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History of the Internet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to:navigation,searchMain article:Internet

The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s.This began withpoint-to-point communicationbetweenmainframe computersandterminals,expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research intopacketswitching. Packet switched networks such asARPANET,Mark IatNPL in the UK,CYCLADES,Merit Network,Tymnet, andTelenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early1970s using a variety ofprotocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development ofprotocols forinternetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a

network of networks.

1974ABCinterview withArthur C. Clarkein which he describes a future of ubiquitousnetworked personal computers.

In 1982 theInternet protocol suite(TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-widenetwork of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access tothe ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when theNational Science Foundation(NSF) developedtheComputer Science Network(CSNET) and again in 1986 whenNSFNETprovided access tosupercomputersites in the United States from research and education organizations. CommercialInternet service providers(ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s. The ARPANETwas decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET wasdecommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercialtraffic.

Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce, includingthe rise of near-instant communication byelectronic mail,instant messaging,Voice over InternetProtocol(VoIP) "phone calls",two-way interactive video calls, and theWorld Wide Webwithitsdiscussion forums,blogs,social networking, andonline shoppingsites. The research andeducation community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF'svery highspeed Backbone Network Service(vBNS),Internet2, andNational LambdaRail. Increasingamounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating
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nternet_and_PC.ogvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABC_Clarke_predicts_internet_and_PC.ogvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LambdaRailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shoppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion_forumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#mw-head


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at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amountsof online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment andsocial networking.

History of computing

Hardware

Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present

Hardware in Soviet Bloc countries

Computer science

Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems

Programming languages Software engineering

Modern concepts

Graphical user interface

Internet Personal computers

Laptops Video games

World Wide Web

Timeline of computing

2400 BC1949 19501979 19801989 19901999 20002009

More timelines...
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ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking


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More...

v t

e

Internet

AnOpte Projectvisualization ofrouting

pathsthrough a portion of the Internet.

General

Access CensorshipDemocracy Digital divideDigital rights

Freedom of information History Internet phenomenon

Network neutrality PioneersPrivacy SociologyUsage

Governance

Internet Corporation for AssignedNames and Numbers (ICANN)

Internet EngineeringTask Force (IETF)

Internet GovernanceForum (IGF)
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Internet Society (ISOC)

Protocols Infrastructure

Domain Name System (DNS) Hypertext Transfer

Protocol (HTTP)

IP address Internet exchange point Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) Internet service provider (ISP)

POP3 email protocol Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol (SMTP)

Services

Blogs(Microblogs) E-mailFax

File sharing File transfer Instant messagingGaming

PodcastsShopping Television Voice over IP (VoIP) World Wide Web

(Web search)

Guides

Outline

Internet portal

v t e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_exchange_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_exchange_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_faxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_faxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_faxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_gaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_gaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_gaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shoppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shoppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shoppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_outline_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_outline_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Internet&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Internet&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Internet&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_outline_of_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shoppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_gaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_faxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_exchange_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society


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Len Kleinrockand the firstInterface Message Processor.[1]

Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

1961 Firstpacket-switchingpapers

1966Merit Networkfounded

1966ARPANETplanning starts

1969ARPANETcarriesits first packets

1970Mark I networkatNPL (UK) 1970Network

Information Center(NIC)

1971Merit Network'spacket-switched networkoperational

1971Tymnetpacket-switched network

1972Internet AssignedNumbers Authority(IANA) established

1973CYCLADESnetwork demonstrated 1974Telenetpacket-

switched network 1976X.25protocol

approved 1978Minitelintroduced 1979Internet Activities

Board(IAB)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Message_Processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Message_Processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIC#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIC#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIC#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIC#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switched_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switched_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Activities_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Activities_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Activities_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Activities_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard-Kleinrock-and-IMP1.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard-Kleinrock-and-IMP1.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard-Kleinrock-and-IMP1.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard-Kleinrock-and-IMP1.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Activities_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Activities_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switched_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIC#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIC#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Message_Processorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock


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1980USENETnewsusingUUCP

1980Ethernetstandardintroduced

1981BITNETestablished

Merging the networks and

creating the Internet:

1981Computer ScienceNetwork(CSNET)

1982TCP/IPprotocolsuite formalized

1982Simple MailTransfer Protocol(SMTP)

1983Domain NameSystem(DNS)

1983MILNETsplit offfromARPANET

1985First .COM domainname registered

1986NSFNETwith 56kbit/s links

1986InternetEngineering Task Force(IETF)

1987UUNETfounded 1988NSFNETupgraded

to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)

1988OSI ReferenceModelreleased 1988Morris worm 1989Border Gateway

Protocol(BGP) 1989PSINetfounded,

allows commercialtraffic

1989Federal InternetExchanges(FIXes)

1990GOSIP(withoutTCP/IP)

1990ARPANETdecommissioned

1990Advanced Networkand Services(ANS)

1990UUNET/Alternetallows commercialtraffic

1990Archie searchengine

1991Wide area
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSINethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSINethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSINethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIX_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIX_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIX_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIX_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOSIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOSIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOSIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNET#Early_existencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNET#Early_existencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNET#Early_existencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNET#Early_existencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOSIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIX_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIX_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSINethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENET


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information server(WAIS)

1991Gopher 1991Commercial

Internet eXchange(CIX) 1991ANS CO+RE

allows commercialtraffic

1991World Wide Web(WWW)

1992NSFNETupgradedto 45 Mbit/s (T3)

1992Internet Society(ISOC) established

1993Classless Inter-Domain Routing(CIDR)

1993InterNICestablished

1993Mosaic webbrowserreleased

1994Full text websearch engines

1994North AmericanNetwork Operators'Group(NANOG)established

Commercialization, privatization,

broader access leads to the

modern Internet:

1995 New Internetarchitecture withcommercialISPsconnected atNAPs

1995NSFNETdecommissioned

1995GOSIPupdated toallowTCP/IP

1995very high-speedBackbone NetworkService(vBNS)

1995IPv6proposed 1998Internet

Corporation forAssigned Names andNumbers(ICANN)

1999IEEE 802.11bwireless networking

1999Internet2/AbileneNetwork

1999vBNS+allowsbroader access
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANS_CO%2BREhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANS_CO%2BREhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANS_CO%2BREhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Access_Pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Access_Pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Access_Pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOSIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOSIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOSIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOSIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Access_Pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterNIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANS_CO%2BREhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_%28protocol%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_server


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2000Dot-com bubblebursts

2001New top-leveldomain names activated

2001Code Red I,CodeRed II, andNimda

worms 2003National

LambdaRailfounded 2006First meeting of the

Internet GovernanceForum

2010Firstinternationalized countrycode top-level domainsregistered

2012ICANN beginsaccepting applicationsfor new generic top-level

domain names

Examples of popular Internet

services:

1990IMDbInternetmovie database

1995Amazon.comonline retailer

1995eBayonlineauction and shopping

1995Craigslistclassifiedadvertisements

1996Hotmailfree web-based e-mail

1997Babel Fishautomatic translation

1998Google Search 1998Yahoo! Clubs (now

Yahoo! Groups) 1998PayPalInternet

payment system 1999Napsterpeer-to-

peer file sharing 2001BitTorrentpeer-to-

peer file sharing 2001Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

2003LinkedInbusinessnetworking

2003Myspacesocialnetworking site

2003SkypeInternetvoice calls
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LambdaRailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LambdaRailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LambdaRailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LambdaRailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Babel_Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Babel_Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Babel_Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_%28software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_%28software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_%28software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedInhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedInhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedInhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedInhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_%28software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Babel_Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LambdaRailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LambdaRailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble


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o 6.2 Global digital divide 6.2.1 Africa 6.2.2 Asia and Oceania 6.2.3 Latin America

o 6.3 Opening the network to commerce 7 Futurology: Beyond Earth and TCP/IP (2010 and beyond) 8 Internet governance

o 8.1 NIC, InterNIC, IANA and ICANNo 8.2 Internet Engineering Task Force

8.2.1 Request for Commentso 8.3 The Internet Societyo 8.4 Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century

9 Use and cultureo 9.1 E-mail and Useneto 9.2 From Gopher to the WWWo 9.3 Search engineso 9.4 File sharingo 9.5 Dot-com bubbleo 9.6 Mobile phones and the Internet

10 Online population forecast 11 Historiography 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links

Precursors

See also:Victorian Internet

The Internet has precursors that date back to the 19th century, especially thetelegraphsystem,more than a century before the digital Internet became widely used in the second half of the1990s. The concept ofdata communicationtransmitting data between two different places,connected via some kind of electromagnetic medium, such as radio or an electrical wirepredates the introduction of the first computers. Such communication systems were typicallylimited to point to point communication between two end devices.Telegraph systemsandtelexmachinescan be considered early precursors of this kind of communication.

Fundamental theoretical work indata transmissionandinformation theorywas developed byClaude Shannon,Harry Nyquist, andRalph Hartley, during the early 20th century.

Early computers used the technology available at the time to allow communication between thecentral processing unit and remote terminals. As the technology evolved, new systems weredevised to allow communication over longer distances (for terminals) or with higher speed (forinterconnection of local devices) that were necessary for themainframe computermodel. Using
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iki/Harry_Nyquisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nyquisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hartleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hartleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hartleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hartleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nyquisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy#Telexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy#Telexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking#History_of_computer_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Historiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Online_population_forecasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Mobile_phones_and_the_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#File_sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Search_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#From_Gopher_to_the_WWWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#E-mail_and_Usenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Use_and_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Globalization_and_Internet_governance_in_the_21st_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#The_Internet_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Internet_Engineering_Task_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#NIC.2C_InterNIC.2C_IANA_and_ICANNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Internet_governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Futurology:_Beyond_Earth_and_TCP.2FIP_.282010_and_beyond.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Opening_the_network_to_commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Asia_and_Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Global_digital_divide


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these technologies it was possible to exchange data (such as files) between remote computers.However, the point to point communication model was limited, as it did not allow for directcommunication between any two arbitrary systems; a physical link was necessary. Thetechnology was also deemed as inherently unsafe for strategic and military use, because therewere no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack.

Three terminals and an ARPA

Main articles:RAND CorporationandARPANET

A fundamental pioneer in the call for a global network,J. C. R. Licklider, articulated the ideas inhis January 1960 paper,Man-Computer Symbiosis.

"A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines[which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances ininformation storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions."

J.C.R. Licklider,[2]

In August 1962, Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper "On-Line Man ComputerCommunication", which was one of the first descriptions of a networked future.

In October 1962, Licklider was hired byJack Ruinaas Director of the newly establishedInformation Processing Techniques Office(IPTO) withinDARPA, with a mandate tointerconnect theUnited States Department of Defense's main computers at Cheyenne Mountain,the Pentagon, and SAC HQ. There he formed an informal group within DARPA to furthercomputer research. He began by writing memos describing a distributed network to the IPTOstaff, whom he called "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network". As part

of the information processing office's role, three network terminals had been installed: one forSystem Development CorporationinSanta Monica, one forProject Genieat theUniversity ofCalifornia, Berkeleyand one for theCompatible Time-Sharing Systemproject at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT). Licklider's identified need for inter-networkingwould be made obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused.

"For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So if I wastalking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley orM.I.T. about this, I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the otherterminal and get in touch with them. [...] I said, it's obvious what to do (But I don't want to do it):If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to

go where you have interactive computing. That idea is the ARPAnet."Robert W. Taylor, co-writer with Licklider of "The Computer as a Communications Device",in an interview withThe New York Times,[3]

Although he left the IPTO in 1964, five years before the ARPANET went live, it was his visionof universal networking that provided the impetus that led his successors such asLawrenceRobertsandRobert Taylorto further the ARPANET development. Licklider later returned tolead the IPTO in 1973 for two years.[4]
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Packet switching

Main article:Packet switching

At the tip of the problem lay the issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one

logical network. During the 1960s,Paul Baran(RANDCorporation), produced a study ofsurvivable networks for the US military. Information transmitted across Baran's network wouldbe divided into what he called 'message-blocks'. Independently,Donald Davies(NationalPhysical Laboratory, UK), proposed and developed a similar network based on what he calledpacket-switching, the term that would ultimately be adopted.Leonard Kleinrock(MIT)developed mathematical theory behind this technology. Packet-switching provides betterbandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit-switching technology usedfor telephony, particularly on resource-limited interconnection links.

[5]

Packet switching is a rapid store-and-forward networking design that divides messages up intoarbitrary packets, with routing decisions made per-packet. Early networks usedmessage

switched systemsthat required rigid routing structures prone tosingle point of failure. This ledTommy Krash and Paul Baran's U.S. military funded research to focus on using message-blocksto include network redundancy.[6]The widespread urban legend that the Internet was designed toresist nuclear attack likely arose as a result of Baran's earlier work on packet switching, whichdid focus on redundancy in the face of a nuclear "holocaust."

[7][8]

Networks that led to the Internet

ARPANET

Main article:ARPANET

Promoted to the head of the information processing office atDARPA, Robert Taylor intended torealize Licklider's ideas of an interconnected networking system. Bringing inLarry RobertsfromMIT, he initiated a project to build such a network. The first ARPANET link was establishedbetween theUniversity of California, Los Angelesand theStanford Research Instituteon 22:30hours on October 29, 1969.

"We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI ...", Kleinrock ... said in aninterview: "We typed the L and we asked on the phone,

"Do you see the L?""Yes, we see the L," came the response.We typed the O, and we asked, "Do you see the O.""Yes, we see the O."Then we typed the G, and the system crashed ...

Yet a revolution had begun" ....[9]
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By December 5, 1969, a 4-node network was connected by adding theUniversity of Utahand theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara. Building on ideas developed inALOHAnet, theARPANET grew rapidly. By 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213, with a new host beingadded approximately every twenty days.

[10][11]

ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and a primary tool indeveloping the technologies used. ARPANET development was centered around theRequest forComments(RFC) process, still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols andSystems.RFC 1, entitled "Host Software", was written bySteve Crockerfrom theUniversity ofCalifornia, Los Angeles, and published on April 7, 1969. These early years were documented inthe 1972 filmComputer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.

International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. For various political reasons, Europeandevelopers were concerned with developing theX.25networks. Notable exceptions were theNorwegian Seismic Array(NORSAR) in 1972, followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite linksto theTanumEarth Station andPeter Kirstein's research group in the UK, initially at the Institute

of Computer Science, London University and later atUniversity College London.

[12]

NPL

In 1965,Donald Daviesof theNational Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)proposed anational data network based on packet-switching. The proposal was not taken up nationally, butby 1970 he had designed and built the Mark I packet-switched network to meet the needs of themultidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions.[13]By 197612 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached and more were added until the network wasreplaced in 1986.

Merit Network

TheMerit Network[14]

was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research InformationTriad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as ameans to help the state's educational and economic development.[15]With initial support from theState of Michiganand theNational Science Foundation(NSF), the packet-switched network wasfirst demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was madebetween theIBMmainframe computersystems at theUniversity of MichiganinAnn ArborandWayne State UniversityinDetroit.

[16]In October 1972 connections to theCDCmainframe at

Michigan State UniversityinEast Lansingcompleted the triad. Over the next several years inaddition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to

host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batchfile transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to theTymnetandTelenetpublic data networks,X.25host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks,Ethernetattached hosts, and eventuallyTCP/IPand additionalpublic universities in Michiganjoin the network.[16][17]All of this set thestage for Merit's role in theNSFNETproject starting in the mid-1980s.

CYCLADES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALOHAnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALOHAnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALOHAnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Crockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Crockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Crockerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORSARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORSARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORSARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanum_Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanum_Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanum_Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_T._Kirsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_T._Kirsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_T._Kirsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-BBC_Technology-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-BBC_Technology-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-BBC_Technology-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan#Public_colleges_and_universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan#Public_colleges_and_universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan#Public_colleges_and_universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan#Public_colleges_and_universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_data_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-MeritTimeline1970-1979-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-BBC_Technology-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_T._Kirsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanum_Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORSARhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Crockerhttp://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALOHAnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah


14/41

TheCYCLADESpacket switching network was a French research network designed anddirected byLouis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives tothe initial ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first networkto make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself,usingunreliable datagramsand associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms.[18][19]

X.25 and public data networks

Main articles:X.25,Bulletin board system, andFidoNet

Based on ARPA's research, packet switching network standards were developed by theInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU) in the form of X.25 and related standards. Whileusingpacket switching, X.25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditionaltelephone connections. In 1974, X.25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between Britishacademic and research sites, which later becameJANET. The initial ITU Standard on X.25 wasapproved in March 1976.[20]

TheBritish Post Office,Western Union InternationalandTymnetcollaborated to create the firstinternational packet switched network, referred to as theInternational Packet Switched Service(IPSS), in 1978. This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong andAustralia by 1981. By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure.[21]

Unlike ARPANET, X.25 was commonly available for business use.Telenetoffered its Telemailelectronic mail service, which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general emailsystem of the ARPANET.

The first public dial-in networks used asynchronousTTYterminal protocols to reach a

concentrator operated in the public network. Some networks, such asCompuServe, used X.25 tomultiplex the terminal sessions into their packet-switched backbones, while others, such asTymnet, used proprietary protocols. In 1979,CompuServebecame the first service to offerelectronic mailcapabilities and technical support to personal computer users. The companybroke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offerreal-time chatwith itsCB Simulator. Othermajor dial-in networks wereAmerica Online(AOL) and Prodigythat also providedcommunications, content, and entertainment features. Manybulletin board system(BBS)networks also provided on-line access, such asFidoNetwhich was popular amongst hobbyistcomputer users, many of themhackersandamateur radio operators.[citation needed]

UUCP and Usenet

Main articles:UUCPandUsenet

In 1979, two students atDuke University,Tom TruscottandJim Ellis, came up with the idea ofusing simpleBourne shellscripts to transfer news and messages on a serial lineUUCPconnection with nearbyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Following public release ofthe software, the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded.UUCPnet, as it would later be named, also created gateways and links betweenFidoNetand dial-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pouzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pouzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pouzinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagrams#Packets_vs._datagramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagrams#Packets_vs._datagramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagrams#Packets_vs._datagramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNethttp://en.wikipe

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