his 101 ch 14a thirty years war
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The Thirty Years WarReligion, Warfare, and Sovereignty:
1540-1660
Thirty Years War: 1618 to 1648◦ Longest continuous war in modern history
Fought primarily in the German Provinces Began as religious war between Catholics
and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire Developed into general conflict over power
of Kings and National self determination in western Europe◦ Can be called a European Civil War (but there
were more than two sides)
Introduction
Thirty Years War ◦ Religion◦ Self-determination◦ Power of Princes, Emperor, Pope◦ Territorial, ethnic alliances versus religious
alliances◦ The War Feeds Itself
History is Complex
1517 Lutheran Reformation breaks out in Germany- spreads throughout central and northern Europe.
1520’s Henry VIII agitates for annulment of his marriage and begins his breakaway from Rome.
1522-1522 Ignatius of Loyola writes Spiritual Exercises and ushers in the Counter-Reformation.
1525 Zwingli begins agitating for new religious practices in the Swiss Confederation.
1529 Princes in German Provinces protest that they should decide the religion for their provinces.
1534 Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus 1536 John Calvin writes The Institutes of the Christian
Religion
Reformation Review
Early Reformer from Bohemia (will become Czechoslovakia in the 20th century).◦ Argued against Doctrine of Transubstantiation
At the Council of Constance, Huss was accused of heresy and burned at the stake in 1416
Huss execution did not extinguish anti-Roman Catholic sentiments in Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Poland
We Can’t Forget Jan Huss
Religious Wars in 16th & 17th Centuries
Protestants fought between themselves over doctrine and power
Zwinglians, Lutherans, Anabaptists, Calvinists sought dominance in central Europe
Roman Catholic princes and Holy Roman Emperor fought to maintain order, bring Protestants back to Church
Issue: who controls religion in a particular territory—the Monarch or the Pope◦ Early compromise--Peace of Augsburg 1555: Prince
controls religious choice in his territory
Roman Catholics Lutherans Hussites Calvinists
◦ Zwingligans◦ Moravians
Anglicans (Britain) Orthodox Christianity Islam Everybody wants religious freedom for
themselves—not so much for anybody else
Religions Practiced in Europe in 1618
France◦ Surrounded by Spanish Hapsburg Emperor in the Netherlands and
Spain◦ Ruled by members of the Bourbon family
Holy Roman Empire: a non-contiguous kingdom ◦ Some territories were in revolt◦ Independent Princes ◦ Ruled by members of the Hapsburg family◦ The Spanish Road
Austria-Hungary and Bohemia also ruled by Hapsburg princes
Netherlands divided into independent provinces and Spanish provinces
Sweden and Denmark wanted control of northern German States on border of the Baltic Sea
Territorial Kingdoms
Not yet a nation Collection of Principalities within the Holy
Roman Empire Princes were electors of the Holy Roman
Emperor Religious affiliations of principalities after
Lutheran Reformation settled by Peace of Augsburg (1555)◦ Each of the 225 German princes could choose the
religion in his kingdom
Germany
King of Austria King of Hungary Elected King of Bohemia in 1618 by a coalition
of Lutheran and Catholic princes on the understanding that he would leave religion to the princes ◦ Lutherans and Catholics supported Ferdinand over
Frederick, Prince of Palatine, who was associated with Calvinists
Bohemian princes in dispute with Catholic Bishop over building Protestant Chapels
Ferdinand sided with the Bishop
Ferdinand II (1578-1637)Ruled as Holy Roman Emperor 1619-
1637
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 Ferdinand sent four Catholic
Counts to meet with the Bohemians in Prague
An assembly of townspeople (burghers) led by Count Thurn of Bohemia was to meet the delegation
When the Counts entered, the crowd threw two of them and their secretary out the window
They were saved from death because they landed in a pile of horse manure
Defenestration of Prague
War Spreads to Germany & Austria
March 1619: Ferdinand II succeeded his cousin Mathias as Holy Roman Emperor.
Bohemian Princes refuse Ferdinand and supported the Saxon Prince, Frederick V of Palatine, as Holy Roman Emperor.◦ Frederick V is a Calvinist◦ Frederick V is son-in-law of James I of England
Ferdinand II (Spanish Hapsburgs).◦ Austrian Princes (Austrian Hapsburgs-- cousins of
Spanish Hapsburgs) join revolt against Ferdinand. Count Thurn of Bohemia leads army to walls of
Vienna.
Meanwhile in Transylvania 1620 Protestant Prince, Bethlen Gabor,
(with support of the Muslim Ottomans) leads campaign against Catholic forces of Ferdinand II (Spanish Hapsburgs) in support of Frederick V (Austrian Hapsburgs).
Ottomans provide troops and funding to attack Poland who supported the Catholic, Ferdinand II.
Polish-Ottoman War of 1620-1621 changes nothing (status quo ante).
Battle of White Mountain 8 November 1620
◦ Bohemian Army of 30,000 men met Catholic forces of 27,000 men (including Rene Descartes) on a hill outside Prague.
◦ Catholic forces won decisive victory. Battle of White Mountain lasted about an
hour.
Back in Bohemia
War Spreads
1621: Ferdinand orders all non-Lutheran Protestants to leave Bohemia or convert.
1622: Ferdinand II orders all Lutherans in German principalities to convert or leave.
1625: Danish King goes to war on the Protestant side. Danes fight from 1625-1629
1630: Sweden enters the war. Swedes fight from 1630-1635
War Spreads Again
Gustavus II Adophus King of Sweden, secretly funded by France, enters war on behalf of Protestants.
After many victories, Gustavus Adophus killed in Battle of Lutzen in 1632.
CARDINAL RICHELIEU
France enters the war on Protestant side in 1635◦ French fear power of Ferdinand and being encircled
by Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs German lands lay in between French, Spanish
and Austrian forces
25-40% of German population die during the 30 Years war.◦ Principality of Wurttemberg: 75% of population◦ Principality of Brandenburg: 50% of population◦ Across German territory:
Swedes destroyed 2,000 castles; 1800 villages; 1500 towns 50% of male population of Germany died
Disease:◦ Bubonic plague◦ Typhus◦ Dysentery
Famine: ◦ wholesale destruction of agriculture◦ armies supported food needs through plunder.
THE WAR FEEDS ITSELF
The Miseries and Misfortunes of War◦ Depicts the invasion of Lorraine by Cardinal
Richelieu ◦ Scenes depict the horrors of war but French
identified as a band of renegade soldiers Inspired Goya’s Los Disatastres del la
Guerra depicting the Spanish War with Napoleon 1808-1814.
Jacques Callot (1592-1635)
Scene of a Pillage. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
Plundering a Farmhouse. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
The Stappado. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
The Wheel. Jacques Callot ,1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm. Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
.
The Stake. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
The Hanging. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
The Hospital. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
Dying Soldiers by a Roadside. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
The Distribution of Rewards. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia
The Third of May, Francisco Goya, 1814, Prado Musuem, Madrid
Peace of Westphalia 1648
Series of treaties Affirmed ruler’s right to determine the
religion of his state Created territories of modern states in
Europe
France becomes dominant power in Europe. Austrian & Spanish Hapsburgs lose territory
and power. Germany will not be united until the 19th
century.
Long Term Results:Thirty Years War