Historical Studies

Revision

Overview

Popular RecreationMob Games Occasional

Contests Violent

Festivals Primitive organisation

Field Sports Low culture

Public School Athleticism

Technical Development Types of School

Social Control Social Control

Character Building Technical Developments

Impact on Sport Presumed Values

Purpose built facilities

Rational RecreationGames Regular

Contests Sophisticated organisation

Athletics + Swimming Respectable

Outdoor Pursuits High Culture

Elementary School Drill PT + PE

Model Course Social Reform

Early Syllabuses Conditioning

Late Syllabuses Militarism

Post 1944 Therapeutic

Limited Facilities

Influences

Society’s influence on sport

PE + Sport’s influence on society

• Industrialisation + urbanisation• Social classes• Communications• Religious + secular groups

Popular Recreation

Country Pursuits + the Gentry

Hunting as an English pastime

Coursing, Falconry + Shooting

Game + Coarse Fishing

The Game of Real Tennis

Rowing, Athletics, Pedestrianism

Sporting Festivals + Races

Wakes + Church Festivals

Commercial Fairs

Rural Sports + Games

Horse Racing + Race Meetings

Blood Sports + the Prize Ring

Animal Baiting + Fighting

Rise and Decline of the Prize Ring

Rise + Decline of Contests

Decline of the Tournament

Fencing + Single Stick Play

Changing face of Archery

Public Schools + Athleticism

Mob Games + Early Expansion

Types of School + their development

Extract analysis from Tom Brown’s School Days

Social Control in these years

Arnold of Rugby + the Post-Arnoldian Tradition

Arnold ‘manly piety’ + the production of ‘Christian Gentleman’

Arnold + changes in social control

Post-Arnoldian changes

Emergence of Athleticism in Public

SchoolsAthleticism + Muscular Christianity

Oxbridge Blues, Excellence + Social Control

Values + Character Building

Effects of Public School Athleticism on Society

The Oxbridge Melting Pot

Influence on Middle Class Sport

Influence on the Lower Classes

Rational Recreation

The Development of Summer + Winter Team

GamesRespectability + Regulations

Changing face of Cricket

Development of Association Football + Professionalism

Rugby Football + Amateurism

Development of Field Hockey + Women’s Team Games

The Development of Court Games

The Development of Court Games

Development of Pub Games

Development of Individual Activities

The Development of Athletics

The Changing Face of Swimming

The Development of Outdoor Activities

Development of Rowing + Aquatics

Elementary School Developments from Drill to Physical Education

Drill + the 1902 Model Course

19th Century Developments of Drill

Boer War + the Model Course

Early Syllabus developments 1904-1909

P.T. + the Ministry Syllabus

The First World War + the 1919 Syllabus

The 1933 Syllabus

The Emergence of Physical EducationEffects of 2nd World War

Moving + Growing

Expansion into the 1960s

Social Determinants which Influenced the Development of Sport + PE

Work, Increased Free Time + the Growth of

SportThe agrarian, industrial + Urban Revolutions and the

effect on Sport

Development of Industrial Sports Clubs + teams

Church + Secular Relationships with Sport

Changing Church attitudes to Sport

The impact f the YMCA on Sport for the clerical classes

Influence of WMC and Friendly Societies on working class sport

Local Government Urban Sport Facilities

Communications and the Development of SportSport and the Age of the Stage Coach

Rail Travel and Sport

Cycling and Road Improvement

Progression of Activities - Contests

Popular Recreation –

• Activities – prize ring, fencing, archery

• Origins + administration – how + why developed?...rise + decline of survival + militarism; developmental structure, festivals, academies etc

• Associated behaviour + links – violent, serious, class variables

Public School developments – • Activities – fighting + boxing,

fencing, archery / shooting• Structural development – regularity

+ class change, fights, training, sporting

• Social control + character development – boys, prefect-fagging, staff, military, physical, personal, social

• Impact on society – army / volunteers, sports clubs, respectability

Rational recreation - • Activities – boxing, fencing, archery• Social class involvement, organisation + codification – clubs, governing bodies,

championships• Regularisation + societal respectability – recreational, respectable, professional

Progression of Activities - Games

Popular recreation –

• Activities – mob games, cricket, pub games

• Origins + admin – how + why developed…rise + decline…developmental structure, festivals etc

• Associated behaviour + Societal links – violent, serious, class veriable

Public School Developments – •Activities – football + hockey, cricket, fives + racquets•Structural development – regularity + class change, mob, internal matches, interschool matches•Social control + character development – boys, prefect fagging, staff, physical, personal, social•Impact on society – social promotion, muscular Christian, old boys’ clubs, sports clubs, governing bodies, respectability

Rational Recreation – • Activities – invasion games, target games, court games• Social class involvement, organisation + codification – clubs, governing bodies,

championships• Regularisation + societal respectability – recreational, professional

Progression of Activities – Outdoor Activities

Popular Recreation –

•Activities – angling, hunting, boating, sailing, climbing, skating

•Origins + admin = how + why they developed…rise + decline, developmental structure, festivals, etc

•Associated behaviour + societal links – wagers, serious, class variables

Public School Developments – •Activities – rowing, hare + hounds, angling + poaching•Structural development – regularity + class change, rise / decline, mob, internal matches, interschool matches•Social control + character development – boys, prefect fagging, staff, physical, personal, social•Impact on society – social promotion, muscular christian, old boys’ clubs, sports clubs, romanticism, respectability

Rational Recreation – • Activities – rowing, yachting + dinghy sailing, mountaineering + rock climbing, skiing,

canoeing, cycling• Social class involvement, organisation + codification – clubs, governing bodies,

championships, romanticism + conquest

Progression of Activities – Individual Activities

Popular Recreation -

•Activities – bathing, pedestrianism, gymnastics, athletic contests

•Origins + admin – how + why they developed, rise + decline, developmental structure, festivals etc

•Associated behaviour + societal links – waters, serious, class variables

Public School Developments – •Activities – drill + gymnastics, athletic sports, bathing•Structural development – regularity + class changes, swimming baths, gymnasia etc•Social control + character development – boys, prefect – fagging, staff, physical, personal, social•Impact on Society – social promotion, muscular Christian, sports clubs, old boys’ clubs, romanticism, respectibility

Rational Recreation – • Activities – amateur athletics, swimming, gymnastics• Social class involvement, organisation + codification – clubs, governing bodies,

championships, fitness• Regularisation + societal respectability – recreational, respectable

Popular RecreationBackground – distinction between COURTLY + POPULAR – courtly had courtesy + high culture, whereas popular had peasant vulgarity. Rural gentry were conservative, peasants just wanted escapism + pleasure. Clergy thought it was decadent + irreligious and urban middle classes thought it was indecent. Industrialists thought it made the work-force undisciplined. Popular Recreation v Protestant Work Ethic.

Gentry Peasantry Reform

Country Pursuits

Hunting – stag / fox / hare

Coursing – private + public

Shooting – mixed / pigeon

Footsportsmen + the Country Code Carted

Trailing

Inanimate

Racing Flat Steeplechasing

Hurdling Point to point

Punters Jockey Club

Baiting Cock-fighting Cock-throwing Bear baiting

Bull baiting Dog fighting

Suppressed

Festivals Regattas (rowing races)

Rural Games (Olympian)

Military Tournaments

Cricket – Hambledon, William Clarke XI

Watermen - Doggett Coat+Badge Race

Pedestrians – from footman racingWakes (Religious) / Fairs (Commercial)

Mob Games – Ashbourne, Derby

A.R.A.

A.A.A.

Fetes

Flower Shows

Contests Archery

Fencing

Rise + decline?

Prizering

Wrestling

Rise + decline?

Fencing, archery + boxing federations

Dynamic of Change

Agrarian Urban Industrial Victorian Ethics

Church + School

Work patterns

Communications

Physical force, not skill

Physical force, not skill

No clear game pattern

No clear game pattern

No division of labour between players

No division of labour between players

Regional variationson rules,

area+objectives

Regional variationson rules,

area+objectives

Natural+social differences

influence game patterns

Natural+social differences

influence game patterns

Conflictingrespectable

society

Conflictingrespectable

society

Spontaneous, occasional

festival games

Spontaneous, occasional

festival gamesSimple +

unwritten rules

Simple + unwritten rules

No officials Players

Control game

No officials Players

Control game

Informalorganisation

depending onlocal conditions

Informalorganisation

depending onlocal conditions

No playingarea, duration

or number of players

No playingarea, duration

or number of players

Group identityCommunity experience

Group identityCommunity experience

Locally Meaningful, No extrinsic

Value

Locally Meaningful, No extrinsic

Value

Violent, Emotional spontaneity

Low restraint

Violent, Emotional spontaneity

Low restraint

Atmosphere of ‘battle

excitement’

Atmosphere of ‘battle

excitement’

No rulesNo rules

Loose distinctionbetween playing

+ spectating

Loose distinctionbetween playing

+ spectating

Popular Recreation

Popular Recreation

Athleticism in 19th Century English Public SchoolsBackground – exclusive to middle classes, copies of gentry schools. Headmasters = key to success. Copies of monastic education. Boys’ education considerably ahead of girls’.

Definitions: Public Private Voluntary Board

Athleticism Muscular Christianity Manliness

Types of public schools:

Pre 1850s:

Gentry

Clarenden

Barbarian

(girls – Ladies’ Academies)

1850s

Middle classes

Proprietary

Philistine

(girls – 1858 Ladies College)

1870s

Monastic

Cathedral + Kings

1880s

Secular

Free

(girls – middle / high schools, denominational)

1880s

Denominational

(girls – 19000s secular, free)

Chronological Developments: Stage 1

Mob games + field sports

1790-1830=expansion

Young animals

Mob activities

Stage 2

Regular internal rowing + games

1828-1842=Arnoldian

Christian Gentlemen

Social Control

Stage 3

Regular interschool rowing, athletics + games

1840-1864=athleticism

Corinthians

Character development

Emergence of games – mob regularisation intra-school codification stringent administration interschool codification

Social Control variables – boys / boys prefects / fags Head / Sixth Form Staff / boys

Character development – physical endeavour with moral integrity

Impact on society – boys fixtures Old Boys’ teams + clubs staff + community facilities

Boys’ AthleticismAthleticism

WasPhysical Endeavour

+ Moral Integrity

Impact on society Technical developments Social control

Boys, StaffOld boys, Head

Professionals / instructorsPlayers from players

to administrators to patrons

Phase 1 – performance, players, professionals, practice

Phase 2 – administration, regularity, rules, control, fixtures

Phase 3 – facilities, fields, buildings, equipment

Boys/boys, prefect/fagging,6th form committee, house masters,

professionals + instructorsAssistant teachers, head.

Values

Character building ethicPhysical, socio/psych

Socio-ethical

Control + punishmentResponsibility + respectMoral basis + response

Influence of individuals

– head + old boys

RegularityRespectabilityCodification

Stringent administration

Arnold – growth of

Godliness + manliness

ClarendonReport

Church, militaryLocal governmentcommunications

Girls’ Athleticism

provision

Social impact – Players

Administratorspatrons

Attitudes – Head

Assistant teachersgirls

AliceOttley High

School

Cheltnam LadiesCollege

Girls’ Athleticism

Relationships between Public School PE + Sport in Society - 19th Century

Conceptual:

Institutional Education

PE

middle + upper classes

Elitist Catharsis Character development Health DefenceEmpire

Leisure Class Participation through Stringent organisation Nationalism

amateurism + competition

Sport + Society

Relationship between Public Schools + Sport in Society - Activities

Cricket Oldest established game, started with the aristocracy. Adopted by schools. Worcestershire played Malvern College in 19th Century.

Football Developed in schools and adopted in an organised form by society

Technical Rugby School 1845 passed on codes for rugby to society. Eaton did same for football 1846. Cambridge Rules preceded FA in 1863.

Rowing Technical developments in schools + universities paralleled that of sporting development. Henley Regatta became a National event.

Field Sports Re-emergence of hunting + steeplechasing (eg Shrewsbury) after aristocrats rebelled against the dominance of games in schools.

Athletics Interaction between schools + society. Handicapping in school sports + town sports. Traditional events from ‘rural sports’ were retained, eg ‘putting weight’ + ‘pole leaping’. Also, ‘open’ events + ‘old boys’ races. Public paid to watch.

Relationship between Public Schools + Sport in Society Continued…

Facilities – •school fields shared by school + old boys. •County Cricket ground used for Sports Day. •Schools used town baths for swimming•School rooms + gymnasia used by clubs

Authority – •Power moved to Head + staff. •Arnold re-assessed aims of education – 1=moral / religious; 2=gentlemanly code; 3=intellectual ability•Games began to be seen as a way of achieving educational aims + to combat idleness•Staff helped organise games + joined in.•Codification of rules came in, different in each school•Development of regular competition – inter house + inter school.•Pupils left school + played sport at uni, coming back to schools + giving introducing the technical developments from uni•It became expected that upper + middle classes participated in sport + this spread to working classes.

Participation, growth of clubs + administration, Old Boys + related clubs – •Past students formed groups + competed against their school•Led to competitions between Old Boys’ teams•Middle class took over organised games•FA formed, but still dominated by Old Boys clubs until 1880s

Cultural influences – •Extension of schooling resulted in middle + upper classformal education•Emergence of middle classes = organisation, capitalism (shown in sport codification)•Industrialism + population increase, increased time + wealth = incrsed sport in society, led to increased quantity + quality of PE.•Increased quality of life for working classes = more athleticism in working classes, controlled by middle classes.

Question - Describe the growth of Athleticism in the 19th Century Public Schools

Introduction -

• Athleticism = association of character training ethic of manliness with physical activities.

• Statement of intent – chronological description centred on the Barbarian examples, illustrating the increase in significance + scope of physical activities, together with the growing association with character building qualities. There are 3 developmental stages:

Stage 1 – Classical education and the pursuit of leisure –

•mob games, field sports + boating rather than swimming. •Intellectually based schooling. •No support for games by the authorities. •Games were in free time, organised by the boys, occasional rather than regular, primitive rules, all local. •Violent, except cricket. Cricket with rules + matches. •Hunting, reading + fishing – part of the social scene.

Stage 2 – Godliness –

•Dr Thomas Arnold of Rugby School. •Moral training, classical education, physical endeavour. •Manly piety, encouraged games, rowing, cross country, athletic contests. •Drill + gym = exercise for health + war. •6th Form ruled by committee.•Brutality from 6th Form, fagging system, but also responsibility + respect. •Development of First XI mob games, conditioned locally. •Still violent with large numbers. •Growing popularity of fives. •Trials of courage + honour in the sports arena. •House system, boarding schools central to development. •Housemasters young and energetic – organising internal + interhouse championships. •Small group allegiance.

Stage 3 – athleticism from 1870s –

•wide support from Headmasters after Arnold. •Barbarian schools retained academic standards, but any Philistine schools sacrificed it for athleticism. •Moral / physical becoming all-important. •Oxford Blues return to coach games – professionals employed. Instructors for martial arts + gymnastics. •Codification of different sports, regular fixtures, stringent administration regarding dress + behaviour. •Provision of outstanding facilities for games often paid for by Old Boys’ Associations. #•5 hours a day available for practice + coaching. •Considerable kudos to be a team member.•Becoming a compulsory aspect of the school programme. •Major influence on University entrance and career. •Character building values – to produce robust men with active habits, brisk circulation + manly spirits. •For a privileged class to lead society. •For a body of Muscular Christians to promote a vigorous attitude to life for themselves + for the working classes. •To promote patriotism and a vital diplomatic service for the empire. Defence in war.

In conclusion…

• Gradual change in philosophy of the school authority + their attitudes ot physical activities.

• Structural changes from primitive acts organised by the boys in their own free time to a compulsory subect dominating the rest of the curriculum.

• Fundamentally registering a change from intellectual based education system to one promoting moral + social standards to produce a quality of life for young gentlemen, expressed in the vitality of Muscular Christianity + patriotic nationalism.

Values in Athleticism (preparation for a leadership role in society)

Socialisation Asceticism(loyalty to the group) (moral / physical commitment)

Social Psychological Physical

to avoid too much to form manly virtues to produce robust, active + fit men excitement

Social cohesion + conforming promoting physical health to authority + good habits

leadership + loyalty

Preventing anti-social stop over-studying + toughenBehaviour up indulgent society

games elite

Status of games over work competitive experience + constructive

use of leisure time

Dominant values in society = class elitism + Muscular Christianity

Rational Recreation (in Victorian England)

Gentleman amateur

Within emergent

UrbanMiddle class

Reflected capitalism

+ work disciplineOf industrial

societyThe ‘right’ to

Leisure +Escapism

Linked with Industrial + socialReform

Symbol of Muscular

Christianity

Vehicle of moralReform for

Lower classes

Desirable valuesIn an

Identifiable activity

Respectable Form of sport

RationalRecreation

Rational Recreation continued…1. Activities – challenge / competition (physical endeavour / moral integrity)

Individual Activities Games

Outdoor swimming athletics gymnastics contests games

Pursuits

fluid fixed court

2. Social orientation – Class amateur professional

exclusivity conciliation spectator

3. Organisation –

Regularisation codification stringent administration

Rational Recreation continued…

4. Social agencies + relationships – internal

Schools + industry + religious secular

Athleticism industrial associations associations

sports clubs eg YMCA eg volunteers

societal impact

5. Social Factors –

Classification urbanisation + free time + communications

population expansion solvency travel + media

6. Political climate Economic Climate

Geographical Situation

PE in (State) Elementary (Primary) Schools 1870-1960

• 1870s – Drill.

PE in (State) Elementary (primary) Schools 1870-1960

TechnicalMilitary

Therapeutic

Skill Based

Educative ValuesPhysical

Personal

Social

ProvisionSchoolroom

Hall / Yard

Gymnasium / Playing field

Social Conditioning (teaching methods)

Instructing – class = command + response

Training – class = activity

Educating – group + individuals = learning + discovery

Lesson Activities1902

Return to military following Boer War

1904 Syllabus moved away from military towards therapeutic.

1909

1909 Syllabus became Physical Training

1919 Syllabus moved from PT to PE with educational principles

1933

World War 2 saw a lead towards Moving + Growing

1954

1956 – new programme

Introduction Right marker; fall in; stand at ease; attention; right turn; march; halt; about turn; march; halt; left turn; stand at ease

Fall in in 2 lines; attention; right turn; quick march; about turn etc…then free gymnastic running; halt; gymnastic skipping; halt; stand at ease

Free running; signal – 1 large ring; free running; signal 4 rings; free running; 4 lines

Running + leaping; change speed; change direction; change shape; twisting + turning

Arms + trunk

Attention; arms bend; up; bend; forward; bend; side; bend; down; stand at ease

Attention; arms bend + stretch; x2; down; swing forward; up + down; with leg lunges – up + down; halt; stand at ease

In lines – elbow circling ; arms swing forwards+ backwards; cross leg sitting knee to ear; lateral reach + twisting; stand + touch ground; lying-hip turning

Pulling + pushing – pairs; obstinate calf; knee boxing; chinese boxing; pushing + pulling; tug-o-war; arm lock wrestling; crouch tug-o-war

Body + legs Attention; double knee bend; onto hands- down; leg stretches; arms bend + stretch; x2; knees bend; up; stand at ease

Attention; feet astride; trunk forward – bend; swing up with arms raised; down + up; swing sideways; bend sideways with arms raised; halt; stand at ease

Running – statues; farmers seeking rabbits; rabbits hopping + crouch hopping; alternately still on signal

Body curling + stretching; forwards + backwards; lying alternatives; sitting alternatives; kneeling alternatives; standing + twisting

Applied work

Attention; astride with cross; forward, up, bend down; x2; at ease

Jumping astride x2; with arms raising; halt; stand at ease

Class activity skills

Through vaults in 3s

Supported jumps + vaults in 2s + 3s exploring different alternatives.

With dumb-bells; attention; swing up+downx2; swing up+through x2; halt; stand at ease; halt; right turn; quick march back to class

Catherine Wheel; 1st line arm raised; ready; cartwheel; stand; 2nd line etc; return; deep breathing; arms raising on breathing; walk in lines back to class

Corner activities –

Frog jump into hoops

Forward roll along mattress

Through vault in 3s

Handstanding in pairs

Game hand tennis – 2 teams

Apparatus work. Twisting + turning on frame apparatus, boxes + benches. Changing round to new apparatus.

Relationships between State School PE + Sport in Society - 20th Century

Working classes

Drill Occasional + Pub Sports

preparedness limited free time traditional

Health obedience

P.T. Organised Games

Opportunities

as amateurs Professional +

spectator roles

P.E. Widening

Shared concepts Access to Sport + Recreation

Relationships between State School PE + Sport in Society - 20th Century

• Equality of provision similar in state education + leisure. Enthusiastic teachers developed athletics + games as extra-curricular. These led to clubs like cricket in Worcestershire in 1886 – teams were boys + teachers. Gym clubs formed.

• 19th Century view = upper + middle classes should pay for working classes to be educated, but not for games – resulting in only drill being developed

• Minimal provision of buildings, no special PE facilities or playing fields• London – inter school football matches, swimming mainly for boys, usually without

financial aid• 1st World War – attitudes changed towards values + rights of working class to

recreation in society + as a feature of PE.• Swedish Drill adopted, undermining the development of apparatus gymnastics +

limited recruitment into gym clubs