historical sources - springer978-1-349-01971...henry l. stimson (stirling memorial library, yale...
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
HISTORICAL SOURCES
A. Unpublished Mat erial
1. Official documents. (a) International.
International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Proceedings, Exhibits and Judgement. (Imperial War Museum, London.)
League of Nations Archives, files P33-4, R 1862-76; 3309-10, 3606, 3609-12, 3624--6, 3631' 5680-5, 5706-7' 5713-17' 6228; S 29-50. (Palais des Nations, Geneva.)
League of Nations: Directors' Meetings: Papers and Confidential Circulars (U.N. Library, Geneva.)
(b) France. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives. (Quai d'Orsay, Paris.)*
(c) Germany. Foreign Ministry photostat records:
Bliro des Reichsministers, Serial 3088H. Bliro Staatssekretar von Bulow, Serial 4619. Bliro des Staatssekretars, Serial K4620. Handakten Ministerial-Direktor Trautmann, Serial 5551H. Abteilung IV China, Serials K2049, K2088, K2264, L 1780. Bliro Reichsministers Volkerbund, Serial 3147. (Foreign Office Library, London.)
(d) Great Britain. Prime Minister's Office files, PM 1. Committee of Imperial Defence, minutes, CAB 2. C.I.D. sub-committees, CAB 16. Disarmament Committee and Defence Review, CAB 21. Cabinet Conclusions, CAB 23. Cabinet documents, CAB 24. Cabinet Committees on Far East, Reparations and Debts,
Disarmament, War Debts, Arms Industry, India, Indian Cotton, Japanese Trade, CAB 27.
Imperial Conference, 1930, CAB 32, with Singapore Base Committee in CAB 27.
Admiralty, General Correspondence, Far East, ADM 125. Board of Admiralty, Minutes and Memoranda, ADM 167.
* See relevant note in the Preface
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Foreign Office files, FO 371 series. Dominions Office files, DO 3, DO 35. Treasury files, T 160. (All Public Record Office, London.)
(e) Netherlands.
423
Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colonial Ministry and Council of Ministers (The Hague.)*
(d) United States. Department of State: decimal files 500 A15A4; 793.94; 793.94
Commission; 793.94 P.C.; 811.113; 841.00; 851.00. Various documents from 033.5111; 500 A4; 500C; 693.001; 711.94; 851.20; 893.113; 894.00. (National Archives, Washington, D.C.).
United States Navy Department: General Records, Office of the Secretary, General Correspondence. (National Archives).
United States Navy General Board: War Plans, Hearings, Studies, Arms Limitation. (U.S. Navy Operational Archives, Washington Dockyard).
Joint Army-Navy Board, Record Group 225 (National Archives).
2. Private papers (names as in 1931-33). (a) Great Britain.
Stanley Baldwin (Cambridge University Library). Alexander Cadogan (FO 800/293, Public Record Office). Viscount Cecil (Cecil of Chelwood Papers, British Museum). Sir Austen Chamberlain (Birmingham University). Neville Chamberlain (Mrs. Dorothy Lloyd). Admiral Sir Ernie Chatfield (Southampton University). China Association (China Association, London). King George V (Royal Archives, Windsor Castle). Sir Maurice Hankey (Churchill College, Cambridge). Arthur Henderson (FO 800/283-4, Public Record Office). Sir Samuel Hoare (Templewood Papers, Cambridge University
Library). Admiral Sir Howard Kelly (National Maritime Museum, Green
wich). Ramsay MacDonald (David Marquand, M.P., and Public Record
Office). Kingsley Martin (University of Sussex). Gilbert Murray (Bodleian Library, Oxford). Lord Reading (FO 800/226, Public Record Office). Sir John Simon (FO 800/285-88, Public Record Office). Sir John Simon (private collection, Institute of Historical
Research, University of London). Sir Robert Vansittart (Churchill College, Cambridge). Lord Weir (Churchill College, Cambridge).
(b) United States. Jane Addams (Swarthmore College, Peace Collection).
* See relevant note in the Preface
424 BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Newton D. Baker (Library of Congress). Emily Greene Balch (Swarthmore College, Peace Collection). William E. Borah (Library of Congress). William R. Castle (Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa.)* Norman H. Davis (Library of Congress). Charles G. Dawes (Northwestern University, Evanston). Dorothy Detzer (Swarthmore College Peace Collection). W. Cameron Forbes (Library of Congress). Joseph C. Grew (Houghton Library, Harvard University). Herbert Hoover (Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa). Stanley K. Hornbeck (Hoover Institute, Stanford University). Cordell Hull (Library of Congress). Nelson T. Johnson (Library of Congress). General Frank R. McCoy (Library of Congress). Ogden Mills (Library of Congress). J. Pierrepont Moffat (Houghton Library, Harvard University). William Phillips (Houghton Library). Admiral William V. Pratt (U.S. Navy Operational Archives,
Washington). Elihu Root (Library of Congress). Henry L. Stimson (Stirling Memorial Library, Yale University). Arthur Sweetser (Library of Congress). Admiral Montgomery M. Taylor (Library of Congress). Ray Lyman Wilbur (Hoover Memorial Library, West Branch). Hugh R. Wilson (Hoover Memorial Library, West Branch). Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, U.S.
Section. (Swarthmore College Peace Collection).
B. Published Official Documents.
1. League of Nations. Official Journal, 1931-1933 (Geneva, 1931-1933). Official Journal, Special Supplements, Nos. 93, 101, 102, 104, 111,
112, 115 (Geneva, 1931-1933). Disarmament: Preparation For the General Conference (Geneva,
1931). 2. France.
Documents Diplomatiques Fran(:ais, 1re Serie: Tome I (Paris, 1964). Tome II (Paris, 1966). Tome III (Paris, 1967).
3. Germany. Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945, series C, vol. I
(London, 1957).
* Since his death, Castle's diary has been closed until 1980. I have therefore had to cite passages referred to by those few historians who had already been permitted to see it. The West Branch collection consists of correspondence only.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES 425
4. Great Britain. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939, second series:
vol. I (London, 1946). vol. II (London, 1947). vol. III (London, 1948). vol. IV (London, 1950). vol. V (London, 1956). vol. VII (London, 1958). vol. VIII (London, 1960). vol. I X (London, 1965). vol. X (London, 1969). vol. XI (London, 1970).
5. United States. Foreign Relations of the United States:
1931, vols. I, II, III (Washington, 1946-). 1932, vols. I, Ill, IV, V (Washington, 1948-). 1933, vols. I, III (Washington, 1950-). Japan, 1931-1941, I (Washington, 1946).
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy: 1930-1933 (Washington, 1931-33).
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury: 1930-1933 (Washington, 1931-34).
C. Parliamentary Debates.
Annates de Ia Chambre des Deputes. Debats, novembre, 1931-avril, 1933 (7 vols. Paris, 1933-34).
Congressional Record, 72nd Congress, vols. 75-77 (Washington, 1932-1933).
Hansard, House of Commons, vols. 256-278 (London, 1932-33). Hansard, House of Lords, vols. 85-87 (London, 1932-33). Rijksbegrooting voor het Dienstjaar 1932, III (The Hague, 1933).
D. Press.
Royal Institute of International Affairs, London: Press-cuttings Library, 12 boxes.
North China Herald, July 1931-June 1933 (Cambridge University Library).
New York Times, Washington Post, San Francisco Examiner, Chicago Daily Tribune (Library of Congress, Press Library microfilms).
E. Other Primary Sources.
China Year Book, 1931-1932 (Shanghai, 1932). Gallup Poll Archives, London (for the poll on Tientsin and Japan,
1939, by kind permission of Dr. Henry Durant). League of Nations, Armaments Year Book, 1930-1931 (Geneva, 1931);
1932-1933 (Geneva, 1933).
426 BIBLIOGRAPHIES
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INDEX*
Abyssinia, 366, 377-8, 382-3, 388, 405, 410
Adachi Kenzo, 132 Adams, Charles Francis, 72, 83, 156-7, 268 Adams, Vyvyan, 342 Aga Khan, 42, 213, 232, 294 Aghnides, Thanassis, 112n. Aldrovandi, Count Luigi, 278, 282 Aloisi, Baron Pompeo, 332 'Amau Doctrine' (1934), 375, 401 American Boycott Association, 222, 285 Amery, L. S., 108, 140, J42-3 Amoy, 202,275 Angelino, de Kat, 279, 359 Angell, Norman, 106 Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-21), 21-2,
25-7, 123, 396 Anti-Comintern Pact (1916), 374 Antung, 3, 153 Araki Sadao, General, 171, 203, 204, 275,
330-1 Arms trade and embargoes, 215, 244, 337-
340,345,364-6,388-9 Astor, William, 279, 280 Atherton, Ray, 87, 122, 256, 258, 261-2,
298, 320, 346 Attlee, Clement, 342, 383 Augustine, Saint, 418 Australia, 17, 24, 28, 42-3, 59, 67, 217,
265,298,374,394,398 Avenol, Joseph, 112, 183, 377
Baker, Newton D., 222-4, 344 Balch, Emily, 222 Baldwin, Stanley, character and position
of, 47, 54, 89-93, 108, 310 and defence and disarmament, 13, 314-
316, 319-20, 324, 409, 415 and debts, 316 and Far Eastern crisis, 211, 241, 247,
249-51, 264-5, 295, 337, 364-6, 401, 411
Balfour, Earl, 44, 109 Barthou, Louis, 104 Bassett, R., 89n. Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet, Lord, 402 Belgium, 174n., 231, 334 Benes, -e.douard, 332-3, 337 Berthelot, Admiral, 297 Berthelot, Philippe, 78, 192, 297 Betterton, Sir Henry, 365 ~veridge, Albert J., 20n. Biddle, Lt. William, 279
• Names, titles, etc. as in 1931-33.
Bingham, Hiram, 346 Birdwood, Field Marshal Sir William, 177 Blakeslee, George, 225n., 279-80, 282n. Blockland, Beerlaerts van, 213 Blum, Leon, 78, 343 Boal, Pierre, 268 Bolivia, 109, 213, 378 Bonin islands, 21, 28 Borah, William E., 54, 87, 114-15, 121,
139, 140, 158, 211, 224, 226, 263, 298, 299, 307, 308, 317, 319, 343, 345
Borchard, Edwin, 345 Bowyer, Sir George, 45n. Braadland, Burger, 213 Brenan, J. F., 228-9, 235, 253 Briand, Aristide, position and beliefs of,
41, 78, 112, 213, 231, 319 and Far Eastern crisis, 136, 146-7
151n., 155, 171, 173-4, 182, 192 Bridgeman, Lord, 358 Bruce, S. M., 333, 394 BrUning, Heinrich, 309, 406 Bryan, William Jennings, 197, 211 Billow, Bernhard von, 182, 280 Burma, 17, 58, 374 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 114n., 285
Cadogan, Alexander, 99, 151-2, 182, 188, 257, 360, 362, 363, 392
Cahan, C. H., 333, 358 Canada (see also 'Cahan'), 28, 69n., 110,
233,298-9,346,398 Canton,49,51, 169,202,275,329,371-2 Cappe~Arthur,222 Caroline islands, 22, 28 Carr, E. H., 361n., 382, 384 Carter, J. F., 56n. Castle, William R., position and general
Far Eastern views of, 53, 86, 88, 118 and Far Eastern crisis, 155, 157-60, 186,
194-7,236ff.,277,298-301,346,349 Castlereagh, Viscount, 243 Cecil, Viscount, character and political
beliefs of, 98, 102-3, 106-7, 116, 381, 384,410
at League Council and Assembly, 1931-2,4,135,145-6,151,174-5,293
and problems ot Far Eastern policy, 139, 141, 178-82, 217-21, 230-1, 286-7, 339-41
and disarmament, 119, 219, 287, 304-5, 322,409
and crisis in retrospect, 7-8, 134, 206, 380,404
INDEX 435
Chamberlain, Sir Austen, political position of, 91, 120
and League of Nations Union, 108, 220, 286--7, 340
and Far East, 43, 48n., 71, 220, 287, 339-41
and U.S.A., 317 Chamberlain, Neville, character, position
and domestic policies of, 89n., 90, 93-4, 233, 310
and Far Eastern crisis, 250, 258-9, 262, 267, 365-7, 392
and U.S.A., debts and disarmament, 123, 314n., 316--17, 346, 354
and foreign policy, 1933 onwards, 108, 240, 379, 395-402
Chang Hai-peng, 168 Chang Hsueh-liang, 31, 38, 133, 274-5,
328-9, 372 Chang Tso-lin, 5n., 37, 283, 328 Changchun, 3, 22,203 Chapei, see 'Shanghai, 1932 fighting at' Chatfield, Admiral Sir Ernie, 48, 71,
396--8,402-3 Chen Chi-tang, 329 Chen, Eugene, 142, 202 Chiang Kai-shek, 30-1, 134,202,205, 208,
275, 28ln., 329, 372, 387 China, and international politics before
1931, 17ff., 27ff., 48ff. extraterritoriality in, 17, 30, 45-6, 48-9,
51, 59, 236 internal politics and conditions of, 26,
29ff.,202,275,329-30,371-2,419-20 general Western attitudes towards, 15ff.,
27ff., 39ff. government policies of, 1931-33, 8,
133-4,153-4,169,172-3,186,202-3, 212-13, 274-5, 288-9, 329, 335-6, 359-60, 366, 371
Western views of, 1931-33, 150, 153-4, 156--8, 227, 229n., 234, 235, 294-5, 344, 355-6, 389-90, 392
and Soviet Union, 1931-33, 277, 298, 329
Long March of Communists in, 372 and war with Japan, 1937 onwards, 372,
374-5, 377, 402 China Association, 45-6, 216 Chinchow, 131, 133, 169-70, 193,203,227,
238, 242 Chinese Eastern Railway, 20, 30, 33, 168,
203, 372 Chlapowski, M. de, 173 Chu Teh, 31, 420 Churchill, W. S., 25, 43, 46--7, 343n., 395,
404 Claude!, General Henri, 278, 282, 290, 297 Claude!, Paul, 155, 193, 232, 352 Clynes, J. R., 106 Cocks, Seymour, 217, 342 Colban, Erik, 145-6
Collective security, see 'League of Nations, collective security and'
Colombia, 213, 214n., 353 Committee of Imperial Defence, see
'Great Britain, strategic plans of' and 'Far Eastern policy of'
Communism, in East and South-East Asia, 30-1, 202, 329-30
views on in West, 7, 48, 53, 81, 126, 229n., 236, 283, 299, 349, 358-9
Coolidge, Calvin, 52, 118 Corfu incident (1923), 111, 240, 368,
408 Council on Foreign Relations, 114, 277 Cuba, 85, 117, 195, 353 Cunliffe-Lister, Sir Philip, 316, 365 Cunningham, Edwin S., 228-9,253,255 Curtius, Julius, 135 Curzon, Lord, 24, 97 Czechoslovakia, 214n., 332, 334, 337
Daladier, Edouard, 137, 215, 336 Dalai Lama, the, 275, 294 Dan, Baron, 204 Davies, Lord, 339, 341-2 Davis, Norman, and Far Eastern crisis,
155, 159, 163, 223, 265, 346--7 354
and Disarmament Conference, 1932-3, 113, 122, 305, 315, 321-2, 325
and U.S. policy, 1933 onwards, 380, 388,402
Dawes, Charles G., 87, 115, 121, 122, 172, 185, 191-2, 197, 198n.
De Valera, Eamonn, 284, 331 Debts, international, 13, 79, 101, 118-21,
123, 293n., 307-8, 310ff., 354, 412 Debuchi Katsuji, 154, 276 Denmark, 213 Dennett, Tyler, 7n., 408 Detzer, Dorothy, 224, 345, 385 Dewey, John, 19,175 Dill, Senator, 224 Disarmament Conference (1932-4), 119-
124, 230, 298, 304-7, 310ff., 336, 377-8,388,405-6
links with Far Eastern crisis of, 13, 321-327
Doihara Kenji, Colonel, 170 Dominions, and British policy, 27, 42-3,
69,110-11,232-3,313,358-9,379,394, 398
Dooman, E. H., 88n. Dreyer, Admiral Sir Frederick, 69, 397 Drummond, Sir Eric, character, position
and political beliefs of, 109, 111-12, 326, 378
and Far Eastern crisis, 144-5, 154-5, 182-5, 231, 263n., 281, 286, 299, 334, 347, 359, 368
views of others on, 112, 286, 340 Drury-Lowe, Vice AdmiralS. R., 180n.
436 INDEX
Eden, Anthony, 45, 58, 95n., 151, 191n., 232, 241, 263, 294, 302, 361, 363, 366, 415n.
Edge, Walter, 87 Erich, Rafael, 213 Ethiopia, see 'Abyssinia' Eyres-Monsell, Sir Bolton, 93, 241, 250,
258, 358, 365-6
Feetham Report, see 'Shanghai' Feis, Herbert, 58 Field, Admiral Sir Frank, 315n. Finland, 213 Fish, Hamilton, 140, 224 Fisher, Sir Warren, 97, 123, 267, 354,
395-7, 399 Five Power Treaty (1922), 27-8 Fletcher, Henry, 278 Fleuriau, Aime de, 311, 366 Forbe3, W. Cameron, 87-8, 153, 193-4,
226-7. 230, 239 Foreign Office, see 'Great Britain, foreiga
policy machinery of' Formosa, 21, 28 • Fosdick, Raymond, 102n., 114n., 388, 421 France, political and economic situation
in, 78-9,231-2,309,336 press and public opinion in, 7, 137
174-5, 214-15, 285, 343, 384-5 and quest for security in Europe, 79
104-5, 120-1, 304-7, 310-12 defence resources of, 67 relations of with U.S.A., 79, 115, 117ff.,
307-8, 311-12, 321, 325-6, 347 relations of with Great Britain, 117ff.,
310-14, 321, 326 foreign policy machinery of, 78, 413 Far Eastern interests and policies of
before1931,16-18,24,29,40-1,297n. suspicions of, involving Japan, 147, 175,
215,231-2 policies of during Far Eastern crisis,
146-7,231-2,288-9,296-8,302,337, 354-6, 387
Japanese secret contacts with, 296-7 and non-aggression pact with Soviet
Union, 298
Garay, Narcisco, 173 Garnett, Maxwell, 106n. Gathorne-Hardy, G. M., 381 Geneva Protocol(1924), 104,109, 113,313 George V, King, 99n., 242, 257n., 314 Germany, political developments in, 118,
309 press and public opinion in, 137n., 285 and disarmament and European
security, 79,304-7,312-13,397 Far Eastern interests of before 1931,
17-18, 29, 32, 39 Far Eastern policies of, 1931-33, 146,
148,232,279-80,337,347,356-7
Far Eastern policies of, 1933 onwards, 376
and Europe, 1933 onwards, 397,404-6 Gibson, Hugh, 121-2, 239, 306, 315 Gilbert, Prentiss, 136, 154-5, 159-61, 244,
346 Gonzalez-Prada, Alfredo, 173 Gooch, G. P., tOn., 134, 286 Grandi, Count Dino, 135, 146, 378 Great Britain, political and economic
situation in, 89ff., 233, 309-10, 312 press and public opinion in, 97-8, 137-
139, 177-81, 215-21, 284-7, 338-43, 379-84,411
and the League of Nations, 75, 10lff., 107-11, 323-4, 326n., 378-9
and Egypt, 116, 336, 400-1 and India, 41-3, 47, 54, 188, 268n.,
294-6,367,399-400,420 and Tibet, 17, 116-17, 294-5 relations of with U.S.A., 26-7, 31-2,
75-6, 117ff., 315ff., 346, 354, 388ff., 397-403
and inter-allied debts, 101, 118-20, 123, 293n., 307-8, 354
relations of with France, 117ff., 310-14, 321, 326
and disarmament and European security, 121-3, 304-7, 312ff.
defence and foreign policy resources of, 24-5,27-8, 59tr., 241-2, 324, 394ff.
strategic plans and reports (C.I.D., Chiefs of Staff) of, 43-4, 69-71,266-267,397-9
foreign policy machinery of, 96-100, 412-14
Far Eastern interests and policies of before 1931, 17-18, 24-5, 31-2, 41-50,58-9
Far Eastern policiesof,1931-33,141-52, 162-7, 181-92, 200-1, 288-303, 353-367, 41lff.
and Shanghai crisis, 1932, 211-14, 225-272
arms embargo of, 1933, 337-42, 364-6 trade policies of, 1932 onwards, 233,
366-7, 399-400, 419 Far Eastern problems and policies of,
1933 onwards, 392-403 and anti-Soviet embargo, 1933, 367 and Abyssinia, 1935-6, 377-8, 387
Greco-Bulgarian incident (1925), 111, 145, 151, 179, 410
Greece, 213 Green, 0. M., 4Sn., 138 Grew, Joseph C., as diplomat, and views
on U.S. foreign policy machinery of, 88-9
and Far Eastern crisis, 291-2, 348-9, 351
and U.S. policy, 1933 onwards, 389-90 Grey, Earl, 106, 180n., 220, 341
INDEX 437
Griswold, A. Whitney 50 Guam, 17, 28, 64, 67 Guatemala, 173
Haas, Robert, 279, 282-3, 359 Hailin, 203 Hailsham, Lord, and domestic politics, 91
and Far Eastern crisis, 211, 258, 262, 365
and U.S.A., 258, 316 and European and disarmament poli-
cies, 312 Haiti, 213 Hanaya Tadashi, Major 3 Hankey, Sir Maurice, position of, 96
and Ten Year Rule, 107, 266 and League of Nations, 110, 323 and British defence policies, 266, 312-
314, 366, 393, 395-8 and Far Eastern crisis, 15ln. 240,
258-9, 264-5, 366 Hankow, 30, 48, 51 Harbin, 132, 203, 275 Harding, Warren G., 113 Hawaii, 17, 58n., 67, 73, 250 and note,
374 Hay, John, 19-20,23,51 Heilungkiang, 32, 131, 203 Henderson, Arthur, 43, 231, 383n. Henderson, Sir Nevile, 144, 249 Herriot, Edouard, and problems of
disarmament and security, 13, 305-7, 309, 310-12
and international debts, 308, 312, 325 Far Eastern views of out of office, 214-
215 Far Eastern policy of, 297-8, 325-6 fall of, 308, 312
Hills, J. W., 217 Hines, Walter, 278 Hirohito, Emperor, 37, 38n., 132, 330-1 Hitler, Adolf, 309, 376, 405 Ho Chi Minh, 30 Hoare, Sir Samuel, 43, 54, 93, 141, 264,
294-5, 36ln., 377 Hongkong, 17,28,49,64,69,266 Honjo Shigeru, General, 3, 127, 204 Hoover, President Herbert, character,
position and domestic policies of, 79-84, 345-6, 352-3
and foreign policy in general, 53-4, 56-58, 81, 113-14
European policies of, 81-3, 118ft'., 307-308, 317-20
disarmament proposals of, 1932, 306, 315-16, 318-19
Far Eastern policy of, 1931-33, 156-7, 161-2, 174, 197-9, 212, 236, 239, 245, 248-50, 262. 265-6, 268, 277, 298-300,337,345-6,350-2,411
electoral defeat of, 309 and F. D. Roo~evelt, 309, 350
and U.S. policy after 1933, 386, 420 and Far Eastern crisis in retrospect, 10
Hornbeck, Stanley K., character and position of, 86-7
advises on Far Eastern crisis, 157-8, 160, 194-7, 236ff., 289, 298n., 301, 302, 349-50, 352, 412
and American policy, 1933 onwards, 389-90
Hsi Hsia, 203 Hsifengkow, 328, 371 Hughes, Charles Evans, 51 Hull, Cordell, 76, 388-9, 391 Hull, Morton D., 114n., 221-2, 244 Hungary, 214n. Hurley, Patrick, 83, 197, 239, 243, 387 Hymans, Paul, 212-13, 214n., 334
India, 17, 29, 41-3, 54, 58, 63, 67, 188, 264, 265, 268n., 276, 367, 374, 399-400, 420
Indo-China, 16-17, 26, 29, 40-1, 276 Indonesia, 16, 26, 29, 40, SO, 63, 67,
338 Ingersoll, Captain R. E., 402 International Military Tribunal for the
Far East, S-6, 417 Inukai Tsuyoshi, 171, 204, 226 Irish Free State (see also 'de Valera' and
'Lester'), 213, 334 Ishihara Kanji, Lt. Colonel, 36n., 38n. Itagaki Seishiro, Colonel, 3, 38, 133, 170,
171,204 Italy, press opinion in, 137n., 285
and Far Eastern crisis, 146, 232, 289, 337, 347, 354
and European problems, 306, 310, 311 and Abyssinia, 378-9, 405, 410
Japan, internal conditions and politics of, 21, 35-8, 133, 203-4, 330-1
economic and military resources of, 27-8, 35-6, 63ft'., 265n., 375-6
Far Eastern policies and interests of before 1931, 21-3, 25-7, 32-8
relations of with U.S.A. before 1931 and after 1933, 21-4, 52-3, 374-5, 390, 399-403, 420
relations of with Great Britain before 1931 and after 1933, 21-2, 25-7,42-3, 374-5, 393-403
press and public opinion in, 131-3, 165-7,186-7,204,292,330
government and army policies of, 1931-1933, concerning Manchuria, 3-5, 131-3, 142, 168-71, 203-4, 274-6, 296-7, 328-31, 371
policies of during Shanghai crisis, 1932, 203-10, 226, 232, 273-4
recognises Manchukuo, 275-6, 290 and Soviet Union, 132, 169-70,276,297,
330-1, 372-3
438 INDEX
Japan-contd. and Disarmament Conference, 307, 322,
324, 377 leaves League of Nations, 336, 377 policies of, 1933 onwards, 331, 356,
373-6, 416-19 and war with China, 1937 onwards, 5,
372,374-5,377,402 Jehol, 5, 133, 171,274,328-9, 348, 392 Johnson, Nelson T., position and advice
of before crisis, 53, 88 information and advice from 1931-33,
152-4, 192, 226-8, 253, 256, 274, 290--1, 347-8, 412
and American policy, 1933 onwards, 389
Jordan, William, 377
Keller, Kent E., 156, 197 Kellogg, Frank, 51, 114, 156 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 47, 82, 114-
115, 134 Kelly, Admiral Sir Howard, 48, 114, 190n.,
209, 227, 242, 252n., 291 Khasan, lake, battle of (1938), 372 Kiangsi Soviet, 31, 202, 329, 372 Kirin, 32, 131, 203 Klots, Allen T., 86, 156, 196, 245, 263,
350 Koboyashi, Colonel, 296 Koiso, General, 296-7 Koo, Wellington, 169, 279, 282, 331 Korea, 21, 22, 23, 38, 131 Kuorrrlntang,29-31,37,202,283,372,387 Kurile islands, 21, 28 Kwantung Army, plans of, 37-8, 170
operations of, 3-5, 131-3, 168-71, 203-4,274-6,328-9,371
Lamont, Thomas W., 53n., 80, 122, 224, 307, 345
Lampson, Sir Miles, and extraterritoriality negotiations, 48, 99
and Manchurian crisis, 144, 186, 226-7, 290,295-6,359-61,366,392-3
and Shanghai crisis, 1932, 228-9, 235, 256, 273-4
Lansbury, George, 178,219, 342 Lansing, Robert, 23, 27·, 51 Laski, Harold, 218 Lassiter, Major General William, 195, 196 Lausanne Conference and Agreement
(1932), 308, 312, 317, 319 Laval, Pierre, 78, 118-19, 192, 231, 232,
256, 307-8, 312 League of Nations, Covenant of, 24, 28,
101ft'., 109n., 110--12, 126-7 history of, before 1931, 109-14 history of, 1933 onwards, 377-9 Secretariat of, 111-12, 182-5, 284 Assembly of, 4, 101, 135, 212-14, 264,
330, 331-6
Council of, 135-7, 171-4, 212, 260--1 , 284,331
Comrrrlssion of Enquiry of, see 'Lytton Comrrrlssion'
Comrrrlttee of Nineteen of, 214, 274, 284, 331, 333-6
Advisory Comrrrlttee of, 1933, 336n., 377 Resolutions of, 30 Sept., 1931, 136; 24
Oct., 1931, 136-7, 200; 10 Dec. 1931, 171, 173-4, 197; 11 March, 1932, 213-14; 24 Feb., 1933, 335-6, 367-8
relations of with U.S.A. before and after crisis, 112-16, 377-8, 410
small states and, 110--11,213,231,332-4 and collective security in retrospect, 7,
12-13,116-17,124-7,404-10 League of Nations Association, 114, 156,
176, 222-3 League of Nations Union, 106-8, 112,
138-9, 178-81,217-21,278, 284, 286-7, 338-42, 365, 380--1, 411
Uger, Alexis, 147 Leith-Ross, Sir Frederick, 399, 400 Lerroux, A., 135-6 Lester, Sean, 135n., 213, 332, 334 Liaoning, 32, 168 Liaotung peninsula, 20, 21, 33 Liberia, 352-3 Lindley, Sir Francis, character and
reporting of, 99, 100 Foreign Office opinions of, 230n., 237-
238, 292n., 360--1, 363 and Manchurian crisis, 143-4, 186-7,
194, 288, 292-3, 357-8, 366, 380 and Shanghai crisis, 1932, 230, 237, 252,
256 Lindsay, Sir Ronald, 99, 186, 247, 249 ,
252, 254, 263, 293 Lippmann, Walter, Henry Stimson and,
85, 350 and Far Eastern crisis, 139-40, 156,
176, 223-4, 300n. and non-recognition policy, 175, 223,
245n., 352, 414 and domestic politics, 114n. views of after 1933, 9n., 386-7, 388
Litvinov, Maxim, 306 Lloyd George, David, 97, 106 Locarno Agreement (1925), liOn., 120 Lofgren, J. E., 213 London Naval Agreement (1930), 37, 44,
61, 64-5, 72, 75, 115, 122, 311 Londonderry, Lord, 91, 109, 117, 242-3,
247, 314 Lowell, Lawrence, 222, 344-5, 350 Loyang, 202 Luanchow, 328, 371 Lytton, Lord, character of, 106, 220,
277-8 views on Far Eastern crisis of, 280-1,
287, 341n., 377, 407 and arms embargo, 1933, 338, 341
INDEX 439
Lytton Commission, composition and work of, 277-83
Report of, 3, 33, 203, 283--4, 302-3, 331ff.
Ma Chan-shan, 168, 170, 203 Macao, 17, 259 MacArthur, General Douglas., 16, 54, 349,
420 MacDonald, Ramsay, character, position
and domes~ic policies of, 89-92, 233, 310, 312
and League of Nations, 105n., 109-10, 323, 326n., 361n.
and disarmament and European problems, 120-1, 306, 308, 312ff., 336, 354, 415
and U.S.A., 121-3, 316-17, 320, 346, 354
and Far Eastern crisis, 149, 181, 188-9, 241,249-51,256-9,265,267,280,295, 298,340,364-6,392
and British policy after 1933, 39~ 397, 401
MacKillop, Douglas, 99n., 150-l MacMurray, John V. A., 88n., 194 Macnaghten, Brigadier General, 208 Madariaga, Don Salvador de, and Cecil
and Murray, 102-3, 384 at League Assembly and Council, 116,
136, 145-6, 173, 184n., 332-3, 334n.
and collective security, 384 Mahan, Captain A. T., 21, 23, 56 Malaya, 17, 42, 50, 58 Manchukuo, see 'Manchuria' Manchuria, population, trade and raw
materials of, 32-5 foreign investments and rights in, 20-2,
27, 32-5 Sino-Japanese tensions concerning, 37-
38 Japanese military operations in, 3-5,
131-3, 168-70, 203--4, 274-6, 328-9, 371
establishment of 'Manchukuo' regime in, 203, 275-6
customs in, 275, 289 development of, 1932, onwards, 330,
375-6 crisis concerning, in perspective, 5ff.,
162-7, 404ff. Mander, Geoffrey, 178,217,218,341 Mao Tse-tung, 31, 202, 420 Mariana islands, 22, 28 Marshall islands, 22, 28 Martel, M. de, 147, 296-7 Martin, Kingsley, l07n., 382 Martin, William, 134, 171, 177-8, 214 Massigli, Rene, 78, 135, 145-7, 155, 232,
296-7, 325 Matos, Jose, 173
Matsudaira Tsuneo, 170, 172, 185, 193, 264,297
Matsuoka Yosuke, 297, 330,331-2, 333n., 336, 356
McCoy, Major General Frank R., 278-82, 350, 352, 377, 407
McKinley, William, 16 Mellon, Andrew, 80, 87 Mills, Ogden, 83, 317, 318 Milne, Field Marshal Sir George, 250,
358 Minami Jiro, General, 132, 204 Minseito party, 131, 166 Moffat, Pierrepont, observations on
American diplomatic machinery of, 88-9
observations of on Stimson, Hoover, and making of U.S. policy, 82-3, 336
and disarmament, 82-3, 305, 323 and Far Eastern crisis, 268 and U.S. policies, 1933 onwards, 389
Mongolia, 22, 23, 133, 203, 328 Montgomery-Massingberd, General Sir
Archibald, 396 Morgenthau, H. J., 386 Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 391 Mori Kaku, 133, 204 Morishima Morito, 3 Motta, Giuseppe, 213, 331-2 Mukden, incident at, Sept. 18, 1931, 3,
131, 133 Munch, Peter, 213 Murai, Consul-General, 206 Murray, Gilbert, and League of Nations
movement in general, 102-3, l05n., 421
position and work of in League of Nations Union, 106-7, 287
and Far Eastern crisis, 138-9, 178-80, 217-21, 265, 287, 322, 342
and arms embargo of 1933, 338--40, 365 views of, following crisis, 380, 382, 384
Mussolini, Benito, 378-9, 405, 408 Muto Nobuyoshi, General, 275 Mutual Assistance, Pact of (1923--4), 104,
109, 113, 305
Nakamura, Captain, 38 Nanking, 30, 205, 372 Nash, Philip, 114n. Naval talks, international (1934-5), 398,
401 Neil, J. E., 218 Netherlands, Far Eastern interests and
policies of before 1931, 16, 29, 40,50 defence resources of, 67 Far Eastern and League policies of,
1931-33, xii, 147-8, 213, 232, 347 policy of, 1933 onwards, 373--4, 387,
420 Neurath, Baron von, 332 Neville, Edwin, 153--4, 193, 230, 292n.
440 INDEX
New Zealand (see also 'Wilford'), 17, 28, 59, 298, 377, 379, 394, 398
Nicaragua, 84, 117, 279, 332, 353 Nicolson, Harold, 381 Nine Power Treaty (1922), 27 Noel-Baker, Philip, views and efforts of,
1931-33, 106, 138, 179-81, 219-20, 286-7, 321-2, 340
retrospective views on crisis of, !On., 380, 383n., 407
Nomura, Admiral, 205n., 273 Nonni river, 131, 168 Norway, 213 Nye Committee, 1934-5, 385
Oil, see 'Japan, resources of' Open Door in China, United States and,
19-20, 23-4, 51-5, 57, 124 'Orange', war plan, see 'United States,
strategic plans of' Orde, C. W., 99n., 359 Osgood, R. E., 386 Ottawa Agreement (1932), 233, 309, 310,
312, 367
Pact of Paris, see 'Kellogg-Briand Pact' Pal, Mr Justice, 5-6, 14, 102,418-19 Panama, 173, 213 Panama canal, 75, 117, 336, 400 Panay incident (1937), 386, 402 Papen, Franz von, 309 Paul-Boncour, Joseph, 212, 271, 307, 309,
324, 332, 336, 355 Peace Ballot, British (1934-5), lln., 379 Pearl Harbour, see 'Hawaii' Peking, 30, 51, 274-5, 289, 329n., 371 Pelt, Adrianus, 203n., 279, 282-3, 284 Persia, 101, 213, 378 Peru, 173, 353 Petain, Marshal Philippe, 311 Petersfield, H.M.S., sinking of, 190n. Philippines, 16, 17, 23, 28, 29, 50, 55-6,
59n., 67, 71, 73-4, 245, 277, 279, 298, 345, 389, 418
Phillips, William, 389 Poland, 173 Politis, Nicolas, 213, 333 Port Arthur, 3, 20, 21 Portugal, 15, 214n. Pratt, Sir John, position of, 99
views on Manchurian crisis of, 1931-2, 149-52, 158, 163, 187-8, 234, 288, 293-4,296,302,360,412
views on Shanghai crisis of, 1932, 234ff. advice on British policy and League of
Nations, 1933, 361-3, 364, 368 Pratt, Admiral William V., 66, 72, 75n.,
115, 122n., 246 Press, see under respective countries· Pu-yi, Henry (Hsuan-Tung), 133, 168, 170,
203, 282, 329
Quai d'Orsay, see 'France, foreign policy machinery of'
Quo Tai-chi, 273
Rajchman, Dr. L. W., 135n., 182, 377 Reading, Lord, 89n., 94, 123, 136, 142,
149-52, 155, 160, 163, 191 Reed, Senator David, 293, 299, 318 Regnier, Captain, 86 Rels, Costa du, 213 Reparations, 101, 307-8, 317 Restrepo, Antonio Jose, 213 Rich, Raymond, 220-3 Rogers, James Grafton, 86, 156, 196, 245,
263 Roosevelt, Franklin D., and domestic
politics, 285, 309, 336 and League of Nations, 113, 224 and Far Eastern crisis, 336, 350-1 and U.S. policy, 1933 onwards, 354,
378,385,388-9,402,417 Roosevelt, Theodore, 23, 56, 84, 199,
417 Root, Elihu, 84, 195, 199, 268, 345 Rowell, Chester, 222 Royal Institute of International Affairs
(see also 'Toynbee'), 381 Royden, Maude, 217, 368 Runciman, Walter, 316, 365 Rusk, Dean, 9 Russell, Bertrand, 382-3 Russia, see 'Soviet Union' Ryukyu islands, 21, 28
Saito Makota, Admiral, 275, 358 Sakhalin, 22, 63 Salter, Sir Arthur, 217-18, 241, 381 Salvador, 84, 213 Samuel, Sir Herbert, 89n., 91, 233, 310,
342 Sanctions, economic, discussions and
possibilities of, 63-4, 151-2, 186, 189-190, 196-7, 218, 240-1, 264, 277, 285, 323-4,351,377-8,381-4,398n.,408-9
Sarraut, Albert, 40-1 Sato Naotake, 212, 232 Schall, Thomas, 337 Schnee, Heinrich, 278, 279, 282 Seiyukai party, 132, 166, 171, 204 Sepahbidi, Khan, 213 Shanghai, International Settlement at, 17
18,49 interests of the powers in, 48-50 Feetham Report on, 45-6 1927 incident at, 30, 37, 48, 51, 259-60,
332 1932 Sino-Japanese fighting in, 203-10 Anglo-American exchanges concerning,
1932,247-66 peace talks in, 210, 273-4 possible round-table conference on,
274,288-9
INDEX 441
Shanghai British Residents' Association, 45n.
Shanhaikuan, 171, 281, 328, 330, 351, 371 Shantung, 22, 24, 27, 33, 53 Shidehara, Baron, policies of before 1931,
43,53 and League of Nations, 22, 418 policies of, Sept. 1931 onwards, 4, 132-
133, 154, 166, 193, 292, 406 as seen in West, 22, 53, 61, 163, 238
Shigemitsu Mamoru, 35, 134, 273 Shimada, Rear Admiral, 273 Shiozawa Koichi, Rear Admiral, 206, 208 Shirakawa, General, 210 Shotwell, James, 103, 114n., 220, 285, 300 Siam, 336 Siberia, 22 Simon, Sir John, character and position
of, 54, 94-6, 396 Far Eastern policy of, 123, 141, 177,
187-92, 211-14, 23lff., 280-l, 289, 293-6, 298, 337, 338-9, 342, 346, 353ff., 392
and exchanges with Stimson over Shanghai, 1932, 247-66
and the League of Nations, 188, 191, 213, 294, 323, 363-4, 378
speech to League Assembly of, 7 Dec., 1932, 329, 332-3, 363
European and disarmament policies of, 121, 287, 310, 313, 314
and British policies after 1933, 313-14, 396, 397, 401
criticisms of, 11-12, 95, 213, 286-7, 338, 340
Sinclair, Sir Archibald, 310 Singapore, 43-4, 64, 70-1, 266, 267, 324,
394-5 Smuts, J. C., 102 Snowden, Viscount, 89n., 310 Soong, T. V., 182, 329, 372 South Manchurian Railway, 20, 22, 32-3,
38, 53, 131-3, 275 Soviet Union, Far Eastern interests and
policies of (as Russia, pre-1917), before 1931, 20-1, 28, 30-1
policy of and public reactions in to Far Eastern crisis, 133, 170, 174, 215n., 276, 337-8, 377
and possible non-aggression pact with Japan, 276, 297-8
sells Chinese Eastern Railway, 372 and non-aggression pact with France,
1932, 298 British embargo against, 367 and Far Eastern developments, 1933
onwards, 372-3, 378 Spain, 213, 332, 334 State Department, see 'United States,
foreign policy machinery of' Steed, Wickham, 218 Stimson, Henry L., character, beliefs and
position of, 13, 55, 83-6,96, ll5-l7, 122, 244n., 350, 420-1
Far Eastern aims and assumptions of, 51, 54-7, 85, 124, 353, 420
policies of during Far Eastern crisis, 135, 149, 153-62, 172-4, 186, 193-9, 223, 226ff., 280, 288-9, 293, 298-302, 322-3, 337, 345ff., 353-4, 413
non-recognition statements of, 1932, 210-12,245-6,248,263,414-16
exchanges of with Simon concerning Shanghai, 1932, 247-66
speech of to Council on Foreign Relations, 1932, 277, 285, 299-301
European policies of, 84, 119-23, 306, 313, 317ff.
and F. D. Roosevelt, 350-1 and U.S. policies after 1933, 386, 389,
390, 417n. and Far Eastern crisis in retrospect, 8,
10, 197-Sn., 247, 404 criticisms of, 9-11, 344-5, 348-9
Suez canal, 58, 400-1, 420 Sugimura Yotaro, 183, 334 Sun Fo, 202 Sun Yat-sen, 30 Sweden (see also 'Unden'), 213, 214n. Sweetser, Arthur, 176, 185, l98n., 223,
231, 284, 321, 347, 351, 388 Swire, G. W., 45n. Switzerland, 213, 214n., 332, 334 Sze, Alfred, 135, 142, 153, 172 Szechuan, 330
Taft, William Howard, 22-3 Tanaka Giichi, General, 37 Tanaka Ryukichi, Major, 206 Tang Yu-lin, 274 Tangku truce (1933), 5, 371, 392 Taonan, 131 Tardieu, Andre, 231, 305, 309, 310-11 Tawney, R. H., 218 Taylor, Admiral Montgomery M., 51-2,
154, 156, 194, 227. 229, 268, 290, 349 Te Water, C. T., 213, 214n., 232, 299 Teichman, Eric, 274n. Ten Year Rule, see 'Great Britain,
strategic plans of' Thomas, J. H., character and position of,
93, 122 and relations with Dominions, 233 and Far Eastern crisis, 141, 212, 240,
254, 258-9, 323, 365-6 Thorburn, John, case of, 49n., 135, 138 Tibet, 17, 275, 329 Tientsin, 17, 18, 49, 51, 168-70,205, 380n.,
402 Titulesco, Nicolas, 101 Toynbee, Arnold, 12, 90, 218, 295, 320,
381 Trautmann, Oskar, 356 Trincomalee, 64, 242
442 INDEX
Tsang Shi-yi, 203 Tsinan, 37 Tsitsihar, 131, 169-70, 172 Twenty-One Demands (1915), 22, 23, 27,
197 Tyrrell, Lord, 120, 147
U.S.S.R., see 'Soviet Union' Uchida Yasuya, 275, 276, 290 Unden, Osten, 332 Union of Democratic Control, 99, 107,
365, 380n. United Nations, 420-1 United States, political and economic
situation in, 79-83, 175, 233, 285, 309, 336
foreign policy machinery of, 87-9, 349, 412-14
defence and foreign policy resources of, 27-8, 59ft'., 71ft'., 246, 390
strategic plans of, 23, 73-5, 390 Navy Board of, 56-7, 66, 71, 75-6,418 isolationism in, 20, 54, 113-16, 176-7,
220, 226, 385 press and public opinion in, 7, 9, 20,
139-40, 175-6, 220-5, 285, 343-5, 385-7,411
and League of Nations, 55n., 81-2, 84, 112-16, 135-6, 160-2, 172, 212, 244, 347, 385, 388, 410
relations of with Great Britain, 26-7, 31-2, 75-6, 117ft'., 315ft'., 346, 388ft'., 397-403
relations of with France, 115, 117ft'., 307-8, 325
trade policies of, 52, 82, 118,419 and disarmament, 82-3, 121-3, 304-7,
318ft'. Ji!ld inter-allied debts, 118-19, 122-3,
293n., 307-8, 312, 318ft'. Far Eastern policies and interests of
before 1931, 17-20, 22-4, 50-9, 124 and the Philippines, 16, 50, 55-6, 59n.,
71, 245, 277, 298, 345, 418 policies of during Far Eastern crisis,
149,152-67,185-6,192-201,210-12, 225-72,288-303, 345-53,411ff.
and sale of wheat to China, 139n. and Soviet Union, 81, 298, 353 Far Eastern policies of, 1933 onwards,
386-7, 387-92, 399-403 Uyeda, Lt. General, 273
Vansittart, Sir Robert, position and work of, 98, 237n.
and League of Nations, 109, 110, 231, 362
and European policies, 120, 266, 312, 313, 394, 397
and U.S.A., 123, 346, 354, 397, 402
and Far Eastern cns1s, 141, 150-1, 188, 191n., 237-8, 241-3, 247, 250, 252, 254-5, 256n., 261-2, 264, 294-6, 362
and British policy after 1933, 397 Vietnam (see also 'Indo-China'), 417,
420 Vladivostok, 20 Voretzsch, Ernst, 148n.
Wakatsuki Reijiro, 38, 132-3, 171, 238 406
Walters, F. P., 9n., 135n., 182, 199, 359, 407
Wang, C. T., 133 Wang Ching-wei, 205, 208, 275 Washington Conference (1921-22), 27-8 Wei-Hai-Wei, 48 Welles, Sumner, 8, 404 Wellesley, Sir Victor, position and in-
terests of, 97n., 98-9 and U.S.A., 151-2 and League of Nations, 108 and Far Eastern crisis, 150-2, 188-9,
230n., 234ft'., 294-5, 302, 355n., 359, 361
Wells, H. G., 381 White, Harry Dexter, 417 Wickersham, George W., 114n. Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 83, 157 Wilden, M., 291 Wilford, Sir Thomas, 299, 358-9 Wilson, Hugh, and Far Eastern cns1s,
155, 223, 231, 244, 256, 263, 265, 284, 301, 348-9, 377
and Disarmament Conference, 122, 325, 388
and U.S. policy in retrospect, 348 Wilson, Woodrow, 18-19,23,24, 117,239 Women's International League for Peace
and Freedom (see also 'Detzer'), 114, 156, 222
Wood, General Leonard, 55-6 Woolf, Leonard, 218, 383, 421 Woosung, see 'Shanghai, 1932 fighting in' World Economic Conference (1933), 336,
378 Wright, Quincy, 127n., 414
Yen, W. W., 212, 333 Yingkow (Newchwang), 38 Yoshida lsaburo, 279 YoshizawaKenkichi,135-6,142,170,173,
204, 371 Young, Walter, 279 Yunnan, 18, 41, 297n.
Zilliacus, K., 287 Zimmern, A., 106, 112, 134, 218 Zulueta, Luis de, 213