History 12History 12

The Geography of The Geography of IranIran

The Geography of The Geography of IranIran

Iranian Oil Iranian Oil ResourcesResourcesIranian Oil Iranian Oil ResourcesResources

Dr. Mohammad Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh,Mossadegh,

Prime Minister of IranPrime Minister of Iran

Dr. Mohammad Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh,Mossadegh,

Prime Minister of IranPrime Minister of Iran Became Prime Minister in 1951.

Nationalized the foreign oil companies.

Got rid of corrupt military officials.

Was toppled in a coup aided by the America CIA in 1953.

The Shah of Iran returns to power.

Q4

Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi(r. 1941 – 1977)(r. 1941 – 1977)

Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi(r. 1941 – 1977)(r. 1941 – 1977)

Institutes Western reforms & ties with the West .

But, the majority of his people live in poverty.

Brutal suppression ofdissidents SAVAK

Q5

The Shah and FarahThe Shah and FarahThe Shah and FarahThe Shah and Farah

Iranian elite/upper- and intellectual classes: verypro-Western.

““The White Revolution”The White Revolution”The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)

““The White Revolution”The White Revolution”The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)

1. Land reform – 90% of Iran’s peasants became land owners

2. Massive government-financed heavy industry projects.

3. Granted women more political power – the right to vote.

4. Poured government money into education – especially in rural areas where illiteracy was very high.

5. Profit-sharing for industrial workers.6. Nationalization of forests and pasture

lands.

The Shah at George The Shah at George Washington’s Washington’s Home, Home, 1950s1950s

The Shah at George The Shah at George Washington’s Washington’s Home, Home, 1950s1950s

The Shah with The Shah with Several American Several American

PresidentsPresidents

The Shah with The Shah with Several American Several American

PresidentsPresidents

The Shah with The Shah with President Jimmy President Jimmy

CarterCarter

The Shah with The Shah with President Jimmy President Jimmy

CarterCarter

Reasons for the Reasons for the Fall of the ShahFall of the ShahReasons for the Reasons for the Fall of the ShahFall of the Shah

The Shah spent the oil profits for top of the line American military hardware.

Little money to reinvest back into the Iranian economy.

Religious leaders angry with the Shah for too much “Westernization.”

Government corruption.

The Shah’s constitutional violations of the basic human rights of his citizens.

Anti-Shah Anti-Shah ProtestsProtests

Anti-Shah Anti-Shah ProtestsProtests

The Shah’s ChiefThe Shah’s ChiefOpponents?Opponents?

The Shah’s ChiefThe Shah’s ChiefOpponents?Opponents?

1. Oil field workers.

2. Students and other intellectuals.

3. Middle class businessmen.

4. Iranian nationalists.

5. Muslim clerics.Q6

Anti-American PinAnti-American Pin(1960s)(1960s)

Anti-American PinAnti-American Pin(1960s)(1960s)

Iranian Students Iranian Students Protest in Beverly HillsProtest in Beverly Hills

Iranian Students Iranian Students Protest in Beverly HillsProtest in Beverly Hills

Anarchy & Anarchy & RevolutionRevolutionAnarchy & Anarchy & RevolutionRevolution

The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79.

The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79.

Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeiniLeads the Leads the RevolutionRevolution

Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeiniLeads the Leads the RevolutionRevolution

Khomeini returns to Iran on February 11,

1979. Q7

Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeini

(r. 1979-1989)(r. 1979-1989)

Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeini

(r. 1979-1989)(r. 1979-1989) 1902 – 1989.

Became an Islamic scholar

Began to speak out against the Shah in the 1960s.

Arrested and imprisoned several times by the Shah.

Deported in 1978 & went to France.

Triumphant Muslim Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Iranian Clerics & Iranian

SoldiersSoldiers

Triumphant Muslim Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Iranian Clerics & Iranian

SoldiersSoldiers

Q8A theocracy is

created!

SAVAK Suspects TakenSAVAK Suspects TakenSAVAK Suspects TakenSAVAK Suspects Taken

The Fate of the The Fate of the Shah’s GeneralsShah’s GeneralsThe Fate of the The Fate of the Shah’s GeneralsShah’s Generals

Iran Revolutionary Iran Revolutionary PosterPoster

Iran Revolutionary Iran Revolutionary PosterPoster

When the devil leaves, the angel returns!

American Embassy American Embassy inin

Tehran Taken OverTehran Taken Over

American Embassy American Embassy inin

Tehran Taken OverTehran Taken Over

Q9

52 Americans Held 52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Hostage for 444

Days!Days!

52 Americans Held 52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Hostage for 444

Days!Days!

President Carter President Carter Becomes a Hostage, Becomes a Hostage,

TooToo

President Carter President Carter Becomes a Hostage, Becomes a Hostage,

TooToo

Hostage Rescue Hostage Rescue DisasterDisaster

Hostage Rescue Hostage Rescue DisasterDisaster

52 American 52 American HostagesHostages

Released in Jan., Released in Jan., 19811981

52 American 52 American HostagesHostages

Released in Jan., Released in Jan., 19811981

The Khomeini The Khomeini RevolutionRevolution

The Khomeini The Khomeini RevolutionRevolution

Women in IranWomen in IranWomen in IranWomen in Iran

A woman’s hijab A woman’s hijab represents her represents her

Islamic and moral Islamic and moral values.values.

A woman’s hijab A woman’s hijab represents her represents her

Islamic and moral Islamic and moral values.values.

Political Cartoon Political Cartoon CommentaryCommentary

Political Cartoon Political Cartoon CommentaryCommentary

The dictatorship is gone! The dictatorship is gone! Bring on the dictatorship!Bring on the dictatorship!The dictatorship is gone! The dictatorship is gone! Bring on the dictatorship!Bring on the dictatorship!

Support for the Support for the Palestinian CausePalestinian CauseSupport for the Support for the

Palestinian CausePalestinian Cause

The Ayatollah with

Yasir Arafat.

Funds Hamas and Hezbollah.

Reasons

• Both sides wanted control of the area—hegemony

• Iran aided Kurdish guerrillas in Iraq• Iraq aided Arab dissidents in

southern Iran• Hussein hated Khomeini• Shiites and Sunnis • Who would control Shatt-al-Arab and

its resources?

The War

• Hussein asked the Soviets for aid—arms, the French—nuclear reactor and research facility, and Italy—naval and air force training.

• September 1980 Iraq launched an attack in Iran, destroying her oil facilities.

• Public opinion against Iraq, but also blamed Iran for stirring up trouble among Iraq’s minority groups.

• Basically a stalemate between the two in early years of war.

• In 1987 tide turned towards Iraq.• 1988 UN announced a cease-fire

The Iran-Iraq WarThe Iran-Iraq War(1980-1988)(1980-1988)

The Iran-Iraq WarThe Iran-Iraq War(1980-1988)(1980-1988)

Q10

The Iran-Iraq War:The Iran-Iraq War:Taking SidesTaking Sides

The Iran-Iraq War:The Iran-Iraq War:Taking SidesTaking Sides

Secretary RumsfeldSecretary Rumsfeld& Saddam Hussein: & Saddam Hussein:

19831983

Secretary RumsfeldSecretary Rumsfeld& Saddam Hussein: & Saddam Hussein:

19831983

Iraqi Soldiers Iraqi Soldiers At the FrontAt the Front

Iraqi Soldiers Iraqi Soldiers At the FrontAt the Front

375,000 Iraqi casualties & 60,000 POWs!

Iranian SoldiersIranian SoldiersIranian SoldiersIranian Soldiers

Q11

Over 1,000,000 Iranian casualties!

Effects

• Iran’s industry and oil production crippled• Earning $6 bill. a year, but needed $10

bill. a year to buy arms, food, and other necessities.

• Iraq owed $40 bill. to Western Europe for arms

• Chemical warfare and missiles as decisive weaponry.

• Hussein launched a program for nuclear weaponry.

Khomeini’s Khomeini’s DeathDeath

(June, 1989)(June, 1989)

Khomeini’s Khomeini’s DeathDeath

(June, 1989)(June, 1989)

Iranian Supreme Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Leader Ayatollah Ali

KhameneiKhamenei

Iranian Supreme Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Leader Ayatollah Ali

KhameneiKhamenei

The Ayatollah represents the fundamentalist Mullahs.

Ayatollah Ayatollah KhatamiKhatamiAyatollah Ayatollah KhatamiKhatami

The Ayatollah is considered a political moderate.

Q12

Support for the Support for the Shi’ites in Iraq Shi’ites in Iraq

TodayToday

Support for the Support for the Shi’ites in Iraq Shi’ites in Iraq

TodayToday

Moqtada al-Sadr, radical Shi’ite leader in Fallujah,

Iraq

Another Nuclear Another Nuclear Power?Power?

Another Nuclear Another Nuclear Power?Power?

US satellite photo of Iranian nuclear facility

near Arak.

An American view An American view of Iranian nuclear of Iranian nuclear

powerpower

An American view An American view of Iranian nuclear of Iranian nuclear

powerpower

PINOCCHIAYATOLLAH Scott Stantis (Birmingham News)

1/28/05

A view of Iran’s A view of Iran’s nuclear power from nuclear power from

Al-JazeerahAl-Jazeerah

A view of Iran’s A view of Iran’s nuclear power from nuclear power from

Al-JazeerahAl-Jazeerah

Nobody else (particularly Iran and Arab countries) should have nuclear weapons

except Israel, says Bush. -- Hassan Bleybel 10/23/03

Another Future Another Future Revolution?Revolution?

Another Future Another Future Revolution?Revolution?

A “Shah” in theA “Shah” in theWaiting?Waiting?

A “Shah” in theA “Shah” in theWaiting?Waiting?

Reza Pahlavi (III?), 43 year-old son of the deposed Shah.