history and development of language newspapers
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History and Development of language newspapers. From its beginnings in the early years of the 19 century, the Indian press had been the vicious target of the British rulers who employed every means to crush it - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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History and Development History and Development of language newspapersof language newspapers
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From its beginnings in the early From its beginnings in the early years of the 19 century, the Indian years of the 19 century, the Indian press had been the vicious target of press had been the vicious target of the British rulers who employed the British rulers who employed every means to crush itevery means to crush it
Willing to tolerate the Indian owned Willing to tolerate the Indian owned and edited English press up to a and edited English press up to a point, but they believed the language point, but they believed the language press to be dangerous for the press to be dangerous for the perpetuation of their ruleperpetuation of their rule
33
Their argument was that the educated Their argument was that the educated Indians who read the English newspapers Indians who read the English newspapers were less likely to be misled were less likely to be misled
And would better appreciate the benefits of And would better appreciate the benefits of the British rule than the masses who read the British rule than the masses who read and were influenced by the language pressand were influenced by the language press
Their repressive legislation was directed Their repressive legislation was directed more towards the language press and the more towards the language press and the most famous example is the Vernacular most famous example is the Vernacular Press Act of 1878Press Act of 1878
After Independence the government has not After Independence the government has not
done anything significant to help the regional done anything significant to help the regional
Press develop against stiff competition from the Press develop against stiff competition from the
English PressEnglish Press
The First Press Commission stated that the cost The First Press Commission stated that the cost
& lack of distribution facilities hindered their & lack of distribution facilities hindered their
developmentdevelopment
In the initial phaseIn the initial phase
Rural newspapers were crude, badly designed, Rural newspapers were crude, badly designed,
poorly laid outpoorly laid out
Owners lacked marketing skill to ensure wider Owners lacked marketing skill to ensure wider
circulation to remote areas circulation to remote areas
Most newspapers lacked skilled writers who had Most newspapers lacked skilled writers who had
a nose for rural affairsa nose for rural affairs
Late 90’s saw a spurt of regional editions of city Late 90’s saw a spurt of regional editions of city
papers exclusively to cater to rural readerspapers exclusively to cater to rural readers
What the newspapers needed was : What the newspapers needed was :
Good printing technologyGood printing technology
Extensive local coverageExtensive local coverage
Interesting stories, relatable to farmersInteresting stories, relatable to farmers
Local language will colloquial lingo plus Local language will colloquial lingo plus
dialectdialect
Good distribution channelGood distribution channel
1976 onwards1976 onwards
Language papers grew 4 times in circulationLanguage papers grew 4 times in circulation
Were more attractively displayed, well laid out Were more attractively displayed, well laid out
& written in easily understood language& written in easily understood language
Conveyed all kinds of information to the widest Conveyed all kinds of information to the widest
section of readerssection of readers
Gave readers a better perspective about the Gave readers a better perspective about the
society they lived insociety they lived in
Also made readers aware of their rights & Also made readers aware of their rights &
privilegesprivileges
Emergence of newspapers and their slow & steady Emergence of newspapers and their slow & steady
circulation led to local language flourishingcirculation led to local language flourishing
By 1997, 60% of urban people & 25% of rural By 1997, 60% of urban people & 25% of rural
population was reading newspapers on a regular population was reading newspapers on a regular
basisbasis
1980 onwards- Shift to rural areas1980 onwards- Shift to rural areas
A concerted effort was taken by regional A concerted effort was taken by regional
newspapers to penetrate the rural areasnewspapers to penetrate the rural areas
Firstly, aim was higher circulationFirstly, aim was higher circulation
Secondly, it was a missionary endeavor to raise Secondly, it was a missionary endeavor to raise
the standards of peasants & famersthe standards of peasants & famers
Lastly, to commit to journalism by reporting the Lastly, to commit to journalism by reporting the
progress achieved in interiors of country progress achieved in interiors of country
Founder of Founder of Sakal, Sakal, Dr N.B Parulekar – one of the Dr N.B Parulekar – one of the
pioneers in trying to reach out to the rural pioneers in trying to reach out to the rural
areasareas
He did this after laying down a sound He did this after laying down a sound
circulation base for circulation base for SakalSakal in Pune in Pune
Newspapers in small villages were not a viable Newspapers in small villages were not a viable
option and transportation was a problem, option and transportation was a problem,
hence most newspaper organisations avoided hence most newspaper organisations avoided
themthem
Regional journalism & Regional journalism & PoliticsPolitics
Local politicians realized the potential of Local politicians realized the potential of
localized newspapers localized newspapers
No. of people with political ambitions launched a No. of people with political ambitions launched a
NP in their electoral constituency to :NP in their electoral constituency to :
Provide a link between their area of operation & Provide a link between their area of operation &
the partythe party
Make profits through advertisementsMake profits through advertisements
Influence the voters Influence the voters
Soon, the local newspapers became an Soon, the local newspapers became an
additional campaigning method to woo the additional campaigning method to woo the
voters, apart from the traditional methodsvoters, apart from the traditional methods
Their goal was not national integration (as many Their goal was not national integration (as many
claimed!)claimed!)
Few espoused a noble welfare causeFew espoused a noble welfare cause
Many even wanted to demolish a rival & Many even wanted to demolish a rival &
published articles to suit their agendapublished articles to suit their agenda
STATE-WISE ANALYSIS STATE-WISE ANALYSIS
During 2005-06, the largest numbers During 2005-06, the largest numbers of newspapers were published from of newspapers were published from Uttar Pradesh (1913), followed Uttar Pradesh (1913), followed by Delhi (1133), Gujarati (817), by Delhi (1133), Gujarati (817), Rajasthan (742), Maharashtra (642) Rajasthan (742), Maharashtra (642) and West Bengal (505). and West Bengal (505).
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Uttar Pradesh topped in total Uttar Pradesh topped in total circulation, with 3,32,91,882 in 2005-circulation, with 3,32,91,882 in 2005-06, followed by Delhi with 06, followed by Delhi with 3,06,03,048 3,06,03,048 copies. Maharashtra retained its copies. Maharashtra retained its third position with third position with 2,04,72,8281,59,59,124 copies. 2,04,72,8281,59,59,124 copies.
Uttar Pradesh had the largest Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of daily newspapers (384), number of daily newspapers (384), followed by Maharashtra (206). followed by Maharashtra (206).
A notable feature was that Orissa A notable feature was that Orissa achieved the distinction of publishing achieved the distinction of publishing newspapers in 17 major languages.newspapers in 17 major languages. 1414
Delhi and Maharashtra came next Delhi and Maharashtra came next with 11, Kerala 9 and Gujarat with with 11, Kerala 9 and Gujarat with 6. Uttar Pradesh published the 6. Uttar Pradesh published the maximum number of newspapers in a maximum number of newspapers in a single language i.e., 1608 in Hindi. single language i.e., 1608 in Hindi.
It was also noticed that regional It was also noticed that regional language newspapers were leading language newspapers were leading both in number and circulation in all both in number and circulation in all major States. major States.
1515
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VERNACULAR PRESS ACT, VERNACULAR PRESS ACT, 18781878
Most controversial law against the PressMost controversial law against the Press
Lord Lytton- provoked by the writings of the Lord Lytton- provoked by the writings of the
Bengali PressBengali Press
Assumed office when a serious discussion was Assumed office when a serious discussion was
going on about the need for action against the going on about the need for action against the
native Pressnative Press
1717
Law initially called “Law initially called “An Act for better control of An Act for better control of
publication in oriental languages- 1878”publication in oriental languages- 1878”
The Act empowered any magistrate or a The Act empowered any magistrate or a
commissioner of police to call upon a printer of a commissioner of police to call upon a printer of a
newspaper to furnish a bond / undertaking not to newspaper to furnish a bond / undertaking not to
publish certain kind of material, to demand security publish certain kind of material, to demand security
and to forfeit it if it was thought fit, and to and to forfeit it if it was thought fit, and to
confiscate any printed matter deemed confiscate any printed matter deemed
objectionable. objectionable.
1818
No printer or publisher No printer or publisher
against whom such an against whom such an
action had been taken could action had been taken could
resort to a court of lawresort to a court of law
1919
Government could issue search warrants & Government could issue search warrants &
enter premises of any Press & take action enter premises of any Press & take action
without going to courtwithout going to court
The law required all native proprietors to The law required all native proprietors to
furnish a bond of Rs 10,000 while registering furnish a bond of Rs 10,000 while registering
newspapers, which was subject to forfeiture newspapers, which was subject to forfeiture
if an offence was committedif an offence was committed
The law was repealed in 1881 by Lord RiponThe law was repealed in 1881 by Lord Ripon
2020
The Initial Phases of…The Initial Phases of… Hindi JournalismHindi Journalism
Concerned solely with social & religious mattersConcerned solely with social & religious matters
Not much involvement in political affairsNot much involvement in political affairs
Singular attention to ridding society of social evils like Singular attention to ridding society of social evils like
untouchability, lack of education especially girl untouchability, lack of education especially girl
education, sati, dowry, child marriage, widow education, sati, dowry, child marriage, widow
remarriage etcremarriage etc
2121
Hindi press transformed to political Hindi press transformed to political
and nationalistic Press with a and nationalistic Press with a
demand for self governance whendemand for self governance when
Racial discrimination became Racial discrimination became
rampantrampant
Grievances of people against the Grievances of people against the
rulers multipliedrulers multiplied
2222
The beginningsThe beginnings 18261826, 1, 1stst Hindi NP- weekly started in Calcutta, Hindi NP- weekly started in Calcutta,
Oodunt MartandOodunt Martand
Editor- Jooghul Kishore (Jugal Kishor)Editor- Jooghul Kishore (Jugal Kishor)
Pioneer of Hindi journalism in IndiaPioneer of Hindi journalism in India
Faced many difficulties in running itFaced many difficulties in running it
Needed postal facilities to dispatch it outside Needed postal facilities to dispatch it outside
Bengal, but denied by the GovernmentBengal, but denied by the Government
Also refused postal concessionsAlso refused postal concessions
2323
Unable to face high postal ratesUnable to face high postal rates
Closed down the paper within an Closed down the paper within an
year after 79 issuesyear after 79 issues
2424
Urdu journalismUrdu journalism Urdu, listed among the 15 national Urdu, listed among the 15 national
languages in the VIII Schedule of the languages in the VIII Schedule of the ConstitutionConstitution
Spoken by six per cent of the populationSpoken by six per cent of the population
It is the official language in Jammu and It is the official language in Jammu and Kashmir and the second official language Kashmir and the second official language in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar PradeshPradesh
2525
The first Urdu newspaper was Jam -i – The first Urdu newspaper was Jam -i – Jahan – Numa, published from Calcutta in Jahan – Numa, published from Calcutta in April 1822April 1822
Editor was Sadasukh LalEditor was Sadasukh Lal
The Urdu press by and large gave a picture The Urdu press by and large gave a picture of the issues that were “warmly contested of the issues that were “warmly contested in Hindu society, of the grievances of the in Hindu society, of the grievances of the people, of the disadvantage of having a people, of the disadvantage of having a foreign language as the language of the foreign language as the language of the courts of the atrocities of the indigo courts of the atrocities of the indigo planters and the blunders of young planters and the blunders of young magistrates” magistrates”
2626
The government was very harsh on Urdu The government was very harsh on Urdu newspapers, since many of them had newspapers, since many of them had supported the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857supported the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857
The severity of the repression in the The severity of the repression in the wake of the Mutiny was such that the wake of the Mutiny was such that the Urdu press had virtually disappeared in Urdu press had virtually disappeared in the processthe process
Soon after the Mutiny was crushed, 12 Soon after the Mutiny was crushed, 12 journals came out, and all of them were journals came out, and all of them were run by non – Muslims, particularly run by non – Muslims, particularly HindusHindus
2727
Four years after the Mutiny, in 1861, Sir Four years after the Mutiny, in 1861, Sir Syed Ahmed launched some literary Syed Ahmed launched some literary and scientific periodicals and scientific periodicals
No one dared to go in for political No one dared to go in for political journalism, particularly in the areas journalism, particularly in the areas where the Mutiny had been acute and where the Mutiny had been acute and had left behind a sense of horror and had left behind a sense of horror and fearfear
Delhi, Agra Meerut, Lucknow and AligarhDelhi, Agra Meerut, Lucknow and Aligarh
2828
Marathi JournalismMarathi Journalism Marathi journalism grew out of a tradition Marathi journalism grew out of a tradition
of writing with great literary flourish, of writing with great literary flourish, commonly practiced by educated gentry in commonly practiced by educated gentry in the eighteenth centurythe eighteenth century
Commonplace events like births and Commonplace events like births and weddings lent itself to such treatmentweddings lent itself to such treatment
Illustrative of this trend is an exhaustive Illustrative of this trend is an exhaustive account of the Battle of Panipat (1761) account of the Battle of Panipat (1761) where the Maratha forces faced a great where the Maratha forces faced a great debacledebacle
2929
The murder of Narayanrao Peshwa in The murder of Narayanrao Peshwa in 1773 formed the subject of a ‘Bakhar’ 1773 formed the subject of a ‘Bakhar’ sent to the Patwardhans of Miraj by sent to the Patwardhans of Miraj by their representative in Punetheir representative in Pune
They resemble in an amazing manner They resemble in an amazing manner the special reports sent by special the special reports sent by special correspondents to modern – day correspondents to modern – day newspapers newspapers
3030
Bal Shastri Jambhekar (1812 – 1846) Bal Shastri Jambhekar (1812 – 1846) founded the Darpan in 1832founded the Darpan in 1832
Pioneer of Marathi journalismPioneer of Marathi journalism
He holds the distinction of being the He holds the distinction of being the first Indian professor at the first Indian professor at the Elphistone College in BombayElphistone College in Bombay
3131
Darpan was a fortnightly, a Marathi – Darpan was a fortnightly, a Marathi – English bilingual, started on January 6English bilingual, started on January 6
By May it had become a weekly with eight By May it had become a weekly with eight pages per issuepages per issue
The first issue outlined the objective of the The first issue outlined the objective of the paper: to inspire more Indians to take to paper: to inspire more Indians to take to western education and to provide a forum western education and to provide a forum to people to express their views on to people to express their views on projects for the well – being of the people projects for the well – being of the people and the prosperity of the nationand the prosperity of the nation
3232
The paper discussed several issues of The paper discussed several issues of public concern, including religious public concern, including religious controversiescontroversies
The Darpan ceased publication in The Darpan ceased publication in 18401840
During its short tenure, it maintained During its short tenure, it maintained very high standards of journalism in very high standards of journalism in every senseevery sense
3333
The Bengali pressThe Bengali press
Since the headquarters of the East Since the headquarters of the East India Company was in Kolkatta and India Company was in Kolkatta and all the big commercial houses were all the big commercial houses were in that city, it was but natural that in that city, it was but natural that Kolkatta should have more Kolkatta should have more newspapers than any other citynewspapers than any other city
3434
Christian missionary activities and Christian missionary activities and particularly the launch of their particularly the launch of their publications in Bengali prompted the publications in Bengali prompted the publication of a number of Bengali publication of a number of Bengali papers to defend the Hindu religion papers to defend the Hindu religion and customsand customs
The social reform movements of Raja The social reform movements of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra VidyaSagar deemed it necessary to VidyaSagar deemed it necessary to have their own journals to propagate have their own journals to propagate their causetheir cause
3535
The Governor General, Lord Bentinck’s The Governor General, Lord Bentinck’s abolition of Sati stirred the conservative abolition of Sati stirred the conservative and orthodox elements in Hindu society, and orthodox elements in Hindu society, who launched publications to espouse their who launched publications to espouse their causecause
The first two Bengali newspapers were The first two Bengali newspapers were launched in 1818 – Dig Darshan and launched in 1818 – Dig Darshan and Samachar DarpanSamachar Darpan
Both were missionary journals, but they Both were missionary journals, but they made readers aware of the possibilities of made readers aware of the possibilities of running newspapers in Bengalirunning newspapers in Bengali
3636
The Press was still in its crudest formThe Press was still in its crudest form
Shoddy printing and poor layoutShoddy printing and poor layout
Samachar Darpan Samachar Darpan was started by was started by
missionaries (Carey and Marshman) at missionaries (Carey and Marshman) at
SeramporeSerampore
Began as a monthly, but owing to popularity, Began as a monthly, but owing to popularity,
became a weeklybecame a weekly
3737
It carried both Indian as well as foreign news and It carried both Indian as well as foreign news and
district news, apart from missionary matter, district news, apart from missionary matter,
Became a bilingual in 1829- Bengali and EnglishBecame a bilingual in 1829- Bengali and English
Ran both in parallel columnsRan both in parallel columns
Survived a few crises, but finally closed down in Survived a few crises, but finally closed down in
18521852
3838
The Samachar Darpan proved to be The Samachar Darpan proved to be the forerunner of the modern – day the forerunner of the modern – day Bengali newspaper, when to cover Bengali newspaper, when to cover social and non- political news it social and non- political news it appointed 60 correspondents in all appointed 60 correspondents in all major towns of Bengalmajor towns of Bengal
The Governor General Hastings gave The Governor General Hastings gave the Samachar Darpan postal the Samachar Darpan postal concessions, which was a fourth of concessions, which was a fourth of the normal chargesthe normal charges
3939
His successor Lord Amherst, His successor Lord Amherst, subscribed to a hundred copies which subscribed to a hundred copies which he distributed to government officialshe distributed to government officials
The journal with its network of The journal with its network of correspondents, proved to be useful to correspondents, proved to be useful to the officials since it provided them the officials since it provided them information they did not get from other information they did not get from other sourcessources
Its correspondents pumped in a lot of Its correspondents pumped in a lot of news knowing that it would reach the news knowing that it would reach the highest officials in the governmenthighest officials in the government
4040
The first Bengali newspaper to The first Bengali newspaper to counteract the missionary - run counteract the missionary - run newspapers was Vangal Gazette, newspapers was Vangal Gazette, started by teacher – reformist Ganga started by teacher – reformist Ganga Kishor BhattacharyaKishor Bhattacharya
The Vangal Gazette is acknowledged The Vangal Gazette is acknowledged to be the first Bengali newspaperto be the first Bengali newspaper
Campaigned for social reforms and Campaigned for social reforms and was the first to publish Roy’s tract on was the first to publish Roy’s tract on the necessity of abolishing Satithe necessity of abolishing Sati
4141
Though Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s role as Though Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s role as a journalist has been rarely recorded a journalist has been rarely recorded he used the press as a means to he used the press as a means to serve societyserve society
He started Sambad Kaumudi (1821) He started Sambad Kaumudi (1821) (weekly), Meerut – ul- Akhbar (Persian (weekly), Meerut – ul- Akhbar (Persian weekly) and the Brahminical weekly) and the Brahminical magazine (English weekly)magazine (English weekly)
Found a kindred soul in Englishman Found a kindred soul in Englishman James Silk BuckingamJames Silk Buckingam
4242
1818-1855, many Bengali newspapers came 1818-1855, many Bengali newspapers came
up- almost a 100, but most were short livedup- almost a 100, but most were short lived
Early papers include Early papers include Shome Prakash, Shome Prakash,
Grambartha Prakashika, Masik Patra, Vividharta Grambartha Prakashika, Masik Patra, Vividharta
SangrahSangrah
4343
1831, Ishwar Chandra Gupta started the daily- 1831, Ishwar Chandra Gupta started the daily-
Sambad Prabhakar, but Sambad Prabhakar, but found it tough to run a found it tough to run a
dailydaily
Followed by Followed by Tathwa Bodhini Tathwa Bodhini – Akshay – Akshay
Kumar Dutta, 1843Kumar Dutta, 1843
4444
Others- Others- Masik Patra, Som Prakash, Vividharta SangrahMasik Patra, Som Prakash, Vividharta Sangrah
Between 1853-54 there were nineteen regular Between 1853-54 there were nineteen regular
newspaersin Bengalinewspaersin Bengali
Had a circulation of roughly 8,100 copiesHad a circulation of roughly 8,100 copies
Most lobbied for a bill, which was later introduced - Widow Most lobbied for a bill, which was later introduced - Widow
Remarriage Bill, 1856Remarriage Bill, 1856
4545
The government proposal to partition The government proposal to partition Bengal in 1905 and the Swadeshi Bengal in 1905 and the Swadeshi movement were some of the major movement were some of the major events opposed and espoused by the events opposed and espoused by the Bengali pressBengali press
Journals like Jugantar and Bande Journals like Jugantar and Bande Mataram gave a fillip to the agitationMataram gave a fillip to the agitation
The Bengalee led the campaign The Bengalee led the campaign against partition with regular articles against partition with regular articles by Surendranath Bannerjeeby Surendranath Bannerjee
4646
In June 1908, the government passed In June 1908, the government passed the Newspaper (Incitement of the Newspaper (Incitement of Offences) Act which empowered the Offences) Act which empowered the authorities to take judicial action authorities to take judicial action against editors of any newspaper against editors of any newspaper which published matters, which in view which published matters, which in view of the government, amounted to of the government, amounted to “incitement of violence”“incitement of violence”
Aurobindo Ghose, editor of Bande Aurobindo Ghose, editor of Bande Mataram, Brahma Bandhabh Upadhyay Mataram, Brahma Bandhabh Upadhyay editor of Sandhya and Bhupendra Nath editor of Sandhya and Bhupendra Nath Dutta editor of Jugantaar were Dutta editor of Jugantaar were persecuted persecuted
4747
Bengali Press also suffered after the 1857 MutinyBengali Press also suffered after the 1857 Mutiny
Action was taken under the new Press Act against Action was taken under the new Press Act against
Bengali weekly Bengali weekly DurbeenDurbeen
In 1876 half the number of total language In 1876 half the number of total language
newspapers in India were published from Calcuttanewspapers in India were published from Calcutta
The total number of newspapers was 38 and 19 The total number of newspapers was 38 and 19
were from Calcuttawere from Calcutta
4848
Bengali newspapers were the sentinels of Bengali newspapers were the sentinels of
Indian nationalismIndian nationalism
Record of facing the worst repression and Record of facing the worst repression and
persecution at the hands of Englishpersecution at the hands of English
Terror to the British administrationTerror to the British administration
Most drastic press laws particularly aimed Most drastic press laws particularly aimed
at themat them
4949
Raja Ram Mohan RoyRaja Ram Mohan Roy
It was because of leaders like Roy that the It was because of leaders like Roy that the educated classes got interested, involved and educated classes got interested, involved and inspired to do their bit for the countryinspired to do their bit for the country
Soon Bengal attained the stature of all India Soon Bengal attained the stature of all India leader in matters of social and political reform leader in matters of social and political reform
It was Roy who brought a sense of pride in It was Roy who brought a sense of pride in Indian languages which had been lost in the Indian languages which had been lost in the craze to learn the rulers tonguecraze to learn the rulers tongue
5050
Wanted ‘cultural renaissance in Wanted ‘cultural renaissance in
Hindu society’Hindu society’
Knew Hindi, Bengali, English, Knew Hindi, Bengali, English,
Persian, Sanskrit & ArabicPersian, Sanskrit & Arabic
5151
Roy did not object to colonisation. He Roy did not object to colonisation. He wanted a liberal administration that wanted a liberal administration that would leave nothing for Indians to would leave nothing for Indians to complain aboutcomplain about
His views on widow remarriage, Sati, His views on widow remarriage, Sati, child marriages were opposed by the child marriages were opposed by the Hindu press and they ganged up with Hindu press and they ganged up with conservative elements in the conservative elements in the administration to fight Royadministration to fight Roy
5252
Roy realised early that freedom of Roy realised early that freedom of publication was essential for smooth publication was essential for smooth functioning of societyfunctioning of society
To rein in Roy, the British allied To rein in Roy, the British allied themselves with the most themselves with the most reactionary elements in Hindu reactionary elements in Hindu society, as well as Christian and society, as well as Christian and Muslim communitiesMuslim communities
5353
Company officials often carried on Company officials often carried on
an active tirade against his close an active tirade against his close
associatesassociates
Was considered “unrepresentative Was considered “unrepresentative
of the Hindu opinion”of the Hindu opinion”
5454
Once he realized the massive opposition, kept himself Once he realized the massive opposition, kept himself
in the background & encouraged others to work in in the background & encouraged others to work in
under his directionunder his direction
Soon, made Bengal, seat of all social & political reformsSoon, made Bengal, seat of all social & political reforms
Strongly protested the deportation of J S BuckinghamStrongly protested the deportation of J S Buckingham
Buckingham gave prominence to native language Buckingham gave prominence to native language
journals like Bengali and Persianjournals like Bengali and Persian
5555
Favored the English on many accountsFavored the English on many accounts
Believed in the “judicious colonization” of Believed in the “judicious colonization” of
India by Europeans with education & India by Europeans with education &
capital in order to expand India’s contacts capital in order to expand India’s contacts
with the West, especially England’s with the West, especially England’s
technical knowledgetechnical knowledge
5656
Initially, did not want to end British rule Initially, did not want to end British rule
but wanted to increase the advantages for but wanted to increase the advantages for
Indians under itIndians under it
However, believed Indian opinion should However, believed Indian opinion should
be given attentionbe given attention
Wanted to provide Indians, opportunities Wanted to provide Indians, opportunities
for higher educationfor higher education
5757
Wanted to put an end to racial discrimination Wanted to put an end to racial discrimination
in court procedures, legislations, admission of in court procedures, legislations, admission of
Indians to higher jobs in the administration & Indians to higher jobs in the administration &
most importantly freedom of the Press from most importantly freedom of the Press from
arbitrary Government restrictionsarbitrary Government restrictions
5858
Was conscious of extreme backwardness of Was conscious of extreme backwardness of
IndiaIndia
Believed no alternative system of rule could Believed no alternative system of rule could
be as advanced & effective as the British’sbe as advanced & effective as the British’s
5959
Clashed with his editor, Bhowani Charan Banerjee Clashed with his editor, Bhowani Charan Banerjee
on the issue of Sati, found him too conservative on the issue of Sati, found him too conservative
Banerjee left Saumad Kaumadi and later founded Banerjee left Saumad Kaumadi and later founded
Sambad Chandrika purely to oppose Roy’s viewsSambad Chandrika purely to oppose Roy’s views
6060
Success of rival NP (Samachar Chandrika) Success of rival NP (Samachar Chandrika)
forced Roy to close down SKforced Roy to close down SK
Restarted the NP again later & ran it till Lord Restarted the NP again later & ran it till Lord
Bentick abolished SatiBentick abolished Sati
Started Persian weekly Mirat Ul Akhbar in 1822Started Persian weekly Mirat Ul Akhbar in 1822
For the benefit of Indians- not conversant in For the benefit of Indians- not conversant in
English or BengaliEnglish or Bengali
6161
Associated with 3 journals- Associated with 3 journals- The Reformer, The The Reformer, The
Inquirer, Gyan AuneshunInquirer, Gyan Auneshun
All represented school of progressive Hindu All represented school of progressive Hindu
journalism held in the Bengali society till journalism held in the Bengali society till
18311831
6262
Other notable personalitiesOther notable personalities Dwarkanath TagoreDwarkanath Tagore
Started Started Bengal HeraldBengal Herald an English weekly and an English weekly and
BangadootBangadoot in Bengali in Bengali
Also gave financial assistance to a number of Also gave financial assistance to a number of
newspapersnewspapers
6363
1853, Girish Chandra Ghosh started the 1853, Girish Chandra Ghosh started the
weekly weekly Hindu PatriotHindu Patriot
Harishchandra Mukherjee took over after 2 Harishchandra Mukherjee took over after 2
yearsyears
After his death, took over by social After his death, took over by social
reformer Iswar Chandra Vidyasagarreformer Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar
6464
1861, Manmohan Ghosh started 1861, Manmohan Ghosh started Indian MirrorIndian Mirror
Keshub Chandra Sen converted in into a daily in Keshub Chandra Sen converted in into a daily in
18711871
1870, Keshub Chandra Sen (of the Indian 1870, Keshub Chandra Sen (of the Indian
Reform Association) started Reform Association) started Sulava SamacharSulava Samachar
Weekly, sold at one paisa per copyWeekly, sold at one paisa per copy
6565
Most popular weekly of that periodMost popular weekly of that period
Had a circulation of 4000 copies, considered Had a circulation of 4000 copies, considered
phenomenal for those timesphenomenal for those times
Another popular newspaper, Another popular newspaper, Halishahar PatrikaHalishahar Patrika
Editor Babu Mohan GanguliEditor Babu Mohan Ganguli
Bengal HurkaruBengal Hurkaru, champion of abolition of capital , champion of abolition of capital
punishment, had its license revokedpunishment, had its license revoked
6666
First newspaper to espouse the cause of the First newspaper to espouse the cause of the
working class working class Bharat ShramajiliBharat Shramajili, a weekly, a weekly
Literary newspaper- Literary newspaper- BangadarshanBangadarshan
Very popular, specially with the educated Very popular, specially with the educated
BengalisBengalis
1880, the first Bengali daily to adopt modern 1880, the first Bengali daily to adopt modern
methods of production – methods of production – BasumatiBasumati
6767
Editor- Krishna Kamal BhattacharyaEditor- Krishna Kamal Bhattacharya
As a result of the VPA, Amrita Bazaar As a result of the VPA, Amrita Bazaar
Patrika converted itself from a Bengali Patrika converted itself from a Bengali
weekly to an English weekly to escape the weekly to an English weekly to escape the
ActAct
B.C Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh started B.C Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh started
Bande MataramBande Mataram
6868
YuganterYuganter 4 main papers, all revolutionary- 4 main papers, all revolutionary- Sandhya, Sandhya,
Nagshakti, Bande Mataram & YugantarNagshakti, Bande Mataram & Yugantar
SandhyaSandhya- Editor Brahma Upadhyaya- Editor Brahma Upadhyaya
Bande MataramBande Mataram- Aurobindo Ghosh- Aurobindo Ghosh
6969
Many Editors were persecuted for Many Editors were persecuted for their editorialstheir editorials
Aurobindo Ghosh - subjected to Aurobindo Ghosh - subjected to solitary confinementsolitary confinement
Bande Mataram- Bande Mataram- closed down in his closed down in his absence, on trialabsence, on trial
7070
Yuganter, founded in 1906, achieved great Yuganter, founded in 1906, achieved great
popularitypopularity
Editor- Aurobindo Ghosh’s brother B GhoshEditor- Aurobindo Ghosh’s brother B Ghosh
Its mission, to preach revolution as a religion Its mission, to preach revolution as a religion
than a political movementthan a political movement
Main principles- righteousness & knowledgeMain principles- righteousness & knowledge
7171
Laid down methods of freedom from British Laid down methods of freedom from British
rulersrulers
Editor was imprisoned and during trial Editor was imprisoned and during trial
exhibited what the judge remarked as, “a exhibited what the judge remarked as, “a
burning hatred for the British race”burning hatred for the British race”
Laid down methods for independence:Laid down methods for independence:
7272
First, the educated classes must learn to First, the educated classes must learn to
hate slaveryhate slavery
Aspiration for freedom must be converted Aspiration for freedom must be converted
into a firm resolveinto a firm resolve
A great sacrifice for liberty must be A great sacrifice for liberty must be
preparedprepared
7373
Public opinion must be built by newspapers Public opinion must be built by newspapers
which must be filled with discussion of the which must be filled with discussion of the
necessity of independence and revolutionnecessity of independence and revolution
Secretly bands of young men must be Secretly bands of young men must be
organizedorganized
Bombs should be manufactured in secret Bombs should be manufactured in secret
placesplaces
7474
Guns imported from foreign countriesGuns imported from foreign countries
The law of English is established on brute The law of English is established on brute
force and to liberate ourselves, we too must force and to liberate ourselves, we too must
use brute forceuse brute force
The paper had unprecedented saleThe paper had unprecedented sale
The spirit it sought to arouse in people, The spirit it sought to arouse in people,
succeededsucceeded
7575
Most well known editor was Vivekananda Most well known editor was Vivekananda
MukherjeeMukherjee
Indian Newspaper Bill in 1908 suppressed Indian Newspaper Bill in 1908 suppressed
Yugantar which left an indelible mark in Yugantar which left an indelible mark in
Indian Press historyIndian Press history
7676
Bengali Press that time - agitating for Lord Bengali Press that time - agitating for Lord
Curzon’s recallCurzon’s recall
Questioned credibility of Bengali press & Questioned credibility of Bengali press &
stated that only a small minority are stated that only a small minority are
educated to readeducated to read
7777
1922, 1922, Ananda Bazar PatrikaAnanda Bazar Patrika
Sponsored by Mrinal Kanti Ghosh, Prafulla Sponsored by Mrinal Kanti Ghosh, Prafulla
Kumar Sarkar & Suresh Chandra MajumdarKumar Sarkar & Suresh Chandra Majumdar
Played a glorious part in freedom strugglePlayed a glorious part in freedom struggle
7878
Today- largest circulating Bengali Today- largest circulating Bengali
daily in the countrydaily in the country
Most well known editor Chapala Most well known editor Chapala
Kanta BhattacharyaKanta Bhattacharya
7979
After Gandhi’s arrival, the After Gandhi’s arrival, the BengaleeBengalee & & NayakNayak, ,
both NPs of the Moderates lost ground rapidlyboth NPs of the Moderates lost ground rapidly
Bengali Press suffered after partition in 1947- Bengali Press suffered after partition in 1947-
lost a good slice of readers in East Pakistanlost a good slice of readers in East Pakistan
Notable NPs after Independence- Loksevak & Notable NPs after Independence- Loksevak &
Jansevak Jansevak
8080
Statistics say that more than 90% of Statistics say that more than 90% of
educated Bengalis read language NPs educated Bengalis read language NPs
regularlyregularly
Bengali Press is the 3Bengali Press is the 3rdrd highest numerical highest numerical
group (after Hindi & English)group (after Hindi & English)
8181
Earliest to demand self governanceEarliest to demand self governance
Often attacked the Moderates of lack of Often attacked the Moderates of lack of
courage & timidity in demanding what was courage & timidity in demanding what was
the ‘birthright of Indians’the ‘birthright of Indians’
8282
Later yearsLater years
ABP attained high circulationABP attained high circulation
Aajkal came out in 1981Aajkal came out in 1981
Proved immensely popular for its directness Proved immensely popular for its directness
& blunt style of presentation of news& blunt style of presentation of news
8383
1984 saw the birth of Bartaman1984 saw the birth of Bartaman
Became successfulBecame successful
CPI (M)'s Ganasakti CPI (M)'s Ganasakti
8484
Each was well laid out by international standards Each was well laid out by international standards
& each moved increasingly to expand its & each moved increasingly to expand its
readership by catering to the widest possible readership by catering to the widest possible
audience in and around Calcuttaaudience in and around Calcutta
Sports and finance became prominent news Sports and finance became prominent news
topicstopics
Ganasakti was remade in the early 1990s to Ganasakti was remade in the early 1990s to
compete with other newspaperscompete with other newspapers
8585
Its marriage advertisements were open only Its marriage advertisements were open only
to those people who were not seeking dowryto those people who were not seeking dowry
Bartaman - The successful approach included Bartaman - The successful approach included
prominent sustained attacks on the long-prominent sustained attacks on the long-
running CPI(M) governmentrunning CPI(M) government