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Page 1: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

History and Perspectives

Page 2: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century

Roots

Page 3: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

• The “father of psychology”

• Founder of modern psychology

• Opened the first psychology lab in 1879

Page 4: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

E.B. Titchener (1867-1927)

• Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness

• Founder of structuralism

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Structuralism

• Theory that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

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Gestalt Psychology

• Psychological perspective that emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

• The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

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William James (1842-1910)

• First American psychologist

• Author of the first psychology textbook

• Founder of Functionalism

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Functionalism

• Theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness or the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment

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Psychology in the Twentieth Century

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective

• Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts

Page 14: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Psychoanalysis

• Theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Page 15: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Freud’s Influence

• Influence on “pop culture”

– Freudian slips

– Anal-retentive

• Influence on psychology

– Psychodynamic theory

– Unconscious thoughts

– Significance of childhood experiences

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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

• Russian Physiologist

• Studied learning in animals

• Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

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John B. Watson (1878-1958)

• Founder of behaviorism

• Studied only observable and objectively described acts

• Emphasized objective and scientific methodology

Page 18: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Behaviorism

• The theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes.

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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

• American psychologist whose brand of behaviorism focused on the role of responses in learning.

• Focused on learning through rewards and observation

• Behaviorist

Page 20: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Humanistic Psychology

• School of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and the capacity for personal growth

• Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will

• Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.

Page 21: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow

• Prominent Humanists

• Rejected idea that behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments

• Stressed free will in decision making

Carl Rogers

Page 22: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Jean Piaget

• Developmental and cognitive psychologist known for his studies of children’s thought processes

• Interested in how thinking develops

Page 23: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Psychology’s American

Groundbreakers

Module 2: History and Perspective

Page 24: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

G. Stanley Hall

• First American with a doctorate in psychology

• Open the first psychology lab in U.S. at John Hopkins University

• First president of the APA

Page 25: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Mary Whiton Calkins

• First woman to complete the requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology

• President of the APA in 1905

Page 26: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Margaret Floy Washburn

• First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the U.S.

Page 27: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Francis Cecil Sumner

• First African-American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology

Page 28: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Kenneth Clark/Mamie Philips Clark

• Educational psychologists

• Studied institutionalized racism

• Studies were cited in “Brown v Board of Education”

Page 29: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Inex Beverly Prosser

• First African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology

Page 30: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Six Contemporary Psychological Perspectives

Page 31: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Psychological Perspectives

• Method of classifying a collection of ideas

• Also called “schools of thought”

• Also called “psychological approaches”

• To view behavior from a particular perspective

Page 32: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Cognitive Perspective

• School of thought that focuses on how people think – how we take in, process, store, and retrieve information

• Focus: On how people think and process information

• Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation

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Biological Perspective

• School of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought, or emotion

• Focus: How our biological structures and substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion

• Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.

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Page 38: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Social-Cultural Perspective

• School of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different contexts or situations

• Focus: How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation

• Behavior is explained by the influence of other people present

Page 39: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots
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Page 41: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Behavioral Perspective

• Focus: How we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation

• Behavior is explained by previous learning

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Page 44: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Humanistic Perspective

• Focus: How healthy people strive to reach their full potential

• Behavior is explained as being motivated by satisfying needs (safety, hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of reaching one’s full potential once basic needs are met.

Page 45: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots
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Psychodynamic Perspective

• Focus: How behavior is affected by unconscious drives and conflicts

• Behavior is explained through unconscious motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one’s childhood.

• Modern version of psychoanalytic perspective.

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Psychology in the Twenty-First Century

Page 51: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Behavior Genetics

• School of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

• Focus: How behavior is affected by genes and the environment

• Combines biology and behaviorism• Emphasis on the importance of both

genetic and environmental factors on behavior

Page 52: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Evolutionary Psychology

• Combines aspects of biological, psychological, and social perspectives

• Behavior is explained by how the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully.

Page 53: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

Positive Psychology• Movement that focuses on the

study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive

• Focus: To study and promote optimal human functioning

• Martin E.P. Seligman is a major advocate

• Should promote building positive qualities of people

Page 54: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

History of Psychology

Page 55: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

History of Psychology

Page 56: History and Perspectives. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

History of Psychology


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