2012)

Sol. (d)

Exp.: The site of Harappa is located in the Mont Gomri district of

Punjab on the bank of Ravi River, Harappa is an

archeological site in Punjab, Pakistan about 24 kms west on

Sahiwal.

2. Who among the following archeologist was the first to

identify similarities between a pre-harappan culture and the

mature harappan culture.

fuEufyf[kr esa ls oks iqjkrRoosnk dkSu Fks ftUgksaus izkd~ gM+Iik laLdfr

o fodflr gM+Iik laLdfr ds chp lekurkvksa dh igpku dh\

(a) Amalananda Ghosh (b) Rakhaldas Banerjee

(c) Daya Ram Sahni (d) Sir John Marshall

(CDS 2016)

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Amalananda Ghosh was the first to identify similarities

between a pre-harappan culture and the mature harappan

culture

3. Which of the following sites has yielded evidence of a double

burial?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl LFkku ls ;qXe 'kok/kku ds vo'ks"k feys gSa\

(a) Kuntasi (b) Dholavira

(c) Lothal (d) Kalibangan

(UP=PCS(M) 2016)

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Lothal has yielded evidence of a double burial, two bodies in

a single grave indicating burial to be a common ritual.

4. The rivers around which Indus valley civilization existed

were:

flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk fdu ufn;ksa ds fdukjs fodflr gqbZ ;k vfLrRo

esa vkbZ\

(1) Indus (2) Chenab

(3) Jhelum (4) Ganga

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:-

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1, 2 & 3

(c) 2, 3 4 (d) all of above

(UP=PCS 2009)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: The indus valley civilization existed around the Indus,

Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Hindon and Bhagava, Major Harappan

sites are excavated on the bank of Indus and Saraswati river.

5. Assertion: (A) Mohenjodaro and Harappa cities are dead

now.

Reason (R): They were discovered during excavations in the

context of the above, which one of the following is correct:

dFku % eksgutksnM+ks vkSj gM+Iik vHkh er ik;s gSaA

dkj.k % os mR[kuu ds Øe esa [kksth xbZA

(a) Both A & R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is ot correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true

(IAS 2006)

Sol. (a)

6. Consider the following statement regarding the planning of

street of Harappan town.

gM+IikbZ 'kgjksa dh xfy;ksa ds izca/ku ls lacaf/kr dFku dks nsf[k,&

(a) The towns were well planned and the streets cut each

other on the sixty degree angles.

(b) The narrowest lane was one unit in width the other

streets were twice, thrice and so on in width.

(c) The civic sense of people in this civilization was such that

during the hey-day of the civilization, no encroachment on

the streets was to be seen.

Which of the following statement are correct?

(IAS 2012)

Sol. (c)

7. Lothal the dockyard city of IVC is situated in which Indian

state?

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa yksFky dk MkWd;kMZ 'kgj fdl Hkkjrh; jkT;

esa fLFkr gS\

(a) Rajasthan (b) Pakistan

(c) Gujarat (d) Punjab

(SSC CGI 1999, 2014)

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Lothal the dockyard city of IVC is situated in Gujarat was

excavated by S.R. Rao in the year of 1957, it is located on the

bank of river Bhagava in Gujarat.

8. Which of the following scholars, who was the first to

discover the traces of the Harappan Civilization?

D;k fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk fo}ku] gM+Iik lH;rk ds fu'kkuksa

dh [kkst djus okyk igyk O;fDr Fkk\

(a) Sir Johan Marshall (b) R.D. Banerjee

(c) A. Cunningham (d) Daya Ram Sahani

(SSC COMBINED MATRIC LEVEL 1999)

Sol. (c)

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Exp.: In 1875, the first Indus Valley seal was studied and

published by Alexander Cunnigham. He was the Director

General of Archeological Survey of North India.

9. Who among the following is associated with the study of the

Harappan Civilization?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu gM+Iik lH;rk ds v/;;u ls tqM+k gS\

(a) Charles Mason (b) Cunningham

(c) M. Wheeler (d) M.S. Vats


Sol. (d)

Exp.: Madho Swarup Vats was an Indian Archaeologist. He

supervised the excavations at Mohenjodaro from 1924. He

wrote a book "Being an Account of Archaeological

Excavations at Harappa" carried out between the years

1920-21 and 1933-34.

10. Kalibangan of IVC is situated in?

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa dkyhcaxu fLFkr gS\

(a) Gujarat (b) Rajasthan

(c) Sindh (d) Uttar Pradesh

(SSC CHSL 1999, 2012)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Kalibangan of IVC is situated in Rajasthan, Hanumangarh

district near Ghaggar-Hakra region.

11. Which of the following countries has asked India to return

the dancing girl statue of Mohenjodaro?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ns'k us Hkkjr dks eksgutksnM+ks dh uR;

djus okyh yM+dh dh ewfrZ okil djus ds fy, dgk gS\

(a) Bangladesh (b) Pakistan

(c) Bhutan (d) China

(SSC CHSL 2014)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Pakistan has asked India to return the dancing girl statue of

Mohenjodaro.

12. Which of the following has asked sites of IVC is situated in

Pakistan?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds LFky ikfdLrku esa fLFkr gS\

(a) Lothal (b) Kalibangan

(c) Alamgirpur (d) Harappa

(SSC CGL 2015)

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Harappa is situated in Pakistan, it excavated by D.R. Shani in

1921.

13. Which of the following domestic animals was absent in IVC

terracotta work?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk ?kjsyw tkuoj fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds

VsjkdksVk ds dke esa vuqifLFkr Fkk\

(a) Buffalo (b) Sheep

(c) Cow (d) Pig

(UPSC 2001, SSC CGL 2005)

Sol. (c)

Exp.: The terracota figurines excavated at Harappan site had

images of oxen, buffaloes, pigs, goat, sheep and humped bull.

Cow was famous in vedic culture.

14. Worship of mother Goddess was associated with?

ekr nsoh dh iwtk fdl nsoh ls tqM+h Fkh\

(a) Aryan civilization (b) Indus Valley civilization

(c) Early Vedic civilization (d) Mesopotamian

(FCI ASSISTANT 2012)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Worship of mother Goddess was associated with Indus

Valley civilization, a large number mother Goddess figures

was found in IVC.

15. The social system of the Harappans was?

gM+Iikokfl;ksa dh lkekftd O;oLFkk Fkh\

(a) Fairly egalitarian (b) Slave-labour based

(c) Colour Varna based (d) Caste based

(SSC CGL 1999)

Sol. (a)

Exp.: The archeological record of the Indian Civilization provides

practically no evidence of Army's, Kings, slaves, social

conflict, prisons and other optical negative trades. The social

system fo Harappan was fairly egalitarian (equality and

equal rights). No signs of slave tradition or Varna system

have been found.

16. A prominent Harappan site, being surrounded by flood

barriers in order to protect it with the aid of Unesco funds,

is:

,d izeq[k gM+Iikdkyhu LFky] tks ck<+ ck/kkvksa ls f?kjk gqvk gS]

rkfd bls ;wusLdks ds /ku dh lgk;rk ls lajf{kr fd;k tk lds

&

(a) Mohenjodaro (b) Dholavira

(c) Lothal (d) Rakhigarhi

(NTPC 2016)

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Mohenjodaro was the prominent Harappan site, being

surrounded by Flood barriers in orde to protect it with the

aid of Unesco funds.

17. The people of Harappa and Mohenjodaro culture belonged

to the:

gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks laLd`fr ds yksx fuEu Fks&

(a) New stone age (b) Copper age

(c) Iron age (d) Chalcolithic Age

(NTPC 2012)

Sol. (d)

Exp.: The indus or the harappan civilization belongs to the

Chalcolithic or Bronze age since the objects of copper and

stone were found at the various sites of this civilization.

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Nearly 1500 harappan sites are known so far in the sub-

continent.

18. The organic relationship between the ancient culture of the

Indus valley and Hinduism of today is proved by the worship

of:

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dh izkphu laLd`fr o vk/kqfud fgUnw /keZ ds chp

ds ewyHkwr lEcU/k fdldh iwtk ls lkfcr gksrs gSaA

(a) Pashupati, Indra and the Mother Goddess

(b) Stones, trees and animals

(c) Vishnu and Lakshmi

(d) Siva and Sakti

(TAX ASSISTANT 2008)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Like Harappan Civilization we worshiped stones, trees and

animals in modern Hinduism in various form. People tree

was considered most sacred, now we worship lingam the

symbol of Lord Shiva.

19. Which was the only Indus site with an artificial brick

dockyard?

df=e bZaV dk xksnhokM+k okyk ,dek= fla/kq LFky dkSulk Fkk\


(c) Harappa (d) Mohenjo Daro

(SSC CGL 2016)

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Lothal was the port cityof Indus Valley Civilization. It was

located at Saragwala, Gujarat. A massive dockyard was

found at Lothal which is supposed to be the earliest dock in

the history of the world. It discovered in 1957 by Rangnath

Ram.

20. The people of the Indus Valley Civilization usually built their

houses of:

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds yksx vke rkSj ij vius ?kj cukrs Fks &

(a) Burnt bricks (b) Stone

(c) Wood (d) All of the above

(SSC Sec. Officer (Audit) 2008)

(SSC Combined Matric Level 2001)

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Indus Valley Civilization had urban culture. The house were

made of burnt bricks. Houses were built on both sides of

broad streets in systematic order and constructed all

security basis. The ratio of bricks of 4:2:1.

21. The first metal used by man was:

euq"; }kjk mi;ksx dh tkus okyh igyh /kkrq dkSulh Fkh\

(a) Aluminium (b) Copper

(c) Iron (d) Silver

(SSC Investigator 2010)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: The first metal used by man was Copper. The use of copper

in anti-quality is of more significance than gold as the first

tool and weapon were made from copper.

22. The Harappans were the earliest people to produce:

gM+IikbZ yksx fdldk mRiknu djus okys izFke Fks\

(a) Seals (b) Bronze implements

(c) Cotton (d) Barely


Sol. (c)

Exp.: The Indus valley civilization is considered the birthplace of

cotton. The Harappans were the first to produce and spin

cotton. Yarns of spin - cotton were excavated at

Mohenjodaro.

23. Which of the following materials was mainly used in the

manufacturing of Harappan seals?

gM+Iik eqgjksa ds fuekZ.k esa eq[; :i ls fuEu esa ls fdl lkexzh

dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk\

(a) Terracotta (b) Bronze

(c) Copper (d) Iron


Sol. (a)

Exp.: Most of the Harappan seals were made up of terracotta on

which inscriptions and animals engraved on them.

Terracotta pottery was made by the terracotta clay.

24. The language from which the term 'India' is derived is:

og Hkk"kk tgka ls ^Hkkjr* 'kCn fudyk gS &

(a) English (b) Greek

(c) Persian (d) Arabic


Sol. (d)

Exp.: The term 'India' was derived from word 'Indus' of old

Persian Language.

25. The Great Bath of Indus Valley Civilization is found at:

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk egku Lukukxkj ;gka ik;k tkrk gS&

(a) Harappa (b) Mohejodaro

(c) Ropar (d) Kalibangan

(SSC CHSL 2011)

Sol. (b)

Exp.: The Great Bath of Indus Valley civilization is found at

Mohenjo-Daro.

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Level - 3 1. Which of the following were the earliest precursors of the

Harappan seals?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu gM+Iik eqgjsa ds izkjfEHkd Fks\

(a) Terracota seals found at Mehrgarh

(b) Stone seals found at Amri

(c) Clay tablets found at Kalibangan

(d) Copper tablets found at Kot Diji

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Mehrgarh is now seen as a precursor to the Indus valley

civilization, displaying the whole sequence from earliest

settlement and the start of agriculture to the mature

harappan civilization, the terracota seals found at Mehrgarh

were the earliest precursors of harappan seals.

2. At only one of the Indus sites have archaeologists discovered

a middle town, s distinct from the citadel and the lower

town. Identify the site from among the following:

iqjkrRofonksa us flU/kq LFkyksa esa ls dsoy ,d ,sls e/; 'kgj dh

[kkst dh gS] tks x<+ vkSj fupys 'kgj ls vyx gSA ml LFky dks

igpkuks &

(a) Surkotada (b) Daimabad

(c) Dholavira (d) Lothal

Sol. (c)

Exp.: In Dholavira the city was constructed to a pre-existing

geometrical plan consisting off three divisions - the citadel,

the middle town and the lower town, the cropolis and the

middle town had been furnished with their own defence

work, gateways, built-up areas, street systems, wells and

large open spaces.

3. Which of the following statements about Harappan

measurements are true?

gM+IikbZ ekiu ds ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk dFku lR; gS\

(i) The Harappans seem to have used both the foot and the

cubit systems simultaneously.

(ii) Their foot system ranged from 16 to 32 cm and cubit

from 48 to 64 cm.

(iii) At Mohenjodaro, a slip of shell seems to be part of a

linear system.

(iv) At Harappa, a fragmentary bronze rod, broken at both

ends seems to have been based on the standard cubit.

Choose the answer from the codes below:

(a) All of them (b) i, ii and iii

(c) i, iii and iv (d) i and iv

Sol. (c)

Exp.: In harappan civilization they developed first accurate

system fo standardized weight and measures. They used

both the foot and the cubit system.

4. While Lothal is the only Indus city whose citadel and lower

town are together surrounded by its city brick walls, one

another Indus city has the distinction of having its lower

town also being surrounded by a separate massive brick

wall. Pick it out from among the following:

yksFky ,dek= flU/kq 'kgj gS ftldk x<+ vkSj fupyk 'kgj ,d

lkFk viuh 'kgj dh bZaV dh nhokjksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA ,d nwljk

flU/kq 'kgj ftls vius fupys 'kgj dks bZaV dh vyx nhokjksa ls

f?kjs gksus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA oks fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu gS &

(a) Sutkagendor (b) Banawali

(c) Chanhudaro (d) Kalibangan

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Banawali having its lower town also being surrounded by a

separate massive brick wall.

5. The Harappan bricks were mainly:

gM+IikbZ bZaVsa eq[;r% Fkh\

(a) sawn with the help of a saw-like instrument

(b) made in an open mould

(c) hand-made

(d) cut with the help of a chisel.

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Made in open mould.

6. Potter's wheel, a major technological innovation, was

introduced at Mehrgarh, the earliest agrarian settlement in

the subcontinent, around-millennium BC.

miegk}hi esa lcls 'kq#vkrh df"k cLrh ds lk{; esgjx<+ ls feys]

tgka ij pkd dk vkfo"dkj ,d izeq[k rduhdh uokpkj Fkk] oks

dkSulh 'krkCnh ds gS\

(a) 5th (b) 4th

(c) 3rd (d) 6th

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Mehrgarh is considered to be one of the most important

Neolithic sites in archaeology. It is now precursor to the

Indus valley civilization pottuls wheel, a major technological

innovation was introduced at Mehragarh in 4th millennium

B.C. its discovery shed new light on the development of

agricultural technologies and agrarian life styles of the

ancient stone age people of South Asia.

7. Where did the excavators discover a third small mound,

distinct from the citadel and the lower town, containing only

remnants of fire altars?

mR[kuudrkZvksa }kjk [kkstk x;k rhljk Vhyk tks x<+ vkSj fupys 'kgj

ls vyx gS rFkk ftlesa vfXuosfn;ksa ds vo'ks"k feys gSa] dgka gSa\

(a) Lothal (b) Harappa

(c) Dholavira (d) Kalibangan

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Kalibangan is the place where excavator discover a third

small mound distint from the citadel and the lower town

containing only remnants of fire attars. Kalibangan was a

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major provincial capital of Indus valley civilization, it is

distinguished by its unique firealtors and world is earliest

attested ploughed field.

8. Granaries or warehouses have been excavated at:

vUukxkj ;k xksnke dgka mR[kfur gq, gSa\

(i) Mohenjodaro (ii) Harappa

(iii) Chanhudaro (iv) Kalibangan

(v) Lothal (vi) Banawali

Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:

(a) All of them (b) i, ii, iii and iv

(c) i, ii and iv (d) i, ii and vi

Sol. (c)

Exp.: In Mohenjodaro, harappa and Kalibangan excavated

granaries or warehouses, there are 6 granaries in IVC, a

granary is a store room in a born for threshed grain.

9. Which one of the following is the latest Indus city discovered

in India?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls Hkkjr esa [kkstk x;k uohure fla/kq 'kgj dkSulk gS\

(a) Manda (b) Dholavira

(c) Daimabad (d) Rangpur

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Dholavira is the latest Indus city discovered in India in 1967-

68 by J.P. Joshi, it's location is on the tropic of cancer. It is one

of the five largest harappan sites.

10. A nude male dancing figure in greystone with twisting

shoulders and one raised leg, reminiscent of Lord Nataraja

of the later times comes from:

(a) Mohenjodaro (b) Harappa

(c) Lothal (d) Chanhudaro

Sol. (d)

Exp.: From Chanhudaro-near Mohenjodaro, Sindh Pakistan A

Nude male dancing figure in grey stone with twisting

shoulders and one raised leg, reminiscent of lord Natraja of

the later times.

11. Majority of the Indus terracotta figurines were:

fla/kq dh VsjhdksVk ewfrZ;ka vf/kdrj dSlh Fkh\

(a) hand-modelled (b) made in single moulds

(c) cut with a saw (d) sculptured with a chisel

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Indus terracotta figurines were mainly hand-modeled. The

forms of art found from various sites of civilization include

sculptures, seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta

figures. Terracotta is at type of ceramic pottery, terracotta is

also often used for pipes, bricks and sculptures.

12. The religious iconography of Indus people consists of:

fla/kq yksxksa dh /kkkfeZd izfrekuksa esa dkSu lfEefyr gS ;k fdlls

cus gSa\

(i) Seals and Sealings (ii) Images and Statues

(iii) Terracotta figurines (iv) Amulets and Tablets

Choose the answer from the codes given below:

(a) i and ii (b) i, ii and iii

(c) i, iii and iv (d) All of them

Sol. (a)

Exp.: The religious iconography of Indus people consists of seals

and sealings, Amulets, images, statues, terracotta figurines.

The Indus valley religion is polytheistic and made up of

Hinduism, Buddhisms and Jainism. Some seals show animals

which resemble the two gods, Shiva and Rudra.

13. Which one of the following places has revealed the actual

remains of a rhinoceros, though it is frequently represented

on the seals discovered from various Indus sites?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl LFkku ij ls xSaMs ds okLrfod vo'ks"k feys

gSa tks izk;% fofHkUu flU/kq LFkyksa dh eqgjksa ij n'kkZ;s x;s gSa\

(a) Amri (b) Kot diji

(c) Surkotada (d) Banawali

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Amri has revealed the actual remains of a rhinoceros

through it is frequently represented on the seals discovered

from various Indus sites.

14. Which one of the following metals made its earliest

appearance in India before any other place in the world?

fo'o esa fdlh Hkh vU; LFkku ls igys fdl /kkrq dh Hkkjr esa lcls

igys mifLFkfr ntZ dh xbZ gSA

(a) Copper (b) Gold

(c) Tin (d) Silver

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Copper is one of the following metals made its earliest

appearance in India before any other place in the world,

people of Indus valley civilization is unknown to iron.

15. The majority of the Harappan pottery was:

gM+IikbZ feV~Vh ds crZuksa esa vf/kdrj dSls Fks\

(a) Polychrome pottery (b) Black-painted pottery

(c) Red-painted pottery (d) Plain pottery

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Plain pottery was the majority of Harappan pottery plain

pottery is more common than the painted ware. The plain

ware is usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip.

16. Bones of camel are discovered at:

Å¡V dh vfLFk;ka dgka [kksth xbZ gS\

(a) Kalibangan (b) Lothal

(c) Harappa (d) Mohenjodaro

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Bones of Camel are discovered at Kalibanga. Kalibangan has

given the evidence of both pre-harappan culture in the lower

layer and harappan civilization in the upper layer.

17. For which one of the following crops there is no evidence of

cultivation from anyone of the Indus sites?

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fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulh Qly ,slh gS ftldh [ksrh fdlh Hkh

flU/kq LFky esa gksus ds lk{; ugha feys gSaA

(a) Barley (b) Sugarcane

(c) Rice (d) Field peas

Sol. (b)

Exp.: The main corps of harappan civilization are Barley, Rice,

Wheat, Peas, there is no evidence of sugarcane.

18. Which one of the following processes was used in the

manufacture of Harappan seals?

gM+Iik eqgjksa ds fuekZ.k esa fuEufyf[kr esa fdl izfØ;k dk mi;ksx

fd;k x;k FkkA

(a) Pinching (b) Moulding

(c) Cutting (d) Casting

Sol. (c)

Exp.: The process was used in the manufacture of harappan seals

was cutting, terracotta was mainly used in the

manufacturing of harappan seals. The standard harappan

seal was square in shape with 2x2 dimension.

19. What is the so-called 'English Bond', said to have been

originally introduced by the Harappans?

rFkkdfFkr ^bafXy'k ckW.M* D;k gS] tks ewy :i ls gM+Iik okfl;ksa

}kjk ifjfpr djk;k x;k FkkA

(a) The system of firing bricks in kilns. (b) The system of

laying bricks in alternate headers and stretchers.

(c) The system of dividing the city into rectangular blocks.

(d) The system of

separating common dwellings from public buildings.

Sol. (c)

Exp.: The English bond originally introduced by harappan the

system of laying bricks in alternate headers and stretchers

is called English bond.

20. Which of the following were the most standardized products

of the Harappans?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls gM+Iik ds lcls izkekf.kd mRikn dkSuls Fks\

(a) Pottery (b) Terracottas

(c) Bricks (d) Statues

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Bricks were the most standardized products the harappans.

21. Which one of the following Indus cities has houses with

doors on the main streets?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl flU/kq 'kgj esa njokts eq[; lM+dksa ij

[kqyrs gSaA

(a) Lothal (b) Surkotada

(c) Chanhudaro (d) Banawali

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Lothan was one of the Indus cities that has houses with

doors on the main street.

22. The whole area of Harappan culture represents a:

gM+Iik laLdfr dk lEiw.kZ {ks= izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA

(a) circular area (b) square area

(c) zigzag formation (d) triangle area

Sol. (d)

Exp.: The whole area of harappan culture represents a triangle

area. The total area of harappan civilization 12,99,600 sqkm.

23. Which has the earliest ploughed field in the world?

fo'o ds izFke tqrs gq, [ksr ds lk{; dgka ls feys\

(a) Harappa (b) Kalibangan

(c) Ropar (d) Rangpur

Sol. (b)

Exp.: It has been found south east of the pre-harappan settlement

outside the fort. Kalibangan excavations in present western

Rajasthan shows a ploughed field the first site of this nature

in the world.

24. The ruins of Harappa were first noticed by:

gM+Iik ds [k.Mgjksa dks lcls igys fdlus ns[kk\

(a) Charles Mason (b) Sahni

(c) M Wheeler (d) MS Vats

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Charles mason was a deserted British soldier who had a

great interest in antiquity. He first accidentally noticed the

ruins of Harappa, one of the great earliest civilization of the

world.

25. The Dockyard at Lothal, is well connected through a channel

to the river:

yksFky dk MkWd;ksMZ fdl unh ds pSuy ls vPNh rjg ls tqM+k

gqvk gS\

(a) Narmada (b) Bhima

(c) Bhogava (d) Tapti

Sol. (c)

Exp.: An important structure is the dockyard found at Lothal. The

dockyard is well connected through a channel to the river

Bhagava. By its side is a 240 m. long and 21.6 m. wide wharf.

Lothal was a major trading centre of the harappan

civilization.

26. The most common materials used for the Harappan stone

sculptures are:

gM+Iik iRFkj dh ewfrZ;ksa dks cukus ds fy, mi;ksx esa yh tkus

okyh eq[; lkexzh dkSulh gS\

(i) Hard sandstone

(ii) Soft limestone

(iii) White marble

(iv) Steatite

Choose the correct answer frmo the codes given below:

(a) ii and iv (b) i and iii

(c) i, ii and iii (d) All the four

Sol. (a)

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Exp.: Materials used to make these include clay, gold-semi

precious and precious stones, copper, ivory glass, soft lime

stone and steatite.

27. Stone symbols of female sex organs have come from:

eknk ;ksfu vax ds iRFkj ds izrhd dgka ls izkIr gq,\


(c) Chanhudaro (d) Kalibangan

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Stone symbols of female sex organs have came from

harappa. The mother goddess was dominant sows that the

society was predominantly matriarchal, stone symbols of

both male and female sex organs have been found which

gives in indication that phallus or linga worship was in

practice.

28. The Harappan pottery was decorated with several devices.

Which one of the following was not one such device?

gM+IikbZ crZuksa dks fofHkUu ;qfDr;ksa ls ltk;k x;k FkkA fuEufyf[kr

esa ls dkSulh ;qfDr dk rjhdk ugha Fkk\

(a) Human Figurines (b) Figures of animals,

birds, snakes and fish

(c) Geometrical patterns (d) Pictures of carts, boats

etc.

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Pictures of carts, boats was not decorated with several

devices.

29. The Harappan culture as a whole gives the picture of

changeless, stagnant society. But this can be disproved by

the changes in the:

gM+Iik laLdfr lexz :i ls vifjorZu'khy] fLFkj lekt dh rLohj

nsrh gSA ysfdu blesa gksus okys cnykoksa ds dkj.k bls vLohdr

dj fn;k x;kA

(a) pottery (b) images

(c) forms of worship (d) town planning

Sol. (a)

Exp.: The harappan culture as a whole gives the picture of

changeless, stagnant society, but this can be disproved by

the changes in the pottery.

30. Which of the following amply reveals the importance given

by the Harappans to child care?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSuls lk{; gM+IikbZ yksxksa }kjk cky dY;k.k

;k ns[kHkky ds egRo dks izdV djrs gSa\

(a) Seals with the depiction of children (b) Numerous

terra cotta toys

(c) Play grounds (d) All the above

31. To produce sufficient foodgrains the Harappan villages were

mostly situated in the:

gM+Iik ds vf/kdrj xkao [kk|kUu dk i;kZIr mRiknu djus ds fy,

dgka fLFkr Fks\

(a) coastal areas (b) non-flood plains

(c) flood plains (d) arid zones

Sol. (c)

Exp.: The harappan villages, mostly situated near the flood plains,

produced sufficient food grains not only to feed themselves

but also the town people. The Indus people produced wheat

barley, rai, peas, seasame, lentil, chickpea and mustard

millets are found from sites in Gujarat.

32. Of the all Harappan sites, which has the most impressive

drainage system?

lHkh gM+Iik LFkyksa esa ls lcls izHkko'kkyh ty fudklh iz.kkyh

fdldh Fkh\

(a) Harappa (b) Banawali

(c) Dholavira (d) Mohenjodaro

Sol. (d)

Exp.: The most striking feature of this harappan civilization is that

the Indus valley people had constructed their drainage

system on very scientific lines. The drainage system on very

scientific lines. The drainage system of Mohenodaro is so

elaborate that "the like of which has not yet been found

anywhere in the world in any other city of the same

antiquity.

33. Who propounded the theory of ecological deradation as the

cause for the decline of Harappan culture?

gM+Iik laLdfr ds iru ds fy, ikfjfLFkfrdh fopyu ;k vlarqyu

ds dkj.k dk fl)kUr fdlus izfrikfnr fd;k\

(a) Walter Fairservis (b) HT Lambrick

(c) George F Dales (d) Robert Raikes

Sol. (c)

Exp.: George F Dales propounded the theory of ecological

deradation as the cause for the decline of harappan culture.

Many historians do not believe in the Aryan invasion theory.

They believe the main cause of the sudden decline is climate

change, huge climate change or natural calamities might

have been a cause of the ruin of harappan civilization.

34. Which of the followings were the features of the Harappan

houses?

fuEufyf[kr esa gM+IikbZ ?kjksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk dkSulh Fkh\

(i) Rectangular houses

(ii) Widespread use of wood

(iii) Brick-dried bathrooms and wells

(iv) Outside stair cases

(v) Entrances at the centre of the houses


(a) i, ii, v only (b) i, ii, iii only

(c) i, iii, iv only (d) ii, iii, iv only

Sol. (c)

Exp.: In harappan civilization most commendable part is town

planning. Town planning was based on grid system

Rectangular houses, Brick-dried bathrooms and wells and

outside staircases are the features of harappan houses, main

characteristic is cleanliness, town outlining, the architecture

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of burnt-brick dwellings, ceramics, molding, forging of

metals.

35. Which of the following places gives more clues with regard

to the transition from the pre Harappan to the mature

Harappan culture?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk LFkku izkd~ gM+Iik ls ifjiDo gM+Iik

laLd`fr ds laØe.k ds lEcU/k esa vf/kd lqjkx ;k ladsr nsrk gSA

(a) Banawali (b) Chanhudaro

(c) Harappa (d) Amri

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Amri gives more clues with regard to the transition from the

pre-harappans to the mature harappan culture Amri was

demonstrated in 1929 by N.G. Majumdar, for the first time a

settlement of pre-harappan date and culture that was

underlying a harappan one.

36. The reason for the spread of Harappan culture and

settlement of new colonies in far off places was:

gM+Iik laLdfr ds izlkj rFkk nwjLFk LFkkuksa esa ubZ dkWyksfu;ksa ds

clus ds dkj.k D;k Fks\

(a) to meet their religious obligations (b) their desire to

colonize

(c) the population expansion (d) to safeguard their

security concerns

Sol. (c)

Exp.: The population expansion is the reason for the spread of

harappan culture and settlement of new colonies is far

places was.

37. Which one of the following places had a culture, called

Jhangar culture, in its late Harappan phase?

mÙkj gM+Iik dky esa ,d >kaxj laLd`fr fuEu esa ls fdl LFkku

ij fodflr Fkh\

(a) Kalibangan (b) Mohenjodaro

(c) Chanhudaro (d) Amri

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Amri is located close to the west bank of the Indus river but

also only some 1 kilometres from the eastern most extension

of the Baluchistan uplands. It is in Dadu district of Sindh and

lies to the south of Mohen-jo-daro. Harappan period was

Amri in 1929, Amri had a culture called Jhangar culture, in

its late harappan phase.

38. Which one of the following Indus sites was destroyed by

fire?

fuEu esa ls dkSulk flU/kq LFky vkx ls u"V gks x;k Fkk\


(c) Kot Diji (d) Amri

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Kot Diji was destroyed by fire, Kot Diji in Khairpur in Sindh

discovered by Ghurye in 1935. It is pre-harappan and

harappan site. The pre-harappan settlement was destroyed

by fire. Kot Diji had typical features-a well-regulated town

plan with lanes, houses with stone foundation and mud brick

walls.

39. The cemeteries of the Harappan cities were generally

located:

gM+IikbZ 'kgjksa ds dfczLrku lk/kkj.kr;k dgka fLFkr Fks\

(a) around the perimeter of the settlements

(b) within the citadels

(c) at the heart of the cities

(d) near the residences

Sol. (a)

Exp.: The cemeteries of the harappan cities were generally located

around the perimeter of the settlements. There are fifty-five

burial sites in the Indus valley were found in Harappa. The

principal sites are harappa Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Lothal,

Rojdi and Ropar. In Harappa cemetery R-37 and Cemetery

__.

40. At which one of the following Harappan sites do we find pot-

stone fragment of a hut-pot of Mesopotamian origin?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl gM+Iik LFky ij gesa eslksiksVkfe;u ewy ds

gkWV&ikWV ds HkkaM izLrj va'k feys gSa\



Sol. (c)

Exp.: In Mohenjodaro we find pot-stone fragment of hut pot of

Mesopotamian origin.

41. Which one of the following sites does not have evidence of

pit-dwellings?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl LFkku ij xrkZokl ds lk{; ;k izek.k ugha

feys\

(a) Burzahom (b) Sarai Khola

(c) Jalilpur (d) Gufkral

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Jalilpur does not have evidence of pit dwellings. Burzahom,

Gujkral and Sarai Khola have evidence of pit-dwelling.

Burzahom is located in the Kashmir valley of the Indian state

of J&K.

42. Ash-mounds which mystified archeologists for so long, have

been discovered at:

iqjkrRookfn;ksa dks yEcs le; ls ftu jk[k&ds Vhyksa us pDdj esa

Mky j[kk Fkk] oks [kksts x;s\

(i) Mahagara (ii) Pallavoy

(iii) Kupgal (iv) Chirand

(v) Utnur (vi) Kodekal


(a) i, ii, iii and iv (b) ii, iii, iv and v

(c) iii, iv, v and vi (d) ii, iii, v and vi

Sol. (d)

Exp.: Ash mounds have been found and they have given the

evidence that cattle were herded there so in the light of these

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evidences it has been made clear that foundation of IVC was

laid in the neolithic period. In Palavoy, Kupgal, Utnur and

Kodekal are the sites of Ash mounds.

43. Which are the two Neolithic sites, having evidence of rice

cultivation, which may possibly be the oldest evidence of

rice in any part of the world, if their early dating is clearly

established?

nks uoik"kk.k dkyhu LFky tgka ls pkoy dh [ksrh ds ,sls lk{;

feys gSa tks fo'o esa pkoy ds lcls iqjkus lcwr gks ldrs gSa] vxj

budh izkjfEHkd MsfVax Li"V :i ls LFkkfir gks rks osuo

ik"kk.kdkyhu LFky dkSuls gSa\

(i) Amri (ii) Koldihwa

(iii) Mahagara (v) Gumla

Select the answer from the codes given below:

(a) i and ii (b) ii and iii

(c) iii and iv (d) ii and iv

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Koldihwa and Mahagara are two neolithic sites having

evidence of rice cultivation, which may possibly be the

oldest evidence of rice in any part of the world.

44. Which one of the following Indus cities in not located in the

state of Gujarat?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk fla/kq 'kgj xqtjkr jkT; esa fLFkr ugha gS\

(a) Sutkagendor (b) Surkotada


Sol. (a)

Exp.: Sutkagendor is not located in the state of Gujrat.

45. The practice of placing domestic dogs in graves along with

their masters, which was foreign to the Indian tradition, has

been found to be in use at:

ikyrw dqRrs dks ekfyd dh dczksa ds lkFk j[kus dh izFkk tks fd

Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, fons'kh Fkh] ds mi;ksx ds lk{; dgka ls feys\

(a) Mehrgarh (b) Burzahom


Sol. (b)

Exp.: The practice of placing domestic dogs in graves along with

their masters has been found to be use at Burzahom.

46. What is the ascending order of the following Harappan cities

in terms of their population?

gM+IikbZ 'kgjksa dks mudh tula[;k ds vk/kkj vkjksgh Øe esa

fyf[k,A

(i) Harappa (ii) Mohenjodaro

(iii) Lothal (iv) Kalibangan


(a) i, iii, iv and ii (b) ii, iv, iii and i

(c) iii, iv, i and ii (d) iv, iii, ii and i

Sol. (c)

Exp.: As Sending order of the following Harappen cities in their

population is – LOTHAL, KALIBANGAN, HARAPPA, MOHENJO-

DARO.

47. Which one of the following is not located outside the citadel

of Harappa?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk gM+Iik ds x<+ ds ckgj fLFkr ugha gS\

(a) Grenaries (b) Working Floors

(c) Barracks (d) 'H' cemetery

Sol. (d)

Exp.: ‘H’ cemestry is not located outside the citadel of Harappa it

is found in Mohenjo-Daro.

48. Which of the following animals are generally accorded the

honour of a standard or manager in seals?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSuls tkuoj lk/kkj.kr;k eqgjksa esa ,d ;k

izek.k

(i) Humped cattle (ii) Humpless cattle

(iii) Tiger (iv) Elephant

(v) Rhinoceros (vi) Buffalo

Select the answer from the codes given below:-

(a) i, ii, iii and iv (b) ii, iii, iv and vi

(c) ii, iii, iv, v and vi (d) All of them

Sol. (c)

Exp.: Humpless cattle, Tiger, elephant, rhinoceros and buffalo are

generally accorded the honour of a standard or manger in

seals.

49. Which one of the following types of Harappan pottery is said

to be the earliest example of its kind in the world?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl izdkj ds gM+IikbZ crZu nqfu;k esa viuh

rjg ds lcls igys mnkgj.k ekus tkrs gSa\

(a) Polychrome (b) Glazed

(c) Knobbed (d) Perforated

Sol. (b)

Exp.: Glazed harappen pottery is said to be the earliest example of

it’s kind in the world.

50. Bone tools, which are not indigenous to India, are found in

large numbers at:

gM~Mh ds midj.k tks Hkkjr ds fy, ugha gS] oks cM+h la[;k esa dgka

tkrs gSa\

(i) Chirand (ii) Gufkral

(iii) Mehrgarh (iv) Burzahom

Select the answer from the codes below:

(a) i, ii and iv (b) ii, iii and iv

(c) i and iii (d) ii and iv

Sol. (a)

Exp.: Chirand, Gufkral and Burzahom were the places where bond

tools are found in large numbers.

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Test Yourself 1. The utensils of Indus valley people were mainly made of:

fla/kq ?kkVh ds yksxksa ds crZu eq[; :i ls cus Fks&

(a) clay (b) copper

(c) bronze (d) brass

2. The earliest city discovered in India was:

Hkkjr esa [kkstk x;k lcls igyk 'kgj Fkk &

(a) Harappa (b) Punjab

(c) Mohenjo Daro (d) Sindh

3. Which was the only Indus city without a citadel?

fcuk x<+ okyk ,dek= fla/kq 'kgj dkSulk Fkk\

(a) Kalibangan (b) Harappa


4. The essential feature of the Indus Valley Civilization was:

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dh vko';d fo'ks"krk Fkh &

(a) worship of forces of nature (b) organized city life

(c) pastoral farming (d) caste society

5. Which is the script of Indus Valley Civilization?

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dh fyfi dkSulh gS\

(a) Tamil (b) Kharshti

(c) Unknown (d) Brahmi

6. Which was the biggest building in Mohanjodaro?

eksgutksnM+ks dh lcls HkO; bekjr dkSulh gS\

(a) Great Bath (b) Granary

(c) Huge Hall (d) Two story building

7. The Great bath was found at:

egkLukukxkj dgka ik;k x;k\


(c) Chanhudaro (d) Mohanjodaro

8. Who among the following archeologist was the first to

identify similarities between a pre-harappan culture and the

mature harappan culture.

fuEufyf[kr esa ls oks iqjkrRoosnk dkSu Fks ftUgksaus izkd~ gM+Iik laLdfr

o fodflr gM+Iik laLdfr ds chp lekurkvksa dh igpku dh\

(a) Amalananda Ghosh (b) Rakhaldas Banerjee

(c) Daya Ram Sahni (d) Sir John Marshall

9. Which of the following sites has yielded evidence of a double

burial?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl LFkku ls ;qXe 'kok/kku ds vo'ks"k feys gSa\

(a) Kuntasi (b) Dholavira


10. Lothal the dockyard city of IVC is situated in which Indian

state?

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa yksFky dk MkWd;kMZ 'kgj fdl Hkkjrh; jkT;

esa fLFkr gS\

(a) Rajasthan (b) Pakistan

(c) Gujarat (d) Punjab

11. Which of the following scholars, who was the first to

discover the traces of the Harappan Civilization?

D;k fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk fo}ku] gM+Iik lH;rk ds fu'kkuksa

dh [kkst djus okyk igyk O;fDr Fkk\

(a) Sir Johan Marshall (b) R.D. Banerjee

(c) A. Cunningham (d) Daya Ram Sahani

12. Which of the following countries has asked India to return

the dancing girl statue of Mohenjodaro?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ns'k us Hkkjr dks eksgutksnM+ks dh uR;

djus okyh yM+dh dh ewfrZ okil djus ds fy, dgk gS\

(a) Bangladesh (b) Pakistan

(c) Bhutan (d) China

13. The social system of the Harappans was?

gM+Iikokfl;ksa dh lkekftd O;oLFkk Fkh\

(a) Fairly egalitarian (b) Slave-labour based

(c) Colour Varna based (d) Caste based

14. The people of Harappa and Mohenjodaro culture belonged

to the:

gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ks laLd`fr ds yksx fuEu Fks&

(a) New stone age (b) Copper age

(c) Iron age (d) Chalcolithic Age

15. At only one of the Indus sites have archaeologists discovered

a middle town, s distinct from the citadel and the lower

town. Identify the site from among the following:

iqjkrRofonksa us flU/kq LFkyksa esa ls dsoy ,d ,sls e/; 'kgj dh

[kkst dh gS] tks x<+ vkSj fupys 'kgj ls vyx gSA ml LFky dks

igpkuks &

(a) Surkotada (b) Daimabad


16. Granaries or warehouses have been excavated at:

vUukxkj ;k xksnke dgka mR[kfur gq, gSa\

(i) Mohenjodaro (ii) Harappa

(iii) Chanhudaro (iv) Kalibangan

(v) Lothal (vi) Banawali

Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:

(a) All of them (b) i, ii, iii and iv

(c) i, ii and iv (d) i, ii and vi

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17. Which one of the following is the latest Indus city discovered

in India?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls Hkkjr esa [kkstk x;k uohure fla/kq 'kgj dkSulk gS\

(a) Manda (b) Dholavira

(c) Daimabad (d) Rangpur

18. Which one of the following places has revealed the actual

remains of a rhinoceros, though it is frequently represented

on the seals discovered from various Indus sites?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl LFkku ij ls xSaMs ds okLrfod vo'ks"k feys

gSa tks izk;% fofHkUu flU/kq LFkyksa dh eqgjksa ij n'kkZ;s x;s gSa\

(a) Amri (b) Kot diji

(c) Surkotada (d) Banawali

19. Bones of camel are discovered at:

Å¡V dh vfLFk;ka dgka [kksth xbZ gS\

(a) Kalibangan (b) Lothal

(c) Harappa (d) Mohenjodaro

20. Which one of the following processes was used in the

manufacture of Harappan seals?

gM+Iik eqgjksa ds fuekZ.k esa fuEufyf[kr esa fdl izfØ;k dk mi;ksx

fd;k x;k FkkA

(a) Pinching (b) Moulding

(c) Cutting (d) Casting

21. The whole area of Harappan culture represents a:

gM+Iik laLdfr dk lEiw.kZ {ks= izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA

(a) circular area (b) square area

(c) zigzag formation (d) triangle area

22. Which has the earliest ploughed field in the world?

fo'o ds izFke tqrs gq, [ksr ds lk{; dgka ls feys\

(a) Harappa (b) Kalibangan

(c) Ropar (d) Rangpur

23. Which one of the following Indus sites was destroyed by

fire?

fuEu esa ls dkSulk flU/kq LFky vkx ls u"V gks x;k Fkk\


(c) Kot Diji (d) Amri

24. Which one of the following Indus cities in not located in the

state of Gujarat?

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk fla/kq 'kgj xqtjkr jkT; esa fLFkr ugha gS\

(a) Sutkagendor (b) Surkotada


25. Which of the following materials was mainly used in the

manufacturing of Harappan seals?

gM+Iik eqgjksa ds fuekZ.k esa eq[; :i ls fuEu esa ls fdl lkexzh

dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk\

(a) Terracotta (b) Bronze

(c) Copper (d) Iron

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Answer Key 1 a 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 c 6 b 7 d 8 a 9 c 10 c 11 c 12 b 13 a 14 d 15 c 16 c 17 b 18 a 19 a 20 c 21 d 22 b 23 c 24 a 25 a

SOLUTIONS 1. (a)

Exp.: Utensil of Indus valley people were mainly made of clay. Clay

ports were made and used for cooking purpose and various

other utensils work also made of clay.

2. (a)

Exp.: Harappa is an important site of Indus valley civilization. It is


Pakistan on the bank of Ravi river. The first Harappan sites

were discovered by Dr. D.R. Sahni in 1921.

3. (d)

Exp.: Chanhudaro was the only Indus city without a citadel. It is

situated in Sindh on the bank of the river Indus.

4. (b)

Exp.: The Indus valley civilization had advanced urban culture


90o. Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of

town planning, drainage system was maintain.

5. (c)

Exp.: Seals found during excavation of Indus Valley civilization

had symbolic (pictographic) script which has not been

deciphered yet. The Indus script is a corpus of symbols,

produce by IVC.

6. (b)

Exp.: The Great Granary of Mohenjodaro was the largest building

of the town. It was 45.71 in high and 15.25 m wide. The

granary is divided in 227 rooms of different shape & size.

7. (d)

Exp.: The Great Bath was found at Mohenjodaro. It was public

water tank used for religious purposes. It had a set of

staircase on two sides that lead down into the tank. There

was also a changing room along the bath.

8. (a)

Exp.: Amalananda Ghosh was the first to identify similarities

between a pre-harappan culture and the mature harappan

culture

9. (c)

Exp.: Lothal has yielded evidence of a double burial, two bodies in

a single grave indicating burial to be a common ritual.

10. (c)

Exp.: Lothal the dockyard city of IVC is situated in Gujarat was

excavated by S.R. Rao in the year of 1957, it is located on the

bank of river Bhagava in Gujarat.

11. (c)

Exp.: In 1875, the first Indus Valley seal was studied and

published by Alexander Cunnigham. He was the Director

General of Archeological Survey of North India.

12. (b)

Exp.: Pakistan has asked India to return the dancing girl statue of

Mohenjodaro.

13. (a)

Exp.: The archeological record of the Indian Civilization provides

practically no evidence of Army's, Kings, slaves, social

conflict, prisons and other optical negative trades. The social

system fo Harappan was fairly egalitarian (equality and

equal rights). No signs of slave tradition or Varna system

have been found.

14. (d)

Exp.: The indus or the harappan civilization belongs to the

Chalcolithic or Bronze age since the objects of copper and

stone were found at the various sites of this civilization.

Nearly 1500 harappan sites are known so far in the sub-

continent.

15. (c)

Exp.: In Dholavira the city was constructed to a pre-existing

geometrical plan consisting off three divisions - the citadel,

the middle town and the lower town, the cropolis and the

middle town had been furnished with their own defence

work, gateways, built-up areas, street systems, wells and

large open spaces.

16. (c)

Exp.: In Mohenjodaro, harappa and Kalibangan excavated

granaries or warehouses, there are 6 granaries in IVC, a

granary is a store room in a born for threshed grain.

17. (b)

Exp.: Dholavira is the latest Indus city discovered in India in 1967-

68 by J.P. Joshi, it's location is on the tropic of cancer. It is one

of the five largest harappan sites.

18. (a)

Exp.: Amri has revealed the actual remains of a rhinoceros

through it is frequently represented on the seals discovered

from various Indus sites.

19. (a)

Exp.: Bones of Camel are discovered at Kalibanga. Kalibangan has

given the evidence of both pre-harappan culture in the lower

layer and harappan civilization in the upper layer.

20. (c)

Exp.: The process was used in the manufacture of harappan seals

was cutting, terracotta was mainly used in the

manufacturing of harappan seals. The standard harappan

seal was square in shape with 2x2 dimension.

21. (d)

Exp.: The whole area of harappan culture represents a triangle

area. The total area of harappan civilization 12,99,600 sqkm.

22. (b)

Exp.: It has been found south east of the pre-harappan settlement

outside the fort. Kalibangan excavations in present western

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Rajasthan shows a ploughed field the first site of this nature

in the world.

23. (c)

Exp.: Kot Diji was destroyed by fire, Kot Diji in Khairpur in Sindh

discovered by Ghurye in 1935. It is pre-harappan and

harappan site. The pre-harappan settlement was destroyed

by fire. Kot Diji had typical features-a well-regulated town

plan with lanes, houses with stone foundation and mud brick

walls.

24. (a)

Exp.: Sutkagendor is not located in the state of Gujrat.

25. (a)

Exp.: Most of the Harappan seals were made up of terracotta on

which inscriptions and animals engraved on them.

Terracotta pottery was made by the terracotta clay.

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