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Course Outline Issued and Correct as at: Week 1, Semester 2 - 2007

CTS Download Date: 6 July 2007

Faculty of Education and ArtsSchool of Humanities and Social Science

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/hss/

Newcastle CampusUniversity Drive,

Callaghan 2308NSW Australia

Office hours: 9am – 5pmRoom: MC127

Phone: 02 4921 5172/5175/5155Fax: 02 4921 6933

Email: [email protected]: http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/hss/

HIST3640 - Fascism, War and Genocide, 1900-1945Course Outline

Course Co-ordinator: Dr Roger MarkwickRoom: MCLG34aPh: 4921 7122Fax: 4921 6933Email: [email protected] hours: Wednesdays and Thursdays 9-10am

Semester Semester 2 - 2007Unit Weighting 20Teaching Methods Lecture

Tutorial

Brief Course DescriptionDeals with the most violent age in European history, 1900-1945. Why did the periodfollowing the First World War see the rise of Mussolini and Hitler? Why were Europeansocieties polarised by extremist ideologies of the left and the right? What links were therebetween fascist repression and militarist expansionism? How do we explain the genocidalimpulses of fascism? This subject takes an in-depth look at Nazi Germany and FascistItaly. It looks at the economic, social and political forces that gave rise to fascism, itsmethods of rule, and its drive to total warfare, particularly on the Soviet front. In thiscontext, it also looks at the debates concerning the Jewish Holocaust and differinginterpretations of fascism and its representation.

Contact HoursLecture for 2 Hours per Week for the Full TermTutorial for 2 Hours per Week for 12 Weeks



http://www.pdfpdf.com

School of Humanities and Social Science

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Learning Materials/TextsHIST3640: Workbook. Available for purchase through Printery, Shortland Union

Course ObjectivesUpon completion of this subject students will be expected to: Display an understanding ofthe key themes in the history of Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany; to havedeveloped critical and analytical skills appropriate to upper-level university students,including the ability to use sources critically; to have developed the ability to interpret andutilise a variety of historical sources; to have developed research and reflective skillsrelevant to the study of the humanities and to recognise and understand differentapproaches to history (social, economic, cultural, diplomatic, political, psychoanalytic).

Course ContentSome of the themes examined may include: the nature of fascism as an ideology; theorigins of Fascism in Italy and National Socialism in Germany; the impact of Fascism/Nazism on society;foreign policy and race; the cult of the leader;and the Second World War and its aftermath.

Assessment ItemsEssays /WrittenAssignments

One to three written assignments, which might include minor ormajor essays, tutorial papers, book reviews, essay proposals,bibliographies or other similar exercises as specified in thecourse guide, totaling 5,000 - 7,000 words, 50 - 70%.

Examination:Formal

Formal exam or class test, as specified in the course guide, 20- 40%.

Group/tutorialparticipationandcontribution

Class participation demonstrating preparation and involvement,worth 10%

Other: (pleasespecify)

Specific instructions about the weighting, timing and word limitsof all assessment tasks will be found in the course guideavailable in the first two weeks of semester.

Assumed Knowledge20 units of History or at 1000 level or equivalent

Callaghan Campus TimetableHIST3640FAS, WAR & GENOCIDE, 1900-1945Enquiries: School of Humanities and Social ScienceSemester 2 - 2007Lecture Wednesday 11:00 - 13:00 [V02]and Tutorial Wednesday 13:00 - 15:00 [V108]or Wednesday 15:00 - 17:00 [V105]or Thursday 10:00 - 12:00 [V108]or Thursday 14:00 - 16:00 [MC102]



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Plagiarism

University policy prohibits students plagiarising any material under any circumstances. Astudent plagiarises if he or she presents the thoughts or works of another as one's own.Without limiting the generality of this definition, it may include:

· copying or paraphrasing material from any source without due acknowledgment;

· using another's ideas without due acknowledgment;

· working with others without permission and presenting the resulting work as thoughit was completed independently.

Plagiarism is not only related to written works, but also to material such as data, images,music, formulae, websites and computer programs.

Aiding another student to plagiarise is also a violation of the Plagiarism Policy and mayinvoke a penalty.

For further information on the University policy on plagiarism, please refer to the Policy onStudent Academic Integrity at the following link -

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/policylibrary/000608.html

The University has established a software plagiarism detection system called Turnitin.When you submit assessment items please be aware that for the purpose of assessingany assessment item the University may -

· Reproduce this assessment item and provide a copy to another member of theUniversity; and/or

· Communicate a copy of this assessment item to a plagiarism checking service(which may then retain a copy of the item on its database for the purpose of futureplagiarism checking).

· Submit the assessment item to other forms of plagiarism checking

Written Assessment Items

Students may be required to provide written assessment items in electronic form as wellas hard copy.

Extension of Time for Assessment Items, Deferred Assessment and SpecialConsideration for Assessment Items or Formal Written Examinations

Students are required to submit assessment items by the due date, as advised in theCourse Outline, unless the Course Coordinator approves an extension of time forsubmission of the item. University policy is that an assessment item submitted after thedue date, without an approved extension, will be penalised.

Any student:

1. who is applying for an extension of time for submission of an assessment item on thebasis of medical, compassionate, hardship/trauma or unavoidable commitment; or

2. whose attendance at or performance in an assessment item or formal writtenexamination has been or will be affected by medical, compassionate, hardship/trauma or




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unavoidable commitment;

must report the circumstances, with supporting documentation, to the appropriate officerfollowing the instructions provided in the Special Circumstances Affecting AssessmentProcedure - Policy 000641.

Note: different procedures apply for minor and major assessment tasks.

Please go to the Policy at http://www.newcastle.edu.au/policylibrary/000641.html forfurther information, particularly for information on the options available to you.

Students should be aware of the following important deadlines:

· Requests for Special Consideration must be lodged no later than 3 working daysafter the due date of submission or examination.

· Requests for Extensions of Time on Assessment Items must be lodged no laterthan the due date of the item.

· Requests for Rescheduling Exams must be received in the Student Hub no laterthan ten working days prior the first date of the examination period

Your application may not be accepted if it is received after the deadline. Students who areunable to meet the above deadlines due to extenuating circumstances should speak totheir Program Officer in the first instance.

Changing your Enrolment

The last dates to withdraw without financial or academic penalty (called the HECS CensusDates) are:

For semester 2 courses: 31 August 2007

Students may withdraw from a course without academic penalty on or before the last dayof semester. Any withdrawal from a course after the last day of semester will result in afail grade.

Students cannot enrol in a new course after the second week of semester/trimester,except under exceptional circumstances. Any application to add a course after the secondweek of semester/trimester must be on the appropriate form, and should be discussedwith staff in the Student Hubs.

To change your enrolment online, please refer to

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/study/enrolment/changingenrolment.html

Faculty Information

The Student Hubs are a one-stop shop for the delivery of student related services and arethe first point of contact for students on campus.

Student Hubs are located at:

Callaghan campus

• Shortland Hub: Level 3, Shortland Union Building

• Hunter Hub: Student Services Centre, Hunter side of campus


http://www.newcastle.edu.au/study/enrolment/changingenrolment.html



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City Precinct

• City Hub & Information Common: University House, ground floor in combination with anInformation Common for the City Precinct

Faculty websites

Faculty of Education and Arts

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/faculty/education-arts/

Contact details

Callaghan, City and Port Macquarie

Phone: 02 4921 5000

Email: [email protected]

The Dean of StudentsResolution PrecinctPhone: 02 4921 5806Fax: 02 4921 7151Email: [email protected]

Various services are offered by the University Student Support Unit:http://www.newcastle.edu.au/study/studentsupport/index.html

Alteration of this Course Outline

No change to this course outline will be permitted after the end of the second week of theterm except in exceptional circumstances and with Head of School approval. Students willbe notified in advance of any approved changes to this outline.

Web Address for Rules Governing Undergraduate Academic Awardshttp://www.newcastle.edu.au/policylibrary/000311.html

STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY OR CHRONIC ILLNESS

The University is committed to providing a range of support services for students with adisability or chronic illness.

If you have a disability or chronic illness which you feel may impact on your studies,please feel free to discuss your support needs with your lecturer or course coordinator.

Disability Support may also be provided by the Student Support Service (Disability).Students must be registered to receive this type of support. To register please contact theDisability Liaison Officer on 02 4921 5766, or via email at: [email protected]

As some forms of support can take a few weeks to implement it is extremely important thatyou discuss your needs with your lecturer, course coordinator or Student Support Servicestaff at the beginning of each semester.

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/faculty/education-arts/

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/study/studentsupport/index.html




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For more information related to confidentiality and documentation please visit the StudentSupport Service (Disability) website at: www.newcastle.edu.au/services/disability

----------------------------------------------------------- End of CTS Entry -----------------------------------

Online Tutorial Registration:

Students are required to enrol in the Lecture and a specific Tutorial time for this course viathe Online Registration system. Refer -http://studinfo1.newcastle.edu.au/rego/stud_choose_login.cfm

NB: Registrations close at the end of week 2 of semester.

Studentmail and Blackboard: Refer - www.blackboard.newcastle.edu.au/

This course uses Blackboard and studentmail to contact students, so you are advised tokeep your email accounts within the quota to ensure you receive essential messages. Toreceive an expedited response to queries, post questions on the Blackboard discussionforum if there is one, or if emailing staff directly use the course code in the subject line ofyour email. Students are advised to check their studentmail and the course Blackboardsite on a weekly basis.

Further Information

Details about the following topics are available on your course Blackboard site (whererelevant). Refer - www.blackboard.newcastle.edu.au/

• Written Assignment Presentation and Submission Details• Online copy submission to Turnitin• Penalties for Late Assignments• Special Circumstances• No Assignment Re-submission• Re-marks & Moderations• Return of Assignments• Preferred Referencing Style• Student Representatives• Student Communication• Essential Online Information for Students

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/services/disability

http://studinfo1.newcastle.edu.au/rego/stud_choose_login.cfm

http://www.blackboard.newcastle.edu.au/

http://www.blackboard.newcastle.edu.au/



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HIST 3640Fascism, War & Genocide

Semester II, 200720 Units

Yes! Fuehrer we are following you!

Course coordinator: Dr. Roger Markwick



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IntroductionThis course deals with the most violent period in European history, indeed in modern history, theyears 1914-1945. That period saw wars of unprecedented scale and ferocity, genocide, social andeconomic break down, revolutions and coups. In the 1930s Western, Central and Eastern Europesuccumbed to dictatorships in various guises: from Stalin in the Soviet Union to Hitler in Germany.But they were not alone. Mussolini’s Fascists had taken already power in Rome. Semi-fascistdictators took power in Poland, the Baltics, Hungary and Austria. On the Iberian Peninsula AntonioSalazar consolidated his rule in Portugal and in 1936 General Franco conducted a coup d’etatagainst the Spanish Republic, triggering three bloody years of civil war.

This course focuses on Italian Fascism and German Nazism. Among the pivotal questions weexamine are:

• Why did the period following the First World War see the rise of Mussolini and Hitler?• Why were European societies polarised between right-wing and left-wing political forces?• What sort of people joined or supported the fascist movements?• What links were there between fascist repression and military expansion?• How do we explain the racist and genocidal impulses of fascism?

In looking at these and other questions, we will consider the economic, social and political forcesthat gave rise to fascism, its methods of rule, and its drive to total warfare, particularly Hitler’sArmageddon on the Soviet front. In this context, we will look at the debates concerning thegenocidal annihilation of European Jewry, a question that has come to the fore in recent decades.We will also look at differing interpretations of fascism and its representation by historiansthemselves.

This course assumes that history is an ‘argument without end’ about the past. Historians argue notonly about historical ‘facts’ but also which are the more important in the making of history.Fascism and Nazism have generated more than their fair share of debates about, for instance, whatFascism really was, and whether it can be equated with Nazism or with Stalin’s ‘totalitarianism’?The lecturers and seminars will tackle these and other issues using a variety of primary andsecondary sources, including some film. The seminars in particular require students to analyseprimary sources as the basis for informed discussion. As historians, this course entails reflecting onthe nature of the past and the process of writing about. An appreciation of different approaches tothe study of fascism is therefore an integral objective of this course. At the end of it, students shouldknow the important developments under fascism, have some theoretical conception of fascism andshow familiarity with the key debates about fascism. Students should also, of course, havedeveloped and enhanced their skills in research, in analysis of sources, and in writing and oralpresentation.Recommended preliminary readingThere is no textbook. A set of required readings, mainly documentary sources, will be available forpurchase at the beginning of Semester I. As close as we get to a textbook is Ian Kershaw, The NaziDictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation. 4th edition. London: Arnold, 2000. Thisprovides a comprehensive treatment of key issues and competing interpretations of Fascism andNazism. Kershaw is available in the campus bookshop. Recent, major contributions to the literatureyou might consider purchasing are:

• R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini The Biography (London: Arnold, 2002)• Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: a new history (London: Pan, 2001).

Useful introductions in Auchmuty library are:

• Alexander De Grand, Italian Fascism. Its Origins & Development. 2nd edn. Lincoln & London:University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

• Dick Geary, Hitler and Nazism. London: Routledge, 1993.



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• Stanley G. Payne, A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,1995.

For the ‘politics’ of writing about Nazism have a look at R. J. B. Bosworth. Explaining Auschwitzand Hiroshima: history writing and the Second World 1945-1990. London; New York: Routledge,1993. For the debate generated by Daniel Goldhagen’s provocative view of German responsibilityfor the Holocaust see Robert R. Shandley (ed.). Unwilling Germans? the Goldhagen debate. Trans.Jeremiah Reimer. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998. For those who want a generaltreatment of fascism and its European and international context, a good start is Eric Hobsbawm’sbest seller, The Age of Extremes. London: Abacus, 1995 – available in the bookshop.A guide to German History Resources on the internet is available at:

http://www.ulst.ac.uk/library/craine/hum/german2.htmorhttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/

http://www.ulst.ac.uk/library/craine/hum/german2.htm


http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/


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HIST 3640 Fascism, War & GenocideLecture and Seminar Programme 2007Week &Lecture Dates

Lectures Seminars

Week 1July 18

i: War, Bolshevism andfascism

ii Video: Blackshirts

No seminars this week

Week 2July 25

i. Social roots ofFascism

ii. Mussolini’s march topower

Introductory seminars

Week 3August 1

i. Fascism & the stateii. Fascism & capitalism

i. Preconditions of Fascism

Week 4August 8

i. Fascism, society &culture

ii. Fascism, colonialism& war

ii. Fascism and its supporters

Week 5August 15

i. Weimar Germanyii. The rise of Nazismiii. [Art and politics in the

Weimar Republic]

iii. Corporatism,totalitarianism and revolution

Week 6August 22Essay plan due 5pm Monday20 August

i. Nazism comes topower

ii. Video: Hitler: theseducer

iv. Collapse of the WeimarRepublic

Week 7August 29

i. Nazism and the stateii. Nazism and capitalism

v. Nazism as a massmovement

Week 8September 5Essay plans returned

i. Hitler as der Fuhrerii. Film: Triumph of the

Will

vi. Primacy of politics oreconomics?

Week 9September 12

i. Propaganda &coercion

ii. The social impact

vii: Hitler: master of the thirdReich?

Week 10September 19

i. Foreign policyii. The drive to war

viii. Social revolution orreaction?

Week 11September 26Research Essay due 5pmFriday 28 September

i. The Jewish‘Holocaust’

ii. Film: War of theCentury

ix. Hitler’s Armageddon

Mid-Semester recess 1 –12 OctoberWeek 12October 17

i. Resistance andcompliance

ii. Nazism on trial

x. Anti-Semitism andgenocide

Week 13October 24

i. Fascism, Nazism &‘totalitarianism’

ii. Fascism: an overview

xi. Nuremberg Trial role playCourt Room UNH2.21

Week 14 October 31Trial role play writtenversion due 5pm Friday 2November

Class Test Wednesday 31October



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HIST 3640 Fascism, War & GenocideCOURSE DETAILS

Lecturer Dr Roger MarkwickRoom MCLG34aConsultation available for consultation in room MCLG34a

Wednesdays 9-10 am.Thursdays 9-10 am.Other times by appointment:e-mail: [email protected]

Ph. 4921 7122

Tutor Dr James BennettRoom MCLG31Consultation available for consultation in room MCLG34a

Wednesdays 9-10 am.Thursdays 9-10 am.Other times by appointment: Ph. 4921 5218e-mail: [email protected]

Lectures and TutorialsLecture Wednesday 11:00 - 13:00 [V02]Tutorial Wednesday 13:00 - 15:00 [V108]or Wednesday 15:00 - 17:00 [V105]or Thursday 10:00 - 12:00 [V108]or Thursday 14:00 - 16:00 [MC102]

AssessmentTask Value Due DateSeminar paper –1,500words

10% 1 week followingpresentation

Essay plan – 500 words 5% 5pm Mon 20 AugustResearch Essay – 3,500words

35% 5pm Friday 28 September

Nuremberg Trial role play– 1,500 words

20% 5pm Friday 2 Novemberincludes 5% for role play

Seminar participation 10% Includes formalcommentary

Class Test 20% Wednesday 31 October

Participation and assessmentThe more you put into this course the more you will get out of it. You should attend the lectures(which will occasionally involve film) because they provide the framework for the course and theissues addressed in it, which will be examined in the final class test. Seminars and yourparticipation in them are the backbone of this course.A record of seminar attendance will be kept. Students who miss more than THREEseminars without satisfactory explanation risk exclusion from the course.

Please note that 20% of your assessment is derived from the seminars (10% from written papers +10% participation).Seminar format:Document discussion, drawn from the reading kit, based on subgroups will kick off the seminars.This will be followed by a formal student presentation.



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You are required to present your response to the principal question for one seminar of your choice.Ideally, this should be about 15-20 minutes duration, and based on brief notes that you speak to.Please do not read from a prepared paper. It is guaranteed to kill discussion. You should beprepared to discuss the documents and the items designated ‘Essential Reading’ (included in theReading kit) and the perspectives of other historians listed under ‘Recommended Reading’. You arenot expected to have all the answers, rather to raise the issues the seminar should be discussing.One or more students will then be required to lead off discussion by providing a formalcommentary on the presenter’s paper.On the basis of the discussion and commentary, you are required to submit a written, 1,500-wordpaper at the following seminar.Your participation includes the requirement that you act as a commentator on at least one seminarpresentation. This should be about five minutes long but does not need to be written up. Studentswill select their topics for presentation and commentary at the first seminar.Nuremberg Trial role-play. The seminars in Week 13 will involve a mock Nuremberg trial. Everystudent is expected to participate. The seminar will divide in two and everybody will take on a roleallocated to them in a previous seminar. Depending on student numbers, there will be a prosecutor,a defence counsel, defendants and witnesses for the prosecution. See the list on page 28. Studentswill be required to write up their role-play and submit it by 5pm Friday 2 November. Furtherdetails will be provided in class

Seminar participation marks will be allocated as follows:10-9 Always appears to have read widely; always makes stimulating contributions to discussion8 Usually appears to have read widely; usually makes stimulating contributions to discussion7 Usually appears to have read; usually makes worthwhile contributions to discussion6 Sometimes appears to have read; sometimes makes worthwhile contributions to discussion5 Sometimes appears to have read; sometimes contributes to discussion4-0 Little or no reading; few or no contributions to discussion

It is not enough to attend seminars. No marks will be given for simply sitting in class.

Essay plan – 500 words. Due 5pm Mon 20 AugustEssay writing is an acquired art. It takes planning and skill. This exercise is preparation for yourmajor essay. Once you have chosen your essay topic you should write a 500-word (approximately1.5 page) outline as follows:• An introductory paragraph in which you analyse the question, indicate how you will the

question and foreshadow your conclusion.• 4-5 main points that will be included in the essay• A short concluding paragraph.• Bibliography (no less than 10 items) divided into Primary & Secondary sources.

You don’t have to have all the answers at this stage. The task is to outline a possible answer to theessay question you have chosen. Your plan will be assessed & returned to you to help you writeyour essay. For advice on essay writing see How To Write A History Essay accessible throughBlackboard.Research EssaysResearch Essays are due by 5pm Friday 28 September.No essay will be accepted after 5 pm Monday 15 October unless there has been awritten, documented request for an extension in advance.

No extensions will be given without a medical certificate or other formal documentation. Requestsfor extensions should be submitted in writing.Late essays will be penalised within the norms set out in the Faculty of Education & Arts StudentPolicy Library (http://www.newcastle.edu.au/faculty/educ-arts/studentguide/policies.html), ie. 5%

http://www.newcastle.edu.au/faculty/educ-arts/studentguide/policies.html



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of the value of the assignment per day or part thereof. Do not hand essays to me or put themunder my office door. They should be submitted through the Hub, with the appropriate cover sheet.No plastic covers please. Word-processed essays are preferred, but legible handwriting isacceptable. Illegible essays will be returned for rewriting. Students must take care to observe theSchool’s requirements for ‘Chicago system’ referencing.

You may choose to write an essay based on a seminar question but the essay topic you choosemust be quite distinct from your seminar paper. Students may choose to develop their ownquestion, but only with my agreement. You will need to provide a bibliography to show that thesources are available. Despite the human tendency to put things off, you should get started on youressay as soon as possible. That way you will not only avoid the last-minute rush for books but alsogive yourself time to think about your work. You are welcome to discuss your essay. This is aresearch essay. You are expected to develop an argument based on your own evaluation of thesources, both primary and secondary. Assessment will be based on your research, your analysisand the development of your argument, including clarity of expression. Please consult the School’sPolicy Library for more details on the writing, format and submitting of essays.

Class Test. A 60-minute class test will be held at the normal lecture time, i.e. 12-1pm. Wednesday 31 October in V02.Attendance at the test is compulsory. Only documented medical conditions or personalcircumstances will be accepted as reasons for absence.

The test will be based on the lectures and seminars. More details will be given later in the course.

Plagiarism warning. The School of Humanities and Social Science does not tolerateplagiarism. Students who reproduce other scholar’s material will incur the penaltyoutlined in the Faculty of Education and Arts plagiarism policy, a copy of which isincluded with this guide. Check the statement on plagiarism included in this guide toensure you understand what plagiarism is and how to avoid it. Note that copyingpublished work is plagiarism, even if the source is acknowledged in a footnote. You willbe required to submit class papers and research essays through the plagiarismdetection site, Turnitin, accessible through Blackboard.



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Seminar TopicsWeek 1

No seminars this week

Week 2Introduction

This will be primarily an organisational meeting. It will also be an opportunity to discuss theapproach and objectives of the course.

Week 3The Preconditions of Fascism

Europe at the end of the First World War 1914-18 was an exhausted, devastated, continent. Millionsof soldiers had been killed or maimed. Socialist revolution had broken out in Russia. The fire ofrevolution spread particularly to Italy and Germany, which saw workers, soldiers and sailors inrevolt. The conservative aristocracies and business classes of old Europe feared the spread ofBolshevism. It was in this context of revolution and social and economic dislocation that fascismreared its head, in the first instance in Italy.Document questions:• What do we know of Mussolini’s social background and his political evolution?• What political and social views can be gleaned from Mussolini’s ‘Afternoon Speech’? eg., what

were his attitudes towards the war, workers, technology and Bolshevism?Seminar question:

To what extent was Fascism shaped by the immediate experience of the First World War andits aftermath? Was it also the product of long-term trends in Italian history?Essential Reading (Workbook):1. Robert O. Paxton, ‘The five stages of fascism’, The Journal of Modern History, 70, 1 (March

1998): 1- 23.2. ‘Report of Inspector-General of Public Security, G. Gasti, Regarding Mussolini (June 4, 1919)’

in Delzell, Mediterranean Fascism: 4-6.3. ‘The Birth of Fascist Movement (Piazza San Sepolcro 9, Milan, March 23, 1919)’, in Delzell,

Mediterranean Fascism: 7-11.Books and articles: *denotes Short loan; # denotes 3-day loan

Recommended ReadingAbsalom, Roger, Italy since 1800: A Nation in the Balance. London; New York: Longman, 1995,

Ch. 5Blinkhorn, Martin, Mussolini and Fascist Italy. 2nd edn. London; New York: Routledge, 1994,

Chs. 3 & 4*Bosworth, Mussolini The Biography (London: Arnold, 2002) 945.091092 MUSS-2 BOSW-1*Bosworth, R.J.B. Mussolini's Italy: life under the dictatorship 1915-1945 (London: Allen Lane,

2005). 945.091092 MUSS-2 BOSW-2Clough, S. B. and Saladino, S. A History of Modern Italy: Documents, readings and Commentary.

New York, Columbia University Press, 1968: part V.#Corner, Paul, ‘State and society, 1901-1922’, in Liberal and fascist Italy: 1900-1945 (ed.), Adrian

Lyttelton. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 945.091 LYTT-1* De Grand, Alexander Italian Fascism. Its Origins & Development. 2nd edn. Lincoln & London:

University of Nebraska Press, 1989: Ch. 1 & 2.De Grand, Alexander, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The ‘Fascist Style’ of Rule. London; New

York: Routledge, 1995: Ch. 1 & 2.*Delzell, Charles F. (ed.), Mediterranean Fascism 1919-1945. London: Macmillan, 1971: 1-40.

321.94/6



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Di Scala, Spencer M., Italy: from revolution to republic: 1700 to the present. Boulder: WestviewPress, 1995: Ch. 15.

Duggan, Christopher, A Concise History of Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994,Ch. 7.

#Eatwell, Roger, Fascism: a history. London: Chatto & Windus, 1995: Ch. 1-5. 320.533094 EATW*Eley, Geoff, ‘What produces fascism: Preindustrial Traditions or a Crisis of the Capitalist State?,

Politics and Society 12 (1983): 53-82. S306.205/1Gregor, A. James, Italian fascism and developmental dictatorship. Princeton: Princeton University

Press, 1979: Chs. 1 & 9.Gregor, A. James, Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. Berkeley: University

of California Press, 1979.#Griffin, Roger. The Nature of Fascism. London: Pinter, 1991 Chs. 1-3. 320.533*Griffin, Roger (ed.), Fascism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995: 15-43Halperin, S. William. Mussolini and Italian Fascism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1964:

Part I, Chs. 5-9; Part II, relevant documents.Lyttleton, Adrian, ‘The “crisis of bourgeois society” and the origins of fascism’, in Richard Bessel

(ed.), Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1996.

Mack Smith, Dennis. Mussolini. London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981: Chs 1-8.#Maier, Charles S. Recasting bourgeois Europe: stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the

decade after World War I. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975: 320.94 MAIE.*McDonough, Frank. Conflict, communism and fascism: Europe 1890-1945. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2001, Ch.5. 940.28MDOMorgan, Philip. Italian fascism, 1919-1945. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995.*Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995:

Ch. 1-4. 320.533 PAYN*Vivarelli, Roberto, ‘Interpretations of the Origins of fascism’, Journal of Modern History, 63, 1

(1991): 29-43.Weber, Eugen, Varieties of Fascism. New York: Van Nostrand, 1964: Chs. 1-6.



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Week 4Fascism and its supporters

There has been considerable debate about precisely which social classes supported fascism: theurban middle classes, intellectuals, the peasantry, the workers? There is also contention as to whatdegree the movement was aided and abetted by conservative politicians, large landowners andindustrialists.Document questions:• Which social classes did the Fascists look to for support?• What was the Fascist policy towards the labour movement and business?• How did the Fascists view the relation between class and nation?Seminar question:

Which social classes and layers formed the backbone of the Fascist movement, 1919-25?

Essential Reading (Workbook):1. Mario Piazzesi, ‘The Squadristi as the Revolutionaries of the New Italy’, in Griffin (ed.),

Fascism: 39-402. Benito Mussolini, ‘The Incorporation of the Peasantry into the Italian Nation’, in Griffin (ed.),

Fascism: 41-3.3. ‘Program of the Italian Fascist Movement’ in Delzell, Mediterranean Fascism: 12-21.4. De Grand, Italian Fascism. Ch. 3.

Recommended ReadingBessel, Richard (ed.), Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1996: Ch. 3 & 5.*Bosworth, Mussolini The Biography (London: Arnold, 2002) 945.091092 MUSS-2 BOSW-1*Bosworth, R.J.B. Mussolini's Italy: life under the dictatorship 1915-1945 (London: Allen Lane,

2005). 945.091092 MUSS-2 BOSW-2Corner, Paul, ‘Women in fascist Italy: changing family roles in transition from an agricultural to an

industrial society’, European History Quarterly, 23, 1 (Jan 1993): 51-68.Forgacs, David (ed.) Rethinking Italian Fascism: Capitalism, Populism and Culture. London:

Lawrence & Wishart, 1986: 52-141.Laqueur, Walter (ed), Fascism: a reader's guide: analyses, interpretations, bibliography.

Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979:#Larsen, Stein U., et al, Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism. Bergen:

Universitetsforlaget, 1980, relevant articles in parts I & III. 320.533094 LARS*Morris, Jonathan, ‘Retailers, fascism and the origins of the social protection of shopkeepers in

Italy’, Contemporary European History, 5, 3 (Nov 1996): ILLSarti, Roland, ‘Italian Fascism: radical politics and conservative goals’ in Martin Blinkhorn (ed.),

Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth CenturyEurope. London; Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990.

# Wanrooij, Bruno P.F. ‘Italian society under fascism’, in Liberal and fascist Italy: 1900-1945(ed.), Adrian Lyttelton. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 945.091 LYTT-1



17

Week 5Corporatism, totalitarianism and revolution

Document questions:• What role did the state play in Fascist doctrine?• In what sense was Fascist doctrine ‘totalitarian’?• What was the ‘corporative state’ and what were its major components?Seminar question:To what degree, if at all, was Fascism revolutionary?

Essential Reading (Workbook):1. ‘Mussolini’s Doctrine of fascism (1932)’ in Delzell, Mediterranean Fascism: 91-6.2. ‘The Corporative State’ in Delzell, Mediterranean Fascism: 107-110.3. De Grand, Italian Fascism: 67-70, 78-81.4. Payne, Stanley G. A History of Fascism: Ch. 7.5. Benito Mussolini, ‘The Achievements of the Fascist Revolution’ in in Griffin (ed.), Fascism:

62-5.

Recommended Reading*Blinkhorn, Martin, Mussolini and Fascist Italy. 2nd edn. London; New York: Routledge, 1994,

Chs. 5 & 6.#Bosworth, R. J. B. (ed.), The Italian dictatorship: problems and perspectives in the interpretation

of Mussolini and fascism. London; New York: Arnold, 1998.#Bosworth, R. J. B. & Dogliani, Patrizia, Italian fascism: history, memory and representation. New

York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. 945.091072 BOSWCassels, Alan, Fascist Italy. London, Routledge & K. Paul, 1969.Clough, S. B. and Saladino, S. , A History of Modern Italy: part V.De Grand, Italian Fascism: Chs 4 & 5.De Grand, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The ‘Fascist Style’ of Rule. Chs. 1-2, 9-10.de Grazia, Victoria, How fascism ruled women : Italy, 1922-1945. Berkeley: University of

California Press, 1992.Di Scala, Spencer M., Italy: from revolution to republic: 1700 to the present. Boulder: Westview

Press, 1995: Ch. 16.Duggan, Christopher, A Concise History of Italy: Ch. 8.Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta, Fascist spectacle: the aesthetics of power in Mussolini's Italy.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997Gentile, Emilio. The struggle for modernity: nationalism, futurism, and fascism. Westport, Conn:

Praeger, 2003. 945.091 GENT-1#Gentile, Emilio, ‘Fascism in power: the totalitarian experiment’, in Liberal and fascist Italy: 1900-

1945 (ed.), Adrian Lyttelton. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 945.091LYTT-1

Gregor, A. James, Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism.Griffin, Roger (ed.), Fascism: Part I, B to p. 72.Halperin, S. William, Mussolini and Italian Fascism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1964:

Part I, Chs. 5-9; Part II, relevant documents.#Lyttleton, Adrian, The seizure of power; fascism in Italy, 1919-1929. London: Weidenfeld and

Nicolson, 1973: Chs. 13-16.Mack Smith, Dennis, Mussolini. Ch. 9.

*Morgan, Philip, `The Party is Everywhere:' The Italian Fascist Party in Economic Life, 1926-40, The English Historical Review, Feb 1999, v114, p85-

Sarti, Roland, ‘Italian Fascism: radical politics and conservative goals’ in Martin Blinkhorn (ed.),Fascists and Conservatives.



18

Week 6Essay Plan due Monday 20 August

Collapse of the Weimar RepublicIn Germany in 1918 the Kaiser abdicated in the face of a short-lived workers’ revolt. The ensuingWeimar Republic, 1919-1933, was born of failed revolution and died with Hitler’s accession topower. As in the case of Italy, the failure of German parliamentary democracy has both long-termand immediate causes. The particular combination of an aristocratic-military feudal state, coupledwith a burgeoning industrial bourgeoisie and a militant socialistic working class, was poor soil for astable democracy. The Weimar Republic (WR) bore the brunt of the post-war crises that engulfedGermany in the 1920s: the Versailles Treaty and reparations, failed revolutions and coups, rampantinflation, street warfare, and the Great Depression.Document questions:

• What did von Hindenburg mean by the ‘stab in the back’?• Why and against whom were the SPD calling for a general strike?• What was the attitude of Rosa Luxemburg toward the SPD government of Ebert-Scheidmann

and toward the ‘bourgeoisie’?• What was the impact of rampant inflation on social behaviour?• Why were so many more on the political left killed than on the right? What was the attitude of

the courts? What do these murders say about political life under the WR?• What points of agreement & difference are to be found in the outlook in the three parties that

formed the ‘Weimar Coalition’?Seminar question:

Was the Weimar Republic doomed to fail?Essential Reading (Workbook):1. Paul Von Hindenburg: ‘The Stab in the Back’, November 18, 1919, in Kaes et al, Weimar

Republic: 15-6.2. ‘Appeal of the Social Democratic Party [SPD] for a General Strike’, in Kaes et al: 16.3. Rosa Luxemburg, ‘Founding Manifesto of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD)’, in Kaes et

al: 40-6.4. Friedrich Kroner: ‘Overwrought Nerves (1923)’ in Kaes et al: 63-4.5. Emil Julius Gumbel, ‘Four years of Political Murder’ in Kaes et al: 100-4.6. Programmes of the German Centre Party, the SPD and the German People’s Party: in Kaes et

al: 104-5, 112-5, 115-6.

Recommended Reading:Abraham, David, The collapse of the Weimar Republic: political economy and crisis. Princeton,

N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981.Allen, William Sheridan, The Nazi seizure of power: the experience of a single German town, 1922-

45. rev. edn. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1989: early Chs.Bessel, Richard, ‘Why did the Weimar Republic Collapse?’, in Ian Kershaw (ed.), Weimar: Why

did German Democracy Fail? London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1990: 120-52.Broszat, Martin, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.#Eley, Geoff, ‘Conservatives and radical nationalists in Germany’ in Gordon Martel (ed.), Modern

Germany reconsidered, 1870-1945. London: Routledge, 1992: 74-95. 943.08 MART*Eley, Geoff ‘What produces fascism: Preindustrial Traditions or a Crisis of the Capitalist State?,

Politics and Society 12 (1983): 53-82. S306.205/1Evans, Richard J. Rethinking German history: nineteenth-century Germany and the origins of the

Third Reich. London: Allen and Unwin, 1987.



19

Evans, Richard and Geary, Dick (eds), The German unemployed: experiences and consequences ofmass unemployment from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich. London: Croom Helm, 1987.331.137943/1

Gay, Peter, Weimar culture: the outsider as insider. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1970.Geary, Dick, Hitler and Nazism. London; New York: Routledge, 1993: 1-36.#Jones, Larry Eugene, ‘Culture and Politics in the Weimar Republic’ in Martel (ed), Modern

Germany.*Kaes, Anton Jay, Martin & Dimenberg, Edward (eds), The Weimar Republic Sourcebook

Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: 1994. 943.085 KAESKolb, Eberhard, The Weimar Republic. London; Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988.#Langewiesche, Dieter, ‘The nature of German Liberalism’ in Martel (ed), Modern Germany: 96-

116.#Maier, Charles S. Recasting bourgeois Europe.*McDonough, Frank. Conflict, communism and fascism: Europe 1890-1945. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2001, Ch. 6.Quataert, Jean H. ‘German History and the Contradictions of Modernity: The Bourgeoisie, the

State, and the Mastery of Reform’ in Geoff Eley (ed.), Society, culture, and the state inGermany, 1870-1930. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press, 1996.

Wright, Jonathan. Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's greatest statesman. Oxford; New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002. 943.085092 STRE-2 WRIG



20

Week 7Nazism as a mass movement

National Socialism and its ideology did not spring from nowhere. It had antecedents in pre-warvolkisch, nationalist and racist movements, which were themselves expressions of wider Europeannotions of social Darwinism, racism and anti-Semitism associated with European imperialismabroad and reaction against the ravages of industrial capitalism at home. But in the context of thepost-war crisis that gripped defeated Germany and intensified with the Great Depression, suchprejudices found widespread appeal, particularly among the urban and rural lower middle classes.They found institutionalised expression in Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers’ Party(NSDAP). Formed in 1920, the NSDAP remained marginal until 1928, after which it rapidly grewinto a mass political movement.Document questions:• What was the outlook of German war veterans?• How did Rosenberg view the 1917 Russian Revolution?• What was distinctive about the NSDAP as a party for Hitler?• How did Hitler justify his failed ‘beer hall putsch’ of 8-9 Nov. 1923?• Why does Hitler put so much store by the spoken word in his Mein Kampf?• What separated Hitler’s notions of socialism from that of Strasser and why was this difference

important?• What do the statistics tell us about (i) the class bases of NSDAP membership, (ii) the

geographical distribution of votes, and (iii) the fluctuation in the national vote?

Seminar question:Various layers of German society participated in, voted for, or supported National Socialism,especially from 1928 onwards. Who were they and why did they?

Essential Reading (Workbook):1. Ernst Von Salomon: ‘The Germany of the Freikorps’ in Griffin, Fascism: 109-11.2. Alfred Rosenberg, ‘The Russian Jewish Revolution’ in Kaes et al, Weimar Republic: 121-3.3. Adolf Hitler, ‘A different kind of party (7 Jan. 1922)’ in Noakes & Pridham, Documents on

Nazism: 474. ‘Hitler’s closing speech at his trial, 27 March 1924’ in Noakes & Pridham: 61-3.5. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (1927), in Kaes et al, Weimar Republic: 130-3.6. ‘Hitler versus Otto Strasser on the interpretation of Socialism (1930)’, in Noakes & Pridham:

99-100.7. ‘Statistics on the social and geographical bases of Nazism’, in Noakes & Pridham: 112-6.8. ‘The path of legality and the problem of the SA’, in Noakes & Pridham: 119-20.Recommended Reading:Bessel, Richard, ‘Political Violence and the nazi seizure of power’ in Bessel (ed.), Life in the Third

Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987): 1-15.*Caplan, Jane, ‘The Rise of National Socialism 1919-1933’ in Martel (ed), Modern Germany: 117-

39.Childers, Thomas, The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany. Chapel Hill:

University of North Carolina Press, 1983.Childers, Thomas (ed.), The Formation of the Nazi constituency, 1919-1933. London: Croom Helm,

1986.Fest, Joachim, The Face of the Third Reich. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970.#Fritzsche, Peter, Germans into Nazis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998. 943.085 FRIT

*Geary, Dick, ‘Who voted for the Nazis?’, History Today, 48, 10 (Oct 1998): 8-13

Hamilton, Richard, Who voted for Hitler? Princeton: Princeton University Press 1982.



21

Kater, Michael, The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Leaders and Members 1919-1945. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1983.

#Larsen, Stein U., et al, Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism. Bergen:Universitetsforlaget, 1980.

*Leitz, Christian (ed.). The Third Reich: the Essential Readings. Oxford, UK; Malden, Mass:Blackwell Publishers, 1999, Ch. 1. 943.086 LEIT

Nicholls, A. J. Weimar and the Rise Of Hitler. London: Macmillan, 1991.

*Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (eds), Documents on Nazism, 1919-1945. London:Jonathan Cape, 1974: Part I. 943.086/NOAK-1

Overy, Richard. The Penguin historical atlas of the Third Reich. London & New York: PenguinBooks,1996. 911.43 OVER



22

Week 8Primacy of politics or economics?

Considerable scholarly and political debate has axised around the degree to which big business andother conservative elites supported and benefited from fascist rule. Marxists have generally arguedthat Nazism was an instrument of big capital. Conversely, others have argued that once in power theNazi state dictated policy, even to the most powerful economic interests.Document questions:• What did Hitler suggest the Nazis could offer German industry (Jan. 1932)?• Why was rearmament a priority and which economic interests would benefit from it?• In the light of Hitler’s memorandum and decree of late 1936, which gave Goering

unprecedented planning powers, what was the relationship between Nazi state policies andprivate economic interests?

• What approach did the Nazi regime take towards labour and what economic implications wouldthis have?

Seminar question:

Was the Nazi dictatorship a big business regime?Essential Reading (Workbook):1. Adolf Hitler, ‘Address to the Industry Club (27 Jan. 1932)’, in Kaes: 138-41.2. ‘The Adolf Hitler Fund of German Industry (June 1933)’, in Noakes & Pridham: 378-9.3. ‘Hitler insists on priority for rearmament (Feb. 1933)’, in Noakes & Pridham: 380-14. ‘The Four Year Plan, 1936-39’ in Noakes & Pridham: 400-11.5. ‘Proclamation to all working Germans, 27 Nov. 1933’, ‘Decree on the fixing of wages, 25 June

1938’ & ‘The development of wages, 1928-38’: in Noakes & Pridham: 434, 452, 454.6. Mason, Tim, ‘The Primacy of Politics—Politics and Economics in National Socialist

Germany’.Recommended Reading:#Abraham, David, The collapse of the Weimar Republic: political economy and crisis. Princeton,

N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981.Broszat, Martin. The Hitler state: the foundation and development of the internal structure of the

Third Reich. London; New York: Longman, 1981.Carr, William, Arms, autarky and aggression: a study in German foreign policy, 1933-

1939.London, Edward Arnold, 1972.Carroll, Berenice A. Design for total war. Arms and economics in the Third Reich. The Hague,

Paris: Mouton, 1968.Feldman, Gerald D. Allianz and the German insurance business, 1933-1945 Cambridge, U. K.;

New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 368.006543 FELDGeary, Dick, ‘The Industrial Elite and the Nazis in the Weimar Republic’, in Peter D. Stachura

(ed.), The Nazi Machtergreifung. London; Boston, Mass: Allen & Unwin, 1983.Gillingham, John, Industry and politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr coal, Hitler and Europe. London:

Methuen, 1985.#Hayes, Peter, Industry and ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi era. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2001 338.766 HAYE 2001Hayes, Peter, ‘History in an Off Key: David Abraham’s Second Collapse’, Business History Review

61 (1987): 472-92.James, Harold, The German slump: politics and economics, 1924-1936. Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1986*Kershaw, Ian, The Nazi Dictatorship: problems and perspectives of interpretation. 4th. Edn.

London: Arnold, 2000: Ch. 3.*Mandel, Ernest, ‘Introduction’ to Leon Trotsky, The Struggle Against Fascism. New York:

Pathfinder Press, 1971.



23

*Mason, Tim, ‘The Primacy of Politics—Politics and Economics in National Socialist Germany’, inMason, Nazism, fascism and the working class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995:53-76.

Milward, Alan S. The German economy at war. London: Athlone Press, 1965.Milward, Alan S., ‘Fascism and the Economy’, in Laqueur, Fascism: a reader's guide: 409-53.#Neumann, Franz, Behemoth: the structure and practice of National Socialism. Lond.: Gollancz,

1942Overy, R. J., The Nazi economic recovery, 1932-1938. London: Macmillan, 1982.Overy, R. J., Goering, the "iron man" . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.Overy, R. J., War and economy in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Overy, R. J., ‘Heavy Industry and the State in Nazi Germany: the Reichswerke Crisis’, European

History Quarterly, 15 (1985): 313-40.Overy, R. J., ‘Germany, “Domestic Crisis”, and War in 1939’, Past and Present, 116 (1987): 138-

68. S905 7Poulantzas, Nicos, Fascism and dictatorship: the Third International and the problem of fascism.

London: NLB, 1974.Schweitzer, Arthur, Big business in the Third Reich. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.Sohn-Rethel, Alfred, The economy and class structure of German fascism. London: Free

Association, 1987.Stachura, Peter D. (ed.) The Shaping of the Nazi state. London: Croom Helm, 1978.*Stern, Fritz, et al, ‘Big Business in German Politics: Four Studies’, The American Historical

Review 75, 1 (Oct. 1969): 37-78.



24

Week 9Hitler: Master of the Third Reich?

Nazism has become synonymous with Adolf Hitler. The so-called ‘leadership principle’ and thecult associated with ‘der Fuehrer’ certainly gives the impression that Hitler, once in power, was theunrivalled, omnipotent master of Germany and its machinery of government and war. But was thisactually the case? Was Hitler the real decision-maker or was he an instrument of other, morepowerful players, such as business, the SS, or the military. How much too was he making decisionsshaped by Germany’s position as a ‘late industrialiser’? At stake here is one’s view of history. Doindividuals, even the most powerful, act as ‘agents’ of history or are their actions circumscribed andeven determined by larger ‘structural forces’?Document questions:• What was the ‘leadership principle’ (Fuehrer prinzip) and what was its role in the Nazi

movement?• What is ‘charismatic’ authority?• What were the ‘legal’ sources of Hitler’s authority?• What was the relation between the NSDAP and the state bureaucracy?• In what sense was Hitler’s regime a ‘personal regime’?

Seminar question:

Was Hitler the unchallenged master of the Third Reich?Essential Reading (Workbook):1. ‘Heil Hitler!’ & ‘The Annual General Meeting, 2-3 September 1928’: in Noakes & Pridham:

84-62. Diagram: ‘Party/State Relationship in the Third Reich’, in Noakes & Pridham: 248-93. ‘Hitler’s role and attitudes’, in Noakes & Pridham: 253-57.4. Ian Kershaw, ‘Hitler’s power: an evaluation’, in Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: 79-92Recommended Reading:Bracher, Karl Dietrich, ‘The Role of Hitler: Perspectives of Interpretation’ in Laqueur, Fascism: a

reader's guide: 193-212.Broszat, The Hitler state.Bullock, Alan, Hitler: a Study in Tyranny. Rev. edn. Harmondsworth, Middlesex : Penguin, 1962.Bullock, Alan, Hitler and Stalin: parallel lives. 2nd edn. London: Fontana Press, 1998.Caplan, Jane, ‘Bureaucracy, Politics, and the National Socialist State’ in Stachura, The Shaping of

the Nazi state: 234-56.Caplan, Jane, Government without administration: state and civil service in Weimar and Nazi

Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.Carr, William, Hitler: a study in personality and politics. Rev. edn. London: Edward Arnold, 1986.Dülffer, Jost, Nazi Germany 1933-1945: faith and annihilation. New York: St. Martin's Press,

1996. Ch. 4.Fest, Joachim C. Hitler. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977.Frei, Norbert, National socialist rule in Germany: the Führer State 1933-1945. Oxford, UK:

Blackwell, 1993.Jäckel, Eberhard, Hitler in history. Hanover: Brandeis University Press: 1984.#Kershaw, Ian, The "Hitler myth": image and reality in the Third Reich. Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1987.#Kershaw, Hitler. London: Longman, 1991.*Kershaw, ‘Working towards the Fuehrer: reflections on the nature of the Hitler

dictatorship’, in Ian Kershaw and Moshe Lewin (eds), Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships incomparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 320.53 KERS and in Leitz,Christian (ed.). The Third Reich: [see below]



25

# Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris. London: Penguin, 1998.*Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Ch. 4.*Leitz, Christian (ed.). The Third Reich: the Essential Readings. Oxford, UK; Malden, Mass:

Blackwell Publishers, 1999, Ch. 2, 9. 943.086 LEITKnopp, Guido. Hitler's Henchmen. Phoenix Mill: Sutton, 2000. 943.086 KNOP 2000#McDonough, Frank. Opposition and resistance in Nazi Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2001. 943.086 MCDOMommsen, Hans, ‘National Socialism: Continuity and Change’ in Laqueur, Fascism: a reader's

guide: 151-92.#Mommsen, ‘Hitler’s Position in the Nazi System’, in Hans Mommsen, From Weimar to

Auschwitz: essays in German history. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991: 163-88.#Müller, Klaus-Jürgen, The Army, Politics And Society In Germany 1933-45: Studies In The Army's

Relation To Nazism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987.Rosenbaum, Ron, Explaining Hitler: the search for the origins of his evil. London: Macmillan,

1998.Sereny, Gitta, Albert Speer: his battle with truth. London: Picador, 1996.Stern, J.P., Hitler: the Führer and the people. London: Fontana, 1984.



26

Week 10Social revolution or reaction?

National Socialism from its inception presented itself as revolutionary: it would change Germansociety from top to bottom. This meant not just politically, but ideologically as well. Nazi volkischvalues would prevail in the new Germany. Whether Nazism did in fact revolutionise Germansociety is another contentious question for historians, often with political overtones. Marxistanalyses have tended to repudiate the notion of a Nazi revolution because of its role in emasculatingthe labour movement, its genocidal racism and its treatment of women. Other historians haveargued that Nazism had a modernising role, bringing a still semi-feudal Germany into the industrialera.Document questions:• What distinction did Hitler make between the ‘political and ideological revolution’?• What objectives did Goebbels set for his Ministry of Propaganda?• What changes occurred in government-press relations?• What images of National Socialism were to be conveyed by film?• Why was education important & what values were to be instilled in the youth?• What social role did Nazi ideology allot to women?Seminar question:

To what extent, if at all, was Nazism revolutionary?Essential Reading (Workbook):1. ‘Hitler on the ideological aims of National Socialism’, ‘The Tasks of the Ministry of

Propaganda’ & ‘The Government Press Conference’ in Noakes & Pridham: 333-4.2. ‘The Technique of Nazi film-making’ in Noakes & Pridham: 340-1.3. ‘Education’ & ‘Hitler’s Views on Youth’ : in Noakes & Pridham: 349, 354-5.4. ‘Hitler’s Views on the role of women’, in Noakes & Pridham: 363-5.5. Boehnert, Gunner C. ‘The Third Reich and the Problem of “Social revolution”’, in Volker R.

Berghahn and Martin Kitchen (eds), Germany in the age of total war, London: Croom Helm,1981. 943.086/158

Recommended Reading:Baldwin, Peter, ‘Social Interpretations of Nazism: Renewing a Tradition’, Journal Of

Contemporary History, 25 (1990): 5-37. S905/16Berghahn, Volker R., and Kitchen, Martin (eds), Germany in the age of total war, London: Croom

Helm, 1981. 943.086/158Bessel (ed.), Life in the Third Reich.Burleigh, Michael, Death And Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' In Germany, C. 1900-1945. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1994.Burleigh, Michael and Wippermann, Wolfgang, The racial state: Germany, 1933-1945 Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1991.Crew, David F. (ed.), Nazism and German society, 1933-1945. London: Routledge, 1994.Dahrendorf, Ralf, Society and Democracy in Germany. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968.Grunberger, Richard, A Social History Of The Third Reich. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974.#Koonz, Claudia, Mothers in the fatherland: women, the family, and Nazi politics. New York: St.

Martin's Press, 1987.*Leitz, Christian (ed.). The Third Reich: the Essential Readings. Oxford, UK; Malden, Mass:

Blackwell Publishers, 1999, Ch. 6-8, 10. 943.086 LEITMason, Timothy W. Social policy in the Third Reich: the working class and the national

community. Providence: Berg, 1993.Mason, Timothy W. Nazism, fascism and the working class.



27

Mason, Timothy W., ‘Women in Nazi Germany’, History Workshop Journal, 1 (spring, 1976): 74-113.

Noakes, Jeremy, ‘Nazism and Revolution’, in Noel O'Sullivan (ed.), Revolutionary theory andpolitical reality. Brighton: Harvester Books, 1983.

*Nolan, ‘Work, Gender, and Everyday Life’, in Kershaw and Lewin (eds), Stalinism and Nazism:311-42.

#Peukert, Detlev J.K. Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition And Racism In Everyday Life.London: Batsford, 1987.

Pine, Lisa, Nazi family policy, 1933-1945. Oxford; New York: Berg, 1997.Salter, Stephen, ‘National Socialism, the Nazi regime, and German Society’, The Historical

Journal, 35 (1992): 487-99.Schoenbaum, David, Hitler's social revolution: class and status in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939.

London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967.#Stephenson, Jill, Women in Nazi society. London: Croom Helm, 1975.Weindling, Paul. Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism,

1870-1945. Camb. U. P., 1993.Welch, David, ‘Propaganda and Indoctrination in the Third Reich: Success or Failure”, European

History Quarterly 17 (1987): 403-22. S914.05/1Welch, David (ed.), Nazi propaganda: the power and the limitations. London: Croom Helm, 1983.



28

Week 11Research Essay due 5pm Friday 28 September

Hitler’s ArmageddonAlmost from the start of the Nazi movement, Hitler proclaimed Germany’s need for ‘living space’in Eastern Europe and his determination to wipe Soviet Bolshevism off the map. Despite a non-aggression pact signed with the Soviet Union in 1939, on 22nd June 1941, Hitler unleashed‘Operation Barbarossa’. The most ferocious war the world has ever experienced had begun.

Document questions:• What was ‘Blitzkrieg’?• What were the objectives of ‘Operation Barbarossa’?• How did Hitler’s priorities differ from those of the High Command?• How did the Nazis see their war against the Soviet Union and what methods did they use?Seminar question:

Why was the Eastern Front such a ferocious conflict?Essential Reading (Workbook):1. ‘Hitler’s directive for the invasion of Russia, 18 December 1940’ in Noakes & Pridham: 593-4.2. ‘The Proposal of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army for the conduct of the Eastern

Campaign, 18 August 1941’, ‘Hitler’s reply…’ & ‘An OKW memorandum … approved by theFuehrer’ in Noakes & Pridham: 596-600.

3. ‘Hitler’s speech … on ideological warfare in Russia, 30 March 1941’, ‘Heydrich’s basicinstructions to the Task Forces (Einsatzgruppen), 12 July 1941’, ‘A Task Force in operation’ &‘Fuehrer Conference on occupation policy in Russia, 16 July 1941’ in Noakes & Pridham: 619-626.

4. Bartov, Omer, ‘Soldiers, Nazis, and war in the Third Reich’, Journal of Modern History, 63, 1(March 1991): 44-61.

Recommended Reading:* Bartov, Omer, The Eastern Front, 1941-45: German Troops And The Barbarisation Of Warfare,

2nd edn. New York: Palgrave, 2001.*Bartov, Omer, Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War In The Third Reich. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1991. 940.540943 BART*Bartov, Omer, ‘The conduct of war: soldiers and the barbarization of warfare’, Journal of Modern

History, 64, suppl. (December 1992): 32-45.Bartov, Omer, ‘The Missing Years: German workers, German soldiers’, German History 8, 1

(1990).*Bartov, Omer, ‘From Blitzkrieg to total war: controversial links between image and reality’ in Ian

Kershaw and Moshe Lewin (eds), Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison.Berghahn, Volker R. and Kitchen, Martin (ed.), Germany in the Age Of Total War.Cooper, Matthew, The German Army, 1933-1945: its political and military failure. London:

Macdonald and Jane's, 1978.#Dallin, Alexander, German rule in Russia, 1941-1945: a study of occupation policies. 2nd. edn.

London: Macmillan, 1981. 940.5347/8Deist, Wilhelm (ed.), The German Military in the Age Of Total War. Dover, N.H: Berg Publishers,

1985.Hancock, Eleanor, ‘Employment in wartime: the experience of German women during the Second

World War’, Journal Of Contemporary History, 12, 2 (Oct. 1994): ?*Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Ch.6#Kitchen, Martin, Nazi Germany at War. London: Longman, 1995.#Koch, H. H., ‘Hitler’s “programme” and the genesis of Operation Babarossa’, in Koch (ed.),

Aspects of the Third Reich. London: Macmillan, 1985.



29

Leach, Barry A. German Strategy Against Russia, 1939-1941. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1973.

#McDonough, Frank. Hitler, Chamberlain and appeasement. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2002 940.53112 CHAM-2 MCDO

*McDonough, Frank. Conflict, communism and fascism: Europe 1890-1945. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001, Ch. 7.

Messerschmidt, M. ‘The Wehrmacht and the Volksgemeinschaft’, Journal of ContemporaryHistory, 18 (1983): ?

Milward, Alan S., The German Economy At War.Overy, R.J. War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press, 1994Overy, Richard, Why the allies won. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996.Seaton, Albert, The Russo-German War, 1941-45. London, Barker, 1971.

Mid-Semester recess: 1-12 October



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Week 12Anti-Semitism and genocide

Racism and anti-Semitism were an inherent part of Nazism from its inception. Anti-Semitismassumed genocidal proportions with the war against ‘Judeo-Bolshevism’ on the Eastern Front.Historians are divided (into ‘intentionalists’ and ‘functionalists’) over whether extermination of theJews was ‘intended’ from the outset of Nazism or whether it became part of the Nazi agenda asHitler’s regime became embroiled in its titanic struggle with the Soviet Union.

Document questions:• What were the Nuremberg Laws & on what ‘principles’ were they based?• What was ‘Kristallnacht’ & what did it signify in relation to Nazi anti-Semitism?• What the relationship between war & the extermination of the Jews?• What was the Wannsee Conference and what were its objectives?• What was the ‘final solution’?Seminar question:

Was genocidal anti-Semitism the logical outcome of Nazi ideology?Essential Reading (Workbook):1. ‘The Nuremberg Laws and Jewish policy, 1935-37’, in Noakes & Pridham: 463-6.2. ‘The “Night of Broken Glass” (Kristallnacht), 9-10 Nov. 1938’, in Noakes & Pridham: 472-75.3. ‘The extermination of the Jews, 1941-45’ in Noakes & Pridham: 485-93.4. Browning, Christopher R. ‘Beyond “Intentionalism” and “Functionalism”: The Decision for the

Final Solution Reconsidered’.Recommended Reading:#Aly, Götz, 'Final Solution': Nazi Population Policy And The Murder Of The European Jews.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 940.5318 ALY 1999.#Baer, Elizabeth R. and Goldenberg, Myrna (eds.). Experience and expression: women, the Nazis,

and the Holocaust. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003. 940.5318082 BAERBankier, David, The Germans And The Final Solution: Public Opinion Under Nazism. Oxford:

Blackwell, 1992.*Bartov, Omer, ‘Chambers of horror: the reordering of murders past’ from Bartov,Murder in our midst: the Holocaust, industrial killing, and representation. New

York: Oxford University Press, 1996: 153-235.Bauer, Yehuda with Nili Keren, A History of The Holocaust. New York: F. Watts, 1982.Bauer, Yehuda, The Holocaust in Historical Perspective. Canberra: A.N.U. Press, 1978.Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.Broszat, Martin, ‘Hitler and the Genesis of the “Final Solution” ’ in Koch (ed.), Aspects of the Third

Reich.Browning, Christopher R. Collected memories: Holocaust history and postwar testimony. Madison:

The University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. 940.5318 BROW-3*Browning, Christopher R. The Path To Genocide: Essays On Launching The Final Solution.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 940.5318 BROW#Browning, Christopher R, Fateful Months: Essays On The Emergence Of The Final Solution. New

York: Holmes & Meier, 1985. 940.5315 BROW#Browning, Christopher R. Ordinary men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the final solution in

Poland. New York: Harper, 1993. 940.5318 BROW-1*Browning, Christopher R. Holocaust. “'Final Solution': Nazi Resettlement Policy and the Search

for a Solution to the Jewish Question, 1939-1941” in Leitz, Christian (ed.). The Third Reich: theEssential Readings.

*Bosworth. Explaining Auschwitz and Hiroshima: history writing and the Second World 1945-1990. 940.53072 BOSW



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Burleigh, Michael (ed.), Confronting the Nazi past: new debates on modern German history.London: Collins & Brown, 1996

Burleigh, Michael, Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Burrin, Philippe, Hitler and the Jews: the genesis of the Holocaust. London: Edward Arnold, 1994.Friedlánder, Saul, Nazi Germany and the Jews. The years of persecution, 1933-1939. London:

Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997.Gellately, Robert, The Gestapo and German society: enforcing racial policy, 1933-1945. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1990.*Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, Hitler's willing executioners: ordinary Germans and the Holocaust.

New York: Knopf, 1996. 940.5318 GOLDJames, Harold. The Deutsche Bank And The Nazi Economic War Against The Jews: The

Expropriation Of Jewish-Owned Property. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.940.531 JAME

Hilberg, Raul, The destruction of the European Jews. New York: Octagon Books, 1978.Kansteiner, Wulf. ‘From exception to exemplum: the new approach to Nazism and the “Final

Solution”. (Representing the Holocaust)’, History and Theory, 33, 2 (May 1994): 145-72.*Kershaw, Ian. The Nazi Dictatorship: Ch.5.Köhler, Joachim. Wagner's Hitler: the prophet and his disciple. Cambridge: Polity Press; Malden:

Blackwell Publishers, 2000.Krausnick, Helmut and Broszat, Martin, Anatomy of the SS state. London: Paladin, 1970.Lozowick, Yaacov. Hitler's bureaucrats: the Nazi security police and the banality of evil. London:

Continuum, 2002. 940.5318 LOZO 2002Marcuse, Harold. Legacies of Dachau: the uses and abuses of a concentration camp, 1933-2001.

Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 940.53174336 MARCMarrus, Michael R. The Holocaust In History. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1993.#Mayer, Arno J. Why Did The Heavens Not Darken?: The "Final Solution" In History. New York:Pantheon Books, 1988. 940.5318 MAYE#Roth, John K. and Maxwell-Meynard, Elisabeth (eds). Remembering for the future: the Holocaust

in an age of genocide. 3 vols. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. 940.5318 ROTH.#Mommsen, Hans, ‘The Realisation of the Unthinkable. The “Final Solution of the Jewish

Question” in the Third Reich’, in Mommsen, From Weimar to Auschwitz.Schleunes, Karl A. The twisted road to Auschwitz: Nazi policy toward German Jews, 1933-1939.

Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.Schwarz Daniel R. Imagining the Holocaust. London: Palgrave, 2000. 809.93358 SCHW#Shaw, Martin. War and genocide: organized killing in modern society. Cambridge: Polity Press,

2003. Ch. 3. 304.663 SHAWWeiss, John, ‘Germany: Hitler, the Elites, and the Holocaust’, Ch. 3 in Weiss. The politics of hate:

anti-Semitism, history, and the Holocaust in modern Europe. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2003.305.8924 WEIS



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Week 13Nuremberg Trial role play

On November 20, 1945, twenty-one Nazi defendants stood trial in the Palace of Justice inNuremberg for crimes against humanity and for starting war. In this session you are required to playthe role of the prosecutor, the counsel for the defence, a defendant or one of the witnesses for theprosecution. Whatever your role, you are required to represent that figure in an historically accurateway. You should prepare notes & your contribution should be submitted after the Seminar ‘trial’ byFriday 2 November as a formal 1,500-word paper.Location:To be confirmed

Wednesday 24 October: 1-6pm.Thursday 25 October: 9am-5pm.

Essential Reading:*Heydecker, Joe J. and Leeb, Johannes, The Nuremberg trial: a history of Nazi Germany as

revealed through the testimony at Nuremberg. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1962. 943.086HEYD 1962

*Marrus, Michael R. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, 1945-46: A Documentary History. Boston:Bedford Books, 1997. 341.69026843 MARR [Huxley]

*Steinhoff, Johannes, et al, Voices from the Third Reich: an oral history. New York: Da CapoPress, 1994: Ch. 16.

Recommended Reading:Bloxham, Donald. Genocide on trial: war crimes trials and the formation of Holocaust history and

memory. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 940.55 BLOXBosch, William J. Judgment on Nuremberg; American attitudes toward the major German war-

crime trials. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1970.Conot, Robert E. Justice at Nuremberg. New York: Harper & Row, 1983.Davidson, Eugene, The trial of the Germans: an account of the twenty-two defendants before The

International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. New York: Collier Books, 1966.*Douglas, Lawrence. The memory of judgment: making law and history in the trials of the

holocaust. London: Yale University Press, 2000. KC217 DOUG#Evans, Richard J., ‘German History: Past, Present and Future’ in Martel (ed), Modern Germany:

237-54.#Maser, Werner. Nuremberg: a nation on trial. London: Allen Lane, 1979.Neave, Airey, Nuremberg: A Personal Record Of The Trial Of The Major Nazi War Criminals In

1945-6. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1978.Sprecher, Drexel A. Inside the Nuremberg Trial: a prosecutor's comprehensive account. Lanham:

University Press of America, 1999. 2 Vols. KC35.N8 SPRETusa, Ann and Tusa, John, The Nuremberg Trial. New York: Atheneum, 1983.Wiesen, S. Jonathan, ‘Overcoming Nazism: big business, public relations, and the politics of

memory, 1945-50’, Central European History, 29, 2 (spring 1996): 201-27. ILL

The 42 volume transcripts of the Nuremburg trials are held in Auchmuty:Trial of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14

November 1945-1 October 1946. Nuremberg: The Tribunal, 1947-49. KC35.N8 INTEThe Nuremburg trials can be found on the web:http://www.courttv.com/casefiles/nuremberg/


http://www.courttv.com/casefiles/nuremberg/


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Nuremberg Trial role playProsecution and Defence

1. Prosecutor: The prosecution should argue that the defendants below were, in their own way,responsible for Nazism, the war it unleashed, and genocide:

2. Counsel for the Defence: makes a general statement in defence of clients & may cross examine3. Judges (three): Will decide the guilt or otherwise of the defendants on the basis of the evidence

and arguments presented.Defendants:

1. Heinrich Himmler – head of the SS2. Rudolf Hess – Deputy to Hitler3. Wilhelm Keitel – General Field Marshall and Chief of Staff4. Gustav Krupp – major industrialist and arms manufacturer5. Albert Speer: Minister of Armaments and War Production6. Ernst Rohm – SA leader7. Alfred Rosenberg – Minister of the Occupied Eastern Territories8. Julius Streicher – Editor of the newspaper Der Sturmer9. Joachim von Ribbentrop – Minister of Foreign Affairs10. Franz von Papen – One-time Chancellor of Germany; vice chancellor under Hitler11. Hermann Goering – Reichsmarshall. Air Force Chief12. Hjalmar Schacht – Minister of Economics13. Alfred Jodl – Chief of Army Operations14. Ernst Kaltenbrunner – Chief of Reich Main Security Office: departments included the Gestapo

and SS.15. Erich Raeder – Grand Admiral of the Navy16. Fritz Sauckel – Labor leader17. Arthur Seyss-Inquart – Commissar of the Netherlands18. Konstan von Neurath – foreign minister before Ribbentrop, protector of Bohemia and Moravia

Witnesses for the Prosecution:1. Dietrich Bonhoeffer – protestant pastor2. Bertolt Brecht – Marxist playwright3. Neville Chamberlain – British PM and architect of appeasement4. Archbishop von Galen – Catholic priest who denounced euthanasia5. Simha Rotem (nom de guerre: Kazik) – Jewish Warsaw ghetto resistance fighter6. Herman Mueller – SPD chancellor7. Count Claus von Stauffenberg (Officer who led July 1944 assassination plot)8. Ernst Thaelmann – KPD leader



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3,500 word Research EssaysRemember, you may choose to write an essay based on a seminar question but the essay topic youchoose must be quite distinct from your seminar paper.

Essays are due 5pm on Friday 28 September

Primary Sources: Essays should make good use of primary sources.

* Delzell, Charles F. , Mediterranean Fascism 1919-1945. 321.94/6

* Kaes, Anton Jay, Martin & Dimenberg, Edward (eds), The Weimar Republic Sourcebook.943.085 KAES

* Griffin, Roger (ed.) Fascism. 320.533 GRIF-2* Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (eds), Documents on Nazism, 1919-1945.

943.086/NOAK-1.* Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (eds), Nazism 1919-1945. Vol. 2 State, Economy and

Society 1933-39. A Documentary Reader. Exeter: Uni. Of Exeter, 1984. 943.086/NOAK 1983v.2

* Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (eds), Nazism 1919-1945. Vol. 3: Foreign Policy, Warand Racial Extermination. Exeter, 1988. 943.086/NOAK 1983 v.3

* Steinhoff, Johannes, et al, Voices from the Third Reich: an oral history. New York: Da CapoPress, 1994.

Secondary sources. Consult the reading lists for the seminars. Additional readings are provided forsome topics.1. ‘There was no such thing as fascism in general. Italian Fascism and German Nazism were quite

distinct phenomena’. Do you agree?2. ‘The Marxist conception of fascism as an instrument of capitalist rule has no credibility

whatsoever.’ Do you agree?See the discussion around Abraham, David, The collapse of the Weimar Republic: politicaleconomy and crisis. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981:Hayes, Peter, ‘History in an Off Key: David Abraham’s Second Collapse’, Business HistoryReview 61 (1987): 472-92. See also Evans 907.2Forgacs, David, ‘’The Left and Fascism: Problems of Definition and Stategy’ in Forgacs (ed.),Rethinking Italian Fascism.

3. To what extent did Fascism and Nazism rest on coercive power and to what extent on popularconsent?

4. Was fascism a new kind of state power?5. Why was Hitler able to dominate the Germany army?6. Is military expansionism inherent in fascism? Discuss with reference to both Italy and Germany.7. Were Fascism or Nazism merely pseudo-revolutionary? You may focus on either Italy or

Germany.8. ‘The “intentionalists” are right: the Holocaust against the Jews was the realisation of the Nazi’s

original objectives’. Do you agree?9. How accurate is Goldhagen’s view that the German people as a whole were willing accomplices

in the extermination of the Jews?See Kershaw (2000): 280-81.

10. Was Nazism primarily a militant, mass, anti-Communist movement?11. Was fascism a response to the threat of Bolshevik, working class, revolution?12. What role did ideology play in Fascism and Nazism?13. What does the depiction of and polices towards women tell us about either Italian Fascist or

German Nazi social policies?



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14. Why was the Vatican seemingly so sympathetic to both Fascism and Nazism?Primary Source:#Friedlander, Saul, Pius XII and the Third Reich: a documentation. London: Chatto & Windus,1966. 262.13 FRIESecondary SourcesConway, J. S. The Nazi persecution of the Churches 1933-45. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,

1968.#Cornwell, John, Hitler's Pope: the secret history of Pius XII. London: Viking, 1999. 282.092

PIUS-4 CORNFalconi, Carlo, The Silence of Pius XII. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.Gentile, Emilio, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy. Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, 1996.Helmreich, Ernst Christian, The German churches under Hitler: background, struggle, and

epilogue. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1979.Pollard, John F. The Vatican and Italian fascism, 1929-32: a study in conflict. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1985.Ridley, F. A. The Papacy and fascism; the crisis of the twentieth century. London, Secker,

Warburg, 1937.#Scholder, Klaus, The Churches and The Third Reich. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Fortress Press,

1988. 274.30823 SCHO 1988Sereny, Gitta, Into that darkness: from mercy killing to mass murder. London: Deutsch, 1974:

esp. 60-76.

15. What were Hitler’s foreign policy objectives in the 1930s and why and how did he pursuethem?Boyce, Robert and Robertson, Esmonde M. (eds.), Paths to war: new essays on the origins of

the Second World War. London: Macmillan, 1989.Carr, William, Arms, autarky and aggression: a study in German foreign policy, 1933-

1939.London, Edward Arnold, 1972.Carr, William, Poland to Pearl Harbor: the making of the Second World War. London: E.

Arnold, 1985.Deist, Wilhelm, The Wehrmacht and German rearmament. London: Macmillan, 1981.Fischer, Fritz, From Kaiserreich to Third Reich: elements of continuity in German history,

1871-1945. London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.*Hauner, M., ‘Did Hitler want a World Dominion?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 13

(1978): 15-32.Hiden, John, Germany and Europe, 1919-1939. New York: Longman, 1977.Hildebrand, Klaus, The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. London, Batsford, 1973.Hillgruber, Andreas, Germany and the two World Wars. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,

1981.#Jarausch, Konrad, ‘From Second Reich to Third Reich: the Problem of Continuity in German

Foreign Policy’, Central European History, 12 (1979): 68-82.#Michaelis, ‘World Power Status or World Dominion’, Historical Journal 15 (1972): 331-60.Mommsen, Wolfgang J. and Kettenacker, Lothar (eds), The Fascist challenge and the policy of

appeasement. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1983.Rich, Norman, Hitler's war aims: ideology, the Nazi state, and the course of expansion.

London: Deutsch, 1973.Thies, Jochen, ‘Nazi Architecture – A Blueprint for World Domination: The Last aims of Adolf

Hitler’, in David Welch (ed.), Nazi propaganda.Watt, Donald Cameron, How war came: the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938-

1939. London: Heinemann, 1989.
