Historical Roots of Historical Roots of MigrationMigration

in the Age of in the Age of GlobalizationGlobalization

Cynthia RaddingCynthia RaddingUniversity of New MexicoUniversity of New Mexico

Region XIII Diaconate CommunityRegion XIII Diaconate Community2525thth Annual Conference in Gallup, New Mexico Annual Conference in Gallup, New Mexico

July 27-29, 2007July 27-29, 2007

Continental BorderlandsContinental Borderlands

Migratory streamsMigratory streams

Borderlands before the nation-Borderlands before the nation-statestate

Movements of native peoples Movements of native peoples through deserts, mountains and through deserts, mountains and wetlandswetlands

Casas Grandes, Paquimé

Photograph: Xicotencatl Murrieta

European Invasions of the European Invasions of the AmericasAmericas

Immigrants, slave and Immigrants, slave and freefree

New plants, animals, New plants, animals, and microbesand microbes

Colonial institutionsColonial institutions

Adaptation to natural Adaptation to natural environment and to environment and to Indians’ cultural Indians’ cultural traditionstraditions

1919thth-Century Transitions-Century Transitions Wars for IndependenceWars for Independence

Anglo-American traders, Anglo-American traders, trappers and adenturerstrappers and adenturers

North-to-south North-to-south migratory flowsmigratory flows

Borderlands networks of Borderlands networks of kinship and cultural tieskinship and cultural ties

Mapping the Mapping the BorderlandsBorderlands

U.S. invasion of U.S. invasion of MexicoMexico

Treaty of Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoGuadalupe-Hidalgo

Boundary Boundary CommissionCommission

Treaty of MesillaTreaty of Mesilla

Migration in Historical Migration in Historical ContextContext

Migratory flows to and from Latin Migratory flows to and from Latin AmericaAmerica

Diverse populationsDiverse populations

Globalization and migrationGlobalization and migration

Cultural identity, citizenship, and Cultural identity, citizenship, and nationalismnationalism

Mexico and the U.S.: Mexico and the U.S.: 1820-19201820-1920

Migration is not restricted to the Migration is not restricted to the border regionborder region

Migration issues understood within Migration issues understood within larger national and international larger national and international historieshistories

Seasonal and permanent migrationsSeasonal and permanent migrations

Mexico in the 19Mexico in the 19thth CenturyCentury

Internal StrugglesInternal Struggles

Church-state Church-state relationsrelations

Regional autonomy Regional autonomy vs. the central statevs. the central state

Communal landsCommunal lands Colonists in Colonists in

ChihuahuaChihuahua

Foreign InvasionsForeign Invasions

United States, 1846-United States, 1846-18541854 Loss of territoryLoss of territory Binational boundaryBinational boundary

France, 1862-1867France, 1862-1867 Hapsburg monarchyHapsburg monarchy French troopsFrench troops

Modernization in MexicoModernization in Mexico

Capital growth and Capital growth and technologytechnology

Railroads, telegraphRailroads, telegraph Industrial miningIndustrial mining Timber concessionsTimber concessions Commercial Commercial

agricultureagriculture

President Porfirio President Porfirio DíazDíaz

Population growth Population growth and immigrationand immigration

Immigrants from Immigrants from Europe, Middle Europe, Middle East and ChinaEast and China

Colonies in Colonies in northern Mexiconorthern Mexico

Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution

Principal Principal MovementsMovements

ConstitutionalistsConstitutionalists CarranzaCarranza ObregónObregón CallesCalles

División del NorteDivisión del Norte VillaVilla

Plan de AyalaPlan de Ayala Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata Orozco, La

Trinchera

Past Meets the Present: Past Meets the Present: 1920-20001920-2000

Parallel histories of Mexico and the Parallel histories of Mexico and the United StatesUnited States

World Wars and Great DepressionWorld Wars and Great Depression Structural changes in world financesStructural changes in world finances Mexico: agrarian reforms and labor Mexico: agrarian reforms and labor

policiespolicies Bracero program, 1943-1968Bracero program, 1943-1968 Assembly plants (Assembly plants (maquiladorasmaquiladoras))

Mexican Revolution on the Mexican Revolution on the BorderBorder

Recruitment, Recruitment, provisions and provisions and weaponry for the weaponry for the principal armiesprincipal armies

Migration in Mexico Migration in Mexico and to the U.S.and to the U.S. Yaqui Indian Yaqui Indian

communities in communities in ArizonaArizona

Migrants settle beyond Migrants settle beyond the border statesthe border states

Constitution of Constitution of 19171917

Elective Elective government government restored, 1920restored, 1920

Cristero Revolt, Cristero Revolt, 1927-19291927-1929

1919thth-century U.S. History-century U.S. History Forced migration of Forced migration of

Native AmericansNative Americans Raiding by Kiowas, Raiding by Kiowas,

Comanches and Comanches and Apaches in MexicoApaches in Mexico

Consequences of Consequences of U.S.-Mexico War U.S.-Mexico War for the United for the United StatesStates SlaverySlavery Civil WarCivil War

Industrial capital Industrial capital and private fortunesand private fortunes

Immigration historyImmigration history Migrants from Migrants from

Europe, North Africa, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Latin Middle East, Latin America and ChinaAmerica and China

African-American African-American “Great Migration” of “Great Migration” of 1920s1920s

Changing Migratory Changing Migratory PatternsPatterns

Migrant regional Migrant regional originsorigins TraditionalTraditional NorthNorth CenterCenter South-SoutheastSouth-Southeast

DestinationsDestinations Major industrial citiesMajor industrial cities Small towns in the Small towns in the

interior of the U.S.interior of the U.S.

Annual net flows of migrantsAnnual net flows of migrants

1961-1970 27,5001961-1970 27,500

2000-20052000-2005 396,000 396,000

20052005

26.8 million persons from 26.8 million persons from Mexico living in the U.S.Mexico living in the U.S.

10.6 million born in 10.6 million born in MexicoMexico

Human Faces of Human Faces of MigrationMigration

Sam QuiñonesSam Quiñones

Antonio’s Gun and Antonio’s Gun and Delfino’s DreamDelfino’s Dream

Hard choices for Hard choices for poor migrants.poor migrants.

Barriers to returning Barriers to returning home to Mexico.home to Mexico.

Dangerous border Dangerous border crossings.crossings.

Circular patterns Circular patterns give way to give way to permanent permanent migration.migration.

Migration in the Global Migration in the Global EconomyEconomy

Neo-liberal policiesNeo-liberal policies

Structural Structural adjustmentadjustment

Eroding standards Eroding standards of living of living

Reduced social Reduced social servicesservices

Maize and Global Maize and Global MarketsMarkets

Ethanol and world Ethanol and world demand for demand for industrial uses of industrial uses of maizemaize

Rising prices for Rising prices for Mexican consumersMexican consumers

Importation of cornImportation of corn Subsidies to raise Subsidies to raise

productionproduction NAFTA and peasant NAFTA and peasant

agricultureagriculture

Ecuador: “our America”Ecuador: “our America”

President Rafael Correa, inaugural President Rafael Correa, inaugural speechspeech

Foreign debt service renegotiationForeign debt service renegotiation

Demands to meet basic social servicesDemands to meet basic social services

Integration of Latin AmericaIntegration of Latin America

Indigenous MovementsIndigenous Movements

Challenges to Challenges to traditional national traditional national constitutionsconstitutions

Demands for political Demands for political recognition, recognition, territory, cultural territory, cultural dignitydignity

Responses to Responses to globalizationglobalization

Indian Migrants to the Indian Migrants to the U.S.U.S.

Inclusion and autonomyInclusion and autonomy Territorial spacesTerritorial spaces Cultural distinctivenessCultural distinctiveness Autonomous Autonomous

communities in communities in ChiapasChiapas

Language preservationLanguage preservation Tzotzil Tzotzil MixtecMixtec ZapotecZapotec

CitizenshipCitizenship New political actorsNew political actors

Internal indigenous movementsInternal indigenous movements Migrant populationsMigrant populations New claims to suffrageNew claims to suffrage

PaisanosPaisanos in Mexicoin MexicoEcuadorian Constituent AssemblyEcuadorian Constituent AssemblyVoter registration of Brazilians Voter registration of Brazilians abroad.abroad.

Human Rights and Human Rights and PopulismPopulism

Freedom from Freedom from detentiondetention

Security of life and Security of life and homehome

Right to food, Right to food, housing, health carehousing, health care

Access to educationAccess to education Freedom of Freedom of

movementmovement Right to work and a Right to work and a

living wageliving wage

Collaborative Research and Collaborative Research and ServiceService

Language Language revitalizationrevitalization

Local historiesLocal histories

Community Community traditionstraditions

Economic Economic developmentdevelopment

Border Violence and Civic Border Violence and Civic ActionAction

Border State Border State Governors and Governors and Commissions.Commissions.

Surveillance and Surveillance and securitysecurity

Citizens’ networks Citizens’ networks for human rights for human rights and dignityand dignity

Sources of InformationSources of Information

University of New MexicoUniversity of New Mexico, , Latin America Database Latin America Database

University of Texas, LANICUniversity of Texas, LANIC New York New York TimesTimes EspadañEspadaña Pressa Press SPIN México IlustradoSPIN México Ilustrado Reséndez, Reséndez, Changing National Identities at the Changing National Identities at the

FrontierFrontier Zúñiga, et al, Zúñiga, et al, Migración México-Estados Migración México-Estados

UnidosUnidos