BALANCED MEALS FOR BA B I E S

A Complete Guide to

M I X E D F E E D I N Gin the Baby's First Year

Make ThisCHINESE JACKET

For Your Baby

The Care of Growing Feet

BACKWARD INTELLIGENT BABI ES

NOVEMBER 1957

Articles on Health - Food - Cooking - Child and Baby Care

Price 6d. Prys

ii N O V E M B E R , 1957 K I N D E R J A R E

Trade and Industry Acceptance

C orporation o f f e r com plete

h ire purchase finance plans to

Dealers in M o to r Vehicles

(priva te and co m m erc ia l),

Furn itu re , Radio, Refrigeration

a n d E lectrical Appliances.

M anufactu re rs c a n o b t a i n

fa c ilit ie s to enable them to

acquire m achinery and e qu ip ­

m ent on deferred payment.

N ote new address:

SECOND FLOOR, CAPE HOUSE Cor. Fox and M aclaren Streets

J O H A N N E S B U R G

Telephone 3 3 -6 1 8 7 /8 P.O. Box 626

M anufacturers o f

VENEERS ---------- PLYWOOD

FLUSH DOORS

LAMINATED PANELS

SKINNER THOMAS(PTY.) LTD.

Factory and O ffices:

340-370 Gale Street, Durban

•

Phone 5-7261 P.O. Box 888

Telegrams: “ ANAFACS ”

L . U . P A R T R I D G E L I M I T E DJ O H A N N E S B U R G

Established January, 1902

To clients and prospective clients th roughout the country Give C H ILD WELFARE all the support, a ttention and thought i t so rich ly deserves and thus assist to preserve

the very foundations of South A frica .THEN

th in k of us in connection w ith —Dairy C attle Registered Bulls D airy Herd Dispersal Sales Farm Dispersal Sales Dispersal Sales o f Registered Herds H andling o f Slaughter Stock Road Transport o f L ivestock

andthe service we are able to o ffe r a fte r f if ty -s ix years of

experience

L . U . P A R T R I D G E L I M I T E DL in ridge Build ing, 78 Pim Street, N ew tow n

JohannesburgP.O. Box 1434 Telephones 3 3 -2 6 6 6 (3 lines)

Telegrams: “ Partridge,” Johannesburg

C H I L D H O O D N O V E M B E R . 195 7 1

Space sponsored N O R T O N M O T O R S L I M I T E DRiebeeck Square - Cape Tow n

by

Leo Metal Windows( Pty. )Ltd.

D istributors of w orld-fam ous

M O R R I SC A R S A N D T R U C K S

PRETORIA W olse iey M .C . Riley Cadillac O ldsm obile

Sponsored by

ELECTROLUXPARAFFIN a n d /o r ELECTRIC REFRIGERATORS

SILENT V A C U U M CLEANERS SELF W A X IN G FLOOR POLISHERS and L IQ U ID POLISHES

When in the Cape . . . .

it ’sH O L M E S for F O R D

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Branches and Agents th roughout the Union o f S.A. and Rhodesia

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Cape Tow nSalt R iver - B e llv ille - Paarl - W e llin g to n

Dannemora Iron & Steel Company (P ty .) Ltd.

(Inco rpora ted in the Union o f South A frica )

Steel and Machinery Suppliers and Consultants

" C h ild ren sweeten labours; bu t they make m isfortunes m ore b it te r .”

Bacon: " O f Parents and C hildren ”

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For the famous '* SECO ” Tungsten Carbide Borer

and

B o linde r-M unkte ll Sawmill M achinery and Equipment

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The b itte res t m is fo rtune may fa ll on your ch ild ren too. H elp to lessen it fo r all the ch ild ren by g iv ing support to the Polio Fund

First Floor, Stalbridge B u ild ing

1 1 Harries Street Johannesburg

This space has been k ind ly donated by

Edward L. Bateman Ltd.P.O. Box 1671 Johannesburg

2 N O V E M B E R . 1 9 5 7 K I N D E R J A R E

MothersGive baby Pyotts M arie b iscuits

th ey ’ re so nourish ing and wholesome easily d igestib le too !

Ptottsf f e s c e u &

General Products Manufacturing Corporation

( Pty.) Ltd.

Registered O ffice :SNELL STREET, M A Y F A IR

JOHANNESBURGTelephones Telegrams:

35-2767 and 35-6738 “ ROLLS”

T 0 I L E T R O L L SD A W N 2-Ply

G.P. GIANT FLUSH MAJOR

SAVOY

Please address all communications to :THE SECRETARY, P.O. Box 2457, JOHANNESBURG

S T A R T T H E M O U T R IG H T . . .

IN C O R R E C T L Y S H A P E D S H O E S

Sove Money too - byB U Y I N G AT " D IR E C T - F R O M - F A C T O R Y ”

P R I C E S

Ed w o r k sBRANCHES THROUGHOUT SOUTHERN AFRICA

« > wBEHIND

THIS SYMBOL

stand the resources o f Anglo

A m erican C orporation o f South

A frica , L im ited . W ith its interests in

gold, uranium , diamonds, coal, copper,

rare earths, lead and zinc, it is

ta k ing a leading part in the m in ing

and econom ic developm ent o f

Southern A frica .

CHOATS mEXTRACT OFLETTUCE

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PM IFEATU R IN G T H IS YEAR —

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PLASTIC & METAL INDUSTRIES(P T Y ) LTD

Box 1821, Johannesburg Phone 25-6921

COVER PICTURE: The fat little chap modelling the Chinese jacket on our cover this month is Keith Bernstein,

your Editor’s youngest. Keith, who will he one year old in December, was seven months when this picture was taken.

He has two sisters and a brother.

C H I L D H O O D N O V E M B E R , 1 9 5 7 3

IN THIS ISSUENotes and News from Child Welfare Societies 5 Die Waarde van Sitrusvrugte ............. ... 25

Indrukke van ’n Afgevaardigde ............. 7 A Reader’s Views ................................ ... 25

The Care of Growing Feet ...................... 8 Save Yourself Trouble ...................... ... 25

Backward Intelligent Babies ...................... 11 All About Puppets (5) ...................... ... 27

Altyd Honger ......................................... 14 Chocolate Syrup and Drinks ............. ... 29

How to Make the Cover Jacket...................... 15Baby on the W av (3) Looking Ahead ... 30

Soap in the control of Perspiration Odour... 16Expert Advice 32

Encouraging Laughter ...................... 33Balanced Meals for Babies ...................... 17

When You Entertain ...................... ... 35Mixed Feeding ......................................... 18 More About Breast-Feeding ............. ... 37

Balanced Feeding —- Step by Step ............. 19 Hoe Seuns Gebou is ...................... ... 39

Seven to Eight Months ................................ 20 Eight Months Plus................................ ... 43

Eating Your Way to Health ...................... 21 Enjoying his Meals ...................... 45

New Ideas for your next holiday!\ change is as good as a holiday, they say. So a holiday that’s a change as well is double value! Why not consider going somewhere different next time? If you want suggestions, just get in touch with your S.A.R. Travel Bureau and you’ll find there are lots of ex­citing new places to see, new things to do. And the S.A.R. Travel Bureau will arrange every­thing for you in advance—transport, accom­modation, even package tours, too! With everything taken care of beforehand, you can be sure of a really enjoyable holiday 1

S O U T H A F R I C A N R A I L W A Y S

S . A . R . R O A D T R A N S P O R T

S . A . R . T R A V E L B U R E A U

Train reservationscan now be made three months ahead by tele­

phone or personally. Plan your holiday now—phone S.A.R.

And remember! A tourist without his camera is like a hunter without his gun.

Bring your camera along !

R A L E I G H C Y C L E S A R E T H E B E S T

N O V E M B E R , 1 9 5 7 K I N D E R J A R E

Flooring £r Sanding(Pty.) Ltd.

F L O O R I N G

S P E C I A L I S T S

Have your floors laid by specialists in w ood-b lock or s tr ip -flo o rin g cu t from best q u a lity A fr ic a n hardwoods. A ll t im b e r k iln dried and treated against

wood borers

Resurfacing of all floors undertaken

Head O ff ic e :

301 Trafalgar House Corner Kotze and Banket Streets

Hillbrow, JohannesburgP.O. Box 8069 Phone 4 4 -8772

Telegrams Cr Cables: " Weedon " P O. Box 5812Phones 33-6761 33-6762 33-6763 33-6764 33-1709 33-3566

M iller Weedon-Lunn (Pty.) Ltd.WORLD TRAVEL

(SIR HENRY LUNN LTD.)

41 Harrison Street, Johannesburg, South Africa

Branches: Johannesburg P.O. Box 5812, Durban P.O. Box 983, Port E lizabeth P.O. Box 575, East London P.O. Box 857,

Cape Town P.O. Box 3969, Pretoria P.O. Box 918, B loem fonte in P.O. Box 194, Lourenco Marques P.O. Box 1430,

Salisbury P.O. Box 33, Bulawayo P.O. Box 939

E R I K S E N S“ The H om e of F o rd s ”

in

JOHANNESBURG VEREENIGING, KIMBERLEY, HEIDELBERG VANDERBIJL PARK and W ELKOM (O.F.S.)

SASOLBURC and S W A Z ILA N D

Phone 46-1992

Salon RomayneH a i r S t y l i s t

155, MULDERSDRIFT ROAD

NORTHCLIFF JOHANNESBURG

S U L P H U R Y T E— CH EM IC AL RESISTANT — (Super - Sulphated Slag Cement)

MORTARYTE(Masonry Cement)

BUILDING BINDERS LIMITEDP.O. BOX 3222 JOHANNESBURG

Sowden & Stoddart Ltd.160/166 Church Street

Pietermaritzburg★

W e have everyth ing in the Furn ish ing Line

EASY TERMS ARRANGED

Cutlery - Crockery - Glassware - Electrical Goods Household Appliances - Soft Furnishings - Manchester

and all the Furniture you want

Call in and see us. I t w ill be w ell w o rth your w hile

(.; H I I. I) H O 01) N O V E M B F. R . 1 9 5 7 5

NOTES and NEWS from Child Welfare SocietiesORKNEY:

BOKSBURG:

PORTSHEPSTONE:

QUEENSTOWN

BETHLEHEM:

BOTHAVILLE:

n Volledige stel kraamuitrusting is tot beskikking van die dislriksverpleegsler geslel vir gebruik by behoeftige gevalle. Goeie werk word bier gedoen. Samewerking met die distriksverpleegster wat ook op die Komitee dien. is hart 1 ik.

n Werkklas word gebon waar moeders van behoeftige gesinne klere verstel wat van goedgesinde persone ontvang is, asook materiaal verwerk wat aangekoop is. Wol

is aangekoo]) waarmee werkklaslede wrarm truie vir die winter brei. Die doel van die werkklas is nie slegs die materieie voordeel wat die lede daaruit trek nie. raaar

is ook om 'n gevoel van selfstandigheid te ontwikkel. asook om spaarsaamheid by die vrouens aan te kweek deur lmlle te wys watter nuttige artikels van tweedehandse klere gemaak kan word. Opvoedkundige lesings oor dieetkunde. kinderopvoeding.

ens. word van tyd tot tyd gereel.

Special stress is always put by the Society on education. Arrangements are made for all children dealt with bv the Society to attend school regularly in school uni­forms. The future of each child is discussed with his parents and every year young people pass out of the Society's hands ready and qualified to earn a good living. This year a European bov started in ihe bank; two were apprenticed to trades; a coloured girl (matriculated) commenced her nursing career at McCord’s. Durban; two more will be ready lo take the same training al the end of this year; a coloured youth commenced his Teacher’s Course, at the Bechet High School. Durban. There are no social workers attached lo the Society or probation officers stationed in the area. All investigations are done by Committee members.

There is still a demand for second-hand clothing, which is especially appreciated by mothers of large families. One family was given a Chesterfield suite which had been donated. This caused great joy. Several children have been assisted with necessary items of school clothing. School bursaries are administered by the office.

Behalwe die dienste wat in die verlede deur die verpleegster gelewer is en wat tans nog voortgaan. w7ord klinieke onder toesig van die Mediese Gesondheidsbeampte drie keer per week gehou. Die werkklas het weereens inskrywings na die Bethlehemse I .andbouskou gestuur en 23 pryse verower. Die werkklas word deur gemiddeld 20 vroue bygewoon. Materiaal en breiwol word venverk. tee en koek bedien en lesings en demonstrasies gelewrcr.

Die Vereniging het goedkeuring ontvang vir die aanstelling van n tweede naturelle verpleegster in die lokasie wat op 1 Mei diens aanvaar het. Daar beers 'n pragtige gees van samewerking tussen die verskillende plaaslike organisasies.

Confirming House and Shippers . . . .SYDNEY W. HASSALL & CO.Daimler House, Paradise Street, Birmingham

★

SYDNEY W. H ASSALL & CO. ( P T Y .) LTD.Phone 23-0747 J O H A N N E S B U R G P.O. Box 4930

*

6 N O V E M B E R . 1 9 5 7 K I N D E R J A R E

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CHILDHOOD N O V K M B E R . 19 5 7

KINDERJARE OFFIS IeLE u i t c a w e v a n DIE S.A. N A S IO N A LE RAAD V IR KINDERSORC

H O W A R D -H U IS 36, LO VE D A YSTR AA T (Posbus 3 7 5 7 ) , JOHANNESBURGRedaktrise: Mev. H. BERNSTEIN

Voorsitter van Raad: Ds. L. E. du T o itVoorsitter van die

Uitvoerende Komitee: Mev. W . H. Ramsbotton

Vise-Voorsitters/sters:

Mev. A. W . Hoernle (Transvaal)Mev. F. H. Holland (Oostelike Provinsie)Mev. M . B. Lavoipierre (N ata l)Ds. B. J. Odendaal (O.V.S.)Mnr. A. A. S tu lting (W este like Provinsie)

Uitvoerende Komitee:

Mev. L. W . Ackermann M nr. R. McLachlanMev. F. S. A inslie Mev. A . M . NewmanMev. A . J. Ballantine Ds. H. J. PiekDr. A. Impey Mev. C. RobsonMev. V . Henley, plaasver- Mev. F. S. Smuts

vanger v ir Mev. M . H. Mev. H. E. E. StentNeser (m et verlo f) Mev. N. Swart

Mev. J. C. Jordaan M nr. C. van Z y l, plaasver- Mev. P. Joubert vanger v ir M ej. S. E. van Mev. N. C. Krone N iekerk (m et verlo f oorsee)

Ere-Penningmeester: M nr. F. H. Jennings

Indrukke van ’n AfgevaardigdeRaadsvergadering van die S.A. Nasionale Raad vir

Kindersorg, Durban 1957

(leur MYRLITSE DE WAAL

’n Gawe gasvrou, die weer-ontmoeting van ou vriende. Durban Kindersorgvereniging se puik reelings en die llink vvyse waarop alles verloop het, het andermaal van die afgelope Raadsvergadering ’n mylpaal in my kindersorg laapbaan gemaak.

Dit is jammer dat meer lede nie hierdie jaarlikse byeenkoms kan bywoon nie. Dit sal baie help om die gemiddelde lid te laat besef dat dit nie slegs ’n uit-

stappie is nie. Waar lieelwat punte oorgedra word van vorige vergaderings. blvk dit miskien vir die nuwe

Die Redaksie is nie verantwoordelik vir die menings, wat deur indiwiduele medewerkers, korrespondente of adverteerders

uitgespreek word nie.

No. 11 Deel XXXVIII

raadslid soms asof daar nie fmaliteit bereik word nie. Hierdie afgelope vergadering was nie ’n uitsondering nie, maar nogtans was belangrike sake afgehandel. Ek dink veral aan:

1. Verslae insake aansoeke om aanneming:(a) die feit dat die vier Vroue-verenigings almal

hul bereidwilligheid verklaar het om Kinder- sorgverenigings in die verband behulpsaam te wees. My persoonlike dank aan die Vroue-

verenigings ;(b) dat magistrate genader mag word vir inlig-

ting en aanbevelings in afgelee streke.2. Die publikasie van Die S.A. Handboek oor die

Versorging van Moeder en Kind.3. Die opstelling van standaarde vir sorg van voor-

skoolse kinders.4. Inrigtingversorging van nie-blanke afwykende

kinders: dat die planne vir ’n klein inrigting te Johannesburg goedgekeur is. Sukses op hierdie

groot werk.

Dit was bemoedigend vir die \ erenigings wat dadelik ’n oplossing kon kry deur advies van of Raadslede of verteenwoordigers van betrokke Departemente.

Dit het my egter 'weereens gelref dat die betrokke Departemente nog dikwels onseker is in verband met sekere aangeleenthede. Dit sal besprekings en afhande- lings besoedig as departementele hoofde minder vaag is in hul antwoorde. Die vriendelike gees tussen afge- vaardigdes, lietsy kindersorg of departementeel, het egter daartoe bygedra dat selfs 'n ontwvkende verduide- Iiking van waarde was.

Daar was duidelike teleurstelling by meeste raadslede toe besprekings in verband met wysigings tot die Kinder- wet voorgekom het. Die Raad het gevra dat die Hoof- stuk oor Aannemings onmiddellik gewysig moet word, maar die Minister was van mening dat hierdie voorge- stelde wysigings moes oorstaan totdat die hersiening van die wet as geheel oorweeg word. Dit is egter be-, moedigend om te verneem dat wysigings, voorgestel deur die verskillende organisasies, deur die Departement

gekonsolideer is en weer aan die Raad en ander nasionale en provinsiale liggame viroorweging en kommentaar

HOOFKANTOOR:

Fleetway-Huis 5 0 7 -516 , Breestraat 208Posbus 8539 Johannesburg

Foon 2 2 -5 3 5 8 /9

Organiserende Sekretaresse M ej. L. M . MackenzieWyksmaatskaplike Werksters M ej. A . C. Snyman

M ej. W . A . SemmelinkReisende Verpleegster ......... M ej. R. W agner

8 N O V E M B E R , 1 9 5 7 K I N D E R J A R E

gestuur is. Mag ek die hoop uitspreek dat die gewysigde wet spoedig daglig sal sien.

Hierdie Raadsvergadering het my sterk oortuig dat rnin lede van Verenigings besef wat die Nasionale Raad vir Kindersorg werklik tot stand bring gedurende die

loop van die jaar. Dit sal miskien van groot hulp wees indien streeks- (bv. Oos-Rand) byeenkomste meer dik- wels gereel word, waar die deursnee lid beter toeglig kati word. Ek dink veral aan die groot waarde van per- soonlike besprekings op die Raadsvergadering. In Durban kon ek baie van my eie en my Vereniging se kleiner vraagstukke met tee- en etepouses oplos deur middel van korl onder-onsies met meer ervare lede wat altyd bereid is om behulpsaam te wees. Nuwe lede maak veral van hierdie informele besprekings gebruik.

Onderstaande sake, die eerste twee waarvan aanbeve- lings van een van die Raad se reisende werksters was, is myns insiens aangeleenthede wat noemenswaardig is :

(1) dal streeks- en ander kongresse vir maatskaplike werksters aanbeveel word;

(2) die nadruk wat weereens gele is op die samewerk- ing tussen komiteelede en maatskaplike werksters en hoe hulle mekaar kan aanvul;

(3) dat kentekens vir langdiens nie aangebied sal word nie. omdat kindersorgwerk gedoen word uit liefde vir die werk en nie vir die erkenning wat

moontlik verkry gaan word nie;

(4) dat daar nou in die Algemene Regswysigingswet, 1957, voorsiening gemaak word dat die naam van ’n kind onder 19 jaar nie bekend gemaak mag word nie in gevalle waar so ’n kind in ’n siviele

geding betrokke is of as getuie in enige regsge-ding optree. Die Kinderwet verleen slegs beskerm- ing aan kinders onder 19 jaar in gevalle waar sulke kinders op een of ander aanklag voor die hof verskyn;

(5) dat daar weereens ’n beroep op Verenigings gedoen word om Ons Kinderdag die jaar ’n reuse sukses te maak. Dit is die hoofbron van inkomste

vin die Nasionale Raad vir Kindersorg en as gevolgvan uitbreiding van werksaamhede en aldus steeds groter uitgawes, het die Raad ’n groter inkomste nodig. Ek wil dus graag nadruk le op die voorstel wat by die Raadsvergadering gemaak is, naamlik, dat Verenigings wat dit enigsins kan

bekostig nie die voile 50% terugbetaling eis nie.

Dit is wel ooglopend dat die Uitvoerende Bestuur en die Organiserende Sekrelaresse met haar staf, die spil is waarom alles draai. maar vir hul onvermoeideywer om kontinuiiteit te verseker, se ek graag: Baie dankie.

Met hernude ywer en besieling het ek Saterdagmid- dag die trein na die Noorde gehaal, wetende dat pro- bleme wat gedurende die volgende jaar mag ontstaan, op vriendelike wyse bespreek sal word op Bloemfontein met die volgende Raadsvergadering.

A “ TODAY’S HEALTH” ARTICLE

The Care ofby John E. Eichenlaub, M.D.

Q.OOD feet mean a lot to your child. A two-point

programme for the care of growing feet is almost

certain to help them develop. Parents should promote normal growth and development of their children’s feet

They should watch out for foot strains and break-downs

during growth, and take measures to correct common

problems before they become serious.Your baby’s feet look flat only because he has a pad

of fat under the arch. An arch is actually present, its muscular support is growing and its guy-wire ligaments are being set.

According to some authorities, muscle pull is what keeps your arches from falling. These people point to I he magnificently flat feet of ballet dancers, whose leg muscles pull up the keystone of the arch as soon as they go into action. They point to certain African tribes whose arches fall whenever they are at rest, but who leave arched footprints as they walk.

Most authorities have a different view. They hold that the bones of the arch are bound into place by guy- wire ligaments and bands. “Cut all the muscles,” they say, “and the arch still holds. Muscle action may mould the arch while forming, but once the ligaments have set, they carry the load.”

No matter which source of support is important when you are grown up. both schools agree that the arch is moulded during the childhood years. Both schools agree that muscle action helps to hold it up while the bones are still soft cartilage and the ligaments are not yet set. Both schools agree that free, active feet are more apt to grow into strong feet than the hampered ones.

Long before a baby walks, his activities should prepare his feet and legs for the burdens they will bear. “Toe- wiggling” play builds muscles. It should be encouraged by keeping footwear loose. Knit shoes leave baby free to move his feet and toes. Next to bare feet, they are probably best.

It is possible that continual strain may stretch a baby’s foot ligaments. Mabel Fitzhugh, a British expert, points to the toes-out feet of a baby sleeping on his tummy with his knees drawn up. In this position, the ligaments which will later hold up the arches are stretched. This is probably harmless if there is some relief in other positions or a slight shift that points the feet and toes forward. The strained position should not be allowed constantly, but you can safely let your baby lie that way while he is getting to sleep if he insists.

C H I L D H O O D N O V E M B E R , 19 5 7 9

Growing FeetHOW TO CHOOSE SHOES FOR YOUR CHILD’S

FEET

A foot that lias been allowed to grow and develop freely is ready for normal use. You need not fear that a heavy baby who walks early will wreck his feet, or that ihe running and jumping of a growing boy or girl will be harmful. Strain causes trouble only because of its abnormal nature and continual repetition, not through ihe vigour of acts which cause it. Poor posture can use the whole leg as a wrench against the comparatively puny foot ligaments every time you stand. The wrong way of walking makes each step pull at the tissue strands lliat hold the arch. These stresses are not eased by nearby muscles, as the strains of vigorous sport are apt to be. They are repeated countless times each day.

Dr. Emil D. W. Hauser, bone and joint specialist, says that the easiest way to judge your child’s posture is lo make it good artificially. Strip him to his shorts so that you can see his body contours easily. Get him to stand tall with a four pound sandbag, or any comparable weight, on his head. He probably has poor posture if this makes much difference from the habitual set of his shoulders, curve of his backbone or position of his feet and legs. If this test show's a mild defect which you think you can manage without help, periods for posture training should be set aside. Encourage your child lo sit. stand and walk properly. His school can also give him some help with a mild posture problem. Physical education training includes all the details of retaining for mild postural defects. If the muscle weakness or unusual shape of bony structure adds to the problem, or if mild measures fail to help, you should see a doctor.

The way that your child moves his body is just as important as the way he holds it. Proper gait balances

the body weight over the strongest part of the foot at each step. This is doubly important because the whole weight falls on one foot at a time while you walk instead of being shared by both.

The right way to walk is with a heel-and-toe gait. The heel strikes first. The weight is actually balanced over the strong, back part of the foot almost until the other heel strikes. Both knees are straight when this happens.

The weight rolls quickly forward as the heel is lifted. The final forward push comes from between the bases of

the first and second toe.

When your child first starts to walk, he keeps his feet

far apart. They may turn slightly toes-in. The foot- supporting muscles may be overtight, pulling the front

part of the foot inward and under the weight-bearing axis. Shortly this action goes so far that it pulls the baby up on tiptoes. As this effect slowly wears out, the feet often remain slightly toed-in until age five.

Another normal pattern w hich may worry you appears

at about age two. For a year or so. strains above the normal strength of undeveloped muscles and ligaments may make your baby slightly bow-legged. To help balance his weight, he may roll his feet outward. This puts his weight on the weak inside of the foot, and makes mild flatness. If this change is not marked, strength and development soon catch up and bring the

foot and knee back in line.After age five, the feet should point straight ahead,

or angle outward only enough so that a line drawn directly forward from the middle of the ankle will pass between the first and second toes. If the child is pigeon-toed or his feet turn outward, there is extra strain on the ligaments. The ankles should pass quite close to one another. The inside of the footprints should touch the line along which your child is moving. The normal gait is heel-and-toe, feet straight ahead and narrow-based.

A gait slightly out of line can be straightened out by having your child walk along a line, letting each fool touch its own side of the stripe. If your own gait is normal you can help him by showing him each motion and exaggerate what he does wrong. If the child is too young or the defect too great for such measures, your doctor can fit his shoes with inconspicuous pads or wedges which will help to straighten out his gait.

Your child’s shoes are important. Perhaps the big­gest thing you can do to promote normal development of his feet is to keep them properly fitted. One hopeful note: there is room for some error here without per­manent harm. Dr. Norman C. Lake, a leading British specialist, says that few of the foot troubles he has seen result directly from poorly chosen shoes during childhood. You won’t doom your child to bad feet by a single mistake. But you can help him to have better feet by making the right choices in footwear.

Freedom-giving knit shoes must be replaced by pro­tective leather ones as soon as your baby is getting around under his own steam. But this needn’t interfere with his freedom of motion. Get a shoe of soft leather with a flexible or semi-flexible sole, straight inner margin from the ball of the foot forward, and plenty of room for toe movement.

As long as your child’s feet are growing rapidly, you have to allow one-half or one size extra length. You want his shoes to fit as well as possible throughout their life, but don’t get more than one size ahead of him. By the age of six, most youngsters start to wear out even good quality shoes before they outgrow them. You might still get dress shoes a half size larger with the idea of using them for school or play in a few months. Otherwise shoes can be bought to fit.

Check the fit of the shoes with the child standing. Look at the front part first. If the upper bulges out

10 N O V E M H E R . 1957 K I N D E R J A R E

over the sole, try a wider size. There should not be

too much tension in the leather across the front of the foot. Next check the end of the big toe and its neigh­bour. If you can’t feel them, get the child to push them up against the leather. Check to see if the heel of the shoe clings properly, and see if it gapes at the upper edge.

Many children have narrow heels. Be sure that the shoes fit in the front. If none of the available models

fit the heel also, fit the front of the foot and have the heel padded with a felt butterfly or get it taken in. If the two feet are different sizes fit the larger one.

A word about x-ray shoe fitting. Even though many countries now see to it that x-ray machines are checked for dangerous overdose of radiation, not enough is gained by x-ray fitting to make even a shadow of risk

worth while.High heels are special shoes. They are built for

appearances, not for proper parts of the foot. They shorten the levers to support the arch. Many young girls cry for high heels as for perfume and lipstick. They should use them in the same way: late, sparingly

and on special occasions. High heels should be taboo until 16. formal wear until 18. and for dressy occasions until 21. Even after that, it is best not to wear high heels for more than four hours at a time; they should not be worn at all if they cause too much strain on the feet.

Tennis and gym shoes have two big drawbacks. They give little support and they trap perspiration if there is too much rubber in them. A boy or girl with a tendency toward flat feet may do better with a thicker sole on the inside of the foot. This throws the weight along the stronger outside arch. If a whitish, scalded look of the sole of the foot follows a long session in gym shoes, this is usually from trapped sweat. One or two pairs of absorbent socks and a sprinkle of talc in­side the shoes usually keeps this from happening.

You aid your child’s normal foot development in three ways: by giving him foot freedom in infancy; by giving his feet proper, uncramped protection after he gels into shoes; and by gi\ing him instruction in good gait and posture, if necessary. There are times when these things are not enough, though. If foot breakdown begins during childhood or adolescence, prompt care

is the only way to straighten the matter out. Growth makes things worse when wrong habits are damaging bones and liagments. Growth makes things better if balance is restored and the normal moulding of growing bone corrects and strengthens structure. Many condi­tions which, left untreated, would cause years of misery, can be strainghtened out by simple comfortable methods during childhood and adolescence. Corrective exercises, felt pads inside the shoes or small bits of leather fastened to the sole may do the trick. In a few7 cases, which might cause severe crippling, special shoes or cast treatment may be needed. However, you can be sure that any measure your doctor advises for your child’s

feet will save ten times as much money and misery later on.

You should get a doctor to check your child's feel if they seem to hurt. Children don’t usually complain of foot pain. They avoid using their feet rather than being active to the point of misery. A child w ho hangs around the front yard instead of hiking' over to the park with the rest of kinds may well have foot trouble. One who drops out of active play every few minutes for a rest should also be watched. Swelling is often found with pain, and may be noticeable in a child who is not yet complaining.

Deformity of the feet should also be checked, even if it is painless. This can often be done along with one of your child’s regular checkups or at the time of some other illness. Any marked difference from the normal foot pattern is worth checking.

One way to spot such differences is by comparing your child’s foot with the usual shoe last. High arch conditions cause a short, broad foot. Since the sheets of supporting tissue under the arch may fill in the space beneath it, this change in proportion may be the only thing you notice wrong with the foot.

Your child’s foot should have a definite, adult-type arch by the age of six. Some youngsters with a strong, stable arch leave an almost flat footprint. A fallen arch usually shows up by pushing the scaphoid bone oul of line. This makes a bony bump at the inner margin of the foot just below and in front of the inner ankle bone. The child’s foot also rolls outward so that weight rests toward the inner margin rather than being balanced over the middle or outer portion of the foot. The heel cords may be shortened. If you look at the foot from behind while your child’s wreight is on it, there may be a jog in the heel cord showing that the heel bone has been pushed outward. The child may show either bow legs or knock knees— if so, they can often be corrected by special shoes worn during the years of active growth. If the foot at the base of the big toe is pushed sidewise in early bunion- forming changes, special pads may ward off full-fledged bunions. Heavy callouses under the front of the foot indicate an abnormal spread of weight, besides being uncomfortable. If there is reason to believe that the child is refraining from using his foot, or if swelling under the arch after a hard day shows strain, see your doctor.

Your child’s feet have to carry him through his whole life. Without special attention the odds are nine in ten that a girl will have a foot defect by middle age, three in four for a boy, and about fifty-fifty that either will have continual foot discomfort. You can surely keep your child clear of foot roubles, or at least make them much less troublesome. Aid and protect normal development. Set troubles straight if they show up before maturity. Then you can let your boy or girl go forth to stand on his own two feet with reasonable

assurance that they are good ones.

C H I I . D H O O D N O V E M B E R . 1 9 5 7 11

BACKWARD INTELLIGENT

BABIESMany babies are intelligent but sloic starters, so

there’s seldom any need to worry about delay in

just one aspect of development says . . . .

Professor R. S. ILLINGWORTH, M.D., F.R.C.P.

^ H E N a young child is backward in one or two ways

only, like walking or talking, the outlook for normal development later on is good and there is no need to worry. But when the young developing child is backward in everything, future mental development must be viewed with some anxiety.

A mentally defective child is late in almost all—and usually all—aspects of development. He is later than the average in beginning to smile, to take an interest in his surroundings, to sit, walk, talk, feed himself, attend to his toilet needs and to dress himself. If he was born prematurely, due allowance must be made for this.

If, for instance he was born three months before he was due, one woullB expect him to learn to sit, and so forth, about three months later than full-term babies.

Apart from cases such as these, it is most unlikely that a full-term child who is seriously late in all aspects of development will be perfectly normal later. Though very rarely one does see a genuine slow starter—a baby who gives every appearance of being a seriously back­

ward child, but who subsequently catches up to the average.

Occasionally a baby who seems to be backward in everything, turns out to have a form of cerebral palsy,

and is sometimes found to have a much higher level of intelligence than had been expected. Yet these babies may be very late in both walking and talking. Many of these cases are extremely difficult to diagnose in infancy.

Common Problem

But these are the unusual cases. Here I want to talk

about the child who is late only in certain fields of deve­lopment—not in all. This is a much more common problem and one that does give rise to a lot of anxiety— sometimes needlessly.

Mothers very often have the wrong idea about the age at which an average baby is able to sit up securely.

They often expect too much too soon. The average baby can sit, on the floor, for a few seconds only without

support, at seven months. After a few seconds, he rolls over. He cannot sit securely, without danger of rolling

over, till nine months. And he cannot pull himself up

from a lying into a sitting position till ten or eleven

months.Some intelligent babies are later than usual in learn­

ing to sit because they have rather flabby muscles. In the case of some late sitters, it is found the mother or

father was also late in learning to sit. You need a grandmother with a good memory to get this point

clear.

A child with cerebral palsy is nearly always late in learning to sit. Sometimes a normal child is later than

usual for no reason that anyone can discover.Provided that the child began to smile at the usual

age-—about six weeks—- and to get hold of rattles and

objects by about five months, lateness in sitting in itself need not give rise to anxiety about future intelligence. As for crawling, many children entirely miss out this stage of development.

The average age at which children learn to walk without help is thirteen to fifteen months. Some children

12 N O V E M B E R . 19 5 7 * k I N 1) E R J A R E

learn to walk much earlier llian this, but that does not

in the least suggest that they are going to be more intelligent than children who learn to walk at the more usual time.

Others learn much later than the usual time, but as

long as their speech is up to the average, this lateness has no bearing at all on their level of intelligence. I

have seen a child who was unable to sit without help until nineteen months, or to walk without help till thirty

months, and whose intelligence proved to be well above average.

If a really late walker is also backward in speech the

outlook is not so good, but a normal interest in toys and books, with good concentration, would indicate that the intelligence may be normal. The overweight child tends to walk late.

There would certainly not be the slightest fear that a child is mentally backward, unless, in addition to his

being very late in walking, he is also late in talking, and also shows poor concentration on bis toys. A child

who is later than average in walking, but better than average in speech, is likely to have an above-average intelligence.

Lack of Confidence

Lack of confidence is a common reason for some children being later than usual in learing to walk without

help. I have known a child demand the support of one finger for five months, before eventually summoning up

enough courage to walk alone. That his lateness in walking was simply due to lack of confidence could readily be seen by the steadiness with which he walked with the moral support of one adult finger.

Such lack of confidence can easily be brought about by falls. It is always worth making sure that a tod­

dler’s shoes have nonskid soles, to prevent unnecessary falls.

As with learning to sit, it is often the case that a child

who learns to walk later than the average has a mother or father who was equally late in learning. In fact, the

age at which children learn to walk, talk, acquire clean habits and learn other skills is greatly affected by

hereditary factors.

Obviously, a severe illness will delay a child in

learning to walk, if it keeps him lying on his back for

a long time. But often no cause for a child being late in learning to walk can be discovered. Nothing can be done to make him walk until his nervous system is

ready for it. He should be given plenty of opportunity

to stand and to walk without help. That is all one can

do.

Learning to Talk

Mentally defective children are always late in learning to talk, but some highly intelligent children are equally

late. Einstein caused his parents considerable anxiety

when he was four because of his serious backwardness in talking.

It often happens, too, that a child begins to talk at the usual age and then appears to make no headway at

all for several months, and his parents became very bothered about him. Then suddenly he makes great strides forward and rapidly catches up on the lost

ground. A child may be backward in speech at twenty-

three months and advanced in speech at twenty-four months. The reason for these lulls in development are

difficult to discover, but they are common at this age.

Much less anxiety should be felt if a child knows the meaning of a large number of words, even though he cannot say them. A child may be unable lo say more

than eight or nine words, though he knows the meaning of 200 or more. Delay in speech in such a child is of

no importance at all. Indeed it is commonly found in highly intelligent children.

Experts whose jobs it is to assess the intelligence of small children— for purposes of adoption, for instance— pay a great deal of attention to a child’s alertness,

interest in his surroundings and concentration on his loys. When a child is later than average in learning lo speak and yet is up to the average in other aspects of development—concentrates for a long time on in­dividual toys, and shows a good interest in his surround­ings— then the question of a low level of intelligence simply does not arise.

Children with a lower than average level of intelli­gence play with a toy for a few seconds and pass on to

another, and they won’t stick at one game for more than a minute or two.

Children learn speech by imitation. It follows that when parents or guardians talk little to them, and never

read to them nor play with them, they are later than others in learning to talk.

When a child fails to speak at all at the usual age,

when the words which he utters are very indistinct,

deafness should be suspected. A totally deaf child will not speak at all until he is given special training. This

should begin as soon as possible—by the age of twelve, months or sooner. When he is a baby he is likely to

make fewer of the usual baby noises, and this is the gateway lo speech. When he is over the age of twelve months he is liable to severe tantrums because he cannot

make his needs known.

High-Tone Deafness

Some children have merely high-tone deafness. This

causes difficulty in hearing certain sounds. And it leadslo the substitution of letters— especially D for G, Y for

L. and W for R. This trait often runs in a family.

Lateness in speech is never due to laziness. Any attempt to make a child speak by refusing to do

C H I L D H O O D N 0 V E W BE K . 1957 13

things for him when he asks will lead to really

serious behaviour problems. He fails to speak

because he can’t, not because he won’t and efforts to make him speak will cause very severe thwart­

ing.

Neither is any child’s lateness in speech due to tongue-

tie, which in nearly all. but not quite all, children is merely a figment of the imagination. Nor is lateness

in speech due to jealousy.

Until he is ready for it. a child can’t he made to talk.

No amount of training or teaching will make him talk until his nervous system is ready for it. All one can do is to treat him like a normal child, showing his pictures

in books, reading to him and talking to him, and he will learn in due course. A deaf child needs special treat­ment.

Bowel ControlThis is too big a subject to discuss in detail here. But

in brief one can say. firstly, that in most instances of children who are very late in learning to be dry there is a family history of the same difficulty. Secondly, deter­

mined efforts to train a child early, and maternal anxiety about the child’s bowels, with attempts to force him to sit on his potty when he wants to get off it are very liable

cause of lateness in learning clean habits.The child rebels against his treatment and does just

the opposite of what is expected of him. The best way

to train a child is merely to help him to use the pot as soon as he shows that he wants to, and then to give him

judicious reminders about it. If a mother fails to help him in this wTay, toilet training is retarded. But over- enthusiastic training is a far commoner and more potent

cause of lateness in learing clean habits.Children vary tremendously in their aptitudes. Some,

are very much better with their hands than others. Differences in this direction may be noticed in a family

by the time a baby is nine months or so of age. This

means that some will be able to do things with their fingers sooner than others, especially feeding and dress­

ing themselves.Children should be allowed to help to feed themselves

as soon as they show the desire to do so— any time after

six months. Although they make a mess at first, they are ready to learn and they begin to manage well with­

out help.

Many children can feed themselves fully, managing a cup without help, by ten or eleven months. Most learn,

if given a proper chance, by fifteen to eighteen months.

Many mothers, however, never give them a chance, and

continue to feed them long after they should be doing it themselves.

The average child should be able to dress himself

between three and four years of age, though he will need

help with buttons, and may put the shoes on the wrong feet, and put the vest on inside out and back to front.

What does it matter if a vest is back to front anyway? Some children can dress themselves fully

GEBRUIK NET

H U I S V R O U - Rek

V ir Bab a se gerief sow el as n eie

★

DIT KAN GEWAS WORD DIT KAN GEKOOK WORD

★DIT HOU LANGER AS DIE

KLEDINGSTUK

I--------------------------------------------

before they are three. They may not be able to tie shoe­

laces till about the age of five, but they will learn then

—if given the chance.Many mothers won’t allow their children to dress

themselves. I have seen a twelve-year-old girl of normal

intelligence who had never dressed herself—always having it done for her by her mother. The usual ex­

planation given by the mother is that unless she dresses

the child he or she will never be ready for school. Such relience on mother should never be allowed to develop

in the first place.

Let them Learn

A child should begin to dress himself as soon as he

shows the ability to do so, and when he reaches school-

age he will be able to do it perfectly will himself. He may, of course, dawdle in the process, but he should

be given adequate time to get dressed for breakfast, and if. in spite of a couple of warnings, he fails to come

down in time, he will find that breakfast has been cleared

away, and he will have to go to school without it. He

will very soon learn to be quicker!So, by and large, there are only a few situations in

which lateness in development should cause some an­

xiety. Useful anxiety in the sense that it should make parents seek expert advice. Much more often lateness is due to over-anxious mothering and lack of confidence

in the toddler’s ability to do things—given a chance. So do give them every chance— and encourage them.

14 K I N D E R J A R E N O V E M B E R . 19 5 7

..ALTYD HONGER”dear A. HEJJNES, Departement van Voeding

jy/£OEDERS doen gewoonlik alles in

hul vermoe om toe te sien dat die dieet van n baba in al sy beboeftes voorsien. Maar wat van ons groter

kinders? Die oudjies van ongeveer twaalf jaar en ouer. Is ons begaan oor hulle eetgewoontes?

Die adolessente seun en dogter groei so vinnig en mag so aktief wees dat Iiulle eintlik meer voedsel nodig het as vader en moeder. Die kwali- teit van die dieet is weereens so be- langrik soos gedurende die eerste lewensjaar. Seuns van hierdie ouder- dom is gewoonlik ..altyd honger” terwyl die eetlus van dogters weer baie kan wissel. Die grootste prob- leem van ouers gedurende hierdie lydperk is om toe te sien dat genoeg voedsel ingeneem word om in die verhoogde energiebehoefte te voor­sien. sonder om enige van die essen­siele voedingstowwe wat groei, be- skerming en regulering van die lig- gaamsprosesse bevorder. prys te gee want hieraan is daar ook ’n groter behoefte gedurende hierdie tydperk. Voedsel moet ook so aantreklik moontlik opgedis word sodat dit ’n plesier is om te eet en ’n versoeking vir die fiemiesrige dogter.

Om in die verhoogde energiebe­hoefte te voorsien is dit wenslik dat gekonsentreerde bronne van energie, wat ook beskermende, voedingstowwe (d.w.s. protei'en. mineraalsoute en vitamiene) bevat, in groot hocveel- hedr in die dieet ingesluit word. Boi­

ler. masganen. kaas, grondboontjie- botter en neute val in hierdie kate- gorie. Hierdie voedsels moet dien as aanvulling van die dieet en moet nie in die plek van die essensiele voedsels soos melk, eiers, groente, vrugte, vleis, vol en verrvkte grane en brood geeet word nie.

Maaltye moet driemaal per dag op gereelde tye bedien word. Die be­hoefte aan ’n groot hoeveelheid goeie voedsel maak dit noodsaaklik dat die adolsessent veral ’n goeie onthyt nul- tig. ’n Ontbyt wat betyds gereed is en aantreklik lyk en ruik sal nooit

oorgeslaan word nie.Kinders, veral adolessente. word

dikwels honger tnssen maaltye. Om te voorkom dat oormatige hoeveel- hede lekkers, koeldrank en roomys. wat gewoontlik digby skole en werks- plekke aangebied word en die kinders se eetlus vix ’n goeie mid- dagete bederf, behoorte snoeperye wat ’n definitiewe bydrae tot die be­hoefte van die laggaam maak, voor­sien te word. Bruinbrood toebrood- jies met voedsame vulsels bv. kaas.

grondboontjiebotter en vleis, rou of droe vrugte, selfs rou groente. en melk is geskikte snoeperye.

Die adolessente dogter is baie keer geneig om min te eet omdat sy graag slank wil bly. Sy eet nie net oor die algemeen te min nie, maar heel dik­

wels word belangrike voedsels soos melk. aartappels en bruinbrood tot ’n minimum beperk omdat sy glo

genoemde voedsels maak haar vet. Ontbyt word ook soms om hierdie rede oorgeslaan. Indien oorgewig werklik "n probleem is, behoort baie

soet en vetterige voedsels beperk te word en nie die essensiele voedsel nie. Maaltye wat bestaan uit een- voudig voorbereide voedsels, voldoen aan hierdie vereiste. Ouers behoort hulle dogters op ’n baie taktvolle wyse le herinner dat ’n mooi persoon- likheid — ’n mooi voorkoms mel mooi gevormde tande, n skoon vel. helder oe. glansende hare, n mooi liggaamshouding en lewenslustigheid —- grootliks afhanklik is van gesondt- eetgewoontes. Die goeie voorbeeld van sowel ouers as ouer broers en susters kan hier ook wonders verrig.

Verhoogde klieraktiwiteit veroor- saak dat puisies dikwels hul verskyn- ing op die gesig, bors en skouers van adolessente maak. Volop vars vrugte. rou groente, melk en water en minder vetterige voedsels soos ge- braaide vleis, rvk souse en poedings. sjokolade. room en terte, tesame met

volop vars lug, genoeg slaap en oefening. sal baie daartoe hydra om die toestand te verlig.

Moeders behoort toe te sien dat hulle adolessente seuns en dogters elke dag genoeg van die regte soorte voedsel kry en nie gedurig neul oor Frans wat „werklik meer as sy pa eet”, of oor Nellie wat „net van rou slaaitjies wil leef nie.”

F O R M A T E R N I T Y

W E A R

W ith Girling Bonded vtg

Brake Linings you really

do stop—you can’t afford

not to fit the finest brake

linings of them all—GIRLING

Bonded.

f l D I l l i r S slsI8 ’takasl a l K L I N l a

JOSEPH LUCAS (Pty.) Ltd.. P.O. BOX 9711 JOHANNESBURG

C H I L D H O 0 D N O V E M B E R . 1 9 5 7 15

A CHRISTMAS GIFT FOR A B A B Y .............

Make this unusual

CHINESE JACKET\^OULD you like to make a tradi­

tional Chinese baliy jacket? ll is a soft, comfortable garment which will fit a baby of any weight, and can be worn throughout the first year or longer. It gets its name, “ho-shang ling” from I he Buddhist

monk’s collar which it resembles.1 came upon this pattern and in­

structions in a Chinese magazine published in English, and found the jacket easy to make. I first made a paper pattern from measurements

(see photo on cover)

and instructions given, then used this to cut the jacket and lining, both from warm material. I made the jacket in dark blue, the lining in light blue, and used it first as a coat for baby. Now, four months laler. il is used as a dressing gown.

For summer, the magazine says, use linen, seersucker, or any light cotton; for winter, flannel or cotton with a warm lining. It may be trim­med with ribbon, braid or a con­trasting edging.

Chinese mothers frequently pad the jacket for cool weather, making I he outside of a bright cotton print, and the lining of softer, inexpensive material. To add padding, cut jacket and lining of the same pattern. With right sides together, sew lining to outer material at jacket bottom and cuffs. Distribute two ounces of cot­ton padding over the lining and tack with running stitches, or quilt. Turn light side out. Make French under­arm seams. Finish collar and add ties as for light jacket.

on either side of centre front. (Chi­nese jackets close on the right),

g From left-over material cut one piece -S’ for the right front facing, and attach _> with a French seam to the diagonal "* cul ed<re of I lie right front.

3" facing doubled

Fig.l. To make a jacket for baby’s first year, you need a piece of mate­rial 36 ins. long and 30 ins. wide. Turn down 15 ins. to make a cross­wise fold, then fold over 13 ins. lengthwise. Cut through the four thicknesses on the heavy line. Mark I ho top centre with a pin or tailor’s lacking.

Fig. 2. Lay garment and material out flat. Cut neck opening on right

side of front as shown by heavy line, diagonally from underarm to 1 in.

Fig. 3. Stitch left underarm seam, leaving open a I in. slit just under armpit and ending seam 4 ins. from bottom to allow for slit. Stitch right

edge of right

front facing

attach tic

1W facing on underside

sleeve and right facing to back, like­wise leaving bottom slit. With con­trasting or self material bias 1J ins. wide, face right edge of left front from underarm down, and continue facing around bottom edge, mitring corners to face around bottom slits.

Cut a 20 in. length of 3 in. wide bias material to face neck and dia­gonal edge of left front and 10 ins. of same for each sleeve. Attach a 12 in. tie of self or contrasting material to right edge of left front, and another to the edge of right front facing, running it through slit in

left underarm seam, to tie at baby’s back o .tide.

16 N O V E M B E R 1 9 5 7 K I N D E R . T A R E

Published by courtesy of “TODAY’S HEALTH’

SOAP in the Control of Perspiration Odourby VERONICA L. CONLEY.

Assistant Secretary of the American Medical Association Committee on Cosmetics

jCJOME people still cling to the old idea that washing

daily with soap and water is adequate protection

against perspiration odour. They feel that perspiration

odour is no more or less than a sign of uncleanliness.

There is evidence that a few people need no more protec­tion than that a Horded by washing the armpits twice a day with ordinary soap and water, particularly if the areas have been shaved. But for most people, ordinary washing is not sufficient.

The reliance on ordinary soap and water—without the use of other deodorant preparations—is an idea founded in tradition. For centuries, soap and water was the only available method for perspiration control, even though it was often only the ruling classes who could afford the luxury of soap and the leisure to bathe often.

The deficiencies of soap in odour control, however, were known even then, and probably stimulated the widespread use of perfumes. The aim may have been to overcome objectionable odour with one more pleasant.

There is some variation in intensity and character of perspiration odour in different people. In children, no perspiration odour is present because the apocrine glands are not functioning. In older people, the gland activity is reduced, and there is usually considerably less per­

spiration odour. A few people, even during the period of greatest glandular activity, have noticeably less perspi­ration odour than their fellows and require less protec­tion.

Soap and water mechanically remove bacteria from the armpits. For a short time bacterial decomposition of perspiration is inhibited and the area is odour-free. But it is impossible to remove all the bacteria from the skin this way, and remaining bacteria resume growth in a short time. Thus the cycle in the production of perspira­tion odour begins again. Prolonged deodorant action comes from leaving behind on the skin a substance that continually inactivates remaining bacteria. Effective deodorant creams and liquids do this; ordinary soap and water does not.

Because soap is a logical product to use as a deodor­

ant, researchers have tried through the years to add antiseptic chemicals which would result in an efficient deodorant soap. But until recently, known antiseptics lost their anti-bacterial action when incorporated in soap. One product, reported to contain cresol and claimed

to control body odour, enjoyed considerable popularity for several decades. Some believe that its success was

due ot the fact that it covered objectionable body odour with a stronger “antiseptic” odour.

It was not until World War II that a German discovery —hexachlorophene, also known as G-ll, AT-7 and K-34

—gave promise of a more effective product. Not only did it maintain its activity against bacteria when in a soap base, but the soap could be perfumed and coloured as desired and its lathering properties were undisturbed.

Hexachlorophene was heralded by many people as unique not only for cosmetic uses, but also in surgery. Its antibacterial action was claimed to be so significant that, with proper use, the time of scrubbing the sur­geon’s hands before operations could be greatly reduced from the usual ten minutes.

At the present time, we may find hexachlorophene in the same concentrations soaps intended for operating

rooms and in soaps intended for deodorant purposes. This versatile chemical’s efficiency for surgical scrubbing remains controversial; its usefulness as the essential

ingredient in deodorant soaps is not definite. This is particularly true if we expect the soap to parallel

deodorant creams and liquids in degree and duration of protection. The A.M.A. Committee on Cosmetics has not seen evidence that the present so-called deodorant soaps can compare favourably for practical use with other

well-established types of deodorants. „ There is some agreement that more evidence is necessary before their usefulness can be accurately measured. Claims have been made that deodorant soaps will give 24-hour pro­

tection. But they have been on the market for several years without significant decrease in the use of other

deodorant preparations. Perhaps the general public has acted as its own judge of efficiency, with its decisions reflected in the undiminished popularity of well-estab­lished cream and liquid deodorant products.

In order to give hexachlorophene soap as fair a trial as possible, here is a suggested method of use. The unique properties of hexachlorophene can act only if the product containing the chemical is used exclusively. When hexachlorophene deodorant soaps are being tried, no other soap, cream or alcohol preparation should be used in the armpit. To do so destroys the cumulative action that is essential to the efficiency of hexachloro­phene. Full advantage should be taken of the mechanical action of the soap base, so wash the area carefully for a few minutes before rinsing with clear water.

If the underarm areas are shaved, any deodorant, will give better results. It should also be remembered that even though the underarm skin is odour free, clothing can harbour bacteria which will decompose perspiration deposited on the material. With these points in mind, a trial of the hexachlorophene soap for approximately two weeks should answer the question of whether this preparation is efficient enough for you.

C H I L D H 0 O D N O V E M B E R , 1957 17

BALANCED MEALS FOR BABIES

By URSULA SHELLEY, M.D.. F.R.C.P.

jy/JEALTIMES should at all ages be times of warmth

and comfort, with a relaxed atmosphere both of happiness and mental calm. That is the ideal to keep in mind. There should be plenty of time for enjoying the food itself and for its easy digestion. Afterwards, if at all possible, there should be a quiet period during which digestion can continue undisturbed.

With a young baby no mother ever hesitates. There is a definite period of preparation for the feed. Then there is peace and quiet while he is taking the breast or the bottle. And after that comes a period of cuddling and comforting while his wind is allowed to escape. Older babies and toddlers have just as great a need of the same three periods at mealtimes.

When the time comes for a baby to learn to take new foods, to start mixed feeding at any time after the

third month, he or she should become accustomed to a regular routine that prepares him for his meal. Pot­ting, washing his hands and face, and then sitting him down in a comfortable lap or chair is an easy enough ritual, and should be continued right through all his toddler days.

This simple preparation helps the baby to expect food — and expectation is a great producer of digestive

juices. When the meal is finished, the same rule of hand and face washing and potting should be carried

out. Both for comfort’s sake and in terms of gentle training.

How regular the meals should be and how much a routine is made of them depends largely on family habits and on the individual baby. But all babies do better with some kind of a rhythm and a regularity in their day.

It is unreasonable to think that a baby or young child will eat heartily if he is wakened from sleep immediately before his meal. He should be given plenty of time to collect his thoughts, and to appreciate the fact that food is on its way. If he has been sleeping out of doors, the lime taken in bringing him in, changing him and wash­ing and potting him will probably be long enough. But if he has been sleeping indoors, it is wise to allow rather longer for him to get ready for the meal and anticipate it with pleasure.

No young creature can be expected to eat really well, if he is overtired and fractious, or if he has not had some kind of outdoor excursion each day. The toddler, particularly, may need anything from half-an-hour to an hour’s rest at the end of the morning, to prepare him

for his midday meal. It is best if he can sleep during this rest period. But if he will only lie and play with his toys, it will give his digestive tract an opportunity to prepare itself for the major work of its day. It is worth a great deal to both baby and mother to achieve this rest period.

The secret of success is to make the rest period a regular part of the child’s day. In the afternoon, some

18 N O V E M B E R . 19 5 7 K I N D E R J A R E

babies are expected to be able to go visiting or walking round the shops for several hours, and then lake a large meal as soon as they get home. Some can do this, but many are too tired afterwards and won’t eat pro­perly. Again they need a short interval of quiet play and then they will probably agree to eat their normal meal.

Meals themselves should be carefully planned. Other­wise a mother may not be ready to give her child what

he needs quickly and easily. Then both get a sense of frustration while the meal is being adjusted to the child's liking.

If mother and child are overtired and overstrained by llie time the food is ready to be eaten, then the mother will be disappointed because her child won’t eat as well as she thinks he should. The child is likely to refuse to eat at all or eat in a fussy sort of way. And once that happens no one is going to enjoy the meal at all.

MIXED FEEDING^H E iN should sou start mixed feeding? Well, as

always, it all depends on the individual baby. Up to the age of three to four months, the full-term baby gets all his requirements from an all-milk diet, and for all sorts of reasons the best milk is breast milk. But

at this age. a baby begins to need additional iron and extra vitamin C and vitamin D.

He, or she, will need more water, too, and extra calories which can be provided by addition of proteins and carbohydrates. The new mixed diet must be gradu­ally enlarged in quantity and quality while the milk intake can gradually be limited to two or three meals in the day.

By the time the baby is nearly twelve months old he will need three main meals in the day, and probably only one other light milk meal at the beginning or the end of the day. whichever suits him best.

The ordinary healthy baby will appreciate the dif­ference in taste and texture of new foods at as early as three months. He, or she. may like the change and make no difficulty about taking a more varied diet quite quickly. She, or he. may be of a more conservative nature and resent the introduction of even the slightest variation. Here, of course, for his health’s sake, the baby must be persuaded to accept the new foods.

It is unwise, if not futile, to try to force him to take any food which he really seems to dislike. But usually it is the way in which this particular food is offered, rather than the food itself, which has caused the trouble.

Everybody knows that it is waste of time to insist on a baby eating something which he has determined not to eat. Although he may take the new food into his mouth, he is capable of keeping it there for a considerable time and then spitting it out at the first opportunity. Or he makes this same forceful comment just as soon as his misguided mother has forced him to take whatever it is.

Sometimes a baby seems to resent the introduction of the very food which is of the utmost importance at his particular stage of growth. Then mother has to be subtle. Bab)' will usually accept new tastes when he is very hungry. So the new food is best given before the breast or bottle feed, at the hungriest part of his day.

Some babies are only receptive when they have been lulled into a placid state by filling their stomachs with a well-loved meal. This fact can be learned by trial and error. In other words, the time and the opportunity will be governed by the individual baby.

In mixed feeding the protein addition, the meat or bone broth or red meal juice, should be given, generally speaking, before the family’s midday meal, then it will be fresh for the baby. But there are mothers who only

cook when their husbands come home in the evening. Where this is the case, it seems a pity not to make use of this later cooking period for the preparation of baby’s extras. A small amount of fresh meat juice or bone broth will not upset the average baby before he goes to sleep, and the family budget may be spared quite a heavy item of expenditure if two periods of cooking are avoided.

Nowadays, of course, many mothers introduce their babies to mixed feeding by giving them the excellent prepared protein and vegetable purees. Then this prob­lem of cooking and the time of day does not arise.

iiFIVE GOLDEN RULES FOR

FEEDING BABIES

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

eS

Start the way you mean to go on. Right from Qthe beginning, patiently persist with instilling 2uood feeding habits. g

The right idea ever)' day is to give the right 0kind of food, providing sufficient bulk and Ccontaining enough calories. §

Pleasant food that is easy to eat and easy to £>digest will please baby -— which will help you. jSPresent baby’s food contentedly, calmly and ^ with an air of complete confidence in its welcome, reception.

Always be ready to adjust a planned meal to the needs of the moment. Rieid rules soon

S meet defeat in the everyday emergencies of rj s’> any busy household. •}

C H I L D H O O D N O V E M B E R . 19 5 7 19

Whether the baby has been breast-fed or bottle-fed. he will have become accustomed to the taste of cod-liveroil or a substitute and to the taste of orange juice before he is three months old. These are almost always given separately and independently from the milk. So three tastes and textures have already been accepted by the young baby who is now embarking on the excitement of mixed feeding.

Sometimes the baby may have shown signs of anaemia, and he will have been given another supplement to his diet before his feeds — that is, iron. But these addi­tions of vitamins and iron have been given in order to allow the young baby to grow normally. They should not really be considered as part of the mixed feeding pro­cess, though they will be continued all through infancy. The exception here is the iron, which is not usually needed after the baby is taking a full mixed diet, around twelve months of age.

BALANCED STEP B

JT is always wise to give any new food from a spoon,

even when the baby is bottle-fed. Otherwise the baby is not getting accustomed to new tastes and new methods of feeding. Start at three to four months with one or two teaspoonfuls of red meat juice or bone broth or bone and vegetable broth, either fresh or commercially prepared. This should be given before one of the ordin­ary milk meals, usually the 2 p.m. feed.. When this first addition has been taken well for one or

I wo weeks, the next step can be taken. This is to intro­duce the first cereal feed, which provides body-building protein and energy-forming carbohydrate. It is thought

by some authorities that different cereals, which provide slightly different varieties of protein and carbohydrate, should be used as early as possible in the baby’s intro­duction to mixed feeding. Nowadays you can buy a wide selection of commercially prepared pre-cooked cereals. They need only the addition of boiled milk, or part of the usual milk mixture, to make them ready.

Most babies like the taste and the texture of these cereals. But mothers must always remember that they are not sufficient in themselves to supply all the needs of the growing baby. They should not be given more than twice a day, and it is a good thing to use a different cereal on the second occasion in the day. I would say the same cereal should not be repeated in the same day. The best plan is to invest in a collection of these excellent foods and use them sensibly, gradually getting your baby to like a variety of different tastes and tex­tures.

At this quite early stage in life, it is important to start ringing the changes on tastes and textures. Learning to

FEEDING - / STEPlike different foods and different flavours is a part of growing up. But don’t make sudden shifts and changes. Take it slowly and calmly and gradually. You’ll be surprised how quickly your baby learns to enjoy quite a wide range of different things.

The quantity of cereal added to the milk must gradu­ally be increased. After another three or four weeks the cereal feed should be quite thick —- so thick that it has to be licked off the spoon. At first one teaspoonful of dry cereal will be added to four ounces of milk. Then this is gradually increased to four tablespoonfuls in four ounces.

How quickly you achieve this depends very much on the baby. With some babies you can step up the cereal from one teaspoonful to four tablespoonfuls in the same four-ounce quantity of milk very much according to plan. In a matter of three weeks they' will be taking this good thick cereal-and-milk mixture and liking it. More con­servative babies may take five or even six weeks to reach the same point.

As baby grows he may like more or less of this thick cereal, depending on how much of the other new food he will take and how much he prefers his liquid milk. The thing to do then is to offer him what you think he will take, and have a little more in reserve and out of sight. Do not show any disappointment at all if he does not always finish the first helping.

Six to Seven Months

By this time about half the morning feed will consist of cereal, with sugar perhaps and one of the pleasant wheat-germ supplements, if baby likes it. This is fol­lowed by fried bread dipped in the yolk of a lightly-

20 N O V E M B E R . 1 9 5 7 K 1 N D E R J A R E

;S BABY’S BILL OF FARE B

8 BH With a year-old baby, you 11 never go far wrong r?

if you simply keep lliis basic bill of fare firmly in g g mind:— g

MILK ^Three-quarters to two pints milk daily. W

MEAT £Poultry or fish daily on five days in every week.

LIVER sJ

Brains, sweetbreads, heart or kidneys on five days Cin every week. C

IEGETABLES BOne helping every day of either green or root vegetables.

FRUIT gEvery day and let it be fresh orange, or a banana ^ or an apple. 5

CEREALS qEvery day and bread every day. P

BUTTER %Or margarine and cheese every day. rj

VITAMINS |

C and D again every day in terms of cod-liver oil n or halibut-liver oil and orange juice, rose-hip n syrup, blackcurrant juice or whatever vitamin C § preparation suits I hem best. U,

b y

boiled egg. Or it could he a small piece of fried bacon chopped very fine, or shredded steamed white fish given with small pieces of toast and butter. If baby will take a little more, he can have a tiny piece of bread

and butter, spread with honey or jam or yeast-extract. This meal should be finished off with a short breast-feed or half the usual milk mixture. Just when this morning feed is given must depend on the family habits. But usually 10 a.m. is a good time.

Before or after the evening feed, baby has his second cereal feed. Or he may have part of a lightly-cooked yolk of egg. if that has not been given earlier, or egg custard and fruit puree or mashed ripe banana. After this preliminary, four to six ounces of breast milk or milk mixture is usually accepted, or the same amount is allowed if it is thought better to give the baby his milk first.

Here again you do whatever suits your baby. Some of them like the comfort and familiarity of a milk feed first. Then they will settle down happily to spoon-feeding with whatever comes next. Others like the spoon-feeding

first and would rather have the milk afterwards. But lei your baby settle this point. Do it whichever way he or she prefers.

During the sixth month, the milk feed on waking may be omitted. Some babies may prefer to drop the 10 p.m. feed. Sometimes the very grown-up baby may

choose to omit both these feeds. Whichever feed is left out, the average baby will only need four feeds during the day after he is six to seven months old. These will consist of one all-milk feed and three milk feeds with cereal and protein added.

Diluted or fresh orange juice or blackcurrant juice with water and sugar will be given as a ihirsl-quencher between feeds. And, of course, cod-liver oil or halibut- liver oil or a substitute must be given daily during his fast-growing time. Iron, if it is prescribed your doctor, will be given every day, without fail — exactly as ordered.

Later, with meat or fish or egg at the midday meal, he should gradually be introduced to sieved root and green vegetables, all of which contain a small propor­tion of iron. It does not matter in what order they are introduced. But in the case of rooL vegetables they must be well cooked and sieved and mixed w'ith butter

or margarine.

Green vegetables should be cooked as quickly as possible, well drained and sieved before being mixed with butter or margarine. It doesn’t matter a greal deal whether the root vegetables consist of carrot only or whether they are a mixed lot with potato included. What does matter is how they are cooked and given.

Too much emphasis has been laid on the usefulness of spinach at this age. It does contain some iron, as d<> most vegetables, but the amount is so small that insistence on eating up every mouthful of this particular vegetable may make the baby dislike all vegetables for evermore. If the baby takes his spinach easily from the first, well and good. But if he doesn’t, then don't make an issue of it. Wait a while and then try it again in a mixed meal of other vegetables.

Indeed, much the same applies to all the vegetables and fruits and other things that are new to the baby. Never get into a fuss or a fight about any new food. Try iL as part of a meal in which all the other ingredients are familiar and well taken. If it doesn’t work the first lime, don’t bother. Just try it again a few days

later.

SEVEN TO EIGHT MONTHS

g Y this stage most babies will have a milk drink from

the breast or the bottle on waking, or soon after. Before his bath, the baby will have a cereal dish and a protein or fruit helping followed by a short milk drink.

Sometime during the morning he may like a drink of water or fruit juice. Then at 12.30 or 1.0 or 1.30, whatever is the usual time, he will have a main meal.

This should consist of a helping of lean meat or steamed lish or egg yolk or minced liver or grated cheese. That

(continued on page 41)

Collection Number: A3299 Collection Name: Hilda and Rusty BERNSTEIN Papers, 1931-2006

PUBLISHER: Publisher: Historical Papers Research Archive Collection Funder: Bernstein family Location: Johannesburg

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