History 1301

History 1301-5 Royal Connections in Europe

Chapter 2

AMERICA 1600’s

VIRGINIA, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, NEW YORK

AND CONNECTICUT

A leader is a dealer in hope. ~ Napoleon Bonaparte

Let’s take a trip back into world history for just a moment….

No, you do not have to remember all of this or take notes…just get the general idea.

People who came from the New World came from a very strange place.

Before 1500’s-1600’s and later

There were a lot of arranged marriages between the royalty of Europe. Many were arranged for children who were as young as two or three years old.

These were done for political and military purposes.

The gene pool was very small.Rules for who you could marry went out the

window. 3 Generations?

Spain-Strong CatholicsThe marriage in 1469 of

royal cousins (2nd), Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516) and Isabella of Castile (1451-1504), eventually brought stability to both kingdoms.

Had five children

1) Isabella, Princess of Asturias

• Oldest daughter married Alfonso, Crown Prince of Portugal. It was arranged, but they fell in love. He died.

• She married his Uncle, Manuel I of Portugal.

Manuel The Fortunate

• Manuel had troubles with Jews and Moors.

• Great Wealth for Portugal due to exploration.

• Isabella died in childbirth so he then married her younger sister Maria.

3) Maria of Aragon

• Maria of Aragon and Manuel had 10 children.

• One was named Isabel. • (after Maria dies,

Manual marries her niece, Joanna’s daughter Eleanor, but you don’t know about her yet)

Isabel of Portugal

• Isabel was the second child and eldest daughter of Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Infanta Maria of Castile and Aragon. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Isabella I of Castile and her aunt Isabella, Princess of Asturias, who had been her father's first wife.

2) Joanna (the Mad)

• Married Philip the Handsome

• Was very jealous of her husbands affairs even cutting off the hair of one of his mistresses. She really went mad when he died.

Philip the Handsome

• Son of Holy Roman Emperor of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy

• They had a six children…Eleanor, Charles, Isabella, Ferdinand, Mary, and Catherine.

Charles becomes Charles V

• The Holy Roman emperor Charles V (1500-1558) inherited the thrones of the Netherlands, Spain, and the Hapsburg possessions but failed in his attempt to bring all of Europe under his imperial rule.

• Had great power over the Pope

• Remember Isabel of Portugal?

They were (1st?) cousins but got married, and had a son

His name was Philip, now…hold that thought

5) Catherine of Aragon• Before she was even two

years old, ambassadors of England came to Catherine's parents to ask Catherine's hand in marriage for Arthur, Prince of Wales and son of Henry VII. Upon this, Catherine became Queen of England.

• In 1501, Catherine left Spain for England to marry Arthur, but their marriage was brief as Arthur died on April 2, 1502

So Catherine Marries Arthur’s younger brother, the Prince of Wales.

His name was Henry…

Henry became Henry VIII

Henry VIII wanted to have a male child who would become king. Catherine and Henry had one child, a girl, named Mary. Henry petitions the Pope to annul the marriage with Catherine so he can remarry and produce a male offspring.

• Divorced-beheaded-died Divorced-beheaded-survived

But the Pope is afraid

• He’s afraid of this guy, Charles V, who happens to be Catherine of Aragon’s nephew. He has just sacked Rome and the Pope is more afraid of him than he is Henry VIII, because England is a long way off. .

So…Henry Marries

• So, no divorce or annulment from the Pope.

• Henry divorces Catherine and Marries Anne Boelyn. They have a daughter named Elizabeth.

• Hold that thought…

You remember…

• Catherine and Henry VIII did have a child, a daughter. She was later to become Queen, Mary I, 19 July 1553 – 17 November 1558.

• More famously known as Bloody Mary.

• Tried to return England to Roman Catholic.

• Who did she marry?

King Philip II of Spain• 13 Sep 1598. He was son of the Holy

Roman Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal

• 1543: Philip married his cousin, Maria of Portugal

• 1545 July: Maria of Portugal, wife of Philip II of Spain, died in childbirth, when their son Don Carlos (1545-1568) was born

• 1554 July 25: Philip II of Spain married Queen Mary I ( Mary Tudor) of England. Mary was eleven years older than Philip. The English Parliament refused to crown him jointly with Mary so he had little power in England

• Shortly after their marriage Queen Mary I announced she was pregnant but it was a false pregnancy

• Mary was besotted with Philip. At his request she reconciled, at the insistence of Philip, with her sister Princess Elizabeth

ELIZABETH I(1533-1603)

You remember that Henry VIII and Ann had a daughter named Elizabeth.

Elizabeth I – second daughter of Henry VIII who served as queen for over 50 years while England became the most powerful country in the world. Her (half) sister, Mary, had taken England back into the Catholic Church, but Elizabeth chose to return the country to the protestant world.

James I-(ruled 1603-1625)Following the death of Elizabeth I

in 1603 without issue, the Scottish king, James VI, succeeded to the English throne as James I in what became known as the Union of the Crowns.

James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII. In 1604 he adopted the title King of Great Britain, although the two kingdoms remained separate.

King James Bible? (1611)

Where’s Virginia?

JAMESTOWN

CHESAPEAKE BAY

TOBACCO

EXPANSION & INDIAN WARIN VIRGINIA

AS TOBACCO PRODUCTION GOES UP, SO DOES POPULATION.

MORE POPULATION MEANS MORE LAND IS NEEDED.

MORE LAND CAN COME FROM ONE SOURCE, POWHATAN INDIAN LAND.

1614 POCAHONTAS MARRIAGE TO JOHN ROLFE BROUGHT BRIEF PEACE

TOBACCO PROFITABILITY AGAIN CREATED INTENSE DEMAND FOR LAND. (REPEATED TIME AND AGAIN)

1617 POWHATAN RETIRED, OPECHANCANOUGH TOOK OVER AND QUICKLY BEGAN PLANS TO ATTACK.

ENGLISH MURDERED A POWHATAN WAR CAPTAIN. INDIANS RETALIATED IN 1622 AND WIPED OUT ONE FOURTH OF THE POPULATION AND MUCH OF THE VIRGINIA COLONIES INFRASTURCTURE.

VIRGINA COMPANY GOES BANKRUPT. KING ANNULED CHARTER IN 1624 ALLOWING THE LEGISLATIVE BODY, ESTABLISHED IN 1619, THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES TO CONTINUE LAWMAKING IN CONCERT WITH THE ROYAL GOVERNOR AND HIS COUNCIL.

INDIAN ASSAULT OF 1622 GAVE THE PLANTERS THE EXCUSE THEY NEEDED TO PURSUE A RUTHLESS NEW INDIAN POLICY.

MILITARY EXPEDITIONS FOLLOWED AGAINST INDIAN VILLAGES.

AFTER 1630 WITH POPULATION INCREASES AND SOIL EXHAUSTION FROM THE TOBACCO, THE DESIRE FOR MORE LAND INTENSIFIED.

ENCROACHMENT ON INDIAN TERRITORY PROVOKED WAR IN 1644.

CHESAPEAKE TRIBES WERE NOW MERELY AN OBSTACLE TO BE REMOVED.

WHAT WAS PURITANISM

“THE HAUNTING FEAR THAT SOMEONE, SOMEWHERE, MIGHT BE HAPPY.”

THE PURITANS REBELLED AGAINST THE DEGENERACY OF THE TIMES WHICH INCLUDED DANCING AROUND THE MAYPOLE ON SUNDAY, CARD PLAYING, FIDDLING, AND BOWLING

IMPORTANCE OF PURITANS

PURITANS BELIEVED IN A STRICT PROTESTANT THEOLOGY

THEIR BELIEFS SOWED THE SEEDS OF A PROVIDENTIAL MISSION OF THIS NATION.

PREDISTINATION WAS THE CORNERSTONE OF THEIR RELIGION, THE BELIEF THAT GOD KNEW AND FOREORDAINED ALL THINGS.

THOSE DESTINED FOR SALVATION WERE ALREADY DETERMINED.

PURITANS

TRYING TO DETERMINE IF ONE WAS SAVED OR NOT WAS AN EMOTIONAL ROLLERCOASTER.

ONE FAMOUS WOMAN IN BOSTON HAD ENOUGH OF THE UPS AND DOWNS, THREW HER BABY DOWN A WELL AND SAID, “NOW, IT’S SETTLED, I’M GOING TO HELL.”

PURITANS

MOST OF MANKIND WAS CONSIGNED TO DAMNATION. THE CHOSEN ONES, CALLED “THE ELECT” COULD GENERALLY BE RECOGNIZED BY THEIR MORAL BEHAVIOR.

VALUES

STRESSED WORK AS A PRIMARY WAY OF SERVING GOD.

EMPHASIS ON WORK MADE THE RELIGIOUS QUEST OF EACH EQUALLY WORTHY

WORK ETHIC WOULD BANISH IDLENESS AND IMPART DISCIPLINE

CONGREGATIONS FOR SUPPORT AND CONTROL OF THE UNCONVERTED

• JOHN WINTHROP SAID THAT THE PURITAN COMMUNITY WOULD BE A CITY ON A HILL. A LIVING TESTIMONY TO A GODLY LIFE. THE PURITANS BELIEVED THAT GOD HAD, BY HIS OWN VOLITION, MADE A COMPACT WITH THE PURITANS. THE COMPACT WAS A STRONG REASON FOR PURITAN SUCCESS. THE PURITANS ARGUED “IF GOD BE WITH US, WHO CAN BE AGAINST US.”

GOVERNOR

JOHN WINTHROP

POPULATION GROWTH

BETWEEN 1630 AND 1642 NEARLY 18000 PURITANS ARRIVED IN NEW ENGLAND. AFTER THE FIRST HORRIBLE WINTER WHEN MANY DIED, THE PURITANS WERE LARGELY A SUCCESS STORY.

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY

FARMERS

MERCHANTS

CRAFTSMAN

INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE SELF SUFFICIENT.

FISHERMEN

PURITAN ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• FIRST PRINTING PRESS IN AMERICA

• 1642 LAUNCHED AN ATTEMPT AT A TAX SUPPORTED SCHOOL SYSTEM OPEN TO ALL WHO WANTED AN EDUCATION

HARVARD COLLEGE1636 TO TRAIN CLERGY

PURITAN ECONOMY

WAS DIVERSIFIED…

FISHING

AGRICULTURE

LUMBER

FUR TRADE

PROBLEMS

FRUSTRATED IN THEIR ATTEMPTS TO BUILD A GODLY COMMUNITY.

INDIANS AND LAND PROBLEMSDISSIDENTS-FAILURE TO MAINTAIN

CONTROLTHOSE IN BOSTON WANTED MORE

POLITICAL RIGHTSROGER WILLIAMS AND ANNE

HUTCHINSON

ROGER WILLIAMS

SALEM PURITAN MINISTER-PURITANS WERE NOT TRULY PURE…C.O.E.

EARLIEST SPOKESMAN FOR THE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

“COERCED RELIGION ON GOOD DAYS PRODUCES HYPOCRITES AND ON BAD DAYS RIVERS OF BLOOD.”

ROGER WILLIAMS

COMMENTS ANGERED THOSE WHO CONSIDERED CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS AS INSEPARABLE.

ALSO CHARGED THE PURITANS WITH ILLEGALLY INTRUDING ON INDIAN LAND.

ROGER WILLIAMS

WILLIAMS FLED WITH A BAND OF FOLLOWERS TO PROVIDENCE IN WHAT WAS TO BECOME RHODE ISLAND.

ROGER WILLIAMS

HE BELIEVED THAT THE LAND BELONGED TO THE INDIANS SO HE PURCHASED WHAT HE NEEDED FROM THE NARRAGANSETT TRIBE.

BY 1636, GROUPS OF PURITANS HAD SWARMED NOT ONLY TO RHODE ISLAND BUT ALSO TO HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN IN WHAT BECAME CONNECTICUT.

GROWTH, GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION AND “OUTSIDE” COMMERCE ENDED THE PURITAN IDEAL.

HALFWAY COVENANT

In 1662, several congregations met and approved the "Half-Way Covenant," a move designed to liberalize membership rules and bolster the church's position in the community. Henceforth, children of partial members could be baptized and, with evidence of a conversion experience, aspire to full membership. The beginning of the end of Puritan solidarity.

DUTCH/NEW YORK

HENRY HUDSON CLAIMED THE AREA SURROUNDING THE HUDSON RIVER FOR THE DUTCH.

IN 1624 PLANTED NEW NETHERLAND AS A COLONY AT THE MOUTH OF THE HUDSON RIVER AND GREW.

DUTCH HAD MUSCLED IN ON TRADE ROUTES WITH BRITISH, SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE.

BECAUSE THEY WERE FEW IN NUMBER THEY HAD GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE IROQUOIS FOR GENERATIONS.

DUTCH RAIDERS

1667 CAPTURED 20 TOBACCO SHIPS

WAR WITH BRITAIN BROKE OUT THREE TIMES BETWEEN 1652 AND 1675.

NEW NETHERLAND BECAME AN EASY TARGET FOR THE BRITISH.

CAPTURED IT, LOST IT AND GOT IT BACK.

NEW NETHERLAND BECAME NEW YORK WHEN CHARLES II GAVE IT TO HIS BROTHER THE DUKE OF YORK.

NEW YORK, NEW YORK…DUTCH REMAINED DISTINCT FOR SEVERAL

GENERATIONS IN LANGUAGE, DUTCH REFORMED CALVINIST CHURCHES AND THEIR ARCHITECTURE.

IN TIME ENGLISH POPULATION PASSED THEM AND INTERMARRIAGE DILUTED ETHNIC LOYALTIES.

NEW YORK RETAINED ITS POLYGLOT RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT CHARACTER NEVER LETTING RELIGIOUS CONCERNS TO INTERFERE WITH THE PRAGMATIC CONDUCT OF BUSINESS.

Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson was a wife, mother,

religious leader, and perhaps the first American feminist.

It is important to note that even though her views were construed as dissent by the rulers of the Puritan colony, Anne had never intended to offend anyone. 

Her views were simply those of an educated individual with a healthy attitude towards a Church she wished to actively participate in and help flourish. 

Anne's creed was simple, perhaps too simple, and this is what worried the leaders of the colony; after all, how could you control a flock which did not feel they had to abide by a strict set of rules to gain admittance to heaven?

William PennHoly ExperimentPenn established an American

sanctuary which protected freedom of conscience

He insisted that women deserved equal rights with men.

He gave Pennsylvania a written constitution which limited the power of government, provided a humane penal code, and guaranteed many fundamental liberties.

William Penn

Despite the remarkable clarity of Penn's vision for liberty, he had a curious blind spot about slavery. He owned some slaves in America, as did many other Quakers. Antislavery didn't become a widely shared Quaker position until 1758, 40 years after Penn's death. Quakers were far ahead of most other Americans, but it's surprising that people with their humanitarian views could have contemplated owning slaves at all.

Pennsylvania

On March 4, 1681, Charles II signed a charter for territory west of the Delaware River and north of Maryland, approximately the present size of Pennsylvania, where about a thousand Germans, Dutch and Indians lived without any particular government.

The King proposed the name "Pennsylvania" which meant "Forests of Penn"--honoring Penn's late father, the Admiral. Penn would be proprietor, owning all the land, accountable directly to the King. According to traditional accounts, Penn agreed to cancel the debt of £16,000 which the government owed the Admiral for back pay, but there aren't any documents about such a deal.

At the beginning of each year, Penn had to give the King two beaver skins and a fifth of any gold and silver mined within the territory.

Maryland

The father of Maryland was George Calvert, the actual founder was his son, Cecilius Calvert.

Receiving a grant of land in Newfoundland, which he named Avalon, he removed thither and started a colony; but after a brief sojourn he determined, owing to the severity of the climate and the hostility of the French, to abandon the place.

He sailed for Virginia, in which he already been interested as a member of the original London Company and later of the governing council. But Baltimore, having espoused the Roman Catholic faith, found the Virginians inhospitable, owing to the spirit of religious intoleration of the times.

MarylandReturning to England he obtained the promise of a charter for a large

tract of land north of the Potomac River, and King Charles in granting it named the place Maryland in honor of his queen, Henrietta Maria. The object of the lord proprietor, as Baltimore was now called, was twofold. He wished to found a state and become its ruler, for he was truly a man of the world; he loved power and he loved wealth. Second, he wished to furnish a refuge for the oppressed of his own faith; for the Roman Catholics, as well as the Puritans, were objects of persecution in England.

But before he could carry his purpose into execution, and before the Great Seal was placed upon his charter, George Calvert died. The charter was then issued to his son, Cecilius, and the son, who became the second Lord Baltimore, was faithful in carrying out the project of his father.

Maryland

Never before had an English sovereign conferred such power upon a subject as that now granted to Lord Baltimore. He was required by the charter to send the king two Indian arrows each year, as a token of allegiance to the Crown, and if any gold and silver were mined in Maryland, one fifth of it was to be paid to the king. But aside from this the proprietor was invested with almost kingly power. He could not tax his people without their consent, but he could coin money, make war and peace, pardon criminals, establish courts, and grant titles of nobility.

The Toleration Act

Aside from the fact that Maryland was the first of the proprietary governments, the colony is especially remembered in American history as the first in which religious toleration had a place.

The Toleration Act was very liberal for that period, but it would not be so considered in our times. For example, it did not "tolerate" one who did not believe in Jesus or the Trinity, the penalty for this offense being death. Anyone speaking reproachfully concerning the Virgin Mary or any of the Apostles or Evangelists was to be punished by a fine, or, in default of payment, by a public whipping and imprisonment. The calling of anyone a heretic, Puritan, Independent, Popish priest, Baptist, Lutheran, Calvinist, and the like, in a "reproachful manner", was punished by a light fine, half of which was to be paid to the person or persons offended, or by a public whipping and imprisonment until apology was made to the offended.

Georgia General James Oglethorpe

• Hope for debtors

• Occupy Land claimed by England and Spain

• No rum

• No slaves

Georgia was different from the other twelve colonies. It received money from Parliament to get it started, and alone of the 12 colonies, prohibited slavery and the import of alcohol. It is generally believed that lawyers were not allowed in the colony, but no legislation has been found to prove it. The settlers had no control of their own government - it was entirely ruled by the trustees.