historia de la arquitectura

These new necessities of industry and cities

created a boom of construction of

infrastructures and facilities for transport

communications, such as bridges (SERVERN

BRIDGE , LONDEN BRIDGE), garden

structures ( KEW GARDENS) factories, rail

heads ( ST. PANCREAS STATION ,KINGS

CROSS STATION)

History of architecture

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION brought new

modern materials of construction and

technology.

Iron and steel were two of them that brought

drastic change in there architectural style

Because of URBANIZATION, people

migrated to the cities in search of jobs and

better living condition and fast construction of

buildings became necessary

The history of the modern steel

industry began in the late 1850s, but since

then steel has been basic to the world's

industrial economy.

Before about 1860 steel was an expensive

product, made in small quantities and used

mostly for swords, tools and cutlery; all large

metal structures were made of wrought or

cast iron .


The introduction of cheap steel was due to the Bessemer and the open hearth processes, two technological advances

made in England. And even Electric Arc furnace.

In Bessemer process, molten pig iron is

converted to steel by blowing air through it after it was removed

from the furnace

Open hearth process allowed closer control over the composition

of the steel; also, a substantial quantity of

scrap could be included in the charge.

By 1900 the electric arc furnace was adapted to steelmaking and by the 1920s, the falling cost

of electricity allowed it to largely supplant the

crucible process for specialty steels


The INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION that started in Britain

in 1760, led to the main changes in architecture in

the second half of the 19th century. New materials

like iron, steel, concrete, glass… started to be used

to build because they were more resistant that the

older ones

The ADVANTAGES of these

materials are that they are more resistant and

easier to work with. Their main problems are

oxidation and they aren´t easy to cast with fire,

because steel loses its resistance with heat.

Many architects continued using traditional materials, because they didn´t trust the use of the new materials in architecture.


EXAMPLES OF IRON AND STEEL

ARCHITECTURE


•Oreal chambers in

Liverpool , UK

•The Eiffel Tower in

Paris by Gustavo Eiffel.

•The Crystal Palace in

London by Joseph Paxton

•The servern Bridge

•London bridge

Kings cross station

•Railway station- St. pancreas

Comprises 4,000 m2 set over five floors


ORIEL CHAMBERS

CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES

LARGE WINDOWS

SIMPLIFIED FORM

It is located on Water Street near to the town

hall in Liverpool, England

Oriel Chambers is the world's first building

featuring a metal framed glass curtain wall.

Designed by architect Peter Ellis

VIOLLET-LE-DUC, FRANCE

Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc was born in 1814.

Viollet-le-Duc was exposed to people who built or preserved important structures and who wrote about and discussed art and architecture.

These were people who shaped the culture of Paris, the most prominent city in Europe.

"To restore an edifice means neither to maintain it, nor to repair it, nor to rebuild it; it means to re-establish it in a finished state, which may in fact never have actually existed at any given time."

SEVERN BRIDGE

• First road bridge across the River Severn and

Wyes between England and Wales.

• Designed and constructed by John Howard and

freeman in 1961-1964

• Design- Suspension bridge of conventional design

(steel rope, multiple steel wire, steel cables)

• Total length: 1.6km

• Height: 445ft (136m)

• Longest span: 324ft (988m)

• clearance below: 154ft (47m)


HISTORY OF SEVERN BRIDGE

• First proposal for construction was give in 1824 by Thomas Telford.

• To improve mail coach between London bridge and Wales at that time no action was

taken.

• After some time railway became long distance travel between both the cities.

• In 1946 again proposal came and in 1961 construction of the bridge is started and the

bridge was opened in 1964.


CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

• Suspension bridge of conventional design, with the deck supported by two main cables

slung between two steel towers.

•The cables supporting bridge deck are of 29000km long.

•The cables carrying the deck are not vertical, they are in zigzag shape.

• this triangulation was attempt to reduce the vibration.


LONDON BRIDGE • Spanned along the river Thames between the city of London and Southwark

• Designed by the Architect Lord Holford

•Design: Box girder bridge built from concrete and steel.

• Total length- 269m

total width- 32m

Longest span- 104m

Clearance- 8.9m

• Opened in 17th march 1973


HISTORY OF LONDON BRIDGE

• Supported by 19 irregularly spaced stone arches.

• In 1212 a fire hazard broke out both ends of the bridge, Buildings on the london bridge

were the major fire hazards.

OLD STONE ARCHED BRIDGE

NEW 19TH CENTURY BRIDGE

• Designed by John Rennie in 1799 with a conventional design of 5 stone arches.

• In 1924 subsequent surveys shows it was sinking 4 inches every eight years.

• The bridge was replaced by new design of architect Lord Holford in 1967.


The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are

121 hectares of gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond and Kew in

southwest London, England.

KEW GARDENS

The Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew is also the name of the

organization that runs Kew

Gardens and Wakehurst Place

gardens in Sussex.

It is an internationally important

botanical research and education

institution with 700 staff.

Created in 1759, the gardens

celebrated their 250th anniversary

in 2009.

Visitor attraction receiving

almost 2 million visits in a year.

The living collections include more than 30,000 different kinds of plants.

KEW GARDENS

The world’s largest collection of living plants.

Railhead-in the context of modern freight

term terminals, the word denotes a

terminus on a railway line which may

have interfaces with another transport

mode


• The construction began in 1876, Midland

Grand Hotel was popular, very modern and

convenient accommodation.

• It is a central London railway terminus and

Grade I listed building located on Euston

Road in the St Pancras area of the London

Borough of Camden.

• It was opened in 1868 by the Midland

Railway as the southern terminus of its

mainline which connected London with the East

Midlands and Yorkshire.

• It stands between the British Library, King's

Cross station and the Regent's Canal and is a

structure widely known for its Victorian

architecture.

• When it opened, the arched Barlow train

shed was the largest single-span roof in the

world.

ST.PANCRAS STATION

Model of St.Pancras Station and King’s Cross Station


• St Pancras is often termed the "cathedral of

the railways", and includes two of the most

celebrated structures built in Britain in

the Victorian era. The train shed, completed

in 1868 by the engineer William Henry

Barlow, was the largest single-span

structure built up to that time

• The frontage of the station is formed

by the former Midland Grand Hotel,

designed by George Gilbert Scott, an

example of Victorian

Gothic architecture, now occupied

by the five-star Renaissance London

Hotel and apartments

View from busy south Euston Road


• The space between the columns

always is the multiple of the size of

the barrels of Burton beer.

• The Midland Railway Company

wanted something grand and

representative and so their wish was

fulfilled both in the train shed as

well as the Midland Hotel.

• The shape of roof is a reversed

trough or half-pipe, terminated

by two vertical glass screens.


• the Barlow train shed is elevated

5 m (17 ft) above street level, with

the area below forming the

station undercroft.

• The materials used were wrought

iron framework of lattice design,

with glass covering the middle half

and timber (inside)/slate (outside)

covering the outer quarters. The two

end screens were glazed in a

vertical rectangular grid pattern

with decorative timber cladding

around the edge and wrought

iron finials around the outer edge.


KING’S CROSS STATION • Also known as London King's Cross, is a central

London railway terminus opened in 1852. The station is

located on the edge of Central London, at the junction of

the A501 Euston Road and York Way, in the Kings

Cross district and within the London Borough of

Camden on the border of the London Borough of

Islington.

• Plans for the station were first made in December 1848

by and under the direction of George Turnbull, who was

the resident engineer for construction of the first 20

miles of the Great Northern Railway north out of

London.

• The detailed design, by Lewis Cubit, and construction

was in 1851–1852 on the site of a former fever and

smallpox hospital. The main part of the station, which

today includes platforms 1 to 8, was opened on 14

October 1852. It replaced a temporary terminus at

Maiden Lane that had opened on 7 August 1850.


• The design is magnificent in its simplicity, being based on two great arched train sheds, with a brick structure at the south end designed to reflect the main arches behind.

•St.Pancras (Midland) and King’s Cross (Great Northern) were constructed just a few yards apart, as extraordinarily and specially as possible, to be seen as a prestige object for the company.


historia de la arquitectura

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