Welcome to History 44

The Mexican-American in the History of the

United States II

Prof. Valadez

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I. 1848-1900 the 1st Mexican-

American Generation

II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen.

III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation

IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation

V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.

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We Didn’t Cross the Border…

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U.S.

Economy

MA/MO/LA

California

Hide-Tallow Trade

Texas

Austin Colony

New Mexico

Santa Fe Trade

Mexican Economy

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Texas

– Stephen Austin

– Empresarios

– Read article

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Tejanos

• Cultural brokers (Vaqueros)

• Juan Seguin

• Texas Revolution 1836

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Santa Fe Trail 1821

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California Hide/Tallow Trade

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Causes of Mexican-American War

• Annexation of Texas

• Texas border dispute

• U.S. Expansionist policy (Manifest Destiny)

• Thornton Affair (immediate cause)

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1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

• Peace treaty signed February 2, 1848 at the Cathedral of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– Ended the Mexican-American War.

– Mexico ceded 55% of its territory for $15 million.

• Mexicans under the legal jurisdiction of the U.S.

– Article VIII granted U.S. citizenship to Mexicans and stipulated

that property of every kind shall be respected.

– Article IX guaranteed Mexicans the free enjoyment of property,

Liberty, and freedom of religion.

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Explain how the 1st generation of Mexican-Americans dealt with the political and social changes in the U.S. Southwest after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848.

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Assimilation

• to adopt the ways of another culture : to fully become part of a different society, country, etc.

Acculturation

• cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture; also : a merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact

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From Ranchero to Peon

• Proletarianization: the social process where one moves from being an employer to an employee.

• This process explains the experience of Mexican-Americans in the Southwest.

• The lost of land in American courts led to their loss of status: from landowner to a wage laborer.

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1848-1900

Economy

Political

Control

Resistance Socialization

Latino Americans

• http://www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/watch-videos/#2365075996

• Mariano Vallejo

• Juan Seguin

• Apolinaria

• Las Gorras Blancas

• What did U.S. expansion mean for them? Was the Mexican elite successful in preserving their status, property, and rights?

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Congressional Scales, 1850

Library of Congress 23

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Compromise of 1850

– California was a free state

– New Mexico & Utah would decide status

– Texas’s debt and claim

– Ban the slave trade in Washington, D.C.

– Amended Fugitive Slave Act

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Compromise of 1850

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Rail Roads 1870

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Gadsden Purchase 1854 $10,000,000

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Election 1852

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After 1852 Election

• Whig Party splits into the Republican Party and the American Know-Nothing Party.

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Nativism

• Heavy Catholic immigration produces Protestant backlash; nativist, anti-Catholic

• 1850s, a nativist society, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, becomes Know-Nothing Party, an important political party

• native-born workers fear job competition from Catholic immigrant workers.

• Know-Nothing Party in Texas involved an instigating race wars in Texas.

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Texas and New Mexico

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Cart War CART WARS 1855-1857

By the mid-1850s, Tejanos are successful arrerios (Cartmen)

Violence breaks at as Tejanos are attacked

Texan authorities end the conflict

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“El Cheno”

• Juan Cortina 1824-1894

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CORRIDO DE JUAN CORTINA - OSCAR CHAVEZ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmF5jrzjSH0

1859 para ser preciso

por andar debiendo ajeno se agarraron bien macizo

dizque muy serio tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo la tierra se han robado México sufre un despojo

y dijo Juan cortina ahorita yo me enojo.

leyes y tratados sirven solo a los americanos

Cortina es de Tamaulipas y paga las ofensas con balas en las tripas

Si dicen que soy un bandido por defender mi raza

1859 to be precise

To walk around with other people’s stuff

They locked horns

Supposedly the very serious treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo the land has been stolen Mexico suffers a despoliation

Juan Cortina said right now I am angry.

Laws and treaties serve only Americans

Cortina is of Tamaulipas, and pays the offenses with bullets in the guts

They said I am a bandit

For defending my people 36

The Election of 1860

Despite so little support in the South that in many areas his name did not even appear on the ballot, Abraham Lincoln, won a decisive victory in the election of 1860. The election of the anti-slavery Republican was seen as a calculated Northern insult by many Southerners and proved to be the last straw that would lead much of the South to secede and sink the nation into civil war.

Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. 37

Secession

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• Gutted by fire, the fort’s forty-foot walls remained relatively intact after the Confederate shelling that ended with Major Robert Anderson’s surrender. After Anderson officially turned the fort over to his former West Point artillery student General P. G. T. Beauregard, Confederate soldiers raised their flag above the ramparts, ending Union presence in Charleston Harbor and marking the beginning of the Civil War.

Fort Sumter

National Archives. 39

• General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it.

Library of Congress

Scott's Great Snake

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Mexican-Americans in Civil War

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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9alQGIg9RI

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April 14, 1865 Lincoln Assassination

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Amendments 13,14, 15

• 13th Amendment (1865)

– Outlawed slavery

• 14th Amendment (1868)

– Declared all persons born in the U.S., citizens

• 15th Amendment (1870)

– Protect the voting rights of African-American men

• The Election of 1876

• Compromise of 1877

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Salt War 1877

• Struggle for control of natural resources

• Spanish Communal law v.s. English Common law

• San Elizario, near El Paso

• 3 groups want control of salt mine

• 1877 riot, 4 dead

• Consequence: loss of economic influence in El Paso area

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Santa Fe Ring

• Group of lawyers & land speculators

• Largest landowners in New Mexico

San Luis Colorado 1851 Land Grant Sangre de Cristo

Doña Maria Gertrudis Barceló Doña Tules 1800-1852

• Santa Fe, New Mexico

• Independent business woman

Miguel Antonio Otero

• Governor of New Mexico Territory 1897-1906

Las Gorras Blancas, Las Vegas, NM

• Founded in April 1889 by brothers Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera

• Proclamation of Las Gorras 1890

• “Our purpose is to protect the rights and interests of the people in general; especially those of the helpless classes.”

• Newspaper La Voz de Pueblo

• Santa Fe, NM 1889

• 1890 People’s Party (Partido del Pueblo Unido )

• Hispanics & Anglos

• Alternative to Democrats & Republicans

New Mexico Constitution 1912

• ARTICLE II - BILL OF RIGHTS

• Sec. 5. [Rights under Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo preserved.]

• The rights, privileges and immunities, civil, political and religious guaranteed to the people of New Mexico by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo shall be preserved inviolate.

Arizona • Tucson

• 500 Mexican pop.

• Few Anglo-Americans in southern Arizona

• Apache Threat – Forces bicultural cooperation

• April 1874 Camp Grant Massacre

• Geronimo captured in 1886

• Pedro Aguirre 1852

• Merchant

• Estevan Ochoa 1831-1888

• Tucson Mayor 1876

Don Mariano G. Samaniego 1844-1907

• Fought for the rights of the Mexican immigrants

• Encourage participation in the U.S. political process

• Leader of Tucson

• Supports Alianza Hispano-Americana 1894

Mariano Vallejo 1807-1890

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• Sept. 1849 Monterrey

• 7 californios

• 1849 Constitution

– Based on NY state’s Constitution

– Prohibited Slavery

– Required laws to be published in 2 languages

– Granted women the right to own property

1849 California Constitution

1849 California Constitution

• ARTICLE XI.

• Sec. 21. All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish.

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Diseño del Rancho de San Juan Bautista : [Santa Clara Co., Calif.]

1851 California Land Act • Provided that claims to all lands in California be

presented within two years of the date of the act

• Many people didn’t know the requirements and therefore lost their land

• 200 families 14 million acres

• 1880-1890 only 5 % of Californios landowners

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1855 Vagrancy Act Greaser Act

• Defined vagrants as “all persons who [were] commonly known as ‘Greasers’”

• Anti-loitering act

Sunday Morning in the Mines by Charles Nahl

• 48ers

• 49ers

• 3 Routes

– Around the Horn

– Via Panama

– Overland

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Attacks on Chileans

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The Lynching of Juanita 1851