Historical and Contextual Referencing

The Art Movement

• Cubism• Futurism• Expressionism• Abstract• Pop Art

Cubism

• Cubism was a 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. English art historian Douglas Cooper describes three phases of Cubism in his seminal book The Cubist Epoch.

Futurism

• An Italian avant-garde art movement that took speed, technology and modernity as its inspiration, Futurism portrayed the dynamic character of 20th century life, glorified war and the machine age, and favour the growth of Fascism.

• Futurism was unique in that it was a self-invented art movement.

• Painters in the movement did have a serious intent beyond Marinetti's bombast, however.

Expressionism

• Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist attempts to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. Expressionism assessed itself mostly in Germany, in 1910. The most well known German expressionists are Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, Lionel Feininger, George Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein; the Austrian Oskar Kokoschka, the Czech Alfred Kubin and the Norvegian Edvard Munch are also related to this movement

Abstract Art

• Abstract art uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. Abstract art, nonfigurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are loosely related terms. Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art. Abstraction exists along a continuum. Figurative art and total abstraction are almost mutually exclusive. But figurative and representational (or realistic) art often contains partial abstraction.

• Both Geometric abstraction and Lyrical Abstraction are often totally abstract.

Pop Art

• Pop art is a visual art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in the late 1950s in the United States. Pop art challenged tradition by asserting that an artist's use of the mass-produced visual commodities of popular culture is contiguous with the perspective of fine art. Pop art is an art movement of the twentieth century. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be art movements that precede postmodern art, or are some of the earliest examples of Postmodern Art themselves.

Reference• Alfred H. Barr, Jr., Cubism and Abstract Art, New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1936• Conversi, Daniele 2009 ‘Art, Nationalism and War: Political Futurism in Italy (1909–1944)’, Sociology Compass, 3/1 (2009):

92– 117 • D'Orsi Angelo 2009 'Il Futurismo tra cultura e politica. Reazione o ?'. Editore: Salerno• Gentile, Emilo. 2003. The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism. Praeger Publishers.

ISBN 0-275-97692-0• Antonín Matějček cited in Gordon, Donald E. (1987). Expressionism: Art and Ideas, p. 175. New Haven: Yale University Press.• Jonah F. Mitchell (Berlin, 2003). Doctoral thesis Expressionism between Western modernism and Teutonic Sonderweg.

Courtesy of the author.• Compton, Susan (1978). The World Backwards: Russian Futurist Books 1912-16. The British Library. ISBN 0714103969.• Alison and Peter Smithson, "But Today We Collect Ads" , reprinted on page 54 in Modern Dreams The Rise and Fall of Pop,

published by ICA and MIT, ISBN-N-O-262-73081-2