HISTOLOGY WRITTEN EXAM I

MULTIPLE CHOICE: CHOOSE THE SINGLE BEST ANSWER. EACH ANSWER IS WORTH 1 POINT EACH FOR THE WRITTEN EXAM

1. A tissue sample is stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). Therefore, in this tissue:A. Protein stain yellowB. Everything stains magentaC. Mitochondria will stain blueD. Ribosomes will stain blueE. Nucleic acids will stain pink

2. A 71-year-old man develops a cough and is found to have a bacterial lung infection.Which peripheral blood cell is most likely to be Increased?A. Macrophages/histiocytesB. EosinophilsC. PlateletsD. NeutrophilsE. Plasma cells

3. A multicellular gland has the following features: a branching duct system,"flask-shaped" secretory units, and a secretory product that is released inmembrane-bound granules. This gland is property characterized as:A. A compound, tubuloalveolar, apocrine gland.B. A compound, alveolar, merocrine gland.C. A simple, acinar, apocrine gland.D. A compound, tubular, holocrine gland.E. A simple, tubular, mucous gland.

4. Mitochondria are the "power houses" of the cell. Each of the following is true about thecell biology of a mitochondrion, EXCEPT:A. The enzymes and components of electron transport are associated with the

inner mitochondrial membrane.B. Some proteins within the mitochondrion are encoded by mitochondrial DNA.C. The globular structures of the ADP to ATP phosphorylating system are

embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane.D. Enzymes of the citric acid cycle and fatty acid R-oxidation reside within the

mitochondrial matrix.E. Cristae in mitochondria of cells that secrete steroids are often tubular.

5. The three basic components of all types of connective tissue are:A. Elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and mast cellsB. Collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and lymphC. Blood vessels, Type II collagen, and fibroblastsD. Lymphocytes, matrix protein, and ground substanceE. Cells, fibers, and ground substance

- 1 -

6. DNA replication occurs at which stage of mitosis?A. TelophaseB. AnaphaseC. InterphaseD. ProphaseE. Metaphase

7. A 1 0-year-old boy has severe allergies to plant pollens. Which type of peripheral bloodcell is most likely to be Increased?A. NeutrophilsB. Plasma cellsC. Macrophages/histiocytesD. EosinophilsE. Platelets

8. A 50-year-old woman with kidney disease is found to have anemia (low number of redblood cells). A decrease in which of the following factors is most likely involved in heranemia?A. Major basic proteinB. ErythropoietinC. ThrombopoietinD. MyeloperoxidaseE. Colony stimulating factor

9. Which structures are responsible for fingerprints?A. TonofilamentsB. Dermal papillaeC. Dermal ridgesD. Rete ridgesE. Anchoring filaments

10. The nucleus of a cell contains each of the following, EXCEPT:A. EuchromatinB. NucleolusC. Fibrous laminaD. Nucleus pulposaE. Heterochromatin

11. Which pair (structure + its function or location) is correct?A. Eponychium - comified edge of proximal nail foldB. Lunula - part of nail buried under the proximal nail foldC. Nail matrix - forms the stratum granulosum of the nail bedD. Hyponychium - seals off the potential space between the proximal nail fold andthe nailE. Nail root - joins to the undersurface of the free (distal) edge of the nail plate

- 2 -

12. A 4-year-old boy has bleeding from his gums when he brushes his teeth. Whichperipheral blood cell is most likely to be decreased?A. EosinophilsB. PlateletsC. Macrophages/histiocytesD. NeutrophilsE. Plasma cells

13. A section of striated-skeletal muscle is cut in cross section and examined with electronmicroscopy. A recurring pattern is seen consisting of one thick filament surrounded bysix thin filaments. In which portion of the sarcomere would you most likely be?A. The H-ZoneB. The A-bandC. The Z-bandD. The I-bandE. The M-line

14. In the lung, pulmonary surfactant:A. Increases the alveolar surface tension.B. Is derived from monocytes.C. Is produced by neuroendocrine cells.D. Coats the epithelium of the trachea.E. Is secreted by Type II pneumocytes.

15. In the first three months of intrauterine life, fetal hematopoiesis takes placepredominantly in which tissue?A. LungB. KidneyC. LiverD. Peripheral bloodE. Lymph nodes

16. The defining characteristic of endocrine glands is the presence of:A. Mucous acini surrounding an indistinct lumen lined by mesothelium.B. Both serous and mucous acini in the secretory portion of the gland.C. Ducts that convey the secretory product to a body surface.D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the small ducts.E. Extensive capillary network that conveys product to a target organ.

17. You would expect to find each of the following on the volar surface of the foot EXCEPT:A. Stratum lucidumB. Sebaceous glandsC. Stratum MalpighiiD. Lamina lucidaE. Eccrine glands

- 3 -

18. Which of the following statements about hyaluronic acid is correct?A. It is a proteoglycan with a shape resembling a bottle brush.B. It organizes elastin into elastic fibers.C. It is glycosaminoglycan.D. It stains with silver stains.E. It is one of the integrins.

19. Which of the following is a specialized electro-mechanical junction found in cardiacmuscle?A. TriadB. Motor end plateC. DesmosomeD. Intercalated diskE. Dense Feet

20. Due to progressively worsening cardiac output, a 66-year-old man undergoes a cardiacbiopsy. Which of the following best describes normal cardiac muscle?A. It has an extensive vascular network.B. Each fiber is directly innervated by an individual nerve.C. It lacks myofibrils.D. T-tubules are found at the junction of the A band and I band.E. Few mitochondria are present.

21. Which of the following is true regarding neurons?A. The nucleus is typically eccentrically placed.B. Nissl substance is present in the axons of motor neurons.C. Pseudounipolar neurons are found only in the embryo.D. They have multiple, short processes known as axons.E. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina and auditory system.

22. Which of the following is a characteristic of slow-oxidative-red skeletal muscle?A. Numerous mitochondriaB. Low blood supply contentC. Use of glucose as substrateD. Extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum networkE. Anaerobic metabolism

23. Microscopic resolution is:A. Proportional to the numerical aperture of the lens.B. Dependent on the density of the sampleC. Inversely dependent on the wavelength of illuminating light.D. Dependent on the phase of the moonE. Proportional to the wavelength of illuminating light

- 4 -

24. Each of the following is associated with smooth muscle EXCEPT:A. Intermediate filamentsB. ActinC. Troponin regulationD. MyosinE. Dense bodies

25. You have learned that there is a difference in both the cells and the process ofmyelination in the central nervous system versus the peripheral nervous system. In theperipheral nervous system:A. A thin perineurium surrounds multiple fasicles of nerve fibers.B. Ganglia contain neuron cell bodies, capillaries, and satellite cells.C. Axons are all myelinated.D. Nodes of Ranvier are areas of myelination between segments of

non-myelination.E. A single oligodendrocyte can myelinate only one axon.

26. When comparing veins with arteries:A. Both large veins and large arteries have an internal elastic lamina.B. The tunica media of a vein is larger than the tunica media of an artery.C. The tunica adventitia of a vein is smaller than the tunica adventitia of an artery.D. Both large veins and large arteries possess a vasa vasorum.E. Large veins contain more elastic fibers than large arteries.

27. You have been requested to review the peripheral blood smear of a patient. You finallyfind your way to the laboratory and a technologist hands you the slide. You beginlooking at it under the microscope when Dr. Hartwell walks up to see what you aredoing. You are holding your breath, secretly hoping she will not ask you any questions,but your hopes are soon dashed when she says, ` So.... what can you tell me about thered blood cell in the peripheral blood?' You tell her that these cells:A. Have a life span in the peripheral blood of approximately 20 days.B. Are removed, when aged, by cells in the lymph nodes.C. Have a biconcave shape that maximizes the surface area to volume ratio.D. Typically contain a nucleus, golgi, and rough endoplasmic reticulum.E. Contain the iron-carrying pigment myoglobin.

28. Which of the following belongs exclusively to the conducting portion of the respiratorysystem?A. Alveolar poreB. Alveolar sacC. Alveolar ductD. Respiratory bronchioleE. Terminal bronchiole

- 5 -

29.The outermost fibrous, connective tissue covering of a skeletal muscle fascicle is the:A. IntramysiumB. PerimysiumC. EpimysiumD. EndomysiumE. Sarcolemma

30. Which of the following is a characteristic of osteoclasts?A. They are derived from osteoprogenitor cells.B. They contain a single, large nucleus.C. They can be found in a Howship's lacuna.D. They are activated by calcitonin.E. They produce collagen.

31. Goblet cells:A. Are single glands found in mucous-producing epithelium.B. Have minute ducts lined by cuboidal epithelium.C. Associate with serous cells to form sero-mucous demilunes.D. Release their secretions into the vascular system.E. Divide rapidly, forming stratified columnar epithelium.

32. Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the cell membrane?A. Fatty acid sidechains are exposed on both faces of the bilayer.B. Cholesterol increases the rigidity of the membrane.C. Hydrophobic fatty acid chains are directed to the center of the membrane.D. The membrane is composed solely of protein constituents.E. The polar headgroups all point towards the middle of the bilayer.

33. While looking at a section of normal brain, you see large triangular shaped cells with aprominent nucleus. You suspect these are neurons and begin looking for Nisslsubstance. Nissl substance is composed of:A. Neurofilaments and microtubulesB. Melanin and lipfuscin granulesC. Polyribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulumD. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondriaE. Synaptic vesicles and acetylcholine

34. A 70-year-old man complains of fatigue and is found to have a decreased number ofred blood cells in his peripheral blood. Further evaluation indicates a lack of iron as acause of his anemia, and a bone marrow biopsy is performed. Which of the followingcell types is the primary site of iron storage in the bone marrow?A. PlateletsB. NeutrophilsC. Macrophages/histiocytesD. EosinophilsE. Plasma cells

- 6 -

35. The total magnification achievable with a light microscopy is:A. The age of the microscope.B. The sum of the magnifying power of the objective and ocular lenses.C. The length of the light path.D. The product of the magnifying power of the objective and ocular lenses.E. The magnification of the objective lens divided by the magnification of the ocularlens.

36. Microglial cells:A. Are the primary site of HIV infection in the CNS.B. Are derived from undifferentiated neurons.C. Are responsible for myelination in the CNS.D. Form corpora amylacea following brain injury.E. Are frequent, though difficult to see, in the normal brain.

37. During your lunch break, you visit the Surgical Pathology Suite at the hospital. Thepathologist shows you a portion of the hip joint (the head of the femur) that has beenremoved during hip replacement surgery. Since this piece of bone contains an articularsurface you know that you could expect to see hyaline cartilage when a tissue sectionis viewed microscopically. The pathologist asks you to name one feature of hyalinecartilage. Wishing you had never stopped by in the first place, you tell her that hyalinecartilage:A. Is an important component of the fetal skeleton.B. Can only enlarge by appositional growth.C. Is never associated with a perichondrium.D. Has numerous elastic fibers in addition to collagen.E. Contains Type I collagen in the matrix.

38. Dr. Plexus, the famous neuropathologist, is particularly fond of sushi and somewhat ofa regular at Sam's Sushi Shack. Unfortunately, his dining experience has now beeninterrupted by what is delicately termed "loose stools" and abdominal cramping. Whenthis did not respond to over-the-counter medications, Dr. Plexus visited his localgastroenterologist who insisted on performing a biopsy of his gastrointestinal tract. Youhave been invited to look at the biopsy tissue with the pathologist. Under themicroscope you notice that the columnar epithelium is relatively intact, however thereare literally hundreds of eosinophils in the lamina propria. Although you keep it toyourself, you know that the presence of these cells means Dr. Plexus most likely:A. Has an infestation of parasitic worms.B. Is making a lot of new Type I collagen fibers.C. Has increased numbers of alveolar macrophages.D. Is producing multilocular fat as a protective mechanism.E. Has a severe bacterial infection of his GI tract.

- 7 -

39. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER):A. Is the site of steroid and phospholipid synthesis.B. Is not continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum.C. Contains primary lysosomes.D. Has a concave trans face and a convex cis face.E. Has ribosomes lining its cytoplasmic surface.

40. Epithelium that is classified as pseudostratified is composed of:A. Multiple layers of cells with a superficial columnar layer with cilia.B. Multiple layers of cells with dome-shaped apical surfaces.C. A single layer of cells transitioning to multiple layers.D. A single layer of cells beneath several layers of keratin.E. A single layer of cells all in contact with the basement membrane.

41. Which of the following cell types is NOT found in respiratory epithelium?A. Ciliated cellsB. Sensory cellsC. Goblet cellsD. Basal cellsE. Satellite cells

42. A microscopic evaluation of a biopsy taken from the femur of a 3-year-old girl showsinterstitial lamellae as well as other normal constituents of bone. Interstitial lamellaeare a consequence of which of the following events?A. Pulling apart of Haversian systems by Sharpey 's fibers.B. Normal remodeling of bone by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.C. Stimulation of osteoclasts by calcitonin.D. Lack of sufficient osteoprogenitor cells.E. Failure of Haversian systems to form property.

43. While playing tennis, a 49-year-old man breaks the ulna in his forearm. Bone is aspecialized form of connective tissue with which of the following characteristics?A. Osteoclasts resorb bone.B. It contains actively dividing osteocytes.C. The presence of Vokmann's canals running parallel to the long axis of bone.D. Osteoblasts are located in the canaliculi.E. The femoral bone is formed by intramembranous ossification

44. Electrical coupling between cardiac myocytes occurs via:A. Tight junctionsB. Gap junctionsC. Intermediate junctionsD. DesmosomesE. Hemidesmosomes

- 8 -

45. Microscopic analysis of a peripheral blood smear shows red cells that are perfectlyround rather than having the normal biconcave structure. A defect in which of thefollowing proteins could be responsible for this structural change in the red cellmembrane?A. CalmodulinB. MyosinC. ActininD. SpectrinE. Porphyrin

46. Each of the following is a component of bone matrix EXCEPT:A. Type I collagenB. Osteoprogenitor cellsC. GlycoproteinsD. CalciumE. Glycosaminoglycans

47. The basal lamina of epithelia cells is anchored to the underlying connective tissue bywhich type of collagen?A. IXB. IC. VIID. VE. II

48. A patient with extensive bums resulting in significant loss of the stratum comeum,stratum granulosum, and stratum spinosum will have acute problems with:A. Sensation of pressureB. Destruction of hair bulbsC. Cutaneous water lossD. Sebum productionE. Melanin production

49. Mucous connective tissue:A. Is a form of cellular loose connective tissue.B. Is also referred to as Kupffer's jelly.C. Has a watery consistency with numerous mast cells.D. Originates from endoderm.E. Cushions the vessels of the umbilical cord.

50. The basic structure of all types of cartilage includes each of the following EXCEPT:A. GlycosaminoglycansB. ChondrocytesC. LacunaeD. OsteoidE. Collagen

- 9 -

51. The epicardium of the heart:A. Lines the mitral and tricuspid valves.B. Is continuous with the endocardium.C. Is composed of modified cardiac muscle cells.D. Is adherent to the visceral pericardium.E. Contains Purkinje cells.

52. Each of the following is a type of capillary EXCEPT:A. FenestratedB. Fenestrated with diaphragmsC. Continuous with diaphragmsD. SinusoidsE. Continuous

53. Your Great Uncle Billy Bob has a persistent hacking cough. He has smoked 3 packs ofcigarettes a day for the last 40 years. Which of the following is the most likely cause forhis hacking?A. A deviated nasal septum.B. Accumulation of carbon in macrophages.C. Loss of functional circulation to the lungs.D. Loss of cilia from the respiratory epithelium.E. The foul Houston air.

54. You have come to realize that Histology is quite interesting and have even consideredhaving a small microscope embroidered on your scrubs. You find the interactionsbetween biochemistry and the structure and function of cells to be fascinating. Forinstance, when questioned about the necessity of chondroitin sulfate, you immediatelyrespond that it is an important component of:A. Multipolar neuronsB. Elastic fibersC. ChondrocytesD. Reticular fibersE. Ground substance

55. A 20-year-old woman has a low-grade fever and a sore throat. Laboratory studies showantibodies to Epstein-Barr virus. Which type of cell is responsible for the production ofthese antibodies?A. Macrophages/histiocytesB. NeutrophilsC. PlateletsD. Plasma cellsE. Eosinophils

- 10 -

56. In the lung, each of the following is true regarding the pores of Kohn, EXCEPT:A. Cannot be visualized with light microscopy.B. Allow collateral circulation of air.C. Are found in the terminal bronchioles.D. Can equalize pressure between alveoli.E. Allow passage of alveolar macrophages.

57. A lipoma is a benign tumor composed of unilocular adipose tissue. Which of thefollowing is true of this type of adipose tissue?A. It functions as a thermogenic reservoir.B. It is highly vascular.C. Each cell contains multiple fat droplets.D. It is absent in the newborn humanE. It is derived from hematopoietic stem cells.

58. Each of the following is true regarding microtubules EXCEPT:A. Microtubules are necessary for formation of the mitotic spindle.B. Microtubules in cilia exhibit a "9 + 2" arrangement.C. Microtubules are composed of heterodimers of tubulin.D. Centrioles consist of 9 triplets of microtubules linked together.E. Microtubules form the core of microvilli.

59. Which of the following is true regarding osteogenesis?A. Bone can enlarge by appositional and interstitial growth.B. Intramembranous ossification involves formation of primary and secondary

ossification centers.C. The primary ossification center involves the epiphyseal area of the precursor

tissue.D. Endochondral bone growth occurs throughout the life of an adult.E. Endochondral bone growth involves the epiphyseal plate.

60. A 52-year-old man is seen by a neurologist for progressive muscle weakness and lossof sensation is his extremities. Suspecting a demyelination process may be occurring,the neurologist performs a peripheral nerve biopsy. Which of the following cells isresponsible for myelination of peripheral nerves?A. Basket cellsB. Schwann cellsC. Microglial cellsD. OligodendrocytesE. Astrocytes

- 11 -

HISTOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAM I

MULTIPLE CHOICE: CHOOSE THE SINGLE BEST ANSWER. EACH ANSWER IS WORTH 2 POINTS EACH FOR THE PRACTICAL EXAM

1. These structures:A. Move in an energy-dependent manner.B. Are attached to a basal body.C. Contain a central core of microfilaments.D. Are widely distributed on epithelial surfaces.E. Are associated with a glycocalyx.

2. In this tissue:A. The matrix contains Type II collagenB. Osteoblasts occupy the lacunae in living boneC. Osteoclasts occupy the canaliculi in living boneD. Haversian canals connect adjacent Haversian systemsE. Each Haversian system has a central vascular canal

3. This tissue contains each of the following EXCEPT:A. Sarcoplasmic reticulumB. ActinC. MyosinD. T-tubulesE. Nucleus

4. This structure is a:A. Peripheral nerveB. Paccinian corpuscleC. Smooth muscle bundleD. Lymphatic vesselE. Sweat gland

5. The cell shown in this slide of bone marrow is involved in which of the following?A. Parasite destructionB. Iron storageC. Oxygen deliveryD. Platelet formationE. Antibody formation

6. What feature identifies this tissue as thin skin?A. There are hair folliclesB. The dermis is thinC. The stratum comeum is presentD. Blood vessels extend into the epidermisE. There are not many melanocytes

- 12 -

7. This structure contains each of the following EXCEPT:A. Lamina reticularisB. Lamina densaC. Type IV collagenD. LamininsE. Tubulin

8. This tissue is composed of:A. Type I collagen onlyB. Type II & III collagenC. Type I & II collagenD. Type III, IV, and VII collagenE. Type IV collagen only

9. The following structure is a/an:A. ArterioleB. Bronchus.C. BronchioleD. AlveolusE. Alveolar Duct.

10. This tissue:A. Is classified as a multicellular non-ducted gland.B. Contains mucous and serous acini.C. Secretes enzymes into the bloodstream.D. Is derived from neuroendocrine cells.E. Is a maturation site for lymphocytes.

11. What cell type contains the majority of the brown pigment in this tissue?A. Langerhans' cellB. KeratinocyteC. PremelansomeD. Histiocyte/macrophageE. Melanocyte

12. The type of capillary that is MOST likely found in this tissue is:A. ContinuousB. Fenestrated with diaphragmsC. SinusoidD. Fenestrated without diaphragmsE. Surrounded by elastic fibers

13. Which of the following is not associated with the structure indicated?A. Vocal ligamentsB. Vocalis muscleC. Stratified squamous epitheliumD. Dense irregular connective tissueE. Respiratory epithelium

- 13 -

14. Identify these cells in the central nervous system.A. Ependymal cellsB. Glial cellsC. Satellite cellsD. Ranvier cellsE. Merkel cells

15. The fluid found in this structure is:A. Oxygenated bloodB. LymphC. Interstitial fluidD. WaterE. Deoxygenated blood

16. Identify this tissue and the type of connective tissue of which it is composed.A. Epimysium: dense regular connective tissue.B. Fibrocartilage: dense regular connective tissue.C. Periosteum: dense irregular connective tissue.D. Lamina propria: dense irregular connective tissue.E. Perichondrium: dense irregular connective tissue.

17. This tissue:A. Has a holocrine mode of secretion.B. Releases its product via ducts.C. Is found predominantly in thick skin.D. Is responsible for conduction of electrical impulses.E. Functions in thermogenesis.

18. This cell in the peripheral blood.A. Is an immature red blood cell.B. Contains major basic protein.C. May become a plasma cell.D. Can become a tissue macrophage.E. Is the most numerous leukocyte.

19. What is the function of the epithelium indicated by the arrow?A. Secretion of enzymes.B. Absorption of nutrients from the lumen.C. Protection of undertying tissue.D. Movement of mucous and cellular debris.E. Accommodate increases in luminal area.

20. Actin is anchored at this line in the muscle fiber by which of the following?A. TroponinB. TropomyosinC. ActininD. FillagrinE. Type VII Collagen

- 14 -

HISTOLOGY WRITTEN EXAM 1 VERSION 4 ANSWER KEYS

1. D 36. A2. D 37. A3. B 38. A4. C 39. A5. E 40. E6. C 41. E7. D 42. B8. B 43. A9. C 44. B10. D 45. D11. A 46. B12. B 47. C13. B 48. C14. E 49. E15. C 50. D16. E 51. D17. B 52. C18. C 53. D19. D 54. E20. A 55. D21. E 56. C22. A 57. B23. E 58. E24. C 59. E25. B 60. B26. D27. C28. E29. B30. C31. A32. C33. C34. C35. DHISTOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAM

1 C11 B

2 E12 B

3 D13 E

4 A14 A

5 D15 E

6 A16 E

7 E 1 E

- 15 -

7

8 C18 D

9 C19 E

10 .B 20 C

- 16 -