history and principles of graphic design
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History and PrinciplesHistory and Principlesof Graphic Designof Graphic Design
A ReflectionA Reflection
Blair WilsonBlair WilsonSeptember 2002September 2002
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OverviewOverview
• Principles
• History– of design – points I found interesting– in computing – a short summary
• Applications in Computing
• Summary
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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PrinciplesPrinciples
• Colour– Warm vs Cool– Illusion of distance– Contrast
• Composition– Emphasis– Balance– Unity– Grid
• Perspective– Atmospheric– 1-point, 2-point and 3-point
• Typography
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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HistoryHistory
• Relatively new profession (~1950s)– Prior to this there were Commercial Artists
• Design itself has been maturing since cavemen first began drawing on their cave walls c.35000 B.C.
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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Chauvet, Francec.35000 B.C – c.30000 B.C.
Crude drawing, limited colour
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
Lascaux, Francec.17000 B.C
More realistic drawing, vivid colour
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HistoryHistory
• New as a profession (~1950s)• Design itself has been maturing since the caveman c.35000 B.C.• Sumerian pictographs c.3100 B.C.
– considered to be the origins of writing. Originally mostly pictorial images, evolved into cuneiform when the writing implements changed
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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Sumerian pictographic clay tablet, c.3000 B.C.
Sharp-pointed stylus, pressed into the clay.
Sumerian cuneiform clay tablet, 2036 B.C. Triangular-tipped stylus,
wedge-shaped strokes.
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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Sumerian cylinder seal.
Early form of logo or trademark.
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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HistoryHistory
• New as a profession (~1950s)– Prior to this there were Commercial Artists
• Design itself has been maturing since the caveman c.35000 B.C.• Sumerian pictographs c.3100 B.C.• Egyptian Hieroglyphs c.3100 B.C. – 394 A.D.
– retained their pictographic style– read in whichever direction living creatures were facing– interesting use of balance and decoration in designs
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
![Page 10: History and Principles of Graphic Design](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081413/547bb4b1b4af9fa2258b4692/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Papyrus of Ani, c.1420 B.C.
Notice the surrounding border and the framing of the illustrations and related text.
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
![Page 11: History and Principles of Graphic Design](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081413/547bb4b1b4af9fa2258b4692/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
HistoryHistory
• New as a profession (~1950s)– Prior to this there were Commercial Artists
• Design itself has been maturing since the caveman ~35000 B.C.• Sumerian pictographs ~3100 B.C.• Egyptian Hieroglyphs ~3100 B.C. – 394 A.D.• Illuminated Manuscripts, Europe ~355 A.D. – ~1450 A.D.• Celtic Manuscripts ~680 A.D.
– the invention of the ‘space’ between words
• Romanesque and Gothic Manuscripts ~1200 A.D. – ~1450 A.D.
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
Book of Durrow c.680 A.D.
Example of Illuminated manuscript. Elaborate letters, gold highlighting
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Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
Douce Apocalypse, c.1265 A.D.
Still hand written and illustrated, but careful, measured layout of text and illustrations
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HistoryHistory
• New as a profession (~1950s)– Prior to this there were Commercial Artists
• Design itself has been maturing since the caveman ~35000 B.C.• Sumerian pictographs ~3100 B.C.• Egyptian Hieroglyphs ~3100 B.C. – 394 A.D.• Illuminated Manuscripts ~355 A.D. – ~1450 A.D.• Celtic Manuscripts ~680 A.D. – the invention of the ‘space’ between
words• Romanesque and Gothic Manuscripts ~1200 – ~1450• Gutenberg Printing Press ~1450 A.D.
– Gutenberg Bible 1450-1455
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
Gutenberg Biblec.1450 – 1455
Also referred to as the ’forty-two-line Bible’:
• first nine pages – 40 lines
• tenth page – 41 lines
• remainder – 42 lines
210 copies – 180 paper, 30 vellum
When Fust (Gutenberg’s partner) took the Bibles to France to sell, he was suspected of witchcraft because of the number and uniformity of the volumes and had to reveal the method of production.
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HistoryHistory
• In computing:– 1950s first GUI computer– 1970s Alto by Xerox Paulo Alto Research Centre,
not developed further– 1983 Lisa, by Apple. First personal computer with a GUI.
Replaced by the Macintosh in 1984– 1985 Windows 1.0– 1987 Windows 2.0 – a ‘proper’ GUI– 1990s increased interest within the computer community
in better graphical design of documents
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications
• Design of GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces)• Forms• Web pages• Documents• Powerpoint
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002
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SummarySummary
• Graphical design has been evolving for thousands of years.
• The Graphic Design profession is young.
• Computer documents and applications use graphical design principles heavily.
Blair Wilson
History and Principles of Graphic Design
COSC414 2002