Historical Development of Physical Education

CurriculumKIN 125

www.starkcenter.org

Bernarr MacfaddenAugust 16, 1868-October 12, 1955

• http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden6.html

• http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden4.html

Study of History

• Influence of individuals

• Innovations

• Institutions

• Impact of Social Forces

Social Forces

• Religious Influences

• Immigration

• Philanthropy

• Urbanization

• Industrialization

• Educational Movements

• Technological Developments

Religious InfluencesColonial America

• Puritans: New England Colonies

• Anglican: Middle Colonies

Immigration

• German Turners

• Settled in Midwest America during the 1840s

• Introduction of German gymnastics in school systems

Philanthropy

• Mary Hemenway in Boston

• Introduction of Swedish System

Urbanization

• Health Problems associated with demographic changes

• Increase demand for recreation

• Promotion of sport for entertainment

• Need for social health concerns

Industrialization

• Modifications in labor conditions

• Consumerism

Educational Movements

• Development of European models in America

• Harvard and Yale modeled after Oxford and Cambridge

• Round Hill School: Northampton, Mass.

Technological Developments

• Mass Media

• Developments in transportation and communication

• Mass production of consumer goods

Johann Bernhard Basedow1723-1790

∗First to recognize the importance of exercise

∗Required a specific uniform for his students to allow unrestricted

movement

∗Offered a camp for 2 months during the summer for the children

Curriculum Development: 19th Century

• Beck, Follen, and Lieber

• German Gymnastics

• Friedrich Ludwig Jahn: Father of Gymnastics

• 1848 Friedrich Hecker in Cincinnati

• Large Muscle development

Charles Beck1798-1866

⋆Friend and follower of Jahn

⋆Was hired to teach Latin and Physical Education in the form of

German gymnastics

⋆Became the first official Physical Education teacher in

America

From  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuthsFrom  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuthsGymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuths

Turnplatz

Swedish Gymnastics

• Father of Swedish gymnastics: Per Henrik Ling

• Introduced in Boston through philanthropic efforts of Mary Hemenway

• Baron Nils Posse Training Institute

• Alternative to German gymnastics

• Light gymnastics with therapeutic emphasis

Per Henrik Ling

Father of Swedish gymnastics

Lewis System

• Dio Lewis, M.D.

• Medical gymnastics (new gymnastics)

• First physical education teacher training institute: 1861 in Boston

Diocletian (Dio) Lewis1823-1866

♣ Did more to promote physical education than any other single

individual♣ Wanted the feeble, old, fat, frail and women to have a system they

could use♣ Opened the Normal Institute of

Physical Education in Boston♣ Invented bean bags and wooden

dumbells♣ Also used music to enhance his

exercisesFor More Information go to:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis

Beecher System

• Catherine Beecher of famous Beecher family

• Developed calisthenics for females

• Two female schools: Cincinnati and Hartford

• Called for the importance of physical activity for females

Hitchcock System

• Edward Hitchcock, M.D.: hired as the first physical educator to have professorial rank, in 1861. He had the status of Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College

• Development of anthropometrics

• Group calisthenics accompanied to music

Sargent System

• Dudley Sargent, M.D., hired in 1879 as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Director of Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University

• Anthropometrics

• Individual Exercise program

• Over 90 patents for exercise machines

Dudley Allen Sargent1840-1924

☺ Invented over 80 machines, using pulleys & weights

☺ Contributed to anthropometric measurements

- He took these measurements and compared them with standards at a given

age, whereupon a series of prescribed exercises was given to meet the demands

of each particular case

Growth of Intercollegiate Sport

• Began as class rivalries in the 1820’s

• Developed into club teams in the 1840’s

• First Intercollegiate contest in 1852: rowing match between Harvard and Yale

• First Intercollegiate football contest occurred in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton

Intercollegiate Growth (cont.)

• International collegiate match in 1869 between Harvard and Oxford on the Thames River

• Football is modified in 1874

• By 1880’s attendance of over 40,000 spectators during national championship

• President Roosevelt convenes White House meeting in 1905

Interschool Athletics

• Popularization of school sports in the early 1900’s

• Organization of state associations in the 1920’s

Recreation

• Urban recreation programs as early as 1827 Boston opens the first municipal recreation center

• 1820’s boating clubs in Boston• 1842 New York Knickerbockers• 1845 Alexander Joy Cartwright codifies

baseball rules• Amateur baseball clubs throughout the

north east

20th Century

• In 1910 Clark Hetherington introduces the “new physical education” (see pp.40-41; 231-232)

• Broadens the view that neuromuscular activities in the form of play leads to character development

• The view that physical education activities contribute to the goals of education

20th cent. Cont.

• Philosophical view of Education Through the Physical. Espoused that physical education contributed to social and moral development.

• Jesse Feiring Williams

• Jay Nash

• Thomas Wood

• Luther Gulick: YMCA triangle

Two Philosophical Views

• Education of the Physical: the importance of training the physical as a goal in and of itself.

• Education through the Physical: utilization of sports and games to develop behavioral goals such as social and moral development.