history 170 notes for final unit

8/13/2019 History 170 Notes for FINAL Unit

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I

II.

Reforming the Nation and its nstitutionsThe Rise of Evangelicalism and ReformA. The Second Great Awakening: The Frontier PhaseB. The Second Great Awakening in the NorthCharles G. FinneyC. From Revivalism to reform

1 Temperance MovementAmerican Temperance Society in Boston (1826)Neal S. Dow and the temperance movement (1851)2) Education ReformTax-supported schools

Horace Mann and Massachusetts3) Asylum and Prison Reform4) Campaign for Women's Rightscult of domesticityNational Woman Suffrage Association, Stanton and AnthonyLucy Stoners and BloomersSeneca Falls Convention (1848)

Religious MovementsA. Deism and UnitarianismB. Transcendentalism

1 Ralph Waldo Emerson - The American Scholar2 - Henry David Thoreau n the Duty o ivil Disobedience

C. Social and Economic Utopias1 Robert Owen and New Harmony2) Brook Farm

D. Religious Communitarianism and Radicalism1 The Shakers2 The Oneida Perfectionists

E. The Mormons1 Joseph Smith Burned Over District, New York2) Brigham Young Illinois to Utah3) 1896 Utah enters the union


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ducationalReform

School ays Schnineteenth centurytion that was oftenwere not very well drawing depicts fowho taught schoolincome by mendin

the, , } lY group was the University of Virginia alists in 1837 when it openfou:: ::d ed in 1 Rl hv h o m ~ ~ l,::.ff,::.rcnn u r hn ,.lc>.n. ~ l l - -


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I

II.

The Slavery ControversySlavery and the Southern EconomyA. Economic adjustment in the Upper South

Virginia, Maryland, and KentuckyWould they remain loyal to the North or South?

B. The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom in the Deep South1 Eli Whitney's cotton gin'2. Deep South depends on one-crop economy3. Small farmers v Plantation owners4. 75% of World s cotton production5. Economy discourages immigration

C. Slavery and IndustrializationResented dependence on the North, but agriculture was toprofitable (at least for plantation owners)

The Slaveholding SocietyA. Plantation owners dominate politics (those who owned more than 20slaves)B. Paternalism?C. Slave-owners with fewer than 20 slaves provided the worst conditions

resented large plantersmost fervent supporters of slavery - to maintain their superiorityD. Defending slaveryComparison to northern wage slaves

Gag Resolution (1836)III. The Black Experience Under Slavery

A. Forms of Slave ResistanceGabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), and Nat Turner( 1831) rebellionsWork slow downs and equipment sabotageFeigning illness or pregnancy

B. The Struggles of Free BlacksLegal restrictions in the SouthTags identifying slaves and free blacksFree Blacks in the North demand freedom and equality

C The Slave FamilySeparation of familiesEnd of importation of slaves 1808)- impact on reproduction


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GRE T DEB TES IN MERIC N HISTORYGREAT DEBATE (1830-1860): Slavery: Is slavery an intolerable institution?.Yes:. Antislavery forces: abolitionists, led byGarnson, Weld, and the Grimke sisters FreeSoil and Republican politicians, led by'Lincoln, Seward, and Sumner.

No: Proslavery forces: white southems; ledby Calhoun, Davis, and Butler; northernmoderates, led by Webster, Douglas, andBuchanan.

ISSUE #1: Is slavery a violation of fundamental moral and religious principles?Yes Antislavery leader Angelina Grimke:The great fundamental principle of

abolitionists is, that man carmot rightfully holdhis fellow man a S property ... It matters notwhat motive he may give for such a monstrousviolation of the laws of God. The claim to h i ~as property is an annihilation of his right tohimself, which is the foundation upon whichall his other rights are built. It is high-handedrobbery of Jehovah; for he has declared, 'Allsouls are mine.'

No: Proslavery Senator Andrew Butler ofSouth Carolina: lt:tequalit}r seems to .characterize the admiQistration of theprovidence ofGod I will not undertake toinvade that sanctuary, b tJt I will say ~ a t theabolitionists cannot make those equal whom.God has made unequal, in human estimation.

T h ~ t He has inade the blacks u n e q ~ a l to thewhttes, human history .. has pronounced itsuniform judgment.

ISSUE #2: Is slavery incompatible with the most fundamental American principles?Yes: Antislavery leader Abraham Lincoln:There is no reason in the world why the negrois not entitled to all the mitural rightsenumerated in the DeClaration of

n d e p e n d e n c e ~ t h e right to life; liberty, andthe pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is asmuch entitled to these as the white man. Iagree with Judge Douglas that he is not myequal in many respects....But in tile r ~ g h t toeat the bread, without the leave of anybodyelse, which his own hand earns, he is my equaland the equal of Judge Douglas, and the equalof every living man,

No: Proslavery Senator Stephen A. Douglas:At the time the Constitution Was .framed'thete

were thirteen states in the Union, twelve ofwhich were slaveholding states and one a freestate . ; .For one, I am opposed to negrocitizenship in any and every form. I believethis government was made o n t h ( ( W ~ i t ~ b ~ i sI believe it Was made by white men f ~ ~ t h ~benefit of white men and their pqsterityforever, and I am in favor of confiningcitizenship to white .men ... nstead of . ,conferring i t upon negroes, Indians, arid otherinferior ra


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ISSUE 4.: Should slavery be allowed to e] :pand into the territories if the people of those territories wantit?No: Antislavery leader Abraham Lincoln: Ibelieve we shall not have peace upon thequestion until the opponents ofslavery arrestthe further spread of it and place it where thepublic mind shall rest in the.belief that it is inthe course of ultimate extinction ...Now Ibelieve ifwe could arrest the spread, and placeit where Washington and Jefferson andMadison placed it, it would be in the course ofultimate extinction and the public mind would,as for eighty years past, believe that it was inthe course of ultimate extinction ...The crisiswould be past and the institution m i J ~ h t be letalone for a hundred years=-'if it should live solong-in the states where it exists, yet it wouldbe going out of existence in the way .best forboth the black aJ;J.d .the white nts.

Yes: Proslavery Senator Stephen A. Douglas:Whenever it becomes necessary, in ourgrowth and .progress, to acquire more territory,I am in favor of it, without reference to thequestion of slavery, and, when we haveacquired it, I will leave the people free to do asthey please, e i ~ h e r to make it slave or freeterritory, as they prefer ... If they prohibitslavery, it shall be prohibited. They can f()rmtheir institutions to piease themsdves, subjectonly to the Constitution; and I for one, standready to receive them into the Union.

REFERENCES: Don R Fd;rrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s (1962); J. Jeffrey,Auer,ed., ~ t i s l a v e r y and.Disun.ion .J858-:18.61: Studies in the Rhetoric o fCompromise nd Conflict (1963).


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Rise o bolitionism

I. Early AbolitionismA. The American Colonization Society ( 1817)B. Liberia (1822)C. Decline of the Back to Africa movement

II. Rise ofAbolitionist publications

III.

A. Theodore Weld American Slavery As It Is (1839)B. William Lloyd Garrison Liberator

I am in earnest- I will not equivocate Iwill not excuse Iwill not retreat a single inch- and I WILL BE HEARD "Garrison on his position against slavery.C. Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy printing press destroyed four times and hebecomes the martyr for abolitionists (Illinois, 1837D. Frederick Douglass Narrative of he Life ofFrederick Douglass (1845)"No one dreamed ofreproaching the woman or finding fault

with the hired man, Bill Smith, the father of he children, for MrCovey himself had locked the two up together every night, thusinviting the result." Douglass writing about a single female slavepurchased as a breeder who gave birth to twins.The rise ofpolitical parties addressing the slavery issueA. Liberty party (1840)B. Free-soil party (1848)C. Republican party (1854)

IV. Important women in the abolitionist movementA. Grirnke sistersB. Sojourner TruthC. Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)D. Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad


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Let [editor Horace] Greeley be severely cowhided, and he will cease to publishhis blackguardism about Southern men. Let [Senators] Wilson and Sumner ndSeward, and the whole host of abolition agitators in Congress, be chastised to theirheart's content, and, our word for it, they will cease to heap abuse upon our citizens.We repeat, let our Representative in Congress use the cowhide and hickory stick(and, if need be, the bowie knife and revolver) more frequently, and we'll bet ourold hat that it will soon come to pass that Southern instirutions and Southern menwill be respected.

Autauga (Alabama) Citizen, in Tbe Liberator (Boston), July 4, 1856.

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C Tbe Dred Scott Decision3. The Delicate Balance 1856This chart was prepared for the 856presidential electflect growing tension over the slavery controversy?

l'imuber or Sl ' Hohler..

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Civil WaropolyAdvantages/Disadvantages of the North and SouthCIVIL W ROPOLY

PropertiesBoardwalkBlue Green PropertiesRemaining Properties(Not all sold)UtilitiesHouses/Hotels

=

=-=

==

CIVIL WARStatesVirginiaConfederacyUnion

War industries/factoriesPlantations/Slaves

The South owns monopolies of the blue and green properties. However,'the South spent all its money on houses and hotels and does not have much cash-

flow. All of the South s wealth s primarily n equity (i.e. plantations and slaves).\ The South also owns Boardwalk which s considered the most valuableproperty in monopoly. During the civil war, remember, the best generals camefrom Virginia.

In contrast, the North has no monopolies but has more financial resources.Also, since the North s the Banker of the game, it controls all the money.

ASSIGNMENT: Identify the correlation between Civil W,aropoly and theCivil War that would help in the understanding of the advantages anddisadvantages that existed between the North and South.


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Civil War {1861-1865Advantages and disadvantagesA. NorthB. SouthC. Why did the South expect Europe to intervene?D. How come Europeans did not intervene?Major generals of the Civil WarA. South s generals

1 Robert E Lee2. Stonewall JacksonB. Union s generals1 McClellan2. Burnside3. Hooker4. Meade5. Grant and Sherman

III. Important battles and events of the Civil WarA Fort Sumter 4/12/61)B. 1st Battle of Bull Run 7/21/61)C. Shiloh 4/6-7 62)D. Antietam 9/16/62)E. Emancipation Proclamation 1/1/63)F. Gettysburg 7/4/63)G. Vicksburg 7/4/63)H. Atlanta 9/1-2/64)I 1864 Presidential electionJ. Savannah 12/25/64)K Richmond 4/3/65)L Appomattox Courthouse 4/9/65)


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u u y ~ u u r n r ;/1.)1-)Nov. 19, 1863Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived inliberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and sodedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate aportion of it as a final resting place for those who died here that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But n a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow thisground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have hallowed it far above our poor powerto add or detract. The world willlittle note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forgetwhat they did here.It is rather for us the living, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from thesehonored dead we take increased devotion to that cause tor which they here gave the last full measure ofdevotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation shallhave a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall notperish from the earth.

Allan Pinkerton of the secret service, President Lincoln, and Major General John McClemand, 1862


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econstructiono the SouthI The Republican North, Pro-Union forces won, now what?A) How will the southern states be readmitted into the union?

B) How will freed slaves be accepted and protected in the South as US citizens?C) How will the South's economy be revived?

II. Different reconstruction plans emerge

III.

A) Lincoln's 10% planB) Wade-Davis Bill (Lincoln pocket vetoes in 1864)uproot, punish, protectC) Johnson's planrepeal, repudiate, ratify

upsets Radical RepublicansConflict between Congress and President JohnsonA) Freedmen's Bureau (1865), expires 1872Black codes

Freedmen's Bureau's powers widened (1866)B) Civil Rights Bill- overridden vetoC) Fourteenth AmendmentD) 1866 midterm elections lead to Congressional Reconstruction (1867)South divided into military districtsSouthern states required to ratify 14th AmendmentState constitutions must grant fullsuffrage to freed slavesE) Fifteenth AmendmentF) Tenure of Office Act and impeachmentG) Johnson's 1868 Christmas pardons

IV. Reconstruction during Grant 's years

v

A) Presidential election 1868B) Thaddeus Stevens- 40 acres and a mule fails to pass, sharecropping continuesC) Opportunists? - Scalawags and CarpetbaggersD) Redeemer governments, restoration of white supremacyand the Enforcement ActsDisenfranchisement of the blacksCongressional elections 1874 and state elections 1876End ofReconstructionA) Presidential election of 187 6 -Hayes v Tilden

20 disputed electoral votes - electoral commissionCompromise of 1877Emergence of Jim Crow lawsB) US Supreme Court decisions weaken 141h AmendmentSlaughterhouse cases (1873)Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Plessy v Ferguson (1896) and Cummings v County Bd. of Ed. (1899)C) Historiography of reconstruction - William A Dunning v Kenneth Stampp


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mendmentXIII. Slavery ProhibitedFor background seepp. 458-460.

mendmentxrv.For background seepp. 485-486.

For corporations as persons,see pp. 542-543.

Abolishes three-fifths rule forslaves Art. L, Sec. II para. 3.

Leading ex-Confederatesdenied office. Seep. 486.

The ex-Confederates werethus forced to repudiate theirdebts and pay pensions totheir own veterans plus taxesfor the pensions ofUnion veterans, their conquerors.

Slavery forbidden. 1. Neither slavery2 nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within theUnited States, or any place subject to thei r jurisdiction.2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Adopted1865.]

Civil Rights for Ex-slaves 3 etc.1. Ex-slaves made citizens; U.S. citizenship primary. All persons born or naturalized inthe United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United Statesand of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shallabridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any Statedeprive any person oflife, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to anyperson within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.2. When a state denies citizens the vote, its representation shall be reduced. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and VicePresident of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicialofficers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the maleinhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States,or in any way abridged, except for participation n rebellion, or other crime, the basis ofrepresentation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of suchmake citizens shall bea r to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age insuch State.43. ertain persons who have been l l rebellion are ineligible for federal and stateoffice, No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, r Elector of Presidentand Vice President, or hqld any office, civil or military, under the United States, or underany State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officerof he United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicialofficer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engagedin insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemiesthereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.4. Debts incurred in aid of rebellion are void. The validity of the public debt of theUnited States, authorizing by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions andbounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned.But neither the United ?tates nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligationinc';lrre.d n aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for theloss or emancipationof any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be heldillegal and void.5. Enforcement. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation,the provisions of this article. [Adopted 1868.]

mendmentXV. Sujfrage.Jor BlacksFor background seep. 489. Black males are made voters. I The right of the citizens of the United States to voteshall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race,color, or.previous condi tion of servitude.

2. The Congres l shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.[Adopted 1870.


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Slaughterhouse Cases 1873Facts - Louisiana legislature gave a monopoly in livestock landing and slaughterhouse business for the Cityof New Orleans to the Crescent City Livestock Landing and slaughter-House Company. Law required thecompany to allow any person to slaughter livestock in the slaughterhouse for a fee.Butchers upset that the state granted a monopoly to one company, arguing that the 14th amendment,including the privileges and immunities clause, was being abridged.Decision- 14th amendment's privileges and immunities clause does not protect state citizens from stateactions, but it does protect US citizens from having their US citizenship rights violated. Therefore, theprivileges and immunities clause is not being abridged in this case.Reasoning- 14th amendment was meant to protect freed slaves. The court predicted (falsely) that the equalprotection clause will never be applied to prevent discrimination against blacks. The due process clausedoes not apply because the court argued that property was being deprived based on Louisiana's law. Thisreasoning will also later be overturned. Privileges and immunities interpretation has never been overturned in this case - Reasoning- the privilegesand immunities clause was not meant to protect individuals from state government actions and was notmeant to be a basis for federal courts to invalidate state laws. Therefore, the Bill ofRights does not applyto the states based on this interpretation. Thus, this clause became toothless and meaningless in regards toprotecting African Americans.Civil Rights Cases (1883)

?

Many historians argue that the Civil Rights a s ~ s were a validation of the Compromise of 1877 whichended reconstruction.ISSUE: Does the federal govemment have the power under section 5 of he 14th amendment to legislateagainst private action? Facts: Civil Rights Act 1875 all persons entitled.to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations,advantages, facilities, and 'privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and otherplaces of public amusement. It specifically prohibited private (as opposed to public/state) discriminationof blacks and provided both criminal and civil penalties.Decision: The Act was unconstitutionalReasoning: The l4 1 Amendment applies to state and local actions, not to private conduct. Private action isgoverned only by state law not federal law l om amendment - social, moral, and welfare issues (policeactions) are left up to the states). Tll.erefore, section 5 of the 14m Amendment cannot regulate privateconduct, but only legislate against the wrongs of state governments.

, This decision will later be overruled. However, the current USSC has struck down attemJ>ts by individualsto file federal lawsuits under the Americans with Disabilities Act (based on section 5 14 amendmentpower) and other federal acts to limit the scope in which individuals can sue their own state governments.Plessy v F e r ~ u s o n (1896) and Cumming v County Bd of Education (1899)These cases involve state action, Louisiana had a state law in 1890' segregating railroad cars and the Schooldistrict in Cumming segregated schools. be Supreme Court interpreted the equal protection clause toallow states to segregate as long as they have separate but equal facilities.'' However, in the Cummingcase the Court upheld the government's operation of a high: school open only for white students while nonewas available for blacks. Federal aut.hority cannot infringe on the local authorities disburselllent of funds toprovide public education . Therefore, equal protection is outweighedby the tolh'apiendment.


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US History 170FINAL Review SheetChapter 15 and 161 Identify the significance of the nd Great Awakening. Identify the contributions of the foiiowing:Peter Cartwright and Charles G Finney

2) Identify the significance of the following:Deism, Unitarianism, and TranscendentalismJoseph Smith, Brigham Young, and Utah 1 8 ~ 6 )Oneida perfectionists (from utopian society to capitalist corporation)Shakers, why were they extinct by 1940?3) . Explain how Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson exemplified transcendentalism

AND cultural nationalism.4) Identify the significance ofGeorge Bancroft's contribution to American history.5) Explain why Neal S Dow is considered to be the Father ofProhibition.6) Explain why women were prominent leaders in the reform movement ofthe 19th century. Identifythe significance of the following:Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B AnthonySeneca Falls Convention and Declaration ofSentiments7) Identify the difference between temperance and teetotalism. Identify T.S. Arthur's contribution tothe temperance movement.8) Explain how public education evolved in the 19th century. Identify the contributions of thefollowing:Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's readers9) Identify Dorothea Dix 's crusade and significant prison reforms enacted by the states.10) Explain how Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin made slavery profitable.11 Explain why the planter aristocracy had so much power in Cotton Kingdom despite the fact theywere few in number.12) Explain how the following are examples of resistance:Gabriel (Prosser's slave) 1800, Denmark Vesey (1822), Nat Turner (1831)13) Identify the significance ofWi lliam Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator and it's role in the abolitionmovement.14 Identify the significance of the following:American Colonization Society ( 1817) and Liberia ( 1822)Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy

Liberty Party and the Free Soil PartyChapters 18 19I) Identify and explain the significance of the 1850 Compromise. Explain why the strengthenedFugitive Slave Law was so controversial.2) Identify the theme and influence ofHarriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom s Cabin.3) Identify and explain the significance of the following slave revoltsProsser, Vesey, and Turner4) Explain how the Kansas Nebraska Act led to a realignment ofpolitical parties.5) Identify what contributed to the downfall of the Whig party and what led to the emergence of theRepublican party (identify the coalition ofparties if which it consisted)

6) Identify the significance of the Lincoln-Douglas debates.7) Explain how the following contributed to sectionalism:Ostend ManifestoGadsden PurchaseDred Scott decisionLawrence and Pottawatomie CreekLecompton crisisJohn Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry


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8) Identify the platform o the Republican and Democratic parties in the 1860 election (specificallyon the issue o slavery).9) Explain why Lincoln opposed the Crittenden Compromise.0) Identify why South Carolina seceded.11 Explain James Buchanan's response to the secession o the Deep South.

Chapters 2 and 21 IdentifY the advantages and disadvantages o the north and south in the Civil War.2) IdentifY the civil liberties that Lincoln suppressed at the beginning o the war. (Be sure to identifyCongressmen Vallandigham o Ohio)3) Identity Lincoln's war aims at the beginning o the war.4) IdentifY the significance o the border states and how that influenced the reach o theEmancipation Proclamation.5) Identify the significance oftl;te following battles:Fort SumterAntietamGettysburgVicksburgAtlanta and SavannahRichmond and Appomattox6 Explain why Lincoln had a difficult time with his Union generals until he appointed US Grant.7) IdentifY the significance o the 1864 election (specifically the candidates).8) Explain why the South anticipated that Great Britain and France would support them, yet neitherthe French nor the British o f f i c i l l ~ came to their aid.9 Identity the significance o the 13t Amendment and Lincoln 's plan for Reconstruction.10 Identity the contributions o women during the Civil War.11) Explain why Lincoln's assassination was more detrimental to the South than the North.

Chapter 221 Compare and contrast the Reconstruction plans o Lincoln, Johnson, and the Radical Republicans.2) Identify the significance o the 14th Amendment and 15th Amendment.3) Explain how military rule was established over the south.4) Define the following terms: scalawags, carpetbaggers, and sharecroppers5) Explain why Johnson was impeached, but not convicted.6 Identify the purpose and effectiveness o the Freedmen's Bureau.7 Identity the significance o the 1877 Compromise.8) Despite the protections provided to freedmen in the 13th 14th and 15th Amendments, how didSouthern governments attempt to restrict their civil liberties? Address the following:Black codesJim Crow lawsKKK and the Redeemer governments

history 170 notes for final unit

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