history 398 fall 2004 history 398 lecture 3 power machinery an industrial revolution in the late...
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History 398 Fall 2004
History 398 Lecture 3
Power Machinery• An Industrial Revolution in the late
Middle Ages?• Textiles, the Prototype of Mechanized
Industry• Traditional Technics of Domestic Textile
Production• The Mechanization of Spinning• The Mechanization of Weaving
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History 398 Fall 2004
An Industrial Revolution in the Later Middle Ages?
• Mills in urban settings, often grouped together• Mills serving purposes other than grinding• Combinations of mills, but no record of
compound mills, i.e. powering several stones or tools by a single central source
• Yet, either isolated, unique, or small-scale• IR about power machinery of new sort,
combined with new source of power. Historically, result of new attitude toward machines which arose in Renaissance.
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
Roman Mills at Barbigal, ~300 (reconstruction
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
Centrality of Human Skills
• Thumb and forefinger• Twisting, drawing, and
winding• Shuttle and batten• Selection of pattern • 1760-1820 all mechanized
– emulation of human action– mechanical reparsing of task
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
The Mechanization of Spinning
• James Hargreaves: jenny 1764• Richard Arkwright: (water)frame
1769• Samuel Crompton: mule (= jenny +
frame) 1778• Effects
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
Cotton Calico
English Imported
1775 56,814 2,111,4391780 1,143,043 1,071,7751783 3,578,590 770,992
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History 398 Fall 2004
Price of #100 yarn (185 yds/oz)
1786 36s1790 30s1792 16s1801 8s 9d1807 6s 9d1833 4s 9d (here stabilized)
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History 398 Fall 2004
The Mechanization of Weaving
• Power loom– Edmund Cartwright (1786-88)
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
Power Looms in Manchester, Stockport
• 1818, 2000• 1821, 5733• 1825, 20,000 in Manchester
alone
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History 398 Fall 2004
Number of Power Looms1803 1820 1829
1833 England 12,150 45,500 85,000Scotland 2,000 10,000 15,000Total 2,400 14,150 55,550 100,000
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History 398 Fall 2004
Muslin weavers of Bolton received for 24
yds • 1793 £4• 1797 27s• 1807 18• 1817 9• 1827 6 6d
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History 398 Fall 2004
The Mechanization of Weaving
• Power loom– Edmund Cartwright (1786-88)
• Automatic pattern selection– Joseph-Marie Jacquard (~1804)
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004
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History 398 Fall 2004