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4380/2HLondon ExaminationsIGCSEHistory

Higher TierPaper 2HThursday 4 May 2006 – MorningTime: 2 hours 30 minutes

Materials required for examination Items included with question papersAnswer book (AB16) Nil

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Instructions to CandidatesAnswer THREE questions in all, two from Section A, and one from Section B.Section A: answer two questions, each from a different Theme. The Themes are numbered A1 toA18. Do not answer two questions on the same Theme.Section B: answer one question from the Special Topics, B1 to B10.In the boxes on your answer book, write the name of the examining body (London Examinations),your centre number, candidate number, the subject title (History), the paper reference (4380/2H), your surname, other names and signature.Answer your questions in the answer book. Make sure your answers are clearly numbered.

Information for CandidatesThere are 60 pages in this question paper. All blank pages are indicated.The total mark for this paper is 75. The marks for the various parts of questions are shown in roundbrackets: e.g. (2).Dictionaries may not be used in this examination.

Advice to CandidatesYou are reminded of the importance of clear English and careful presentation in your answers. You are advised to spend an equal amount of time, about 45 minutes, on each of your two answers inSection A, and about 1 hour on Section B.

Printer’s Log. No.

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This publication may only be reproduced in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. ©2006 Edexcel Limited.

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Contents

Section A: ThemesA1: Revolution and Reaction: France, 1789–1830 4A2: Reconstruction and Nationalism in post-war Europe, 1815–1840: 6

the Great Powers and the Rise of Nationalism in Belgium and GreeceA3: The Making of Nation States: 8

Unification of Italy and Unification of GermanyA4: The Road to War in Europe, 1870–1914 10A5: Reform and Reaction in Russia, 1855–1917 12A6: The USSR, 1917–1964: Bolshevism Triumphant 14A7: The Rise of Fascism in Europe: Germany and Italy, 1919–1939 16A8: International Relations, 1919–1939: Collective Security and Appeasement 18A9: The Road to Affluence: the USA, 1917–1941 20A10: A Divided Union? The USA, 1945–1974 22A11: The End of Empire: Decolonisation in Africa, 1945–1990s 24A12: India, 1900–1949: Independence and Partition 26A13: China in Crisis, 1911–1949 28A14: Revolution in China, 1949–1996 30A15: South-East Asia, 1945–1990s: 32

the End of the French Empire, Vietnam, Indo-China, Malaysia, IndonesiaA16: Conflict and Crisis in the Middle East, 1946–1996 34A17: International Relations and the Superpowers: 36

Cold War and Co-existence, 1945–1962A18: Europe, 1945–1990s: Divided and United 38

Section B: Special TopicsB1: The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815 40B2: Bismarck’s Wars, 1864–1871 42B3: The Balkans, 1876–1914 44B4: The First World War, 1914–1918 46B5: Weimar Germany and its Challengers, 1919–1924 48B6: Russia in Revolution, 1914–1924 50B7: The USA, 1917–1929 52B8: The Holocaust, 1939–1945 54B9: The Second World War, 1939–1945 56B10: China under Mao Zedong, 1949–1959 58


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SECTION A: THEMES

Answer TWO questions, each from a different Theme. The Themes are numbered A1 to A18.

Do not answer two questions on the same Theme.

A1: Revolution and Reaction: France, 1789–1830

Total: 25 marks. You should spend about 45 minutes on this question.

1. Revolution

This question is about revolution and the rise of Napoleon.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why members of the Third Estate feltbadly treated before the calling of the Estates-General in May 1789.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on France.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the Legislative Assembly became unpopular in 1791–1792.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in Napoleon’s reforms.

(8)

(e) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how France was governed after 1804.(8)

(Total for Question 1: 25 marks)

High taxation Voting by EstatesThe Tennis Court Oath Feudal Dues

The Concordat Code NapoleonEducation The Press

Source: from a modern textbook

After he became Emperor in 1804, Napoleon began to rule like a monarch. He appointedfourteen Marshals of the empire and various officers. He recreated a nobility and evenpersuaded some of the old nobles to return to France. At the same time he increased statecontrol and the power of the secret police.


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A1: Revolution and Reaction: France, 1789–1830

If you have answered Question 1 do not answer Question 2.


2. Reaction

This question is about the policies of Louis XVIII and Charles X.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two ways that the Allies controlled France after theyhad defeated Napoleon.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on France.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the White Terror took place in 1815.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in France from 1816to 1820.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how Charles X tried to change Francefrom 1824 to 1829.

(8)


Return of colonies Return to the borders of 1792Payment of an indemnity Border fortresses

The Charter Press freedomDecazes The Comte d’Artois


Louis XVIII died, disillusioned, in 1824 and was replaced by his brother the Comte d’Artoisas Charles X. He followed many policies that Louis XVIII had discouraged. He was an Ultraand a religious fanatic and at sixty-eight years of age he wanted to recreate the pomp andgrandeur of the Ancien Règime.


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A2: Reconstruction and Nationalism in post-war Europe, 1815–1840: the Great Powers and theRise of Nationalism in Belgium and Greece


3. The Great Powers

This question is about the Congress System and the Holy Alliance.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two countries which gained territory in Europe at theTreaty of Vienna, 1815.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one change to its territory.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the United Netherlands was created at Vienna.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following Congresses and explain the part that they played in theCongress System.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the aims of the Holy Alliance.(8)


Austria FrancePoland Prussia

Aix-la-Chapelle VeronaTroppau Laibach


In May 1815, after most of the decisions had been taken at the Congress of Vienna, TsarAlexander I drew up a separate treaty, which he hoped would be signed by his fellow rulersin Europe. This came to be known as the Holy Alliance.


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A2: Reconstruction and Nationalism in post-war Europe, 1815–1840: the Great Powers and theRise of Nationalism in Belgium and Greece



4. Nationalism in Belgium and Greece

This question is about nationalism in Greece and Belgium.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why support for the Greeks developedin Western Europe in the early 1820s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had in WesternEurope.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Mehemet Ali sent forces to Greece in 1825.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the independence ofGreece from 1827 to 1832.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the problems that developed between theDutch and the Belgians in the United Netherlands.

(8)


Philhellenism ReligionNavarino Russian expansion

The Treaty of London, 1827 RussiaOtto of Bavaria The Second London Protocol


Many Belgians, the Walloons, spoke French. They had little in common with the Dutch andresented the union. The Flemings were also unhappy with the union. Flemings were mostlyCatholic, while the Dutch were mostly Protestant. They particularly disliked Dutch controlover education.


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A3: The Making of Nation States: Unification of Italy and Unification of Germany


5. Italy 1852–1870

This question is about Cavour and Garibaldi.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two areas of Italy that were under direct Austriancontrol in 1852.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe how that area was governed in 1852.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Cavour sent Piedmontese troops to the Crimean War.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the war betweenPiedmont and Austria in 1859.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the part played by Garibaldi in theunification of Italy from 1852.

(8)


Lombardy SardiniaNaples Venetia

Napoleon III SolferinoThe Austrian ultimatum Villafranca


Garibaldi had been born in Nice. He had been planning to march to Nice to defend it againstthe French in 1860 when he heard of the revolt in Sicily. He could not resist the temptationto sail to Sicily and help the people fight against the king. Cavour almost certainly knewwhat was going on and did very little to stop Garibaldi.


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A3: The Making of Nation States: Unification of Italy and Unification of Germany



6. Germany 1862–1890

This question is about the creation of the German Empire.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two ways that German states were linked together atthe beginning of the 1860s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on German states.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Bismarck wanted to defeat Austria in the 1860s.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the German Empire.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the organisation of the German Empire.(8)


The German Confederation The Second ReichThe Dual Alliance The Zollverein

Junkers RealpolitikThe Kaiser The Centre Party


In the early 1870s, the Liberals helped Bismarck to centralise the Empire. A uniformcurrency was set up. A Reichsbank was created. The legal systems of the states werestandardised. All restrictions on trade were abolished.


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A4: The Road to War in Europe, 1870–1914


7. The Alliance System

This question is about the development of alliances.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why Bismarck formed alliances in the1870s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on Germanpolicy in the 1870s and 1880s.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Russia and Austria were often rivals in the Balkans.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the development ofthe Alliance System.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the creation of the Triple Entente.(8)


Relations with France Relations with BritainDesire for a German Empire overseas Fear of a war on two fronts

The Second Dreikaiserbund The Triple AllianceThe Mediterranean Agreements The Reinsurance Treaty


In 1892 there was a military agreement between Russia and France and then the DualEntente was signed in 1894. The Entente was a defensive agreement like the Triple Alliance.Russia agreed to support France if France was attacked by Germany, or by Italy supportedby Germany. France agreed to support Russia if Russia was attacked by Germany or Austriasupported by Germany.


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A4: The Road to War in Europe, 1870–1914



8. International rivalry

This question is about changing relations between Germany and Britain.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why Bismarck did not want to challengeBritish control of the seas.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on relationsbetween Germany and Britain.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why a Naval Arms Race developed from 1906.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the Moroccan Crisesof 1905 and 1911.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the events in July and August 1914 thatled to Britain declaring war on Germany.

(8)


Relations between the two royal families German colonial expansionWeltpolitik Germany was a continental power

The Kaiser The Mansion House SpeechThe Algeciras Conference The Panther


The German invasion of Belgium was the first part of the Schlieffen plan, which had beenthe main German plan of attack since 1905. Britain had long guaranteed Belgium neutrality.As relations between France and Germany grew worse in the early 1900s and France andRussia grew closer together, the German high command began to prepare for war.


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A5: Reform and Reaction in Russia, 1855–1917


9. Reform

This question is about reform in Russia.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two problems that Alexander II faced in 1855.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on Russia.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Alexander II emancipated the serfs.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the policies ofAlexander II.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the events that led to Nicholas IIannouncing the October Manifesto.

(8)


Military defeat Polish revoltPoor transport Widespread unrest in towns

Zemstva MirOkhrana Autocracy


The 1905 revolution was a protest against the Tsar’s autocratic government. Trade unions,the middle class, zemstva and workers in the big cities all joined the movement. ButNicholas survived because the army remained loyal. In October 1905 he was forced toannounce the October Manifesto.



A5: Reform and Reaction in Russia, 1855–1917



10. Reaction

This question is about problems in Russia.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons that led to opposition to the Tsaristgovernment.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect it had on opposition groupsin Russia.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the People’s Will was a dangerous opposition group.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in developing oppositionto Nicholas II.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the difficulties faced by the Russianarmies in the First World War.

(8)


Autocracy ReformAgriculture Marxism

Georgi Plekhanov Social RevolutionariesVladimir Lenin The Union of Liberation


Russia declared war on Austria and Germany in the summer of 1914. The RussianGovernment believed that Russia could win the war against Germany easily, but it did notrealise how powerful the German army was. The Russian army was poorly equipped andold-fashioned.


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A6: The USSR, 1917–1964: Bolshevism Triumphant


11. The Soviet Union 1917–1941

This question is about Lenin and Stalin.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why Lenin wrote a Political Will inDecember 1922.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on the SovietUnion.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Lenin’s Political Will was ignored.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain why they were arrested in the Purges of the1930s.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how Stalin tried to rewrite the history ofthe Soviet Union.

(8)


He was seriously ill He wanted to name his successorHe wanted to introduce NEP He wanted to begin War Communism

Old Bolsheviks Army generalsPoets Managers in industry


In the 1930s Stalin began to rewrite the history of Russia and the Soviet Union in thetwentieth century. The events of 1917 and the Civil War were described differently. Childrenin school had to paste over pages in their books with the new versions of what had happened.



A6: The USSR, 1917–1964: Bolshevism Triumphant



12. The Soviet Union 1941–1964

This question is about the Great Patriotic War and Khrushchev.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two important events in the ‘Great Patriotic War’.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on the SovietUnion.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why there was a struggle for power in the Soviet Union after Stalin died in1953.

(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain how they changed during de-Stalinisation.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe Khrushchev’s industrial reforms.(8)


Operation Barbarossa The Secret SpeechVirgin Lands The Battle of Stalingrad

Publishing GulagsReligion Music


In industry Khrushchev followed much the same policies and set up Sovnarkhozy, orregional economic councils. These controlled areas of the country and were encouraged tobe independent and take decisions. For example, they could decide what goods to produce.Many of the controls on individual workers were relaxed.


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A7: The Rise of Fascism in Europe: Germany and Italy, 1919–1939


13. Germany

This question is about Germany from 1919 to 1934.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two groups who tried to seize power in Germany in1919–1920.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect of their attempt to seizepower.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Hitler lost support in the years from 1924 to 1928.(4)

d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in Hitler achievingpower in early 1933.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ in June1934.

(8)


Nazis FreikorpsSocial Democrats Spartacists

Josef Goebbels Franz von PapenPaul von Hindenburg Alfred Hugenberg


Once Hitler became chancellor, he began to face opposition within the Nazi Party. Hitler’smain rival was Ernst Roehm, head of the SA. The membership of the SA came from thesocialist wing of the party. These people had been attracted in the early 1920s when Hitlerhad changed the name of the German Workers’ Party by adding National Socialist.



A7: The Rise of Fascism in Europe: Germany and Italy, 1919–1939



14. Italy

This question is about Mussolini coming to power and the ‘Battles’.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why Mussolini became popular in theyears from 1919 to 1921.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on support forMussolini.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the king appointed Mussolini prime minister in October 1922.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in Mussolini gainingcomplete power in Italy.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the effects of the Battles for Land andGrain.

(8)


The Acerbo Law AvantiThe Balilla Fear of Communism

The Year One The 1924 general electionThe Lipari Islands The OVRA


The Battle for Land tried to increase the amount of arable land. Mussolini encouraged thedraining of marshes and also the conversion of land to arable farming. The most spectacularsuccess was the draining of the Pontine Marshes near Rome. Mussolini ordered photographsto be taken of himself driving a tractor and seeming to take part.


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A8: International Relations, 1919–1939: Collective Security and Appeasement


15. Collective Security

This question is about the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two aims of the Fourteen Points.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on Europe.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the League of Nations was set up in 1920.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in weakening the Leagueof Nations.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the successes of the League of Nations.(8)


Self-determination ReparationsWar Guilt An end to secret diplomacy

The USA Military sanctions‘Club for victors’ The Soviet Union


The setting up of the League was a success because nothing like it had ever existed before.After the First World War there was a genuine desire for peace. League agencies also tackleda number of international problems. Some members were prepared to send disputes to theLeague and then accept its decisions.



A8: International Relations, 1919–1939: Collective Security and Appeasement



16. Appeasement

This question is about the League of Nations and appeasement.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two ways that the League of Nations reacted to theinvasion of Manchuria.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect of the action on theManchurian crisis.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the Disarmament Conference (1932–1933) was a failure.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the Abyssinian(Ethiopian) Crisis.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe appeasement.(8)


Imposed military sanctions Set up a Commission of EnquiryOrdered the Japanese to withdraw Imposed economic sanctions

The battle of Adowa (1896) Haile SelassieThe Hoare-Laval Pact Sanctions


Appeasement was the belief that the Dictators could be pacified if their demands were met.There was a strong view that the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh and that, therefore,it was not unreasonable to allow Hitler to break some of the terms. Hitler was also admiredby some people for the way that he had rebuilt Germany after 1933.


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A9: The Road to Affluence: the USA, 1917–1941


17. The USA, 1917–1929

This question is about the USA in the 1920s.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why farmers suffered during the 1920s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on US agriculture.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why immigration to the USA was restricted from 1917.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the boom of the 1920s.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the stock market boom of the 1920s.(8)


Over-production The dust bowlThe Assembly Line Gangsters

Republican government policies AdvertisingHire purchase Consumer goods


As US industry boomed, so did company shares on the stock market. The price of shareswent up, year after year. This was based on confidence that the boom would last. Speculatorsbought shares, hoping to make easy money. Some people borrowed money to buy shares.



A9: The Road to Affluence: the USA, 1917–1941



18. The USA, 1929–1941

This question is about Hoover and Roosevelt.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why President Hoover became unpopularfrom 1929 to 1932.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on the USA.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why President Roosevelt set up the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) lessthan a month after he took office.

(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the New Deal.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the successes of the New Deal.(8)


Belief in ‘rugged individualism’ Awarding the Blue Eagle symbolRelief, Recovery and Reform Treatment of the Bonus Marchers

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)Works Progress Administration (WPA) Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)


In the years 1933 to 1940, unemployment in the USA fell by about 40%. Black Americanswere given access to CCCs, although they had separate camps. Roosevelt gave people hopeand restored their confidence in the government and the financial system.


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A10: A Divided Union? The USA, 1945–1974


19. McCarthyism and Civil Rights

This question is about McCarthyism and Civil Rights.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why the ‘Red Scare’ developed in theUSA in the late 1940s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect it had on the USA.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Joseph McCarthy lost influence from 1954.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the development ofthe civil rights campaigns.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the Black Power movement in the 1960s.(8)


Alger Hiss Events in CubaThe Hungarian Uprising The Rosenbergs

James Meredith Freedom RidersSit-ins Events in Birmingham, Alabama


As early as the late 1950s some black Americans began to reject the methods of MartinLuther King. This led to the formation of a number of groups, which demanded BlackPower. Martin Luther King was prepared to wait for his tactics to work, but others believedthat US society was fundamentally white and that nothing would change that.



A10: A Divided Union? The USA, 1945–1974



20. Social and Political Change

This question is about the New Frontier, protests and Watergate Scandal.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two parts of the New Frontier.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on the USA.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the Women’smovement.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the effects of the Watergate Scandal.(8)


Raising the minimum wage An appeal to young peopleThe Voting Rights Act Programme for Poverty

Commission on the Status of Women The Equal Pay Act, 1963Educational Amendment Act, 1972 Women’s Liberation Group


The Watergate Scandal was caused by an attempt to bug the offices of the Democrat Partyin the Watergate building in Washington. Five men were arrested in June 1972. The menwere employed by CREEP, the Committee to re-elect the President. President Nixon statedthat the White House was not involved in any of these activities.


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A11: The End of Empire: Decolonisation in Africa, 1945–1990s


21. South Africa

This question is about apartheid in South Africa.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two Acts that forced black and white South Africansto live apart.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had in South Africa. (3)

(c) Give two reasons why the ANC started the Defiance Campaign in the 1950s.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the SharpevilleMassacre.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how apartheid came to an end inSouth Africa by 1994.

(8)


Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act Pass LawsGroup Areas Act Bantu Education Act

The Pan African Congress Robert SobukweColonel Pienaar The Court of Enquiry


On 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela, the vice-president of the African National Congresswas released from prison in South Africa. He had been in prison since 1963. By releasingMandela the South African government hoped that it would be possible to reach acompromise with the ANC.



A11: The End of Empire: Decolonisation in Africa, 1945–1990s



22. West and Central Africa

This question is about independence in West Africa and Rhodesia.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two West African countries that became independentof Britain in the 1950s and 1960s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one reason why it becameindependent.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Harold Macmillan encouraged decolonisation in Africa.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in attempts to reach apeaceful settlement in Rhodesia.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how Ian Smith was forced to accept theend of UDI.

(8)


Senegal ChadNigeria Ghana

Henry Kissinger The Patriotic FrontThe Internal Settlement Harold Wilson


Talks began in the autumn of 1979. In December 1979, under pressure from Britain, anagreement was reached to provide for a legally independent, democratically governedZimbabwe. A new constitution was established, and a cease-fire was implemented.


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A12: India, 1900–1949: Independence and Partition


23. India, 1900–1929

This question is about opposition to British rule.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why many Indians expected Home Ruleat the end of the First World War.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect it had on relations betweenthe Indians and the British.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why many Indians opposed the Rowlatt Acts.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the campaigns ofCongress from 1919.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe Gandhi’s activities in the years from1924 to 1929.

(8)


Military support for Britain The Montagu DeclarationThe Morley-Minto Reforms The Defence of India Act

Hartals SatyagrahaBoycotts Swaraj


When Gandhi was released from prison in 1924 he set up an ‘ashram’, or settlement, inGujerat and began to revive traditional Indian crafts, especially the spinning of cotton. Thiswas illegal because British laws said that raw cotton had to be sent to Britain to be spun.



A12: India, 1900–1949: Independence and Partition



24. India, 1930–1949

This question is about Britain and India from 1930 to 1947.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two results of the Salt March in 1930.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect it had on relations betweenthe Indians and the British.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the Government of India Act was passed in 1935.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain why they led to divisions between Congress andthe Muslim League.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how relations between Britain and Indiachanged after the Second World War.

(8)


Gandhi was arrested A Labour government was elected in Britain5 million Indians broke the law by making salt The Round Table Conferences were held

General election results in 1937 The Lahore DeclarationThe outbreak of War in 1939 Jawaharlal Nehru


In 1945 Britain had won the war, but at a tremendous cost. Financially, Britain wasexhausted. Since 1939 Britain had spent more than £1,000,000,000 on India. Britain couldnot afford to go on spending like that. A Labour government elected in 1945, was preparedto make India independent.


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A13: China in Crisis, 1911–1949


25. China, 1911–1927

This question is about China from 1911 to 1927.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why peasants in China were very poorat the beginning of the twentieth century.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect it had on the lives ofpeasants.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why a revolution took place in China in 1911.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the government ofYuan Shih-Kai.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the Great Northern Expedition.(8)


Communist control They were controlled by landlordsHigh rents There could be three or four crops a year

1914 Constitution Japanese influenceThe Imperial title Warlords


In June 1925 Chiang Kai-shek was appointed the commander of the GMD army. He wantedto crush the Warlords in northern China and so re-unite the country. The GMD campaignbegan in July 1926. The GMD army, with Soviet advisers, moved north-east and occupiedHunan and Hupei provinces.



A13: China in Crisis, 1911–1949



26. China, 1927–1949

This question is about the CCP and the GMD.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two things that helped to increase support for theChinese Communist Party (CCP) in the early 1930s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect it had on the CCP.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Mao Zedong created the Jiangxi (Kiangsi-Hunan) Soviet.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the Long March.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how the GMD lost support in China from1937 to 1949.

(8)


The Land Law The Eighth Route ArmyThe United Front Famines

Mao Zedong Conduct of the troopsYanan (Yenan) Increased support for the CCP


After 1937, inflation grew rapidly and the power of Warlords increased once more. TheJapanese concentrated their attacks upon the GMD and left the CCP alone. The CCPadvanced into the areas vacated by the GMD and soon controlled most of northern China.


P24313A 30

A14: Revolution in China, 1949–1996


27. China, 1949–1976

This question is about the policies of Mao Zedong.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two economic policies that Mao Zedong adoptedimmediately after coming to power in 1949.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on China.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Mao preferred to rely on manual labour in major construction projects.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the difficulties Maofaced in the early 1960s.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the effects of the Cultural Revolution.(8)


Population control Soviet aidLand Reform Communes

Liu Shaoqi The Hundred FlowersDeng Xiaoping Backyard Furnaces


Soon rival groups of Red Guards began to clash with one another in efforts to prove theirloyalty to Chairman Mao. Factories also set up groups of workers, which competed with thestudents to hunt out counter-revolutionaries. Individuals took the opportunity to do awaywith rivals by accusing them of opposing the Cultural Revolution.



A14: Revolution in China, 1949–1996



28. China, 1976–1996

This question is about China after Mao Zedong.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two leaders who gained influence from 1976 to 1980.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one aim that this leader had for China.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the Gang of Four was put on trial in 1980.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain how they were changed by Deng Xiaoping.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the successes and failures of DengXiaoping’s economic reforms.

(8)


Deng Xiaoping Hua YaobangJiang Qing Zhou Enlai

Agriculture IndustryEmployment Pay


National Income rose from 732.6 million yuan in 1979 to 2004 million yuan in 1991.Manufacturing output increased by 9 per cent a year on average. Until the mid-1980sChina’s economic reforms were successful. After 1986 they did not go so well.


P24313A 32

A15: South-East Asia, 1945–1990s: the End of the French Empire, Vietnam, Indo-China,Malaysia, Indonesia


29. Indo-China, 1945–1990s

This question is about foreign intervention in Vietnam.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why France had lost control of manyareas of Indo-China by 1946.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on Indo-China.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why US support for the government of South Vietnam increased in the yearsfrom 1954 to 1961.

(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the Vietnam War.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how events in Vietnam began to turnpublic opinion in the USA against the Vietnam War from the mid-1960s.

(8)


Japanese invasions Dien Bien PhuThe Vietminh Chinese Communist intervention

Operation Rolling Thunder NapalmSearch and Destroy Guerrilla Warfare


This was the first war to be shown live on television and in colour. In 1965 viewers saw aGI set fire to a peasant’s hut with his cigarette lighter. In 1968 they watched as a Viet Congprisoner was shot dead. In 1969 the truth about the My Lai massacre was revealed.



A15: South-East Asia, 1945–1990s: the End of the French Empire, Vietnam, Indo-China,Malaysia, Indonesia



30. South-East Asia

This question is about independence for Malaya.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two tactics used by the Communists in the uprisingin Malaya in the late 1940s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect it had on the uprising.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the Communists agreed to talks with the Malayan government in 1955.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the defeat of theCommunist Uprising in Malaya.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how Malaya moved towardsindependence from the elections of 1955 to independence itself in 1957.

(8)


Guerrilla warfare Air strikesNational registration Murders of Europeans

Commonwealth support The Briggs PlanRewards Offers of amnesty


Talks about independence for Malaya began in 1956. The Constitution was drawn up in1957 and Malaya became independent in August of the same year. Islam became the officialreligion. Malay and English became the official languages.


P24313A 34

A16: Conflict and Crisis in the Middle East, 1946–1996


31. The Middle East, 1946–1967

This question is about the Middle East from 1946 to the 1960s.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why Arabs objected to the UN Plan forPalestine.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on PalestinianArabs.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the population of Israel rose quickly after 1948.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the Suez Crisis.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how the superpowers became involvedin the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s.

(8)


Palestine had been Arab for centuries To Jews it was the ‘promised land’The Israeli part contained the best land The British mandate in Palestine ended in 1947

The Aswan Dam Moshe DayanThe United Nations The Suez Canal


To try to protect Israel and other countries from Soviet influence, the Eisenhower Doctrinewas announced in 1957; this offered US aid to any country in the Middle East threatened bycommunism. At the same time the Soviet Union began to send military advisers to Egypt.



A16: Conflict and Crisis in the Middle East, 1946–1996



32. The Middle East, 1967–1996

This question is about terrorism and relations between Israel and Egypt.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two terrorist organisations that attacked Israel and theWest in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one example of the terrorism that itused.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Egypt attacked Israel in the War of October 1973.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the PalestinianLiberation Organisation.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the Camp David Agreements.(8)


Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) Black SeptemberHizbollah Al-Aqsa Brigade

Renunciation of violence in 1988 Al FatahYasser Arafat UN recognition in 1974


Menachem Begin was a realist. He saw no point in provoking hostility when it could do himlittle or no good. Since 1967 Israel had occupied Sinai, which was almost entirely desert andof no real value. He could see no point in holding on to it and so continuing to anger theEgyptians.


P24313A 36

A17: International Relations and the Superpowers: Cold War and Co-existence, 1945–1962


33. International Relations, 1945–1953

This question is about relations between East and West from 1945 to 1949.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two leaders who met at the Potsdam Conference.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one of his aims in 1945.(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the Truman Doctrine was announced in March 1947.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in relations between Eastand West in 1947 to 1949.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the Berlin Airlift.(8)


Roosevelt TrumanStalin De Gaulle

Marshall Aid COMECONTrizonia Political disagreements over Germany


In June 1948, Joseph Stalin ordered that all traffic between West Germany and West Berlinshould be stopped. He was able to close the road, canal and rail routes. The Sovietauthorities announced that the routes would be closed for ‘technical reasons’.



A17: International Relations and the Superpowers: Cold War and Co-existence, 1945–1962



34. International Relations, 1953–1962

This question is about International Relations from 1953 to 1961.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why relations between East and Westchanged in the years from 1953 to 1955.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on relationsbetween East and West.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why there was unrest in Poland and Hungary in 1956.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in increasing tension inBerlin in the 1950s and 1960s.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the Cuban Missiles Crisis.(8)


The death of Joseph Stalin The formation of NATOThe formation of the Warsaw Pact The creation of West Germany

Refugees Higher pay in the West Nikita Khrushchev John F Kennedy


On 14 October 1962 a US spy plane took photographs which showed Soviet missile basesbeing built on Cuba. This meant that all US missile defence systems were now useless. From16 October Kennedy spent one week asking his defence chiefs for possible reactions andconsidering alternatives.


P24313A 38

A18: Europe, 1945–1990s: Divided and United


35. Western Europe, 1945–1990s

This question is about the development of the European Community.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two countries that joined the European Union in the1970s.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect on that country when itjoined the European Union.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why Britain applied to join the European Union in the 1960s.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain the part that they played in the European Union.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the attractions of membership of theEuropean Union.

(8)


Ireland DenmarkBelgium Italy

The European Court of Justice The EuroThe European Central Bank The Commission


Applications to join the European Union increased in the 1980s and 1990s. By the end ofthe 1980s, there were fifteen member states; a further ten countries joined in 2004. At thattime there were several further applications in the pipeline.



A18: Europe, 1945–1990s: Divided and United



36. Eastern Europe, 1945–1990s

This question is about the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc countries after 1945.

(a) Look at the boxes below. Write down the two reasons why Stalin occupied countries in EasternEurope after the Second World War.

(2)

(b) Choose one of your answers to question (a) and describe one effect that it had on relations withthe West.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why the press was censored in Eastern Europe.(4)

(d) Choose any two of the following and explain why they were controlled in Eastern Europe.

(8)


Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how the Communist Bloc used sport andpropaganda to compete with the West.

(8)


TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 50 MARKS

To create a buffer zone Permanent RevolutionCo-existence Fear of western influence

Popular music TelevisionTravel Literature


From the late 1950s, the communist countries of Eastern Europe began to put great effortsinto competing with the West at sport. In the 1960 Olympic Games the Soviet Union wonthe most gold medals. At the same time Khrushchev began to travel widely and publiciseSoviet achievements.


P24313A 40

SECTION B: SPECIAL TOPICS

Answer ONE question from the Special Topics, numbered B1 to B10.

B1: The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815

You should spend about one hour on this question.

1. This question is about the Peninsular War. Study Sources A, B, C and D and then answer thequestions that follow.

SOURCE A: From a history textbook on the Napoleonic Wars.

The fierceness with which guerrillas fought in the Peninsular War surprised the French.Individual French horsemen stood little chance of survival in areas controlled by the rebels.The guerrillas showed no mercy. Victims were often tortured or flayed alive, then left tied to atree or a roadside post as a warning to others.

SOURCE B: A sketch by the Spanish artist Goya (1746–1828) showing guerrillas massacringFrench troops.



SOURCE C: A painting entitled Third of May 1808, by the Spanish artist, Goya, showingFrench troops executing guerrillas. It was painted in 1814.

SOURCE D: From a history textbook on warfare.

Throughout the peninsular campaign the British were inspired by the careful but effectiveleadership of Arthur Wellesley. His victories were decisive to the outcome of the PeninsularWar and earned him the title of the Duke of Wellington. He sometimes had to retreat, but henever lost a battle in the Peninsular War.

Questions

Study Sources A and B.

(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about the actions of the Spanish guerrillas?Explain your answer.

(5)

Study Source C and use your own knowledge.

(b) Source C suggests that the French acted with great severity against the Spanish. Why might theartist have painted a picture this way?

(8)

Study Sources A, B, C and D and use your own knowledge.

(c) The writer of Source D suggests that the main reason for the defeat of the French in thePeninsular War was the leadership of Wellington. Do you agree that this was the main reasonfor the French defeat? Explain your answer.

(12)



P24313A 42

B2: Bismarck’s Wars, 1864–1871


2. This question is about the Treaty of Frankfurt, 1871. Study Sources A, B, C and D and then answerthe questions that follow.

SOURCE A: A speech by a Catholic democrat from Bavaria, Germany, commenting on theTreaty of Frankfurt, January 1871.

Alsace and Lorraine, they say, was formerly German territory, and must again be German. Whyis this? Have the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine lost all their rights and become slaves to becontrolled by Germany? Even the most extreme German nationalist accepts that the inhabitantsof Alsace-Lorraine are in heart and soul French. It is against all human justice that we shouldtry to Germanise them.

SOURCE B: From a letter by a Prussian junker, to his wife, February 1871.

This is a glorious Treaty. We have a peace settlement which will bring pride to all Germans. Itis a peace which justifiably gives back to Germany the two provinces of Alsace-Lorraine. Theirinhabitants will be eternally grateful to us for keeping them from decay and from remaining inthe hands of foreigners.

SOURCE C: A French cartoon of 1871 showing two French government ministersco-operating with German peace treaty demands.

1,0000000

1,0000000

1,0000000

1,0000000

1,00000

♥♥♥♥ALSACE LORRAINE%

♠



SOURCE D: From a history of Germany.

The Treaty of Frankfurt was much harsher than the Treaty of Prague. The Prussian Chief ofStaff, von Moltke, forced Bismarck to impose the harshest terms on France. Von Moltkebelieved that the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine were of vital strategic importance in case of afuture war between the two countries. The fortress of Metz, especially, in his view, was worththe equivalent of 120,000 men.

Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about German attitudes to the annexation ofAlsace-Lorraine? Explain your answer.

(5)


(b) Source C suggests that the French ministers were accepting a very unfair peace treaty. Whymight the artist have wanted to portray the treaty in this way?

(8)


(c) The writer of Source D suggests that the main reason for the harsh peace terms was theinfluence of the German army. Do you agree that this was the main reason for the harsh peaceterms? Explain your answer.

(12)



P24313A 44

B3: The Balkans, 1876–1914


3. This question is about the Congress of Berlin and the Treaty that followed in 1878. Study SourcesA, B, C and D and then answer the questions that follow.

SOURCE A: A map showing the Balkans after the Treaty of Berlin.

SOURCE B: From a textbook on the Eastern Question.

By the Treaty of Berlin, the territory of Bulgaria was greatly reduced from the ‘Big Bulgaria’created in the Treaty of San Stefano. Eastern Rumelia and Macedonia were detached fromBulgaria and returned to Turkey. The independence of Romania and Serbia was confirmed.Nevertheless, much of the Balkans was left under Turkish control.

ROMANIA

RUSSIA

occupied byAustria 1878



SOURCE C: A painting by a German artist showing the Congress of Berlin, 1878. Bismarckis the tall figure in the centre shaking hands.

SOURCE D: From a history of Europe in the nineteenth century.

The main result of the Treaty of Berlin was clear. By transferring Bosnia and Herzegovina toAustrian control and confirming the independence of Serbia, it made Austria-Hungary andSerbia into bitter rivals. This rivalry was to be a major cause of the First World War.

Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about the changes brought about by the Treatyof Berlin? Explain your answer.

(5)


(b) Source C suggests that Bismarck was the central figure at the Congress of Berlin. Why mightthe artist have portrayed Bismarck’s role at the Congress in this way?

(8)


(c) The writer of Source D suggests that Austro-Serbian rivalry was the main consequence of theTreaty of Berlin. Do you agree that this was the main consequence of the treaty? Explain youranswer.

(12)



P24313A 46

B4: The First World War; 1914–1918


4. This question is about the deadlock on the Western Front. Study Sources A, B, C and D and thenanswer the questions that follow.

SOURCE A: An account by a British soldier who fought on the Western Front. He isdescribing a British attack on the German trenches on 1 July 1916, the first dayof the Somme.

The 1st Rifle Brigade advanced in perfect order. Everything was working smoothly, not a shotbeing fired. We had nearly reached the German front line, when all at once machine-gunsopened up all along our front with a murderous fire. We were caught in the open with noshelter. Men were falling all around us. I tripped over dead bodies and fell headlong into a shellhole. Bodies were strung out on the barbed wire.

SOURCE B: From an interview with a British soldier who served on the Western Front. Heis describing a British attack during the Somme offensive.

Hundreds of dead were strung out on the barbed wire. Quite as many died on the enemy wireas on the ground. It was clear that there was no gap in the wire at the time of the attack. TheGermans must have been reinforcing the wire for months. How did the planners imagine thatthe British soldiers would survive the machine gun fire and the barbed wire?

SOURCE C: An official British painting of 1915 showing the capture of the German trenchesat Neuve Chapelle in March 1915.



SOURCE D: From a modern history textbook.

The commanders on both sides had little or no idea about trench warfare and the tacticsnecessary to break the deadlock. Many of the senior British generals had very out-of-date ideas.They still believed that the cavalry would win wars. They persisted for over three years withthe belief that large numbers of infantry soldiers would achieve a breakthrough againstmachine-guns and barbed wire.

Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about the reasons for the failure of the Britishattacks at the Somme in July 1916? Explain your answer.

(5)


(b) Source C suggests that the trenches at Neuve Chapelle were captured with ease by Britishtroops. Why might the artist have wanted to portray the attack in this way?

(8)


(c) The writer of Source D suggests that the deadlock on the Western Front was due to the tacticsof the commanders on both sides. Do you agree that this was the main reason for the deadlock?Explain your answer.

(12)



P24313A 48

B5: Weimar Germany and its Challengers, 1919–1924


5. This question is about the hyperinflation of 1923. Study Sources A, B, C and D and then answerthe questions that follow.

SOURCE A: A German journalist describes the effects of hyperinflation, 1923.

As soon as I received my salary, I rushed out to buy food. My daily salary, as editor of thenewspaper, was just enough to buy one loaf of bread and a small piece of cheese. A friend ofmine, a clergyman, came to Berlin from a suburb with his monthly salary to buy a pair of shoesfor his baby. He could only afford a cup of coffee.

SOURCE B: From the memoirs of a German woman who was living in Frankfurt during thehyperinflation.

I was told about a widow of a policeman who had just died, leaving four children. She had beenawarded three months of her husband’s salary as a pension. The sum involved was carefullyworked out and, after a delay of several months, the money was finally paid to the widow. Theamount she received would only have paid for three boxes of matches.

SOURCE C: A cartoon published in a German magazine in 1923. It shows a German mothercalling for bread while she and her child drown in a sea of paper money.




Poor people suffered, but the greatest casualties of hyperinflation were the richer Germans –those with savings. Prosperous middle-class families would find that their savings in the bank,which might have bought them a house in 1921, would not even buy a loaf of bread in 1923.

Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about the effects of hyperinflation? Explainyour answer.

(5)


(b) Source C suggests that ordinary German people in 1923 were drowning in a sea of papermoney. Why might the cartoonist have shown the effects of hyperinflation in this way?

(8)


(c) The writer of Source D suggests that the main victims of hyperinflation were the middleclasses. Do you agree that they were its main victims? Explain your answer.

(12)



P24313A 50

B6: Russia in Revolution, 1914–24


6. This question is about War Communism and the New Economic Policy. Study Sources A, B, C andD and then answer the questions that follow.

SOURCE A: By an English visitor to Russia, describing what he witnessed in the Russiancountryside.

Whole families were herded into tents. Starving old men gazed hopelessly at us with deathlystares. Women and children were also under-nourished and unable to move, talk or play. Theylived on the tiny remnants of the last year’s harvest and whatever else they could find includingacorns, bark, insects and even animal droppings.

SOURCE B: From a Russian eye-witness account, describing Moscow during the famineof 1921.

You could often see people who had walked from the famine-stricken areas of the Soviet Unionin the hope of finding food in Moscow. By that time they were usually so weak that they mostlydied on the street, so as a child I saw many deaths. Whole families were dying on thepavements.

SOURCE C: An official Soviet photograph of a busy outdoor market in Moscow in late 1921,after the introduction of the NEP.



SOURCE D: From Lenin’s speech to the Tenth Bolshevik Party Congress, 1921.

We know that, so long as there is no revolution in other countries, only a new agreement withthe peasants can save the socialist revolution in Russia. We need a new policy. We must try tosatisfy the demands of the peasants who are understandably discontented with WarCommunism.

Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about the suffering of the Russian people in1921? Explain your answer.

(5)


(b) Source C suggests that everyday life in Moscow had improved by late 1921. Why might thephotographer have wanted to show the market in this way?

(8)


(c) Lenin, in Source D, suggests that the main reason for the introduction of the NEP was to winback the support of the peasants. Was this the main reason for the introduction of the NEP?Explain your answer.

(12)



P24313A 52

B7: The USA, 1917–1929


7. This question is about gangsterism in the 1920s. Study Sources A, B, C and D and then answer thequestions that follow.

SOURCE A: From the book Memories of Capone.

People in Chicago then looked on Al Capone as Robin Hood because he helped the poor. Myuncle worked for him. He had a dry cleaning business, and Capone used it as a headquarters forselling alcohol. Capone sold the alcohol to my uncle for $12 a gallon and we’d sell it to peoplefor $18 a gallon.

SOURCE B: From an interview with a jazz musician in Al Capone’s clubs in the 1920s.

Chicago came alive overnight. Everybody was making money. All this was because of Capone.He was selling his beer and whisky to every place in Chicago, even the post office. There wasplenty of this, plenty of that. Everybody was happy. He ruled the city.

SOURCE C: A photograph of Al Capone on the front cover of Time in 1930. Time was one ofthe most influential magazines in the USA.



SOURCE D: From an account by the leader of the women’s campaign to end Prohibition.

Prohibition has led to lawbreaking and contempt for the law. It has encouraged the emergenceand growth of an organised criminal class in this country, of gangsterism. It is time to replacethis present corruption and lawlessness with honesty.

Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about the effects that Capone had on Chicago?Explain your answer.

(5)


(b) Source C suggests that Capone was a celebrity of national importance in the USA. Why mightthe magazine portray Capone in this way?

(8)


(c) The author of Source D suggests that prohibition was the main reason for the emergence ofgangsterism. Do you agree that this was the main reason for its emergence? Explain youranswer.

(12)



P24313A 54

B8: The Holocaust, 1939–1945


8. This question is about the Wannsee Conference in January 1942. Study Sources A, B, C and D andthen answer the questions that follow.

SOURCE A: From a history of the holocaust.

By the end of the Wannsee Conference, if not before, all senior decision makers in the ThirdReich knew about, and were all responsible for, the murder of the century. All were agreed thatthe extermination of the Jews should be forced ahead as rapidly as possible.

SOURCE B: An entry from the diary of Joseph Goebbels, 27 March 1942.

The Jews are now being deported to the east. Here a fairly barbaric process is being employed.On the whole I can confirm that 60% of them have to be liquidated, while only 40% are ableto be put to work.

SOURCE C: Himmler speaking to a meeting of SS officers in 1943.

Among ourselves we Nazis can talk openly about it, though we will never speak a word to theGerman public. I am speaking about the evacuation of the Jews, the extermination of theJewish people. That is a page of glory in our history, but we will not put it in our books.


By December 1941, Hitler had decided that the only answer to the Jewish problem was themurder of every Jew who fell into Nazi hands. Germany had conquered Poland and other landsin the east. There were many Jews living in these areas and they presented Hitler with a newproblem. Therefore the Wannsee Conference was called in January 1942.



Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A concerning the part played by the leadingNazis in the decision taken at the Wannsee Conference? Explain your answer.

(5)


(b) Source C suggests that Himmler did not want to reveal the truth about the ‘Final Solution’ tothe German people. Why might Himmler have reacted in this way?

(8)


(c) The author of Source D suggests that the main reason for the Wannsee Conference was the Nazioccupation of Eastern Europe. Do you agree that this was the main reason for the Conference?Explain your answer.

(12)



P24313A 56

B9: The Second World War, 1939–1945


9. This question is about the expansion of Japan in 1941–1942. Study Sources A, B, C and D and thenanswer the questions that follow.

SOURCE A: From an account by a Japanese airman of the attack on the British warship, theHMS Repulse.

Repulse is in great difficulties and can’t steer a straight course. The ship is coming into rangeof my aircraft. We have complete control of the air and freedom to attack the ship. I’ve comeso close that the big ship’s side seems to hang over me. Then I hear a shout, ‘Got her!’ I lookround and see a weird shape rise up into the air, a huge column of grey water. I’m sure it is oneof my torpedoes which struck the ship in the stern.

SOURCE B: From an account by a British soldier of the Japanese attack on Singapore inFebruary 1942.

The Japanese Zero fighters were complete masters of the air over Singapore. They easilyoutmanoeuvred our Hurricanes which had only just arrived and been assembled. Hurricaneswere being flown by half-trained pilots. All our planes were quickly destroyed.

SOURCE C: An official Japanese photograph showing British troops surrendering inSingapore, in February 1942.




The Japanese were far better trained than their opponents to fight in the jungle areas of the FarEast. For example, the Japanese soldiers who captured Malaya and Singapore wore lightclothes, carried little equipment, and used bicycles and river boats to move swiftly through thejungle.

Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about the importance of Japanese air powerin the early stages of the war in the Far East? Explain your answer.

(5)


(b) Source C shows British troops not resisting capture. Why might the photographer have wantedto show the British troops in this way?

(8)


(c) The writer of Source D suggests that superior Japanese tactics and equipment were the mainreason for their early successes in the Far East. Do you agree that this was the main reason fortheir early successes? Explain your answer.

(12)



B10: China under Mao Zedong, 1949–1959


10. This question is about the First Five Year Plan. Study Sources A, B, C and D and then answer thequestions which follow.

SOURCE A: From a British reporter in China, writing in 1954.

The Five Year Plan seemed to be a great success. The town of Fushan was a good example ofthe rapid industrial development. It was a city of 700,000, four times bigger than it had beenin 1949. It had three underground mines as well as another three petrol plants on the way. Therewas construction work all over the town. Great gangs and communities of people were layinghuge girders over river beds.

SOURCE B: Official government production figures for 1952–1957.

SOURCE C: An official Chinese government photograph showing the building of the firstbridge across the Yangtse at Wuhan.

P24313A 58

INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT IN CHINA, 1952–571952 1957

Pig Iron (’000 tons) 1,900 5,936Steel (’000 tons) 1,348 5,350Electricity (m. kw. hrs) 7,260 19,340Coal (’000 tons) 66,490 130,000Crude Petroleum (’000 tons) 436 1,438



In 1953 Mao decided to launch the first Five Year Plan and followed the earlier Soviet model.The plan relied heavily for its success on the USSR which sent 10,000 scientists and otherexperts to help. Thousands of Chinese students were sent to the USSR to be trained.

Questions


(a) Does Source B support the evidence of Source A about the effects of the Five Year Plan?Explain your answer.

(5)


(b) Source C suggests the Five Year Plan paid great attention to transport and communications.Why might the photographer have wanted to show the Five Year Plan in this way?

(8)


(c) The writer of Source D suggests that the main reason for the success of the Five Year Plan wasthe support of the USSR. Do you agree that this was the main reason for its success? Explainyour answer.

(12)


TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 25 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 75 MARKS

END



Edexcel Limited gratefully acknowledges the following sources:Chandler and Wright, Modern World History, Heinemann, 2001B J Elliott, Bismarck, the Kaiser and Germany, Longman, 1972T Fiehn, R Mill, M Samuelson, C White, The USA Between The Wars, J Murray, 2002S Waugh, Essential Modern World History, Nelson Thornes, 2001M Gorman, The Unification of Germany, CUP, 1989E Davies, Aspects of Modern World History, Hodder and Stoughton, 1990P Ingram, Russia and the USSR, CUP, 1997A Konstam, Historical Atlas of the Napoleonic Era, Mercury Books, 2003A Gilbert, The Encyclopedia of Warfare, Grange Books, 2000G Hetherton, Britain and the Great War, J Murray, 1993S Lee, Hitler and Nazi Germany, Heinemann, 1996J Brooman, Germany 1918–1945, Longman, 1996T Fiehn, Russia and the USSR, J Murray, 1996

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders where possible. In some cases, every effort to contactcopyright holders have been unsuccessful and Edexcel will be happy to rectify any omissions ofacknowledgements at first opportunity.

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