DMA

HISTORY6000BC :Catalhoyuk333BC : Alexander crushes the Persians at

Issos133BC : Anatolia becomes the Roman

province of ASIA MINOR AD330 : Emperor Constantine establishes

capital at Byzanthium. ConstantinopleAD527-565: Emperor Justinian. Built St Sophia

— Aya SofyaAD637 : Arab invasions.S-E Anatolia

islaminised.

Saljuk Turks Came into ME from Aral Sea

(970)

Tughril Beg defeated

remnants of Abbasid Empire

-- becoming "sultan" of

Islamic empire (1055)

pushed towards the West in

the middle east

Constantinople

Defeated Byzantium in 1071

at Manzikert

Created sultanate of Rum

w/Nicaea as capital

continued to fight with

the Crusaders for

Jerusalem

Genghis Khan

Rise of the Mongol Empire

•Nomadic people•families belong to clans;

• clans belonged to tribes•within tribes chiefs elected from nobility

•tribes politically divided

•traded & warred among themselves & neighbors

•Genghis Khan:-founder of the Mongol Empire-able to unite all the tribes-elected as Great Khan

The Mongol World Empire: China & The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)

Greatest empire in history of the world:extended from Caspian Sea to Pacific Ocean; North into Russia, Siberia, & KoreaSouth into Persia & Burma

•Genghis divided empire among his four sons•over generations they became independent = 4 Khanates

• Ikhanate (Persia) – absorbed Persia & E.Turkish region

• Golden Horde (Russia – Cossacks)• Chagatai (C. Russia)• Great Khanate (China, Mongolia, Korea)

•maintained trade & communication w/China

Division of the Mongol Empire

Ikhanate

Golden Horde

Chagatai

Great Khanate

AD877 : Byzanthine revival. AD1204 : Fourth crusade sacks

Constantinople. AD1453 : Ottomans under Mehmet II

conquers Consantinople and renames it

IstambulAD1520-66 : Suleyman the Magnificent.1914-18 : Turkey defeated in World war I1919-23 War of Independence1950 : turkey joins NATO.

Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)1299, Osman Gazi:

origins as leader of a beylik

Orhan captures Bursa (1324)

1389, Battle of Kosovo1402, Battle of Ankara

(loss to Timur)

Image: Battle of Nikopolis (1396)

Ottoman Empire (2)

1453, Sultan Fatih Mehmet conquers Constantinople (today: Istanbul)

Ottoman Empire at its Peak

Middle East in 1914

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)

Ottoman Empire in the 19th-20th Centuries

Turkish NationalismMustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)

Iconic figure of modern Turkish nationalism (his ideology known as “Kemalism”)

Many Reforms.

mandatory surnames

latin script uniform civil code gregorian calender fez and turbans

abolished..etc

Republic of Turkey (A secular nation-state 1923.)

Population: 80,694,485 (July 2013 est.)

Contradictions in Turkish National Identity

Ethnic Diversity in Turkey:Kurds (1)

TURKEY TodayNearing the end of its 9th decade as a modern

secular republic , Turkey has had to become more mature as a state.

There is a nostalgia for the Ottoman past & its civilization.

There was (at least for a while) a sense that Turkey should enjoy a position of leadership in the Middle East, as the Ottoman Empire once did..

There is a fear of a “creeping Islamism” in Turkey on the part of Kemalists.

There is a lingering popular conspiracy theory that the “Greater Middle East Project” wants to reorder the Middle East, including breaking up Turkey…

SUFI - MEVLEVI OrderCelaleddin RUMIMesnevi 6 volumes 25,000 poemsMusic and Dance represented a means to induce an

estatic state of Universal Love and LiberationWhirling DervishesSEMA Rituals Prayers,Greetings,Musical improvisations Salutations: Truth through Knowledge, Splendor of Creation,Total submission

before God,Coming to terms with Destiny

Turkish Delight

It is a kind of candy and very famous in Turkey but contrary to candy it is very soft. Turkish

people serve Turkish delight to their guests on religious holidays. As you see in the picture

there are many types of them.

Turkish Coffee

Turkish coffee is very important in Turkish culture. It is generally drunk after breakfast. It

is served in special tiny cups.

The Two Great Names in the History of Greek MedicineHippocrates-dominated the beginning of a period of remarkable scientific creativity, which lasted more than 700 years

Galen—near the end of the period, both furthered scientific knowledge and crystallized it in an amazing volume of written works. His influence lasted for 1500 years/45 generations.

The Healing Art and DiseaseThe sick person made a sacrifice and then spent the night in the temple. As he slept, he was supposed to dream away the sickness.

Galen Described Wounds as “Windows to the Body”Galen, the great 2nd century physician and

anatomist, spent his early medical career as a surgeon to the gladiators.

He employed as many as 20 scribes to write down all that he said in the work.

He dissected countless animals in his prolific medical research.

Galen also studied philosophy and wrote that a motive of profit was incompatible with a serious devotion to medicine, stating that doctors must learn to despise money.

He was a proponent of the miasma theory of infection, which essentially blamed infection on clouds of poisonous gases.

Galen(Galenos) meaning calm or serene— “The Infallible Master”The profession of medicine gained a wealth of

facts and ideas from Galen.He gave to the world a synthesis of medical

thought and knowledge solid enough to last nearly 1500 years.

His mind was quick and well organized.He was well informed on many subjects.In the earlier period of his life, he continually

insisted on experiments and on demonstrable proofs.

But the open-minded young Galen later became one of the great dogmatists of all times. The magnitude of his dogmatism was increased by his followers and commentators.

GalenGalen believed that disease resulted from an

imbalance of the vital fluids, or humors, of the body. This idea was developed by Hippocrates, and consolidated by Galen.

“The body has in itself blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile…We enjoy the most perfect health when these elements are in the right proportion.”

The medicine and pathology Galen practiced, and about which he wrote, were based mainly on speculative Hippocratic theories of the 4 humors, on critical days, and on fallacious theories regarding pulse and urine.

The Four HumoursDeveloped out of the humoral theory of

Empedocles(500 to 430B.C.), the Scilian philosopher.

Developed by Hippocrates and consolidated by Galen.

From the 4 elements: earth, air, fire and water derived the idea of the 4 humours(or fluids) of black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm with their associated meancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic temperments.

It was believed that the balance of these humours in the body determined physical states of health.

Turkey today (physician workforce)68,000,000 population95,000 physicians45,000 specialists (including 1200 FPs)15,000 trainees in various specialties

Who pays for health services?SSK (workers) 45%Bağ-kur (self-employed) 15%State employees 10%Emekli Sandığı (retired state employees)

4%Yeşilkart (no-insurance & poor) 15%Private insurance 1%Self paying or none 10%