his 126 chapter 33 outline rd.old.7.12

7/29/2019 HIS 126 Chapter 33 Outline RD.old.7.12

1/9

HIS 126 TE: Chapter 33: The Cold War and Decolonization

Main Points

1. Germany and Berlin divided; West Berlin saved from Soviet blockade by

Berlin Airlift2. Berlin Wall put up to stop escapes from East.

3. Nuclear arms race between US and USSR

4. Space Race: Soviets have first satellite and first man in space; US has first

man on the moon, 1969

5. US has McCarthyism and prosperity; USSR has repression and fewer

consumer goods

Main Points 2

6. Korean War: Communist North invades South Korea. US aids South, China

aids North. Stalemate.

7. US fails to overthrow Cuban Communist Fidel Castro at Bay of Pigs, but

forces removal of Soviet missiles in Cuban Middle Crisis.

8. British India partitioned into independent India and Muslim Pakistan, 1947.

Massacres follow.

9. North Vietnamese defeat French, then US, conquer South Vietnam by

1975.

Main Points 3

10. Communists led by Mao defeat Nationalists in China. Maos later policies

(Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution) are disastrous.

11. After Mao dies, Deng Xiao-ping modernizes economy but repressesdissent in Tiananmen Sq.

12. Arabs oppose Jewish state of Israel in Palestine.

13. Egypts Pres. Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal.

14. Islamists overthrow Shah of Iran, take US

Embassy hostage.

Main Points 4

15. African decolonization begins in Ghana, 1957; continues with Kenyatta in

Kenya; apartheid ends in South Africa with election of Nelson Mandela 1994

16. Prime Minister Lumumba of Congo replaced by dictator Mobotu Seke withUS support.

17. Sandinistas overthrow Dictator Somoza in Nicaragua. US under Reaganbacks Contras.

18. Soviets suppress dissent in Hungary and Prague, but fail in Afghanistan

and Poland

Main Points 5


2/9

19. Solidaritys success in Poland sparks collapse of Communist governments

through Eastern Europe.

20. Mikhail Gorbachevs reforms lead to fall of Communist government in

Russia, and independence of many Russian-held nations.

21. Soviet Union breaks up and Cold War ends.

Ho Chi Minh and Harry Truman

Ho sought support against French

Truman supported French re-colonization

Cold War complicated decolonization

The Formation of a Bipolar World

Winston Churchill: the iron curtain

Division of post-war Germany, especially Berlin

Western powers merged occupation zones

Soviets feared economic consequences of merger

Soviet blockade of Berlin

Occupied Germany, 1945-1949

Berlin Airlift

11 months of air shipments to Berlin, beginning June 1948

Cold war did not go hot

Soviets lifted blockade in summer 1949

East Berlin capital of German Democratic Republic

Bonn capital of Federal Republic of Germany

Construction of the Berlin Wall

19491961: 3.5 million East Germans fled to West Germany

Especially younger, highly skilled workersAugust 1961 construction of wall separating East and West

Symbol of the Cold War

The Arms Race

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949

Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact), 1955

Nuclear proliferation

Mutually assured destruction (MAD)

The Space Race

Initial Soviet successes:

1957: Sputnik, first satellite

1961: Yuri Gagarin orbited earth

U.S. set up NASA, landed Apollo XI on the moon, July 1969

Cold War Societies

United States

Anti-Communism

Joseph McCarthy and domestic containment

Unprecedented prosperity and leisure


3/9

Soviet Union

Repression of artistic dissent

Paucity of material goods

Division of Korea

Korea divided along 38th parallel after WWII

1948, two KoreasRepublic of Korea (South)

Seoul is capital

Syngman Rhee is president

Peoples Democratic Republic of Korea (North)

Pyongyang is capital

Kim Il Sung is leader

Korean War

North Korea invaded in 1950, captured Seoul

U.S. drove North Koreans back to 38th parallel, captured Pyongyang

Chinese invaded, pushed U.S. back to 38th

3 million killed by ceasefire in summer 1953

No peace treaty signed; continued tensions

Containment

U.S. would contain communism and prevent its spread

Eisenhower articulated domino theory, 1954

Policy of containment applied across the entire globe

Cuba

Fidel Castro Ruiz led 1959 revolution against Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar

Castro expropriated foreign properties, most owned by U.S. interests

U.S. imposed trade embargo, cut off diplomatic relations

Soviets stepped in with massive aid, gaining foothold off U.S. shoresThe Bay of Pigs

Castro declared allegiance to Soviet foreign policy, 1960

Kennedy and CIA sent 1,500 Cubans into Bay of Pigs to spur revolution

Fiasco and embarrassment for U.S.

Contributed to planting of Soviet missiles in Cuba

Fidel Castro at the Bay of Pigs (picture)

Cuban Missile Crisis

October 22, 1962Kennedy publicly announced existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba

Kennedy publicly challenged USSR

U.S. forces quarantined CubaKhrushchev removed missiles in return for U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba; private

pledge to remove missiles from Turkey

The Cold War, 1949-1962 (map)

Content Questions 1

1. What were two ways the Communists tried to deal with West Berlin? What was

the US response to the first one?

2. How did the US and USSR compete in the arms race and the space race?


4/9

3. In the Korean War, what nations supported North Korea and what nations

supported South Korea?

4. What were two responses by the US to the Cuban

ties with the Soviet Union?

Decolonization in Asia (map)

Vivisection of India (Gandhi)Divisions between Hindus, Muslims

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League

Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party

1947 partition

500,0001,000,000 killed

10,000,000 refugees

India moves toward nonalignment position

The third path

Muslims leave India, 1947 (picture)

Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam

French reasserted control after WWII

Ho Chi Minh (18901969) and Vo Nguyen Giap defeated France in 1954

Geneva Conference (1954) divided Vietnam at 17th parallel

Civil war between north (communist) and south

U.S. forces entered struggle

South Vietnam conquered by North in 1975

Vietnamese Protest French Occupation (picture)

The Peoples Republic of China

Civil war between Communists and Nationalists continued after defeat of Japan

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek) forced to retreat to island of Taiwan with nationalist

forcesTakes most of Chinas gold reserves

Mao Zedong proclaims Peoples Republic of China, 1949

Begins dramatic transformation of Chinese society into communist mold

Social and Economic Transformations

Power concentrated in Communist Party

Repression of political opposition

Rapid industrialization under Soviet-style Five-Year Plan, 1955

Massive land redistribution

Collective farms replaced private farming

Universal health care, educationDramatic challenges to gender discrimination

Beijing-Moscow Relations

Close ties at first

Mutual concern over U.S. rehabilitation of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan

Beijing recognized primacy of USSR as communist leader

Growing divide

Moscow neutral in Chinas conflict with India over Tibet


5/9

Open competition for influence after 1964

Communism and Democracy in China

Massive, pervasive policies of economic and cultural engineering with disastrous

consequences

Great Leap Forward (19581961)devastating famines

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (19661976)brutal and destabilizingDeng Xiaopeng (19041997) moderated Maoism

Economic development

Relations with U.S.

Continued repression: Tiananmen Square (1989)

The Issue of Palestine

After World War II, Arab states increasingly gained independence

Palestine governed by Great Britain between the wars

Balfour Declaration (1917)British support for Jewish homeland

Holocaust intensified support for Jewish state

Arabs viewed Jews as interlopers

Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration (picture)

Creation of the State of Israel

Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for a

resolution

May 1948: Jews declared independence of state of Israel

Arab states invaded, Israel successfully defended itself

Palestine divided between Israel and Jordan, 1949

The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 19491982

Egypt and Arab Nationalism

Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, 19181970) took leadership position in Arab world

Suez crisis, 1956Nasser nationalized Suez Canal

British, French, and Israeli forces seized canal

Canal returned to Egyptian control in response to U.S. and USSR protests

Halting Movements toward Peace in the Middle East

Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (19221995) signed peace accords with

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) chairman Yasser Arafat (19292004)

Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist

Limited Palestinian autonomy in Israeli-occupied territories

Continuing violence in the region

IslamismRejection of Western values, reassertion of Islamic values

Iranian Revolution, 1979

Overthrow of U.S.-backed Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (19191980)

Power seized by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years

Shut down U.S. facilities, confiscated economic ventures

Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats (picture)


6/9

Content Questions 2

1. What ethnic/religious groups were separated by the partition of India? What were

the results of the partition for the people involved?

2. What nations were involved in the Vietnamese conflicts? What group finally won

there?3. Who was the first leader of the Chinese Peoples Republic? What were his

policies? Who changed them after his death?

4. What groups were in conflict in Palestine? How was Egypt involved? Why has

peace in the region been hard to achieve?

5. What movement overthrew the Shah of Iran? How did this cause a crisis for the

United States?

Decolonization in Africa

Legacy of colonial competition

Internal divisions

TribalEthnic

Linguistic

Religious

Decolonization in Africa

Ghana

Kwame Nkrumah

Led mass action against British colonial rule

Supported pan-African unity

Imprisonment of nationalists

Gradual implementation of reforms

Independence in 1957first in sub-Saharan Africa

Kwame Nkrumah Leading Independence Celebrations (picture)

Kenya

Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and collaborationist Africans, 1947

1952 state of emergency declared

Overwhelming British military response12,000 Africans killed, vs. 100 Europeans

Revolt bloodily suppressed, but followed by negotiated withdrawal; independence

1962

South Africa

Apartheid

Established by white South Africans Afrikaner National PartyDivision of South Africas peoples by race

African National Congress

Led by Nelson Mandela

Brutally repressed by government forces

Repression of ANC caused worldwide ostracism of South Africa

Nelson Mandela (picture)

Dismantling of Apartheid


7/9

President F. W. de Klerk (elected 1989) began to end apartheid

Release of Nelson Mandela from prison, 1990

Negotiation of end of white minority rule

1994 elections brought ANC to power

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Gained independence from Belgium in 1960Popular leader Patrice Lumumba killed in coup, 1961

Mobutu Sese Seko

Led military coup against Lumumba

Established brutal dictatorship

Devastated national economy

Received Western support

Nicaragua and Iran-Contra

Dominated by Somoza family, backed by U.S.

Sandinistas seized power in 1979

U.S. President Ronald Reagan covertly funded anti-Sandinista Contras with funds

acquired by selling weapons to Iran

Challenges to Soviet Hegemony

De-Stalinization, 19561964

Rebellions quashed:

Hungary, 1956

Prague Spring, 1968

Brezhnev doctrine: right to invade any socialist country threatened by elements

hostile to socialism

Detente

Reduction in hostility between nuclear superpowersStrategic Arms Limitations Talks (1972, 1979)

Friction in early 1980s

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Dramatic rise in U.S. military spending

Soviet setbacks in Afghanistan

Soviet Union intervened to protect fragile

pro-Soviet government

Mujahideen rebels received weapons and money from U.S., others

1989, USSR forced to pull out

1996, Taliban takes over, after civil warEnd of the Cold War

President Ronald Reagan (in office 19811989) promoted massive military

spending, beyond Soviet economy to keep up

Soviet Mikhail S. Gorbachev (1931) implemented reforms

Repudiation of Brezhnev doctrine

Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe


8/9

Solidarity movement opposed Polish Communist Party rule, forced multiparty

elections, 1989

Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania follow

Velvet revolution in Czechoslovakia

East Germany decides to open the Berlin Wall

East and West Germany reunite (1990)Collapse of the Soviet Union

Reforms under Gorbachev

Economic: perestroika (restructuring)

Social: glasnost (openness)

Baltic republics seceded, August 1991

Twelve more republics quickly follow

Soviet Union ceased to exist in 1991

The Collapse of the Soviet Union and European Communist Regimes, 1991(map)

Review Main Points

1. Germany and Berlin divided; West Berlin saved from Soviet blockade byBerlin Airlift

2. Berlin Wall put up to stop escapes from East.

3. Nuclear arms race between US and USSR

4. Space Race: Soviets have first satellite and first man in space; US has first

man on the moon, 1969

5. US has McCarthyism and prosperity; USSR has repression and fewer

consumer goods

Review Main Points 2

6. Korean War: Communist North invades South Korea. US aids South, China

aids North. Stalemate.

7. US fails to overthrow Cuban Communist Fidel Castro at Bay of Pigs, but

forces removal of Soviet missiles in Cuban Middle Crisis.

8. British India partitioned into independent India and Muslim Pakistan, 1947.

Massacres follow.

9. North Vietnamese defeat French, then US, conquer South Vietnam by

1975.


10. Communists led by Mao defeat Nationalists in China. Maos later policies

(Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution) are disastrous.11. After Mao dies, Deng Xiao-ping modernizes economy but represses

dissent in Tiananmen Sq.

12. Arabs oppose Jewish state of Israel in Palestine.

13. Egypts Pres. Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal.

14. Islamists overthrow Shah of Iran, take US

Embassy hostage.


9/9


15. African decolonization begins in Ghana, 1957; continues with Kenyatta in

Kenya; apartheid ends in South Africa with election of Nelson Mandela 1994

16. Prime Minister Lumumba of Congo replaced by dictator Mobotu Seke with

US support.

17. Sandinistas overthrow Dictator Somoza in Nicaragua. US under Reaganbacks Contras.

18. Soviets suppress dissent in Hungary and Prague, but fail in Afghanistan

and Poland


19. Solidaritys success in Poland sparks collapse of Communist governments

through Eastern Europe.

20. Mikhail Gorbachevs reforms lead to fall of Communist government in

Russia, and independence of many Russian-held nations.

21. Soviet Union breaks up and Cold War ends. Content Questions 3

1. What African nation was the first to become independent? Who was its

leader?

2. What policy did the Nationalist Party impose in South Africa? Who led the

opposition to its policy?

3. What movement took control of Nicaragua?

How did President Reagan respond to it?

4. What nations rebelled against Soviet control? How did the USSR respond?

What did Solidarity do in Poland? What followed elsewhere in Eastern

Europe?

5. Who tried to reform the Soviet Union? What changes resulted?

his 126 chapter 33 outline rd.old.7.12

Documents