hindi web final - research & reinforcement

Volume 7 Issue 1 May 2019 - October 2019

UGC App. No. 64785Impact Factor: 4.213

ISSN 2348-3857

PatronShri Rajendra Prasad Gupta, RAS (Rtd.)

Govt. of Rajasthan Jaipur (Rajasthan)Address- 94/200 , Vijay Path, Mansarover, Jaipur-20, Rajasthan

Email Id : [email protected]

Editor in ChiefDr. Pankaj Gupta

Assistant Professor in Selection ScaleDepartment of College Education, Govt. of Rajasthan

Address- 111/142, Vijay Path, Mansarover, Jaipur-20, RajasthanEmail Id : [email protected]

EditorsCommerce & Management Section

Vinay Kumar SharmaFormer Dean, Faculty of Commerce, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Principal (Retd.), Govt. P.G. College, Sanbharlake, Jaipur (Raj.)Address- 1 / 96 Chitrakoot near Global heart hospital , Vaishali Nagar Jaipur


Social Science & Environment SectionDr. Vinod K. Bhardwaj

Associate ProfessorCommissionerate of College Education, Rajasthan

Address-66 Gangotri Nagar, Gopalpura, Bypass, Jaipur-18, RajasthanEmail Id : [email protected]

Dr. Archana BansalLecturer

Department of School Education, Govt. of RajasthanAddress- 111/211, Vijay Path, Mansarover, Jaipur-20, Rajasthan


Research Reinforcement(A P�� R�� I�� R�� J��)

Editor’s Desk

Ms. Deepshikha ParasherSenior assistant professor

IIS (deemed to be university) , Jaipur (Rajasthan)Address- 93/71, Vijay Path, Mansarovar, Jaipur


Education SectionDr. Sanjay Kedia

Asst. PrincipalICG Institute of Educational Research & Development, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Address- C2-604, Raheja Residential Complex, Patrakar ColonyEmail Id : [email protected]

Arts & Huminities SectionDr. Jagadeesh Giri

Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Hindi, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

Address- L-09 B, university of Rajasthan, jaipur-302004Email Id : [email protected]

Associate EditorsSocial Science & Environment Section

Dr. Nandkumar N. SawantPrincipal

Parvatibai Chowgule College, Madgaon (Goa)Address: Parvatibai chowgule college, Post fatorda Margoa Goa-403602


Dr. Batskhem MyrbohAssociate Professor

Synod College, Shillong (Meghalaya)Address: Synod College, Jaiaw, Shillong, Meghalaya-793002


Dr. Shakti Singh ShekhawatAssistant Professor

Commissionerate of College Education, RajasthanAddress- 3,Lions Lane,Anjani Marg,Hanuman Nagar Ext.,Sirsi Road,Jaipur, Rajasthan



Dr. Monika KannanAssociate Professor

Sophia (Autonomous) Girls' College, AjmerAddress : Siddhi Vinayak Complex, Opp. D.A.V College, Ajmer (Rajasthan) 305001


Education SectionDr. Savita Mishra

PrincipalVidyasagar College of Education, Darjeeling (West Bengal)

Address : Vill. Rupandighi, P.O. Phansidewa, Dist. Darjeeling-734434 (W. B.)Email Id : [email protected]

Commerce & Management SectionDr. Sheenu Jain

Assistant General ManagerAddress: 71-B, Shanti Nagar A, Gujar ki thadi New sanganer road – Jaipur-19

Address: Jaipuria Institute of Management, Jaipur (Raj.)Email Id : [email protected]

Arts & Huminities SectionDr. Ashish Vyas

Assistant Professor in Selection ScaleSeth R L Saharia Govt PG College, Kaladera

Address: F-1,D 96,Maruti Tower,Sindhu Nagar,Murli pura,Jaipur-302039Email Id : [email protected]

Dr. Vishal Vikram SinghAssistant Professor

Hindi Vibhag, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, RajasthanAddress : L-8 G, Rajasthan University Campus, Jaipur, 302004, Raj.

Email id : [email protected]


International Editorial Advisory BoardProf. B.L. Sukhwal Prof. Miroljub JevticWisconsin University, Medison, USA University of Belgrade, Belgrade

Prof. Lal Mervin Dharmisiri Prof. Dr. Mohammad IqbalDirector, NCAS, Colombo, Sri Lanka Shah Jalal University of Sci. & Tech., Sylhet, Bangladesh

Prof. Syeda Rozana Rashid Dr. Kedar P. AcharyaDhaka University, Bangladesh UGC, Nepal

National Editorial Advisory BoardProf. P.N. Shastry Prof. S.K. SharmaVice Chancellor, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi Vice Chancellor, M.G. Central University, Motihari (Bihar)

Prof. Kaushal Kishore Mishra Prof. M. Pareek (Rtd.)Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. Uma Gole Prof. Rajeev Gupta (Rtd.)Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chh.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. Ravindra G. Jayabhaye Prof. K.G. SharmaSavitrbai Phule Pune University, Pune (Maharashtra) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. B. Srinagesh Prof. P.S. Bhatnagar (Rtd.)Osmania University, Hyderabad (Telangana) University of Rajsthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. Archana Purohit Prof. B.L. Fadia (Rtd.)Mata Jijabai Govt. Girls College (Auto.), Indore (M.P.) JNV University, Jodhpur (Raj.)

Prof. Virendra Nagarale Dr. Vimal Prasad AgarwalSNDT Women University, Pune (MH) Ex-Chairman, RBSE, Ajmer (Raj.)

Prof. B.C. Kalita Prof. H.S. SharmaCotton College State University, Guwahati, Assam University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. K.S. Sharma Dr. Inakshi ChaturvediThe IIS University, Jaipur (Raj.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)


Board of RefreesDr. Wangshimenla Jamir Dr. Monika DaveAssociate Professor, Geography Associate Professor, EconomicsNagaland Central Uni., Nagaland Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Iyatta M. Upreti Dr. Sherap BhutiaAssociate Professor, Geography Assistant Professor, GeographySikkim Govt. College, Rhenok (Sikkim) Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling (W.B.)

Dr. Anju Beniwal Dr. Poonam ChhetriAssistant Professor, Sociology Assistant Professor, EducationGovt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.) N.B. Degree College, Tadong, East Sikkim (Sikkim)

Dr. Shivangna Sharma Dr. Sameena HameedAssistant Professor, Sanskrit Assistant Professor, EconomicsGovt. Arts College, Chimanpura, Jaipur (Raj.) WAS, SIS, J.N.U., New Delhi (Delhi)

Dr. Sunil Kumar Dr. Ravindra TailorAssociate Professor, Law Assistant Professor, HistoryGovt. Law College, Ajmer, Rajasthan Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur (Raj.)

Dr. Ibalari Phylla Khongjoh Dr. Lakhimi GogoiAssistant Professor, Economics Assistant Professor, GeographySynod College, Shillong (Meghalaya) Narangi Anchalik Mahavidyalaya, Guwahati (Assam)

Virendra Sharma Dr. Avdhesh SharmaAssistant Professor, History Assistant Professor SanskritGovt. Girls PG College, Ajmer (Raj.) Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura, Jaipur (raj.)

Dr. Minal Sharma Dr. Shivkumar MishraAssistant Professor , Political Science Associate Professor, HistoryKanoria, Mahila PG Mahavidyalaya, Jaipur (Raj.) Govt. Arts College, kota (Raj.)



From the EditorDear Authors /Readers/ Reviewers of Research Reinforcement Journal (RRJ),

I am privileged to handing over this prestigious new volume of the RRJ ( Vol. 7; Issue -1; May 2019- October 2019 ).

This Research Reinforcement journal, an initiative, was started to share research works, commenced in the disciplines of social science and humanities. Our focus is to provide platform to young and mature scholars who have been keenly exploring the possibilities to get their research published on one hand and also to ensure reach up to the pioneer researchers and learners in their respective �ields. This journal is moving in its 7 th year of its circulation, is attracting academicians from all corners of the country, and even from abroad like Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is a peer-reviewed journal, which is academically cooperated by legendary experts from various disciplines as advisor and referees. Research papers and articles from social science and humanities backgrounds are published in this journal. We more prefer the �irst hand based research and analytical articles in this journal. Besides, we are equally providing space to the research papers based on survey, discussions and reviews.

This volume 24 includes research papers & articles. We expect more scholarly research papers and articles on issues of concurrent importance and socio-politico-economic analysis based. Besides, we welcome the research papers and articles related to other allied �ields including humanities, social sciences, science and commerce interpreting socio-economic relevance.

Best Wishes

Dr. Pankaj GuptaThe Editor in chief

S.No. Particulars Page No.

1. ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ gmV XeH$ Ho$ CnamÝV {dH$mg H$m gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ à^md : g_mdoer {dH$mg Ho$ gÝX^© _| 1

gmo{ZH$m ZmJa Ed§ S>m°. à{dVm {ÌnmR>r

2. {hÝX _hmgmJa _| MrZ Ho$ ~‹T>Vo H$X_ Am¡a ^maV: EH$ {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``Z 7

S>m°. {dH$mg e_m©

3. g{dZ` Adkm EH$ amOZr{VH$ {MÝVZ : hoZar So>{dS> Wmoamo 11

S>m°. é{M {_lm

4. Am`© AmH«$_U {d_e© Am¡a S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a 19

S>m°. _mohå_X H$m_amZ ImZ

5. ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V 26

S>m°. A{Zb Hw$_ma `mXd

6. AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V AZwg§YmZm| H$s àd¥{Îm H$m g§~§{YV gm{hË` Ho$ gÝX^© _| AÜ``Z 32

S>m°. AO` gwamUm Ed§ Jm¡ad amZr

7. n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ Am¡a ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì 38

S>m°. ~rZm _hbmdV

8. amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| amOñWmZ H$s ^y{_H$m 43

S>m°. g§Ord Hw$_ma

9. J«m_rU g_mO _| n[adV©Z 49

{XZoe Hw$_ma

10. am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmX 54

{dZmoX Hw$_ma àOmnV

11. hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ àmo- So>_moH«o$gr _yd_|§Q> Am¡a MrZ H$s EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbr H$s Zr{V 61

S>m°. ~~rVm Mm¡Yar

12. AmMm`© {dîUwJwá H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {dMmam| H$m ^maVr` amOZr{V na à^md : EH$ _yë`m§H$Z 64

S>m°. amOoe amdV


Contents

13. ^maV _| _mZdm{YH$ma Ed§ _{hbmE± 68

S>m°. am_\y$b OmQ>

14. Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m _| nmaX{e©Vm: Ý`m{`H$ {ZînjVm Ed§ ñdVÝÌVm hoVw EH$ _hÎdnyU© Amdí`H$Vm 75

{dO` bú_r

15. _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ed§ H$m¡eb {dH$mg 79

S>m°. {daoÝÐ qgh Mm¡Yar

16. `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| (`moJ {ejm) H$m g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na n‹S>Zo dmbo à^mdm| H$m AÜ``Z 83

S>m°. {dîUw Hw$_ma

17. ^maVr` n[adoe _| {Xì`m§JOZ Ho$ _mZd A{YH$ma, MwZm¡{V`m± Ed§ Cnm` 88

hf© qgh JhbmoV

18. ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V, amOZr{V Am¡a doX 92

S>m° _rZm ~a{‹S>`m

19. Jm±Yr H$m Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V Ed§ H$m°anmoaoQ> gm_m{OH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd (gr.Eg.Ama) 95

S>m°. gr_m AJ«dmb

20. amOZr{VH$ Anam{YH$aU àOmVÝÌ H$s g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr 99

gw{_Ìm gmaU

21. gwemgZ H$s AdYmaUm 103

hoVb H§$da

22. ^maV Ed§ X{jU E{e`m _| gh`moJ : C^aVr àd¥{V`m§ Ed§ MwZm¡{V`m± 109

ê$~r _rZm

23. _Ü` Aamdbr joÌ _| ~XbVo OZm§{H$H$s` ñdê$n H$m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AÜ``Z 115

S>m°. Eg. Eb. Mm¡n‹S>m Ed§ S>m°. ~r. gr. OmQ>

24. amOñWmZ _o§ Cƒ {ejm AÜ``Z _o§ _{hbm gh^m{JVm: pñW{V Ed§ MwZm¡{V`m§ 121

S>m°. _§Oy e_m© Ed§ àr{V e_m©

S.No. Particulars Page No.

àñVmdZm

""Omo {dH$mg g_mO H$s ApÝV_ n§pŠV _| ApÝV_ ñWmZ na ISo> ì`pŠV VH$ Zm nhþ±M gHo$, dh {dH$mg Zht {dH$mg Ho$ Zm_ na N>cmdm _mÌ h¡&''1

^maV EH$ {demb Am~mXr dmbm d¥hX Xoe h¡& {díd H$s OZg§»`m H$m EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m ^mJ ^maV _| {Zdmg H$aVm h¡& ^maV EH$ Eogm amï´> h¡ Omo {d{^ÝZ Y_m], Om{V`m|, dJm] d joÌr` {d{^ÝZVmAm| H$mo ñd`§ _| AmË_gmV {H$ò hþE h¡& dfm] XmgVm _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU Xoe H$m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d mdZmË_H$ ê$n go emofU hmo MwH$m Wm& Am{W©H$ g§gmYZ AË`ÝV OO©a AdñWm H$mo àmá H$a MwHo$ Wo& A§J«oOm| Zo Xoe H$mo AmOmX H$aVo g_` Z Ho$db Am{W©H$ ñVa na ImoIbm H$a {X`m Wm daZ² gm_m{OH$ ñVa na ^r amï´> H$mo {d{^ÝZ ñVamo§ d dJm] _| {d^m{OV H$a {X`m Wm& {OgH$s n[aU{V A§VV: amï´> {d^mOZ Ho$ ê$n _| gm_Zo AmB©&

^maV H$mo AnZr ImoB© hþB© J[a_m, à{Vð>m d d¡^d H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bò EH$ Eogr ì`dñWm H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr, Omo g^r dJm] Y_m] d

emoY gmam§e

g_mdoer {dH$mg, {dH$mg H$m EH$ ~hþAm`m_r àXe©Z h¡ Omo {H$ gd©OZ {hVm` Am¡a ~hþOZ gwIm` na AmYm[aV h¡& gmW hr Bg_| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$m bú` ^r g_m{hV h¡& ñnï> eãXm| _| H$h| Vmo g_mdoer {dH$mg `{X à{H«$`m h¡ Vmo gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` CgH$m à{V\$b h¡& g_mdoer {dH$mg Ho$ AÝVJ©V g_mO Ho$ g^r dJm] ({deofH$a Cg dJ© H$mo Omo _w»`Ymam go d§{MV h¡) Ho$ à{V {dH$mg Ho$ bm^m| H$s nhþ±M gw{ZpíMV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmVm h¡& ^maV O¡go {dH$mgerb Xoe _| g_mdoer {dH$mg go VmËn`© h¡ {H$ ^maV Ho$ {nN>‹S>o hþE bmoJm| Ed§ Aën{dH${gV joÌm| H$mo {dH$mg Ho$ Xm¡a Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m OmE& {nN>bo gmV XeH$m| Ho$ Xm¡amZ {d{^ÝZ gaH$mam| Ûmam V_m_ `moOZmAm|, H$m`©H«$_ Ed§ Zr{V`m| Ho$ Ûmam {dH$mg à{H«$`m H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m J`m h¡ bo{H$Z dV©_mZ {dH$mg Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ à^mdm| Ho$ _ÔoZOa A^r Am¡a g_o{H$V à`ËZm| H$s Adí`H$Vm h¡& BZ à`ËZm| Ho$ gmW hr OZ-OmJê$H$Vm Ed§ Am_ AmX_r H$s Zr{V`m| _| gh^m{JVm ^r g_mdoer {dH$mg Ho$ bú`m| H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE AË`mdí`H$ h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … g_mdoer {dH$mg, gm_m{OH$ à^md, Am{W©H$ à^md

ñVam| H$mo gmW boH$a AmJo ~T>o d AnZm Imo`m hþAm _mZ gå_mZ nwZ: àmá H$a gHo$& AmOmXr Ho$ CnamÝV Xoe H$s amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ g§MmbZ hoVw g§gXr` bmoH$V§Ì H$s ì`dñWm H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡ d Bg {Xem _| g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U H$s à{H«$`m H$mo àmaå^ {H$`m J`m&2

g§{dYmZ H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo g_` àñVmdZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Xoe Ho$ g^r ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ {bò gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ d amOZr{VH$ Ý`m` Am¡a ì`pŠV H$s J[a_m d EH$Vm H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aZo H$m g§H$ën {b`m J`m& g§{dYmZ Ûmam Xoe Ho$ g^r ZmmJ[aH$m| Ho$ {bò _m¡{bH$ A{YH$mam| H$s ì`dñWm H$s J`r d amÁ` Ho$ {bò Zr{V {ZX}eH$ VËdm| H$m CëboI ^r {H$`m J`m h¡& g§{dYmZ _| d{U©V (_m¡{bH$ A{YH$mam|) Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CZ g^r Xÿ{fV dO©ZmAm| H$mo g_má H$a {X`m J`m Omo nyd©dVu Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm d gm_ÝVdmXr ì`dñWm Ûmam Amamo{nV H$s J`r Wr&

g§{dYmZ Ho$ Ûmam Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma d amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo AnZo emgZ g§MmbZ hoVw {d{^ÝZ epŠV`m± àXmZ H$s J`r h¡& Z Ho$db gaH$mam|

ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ gmV XeH$ Ho$ CnamÝV {dH$mg H$m gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ à^md : g_mdoer {dH$mg Ho$ gÝX^© _|gmo{ZH$m ZmJa emoYmWu, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJ, Mm¡. MaU qgh {díd{dÚmb`, _oaR> (CÎma àXoe)

S>m°. à{dVm {ÌnmR>rghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJ, ñd. aKwZ§XZ qgh {S>J«r H$m°boO, g§adm, bIZD$ (CÎma àXoe)

Research Reinforcement A Peer Reviewed International Refereed Journal ISSN 2348-3857UGC App. No. 64785 Impact Factor (IIJIF): 4.213 Vol. 7, Issue 1 May 2019 - Oct. 2019 pp. 1-6

2 [agM© [aBÝ\$mog©_|Q>> IÊS> 7, A§H$ 1 _B© 2019-AŠQy>~a 2019

ISSN 2348-3857

H$mo daZ² Xoe Ho$ g^r ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo ^r {~Zm {H$gr ôX ^md Ho$ emgZ _| gh^m{JVm H$m A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& {H$ÝVw dmñV{dH$ pñW{V `h h¡ {H$ AmOmXr Ho$ BVZo XeH$m| Ho$ CnamÝV ^r g_mO H$m EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m V~H$m BZ A{YH$mam| H$m Cn^moJ H$aZo _| ñd`§ H$mo Aghm` nmVm h¡& Bg V~Ho$ _| Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ ê$n go {nN>‹S>o, emo{fV, d§{MV d X{_V dJ© Ho$ ì`pŠV AmVo h¢& ò {ejm H$s H$_r, AmË_{Z^©aVm d OmJê$H$Vm Ho$ A^md Ho$ H$maU AnZo A{YH$mam| H$m Cn^moJ H$aZo _| ñd`§ H$mo Ag_W© nmVo h¢&

{H$ÝVw `h ^r EH$ H«y$a gË` h¡ {H$ BZ g^r dJm] H$m {dH$mg {H$ò {~Zm d BZH$s amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ d ~m¡{ÕH$ gm_m{OH$ gh^m{JVm gw{ZpíMV {H$ò {~Zm bmoH$VÝÌ Ho$ dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n H$mo àmá Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ VWm g§{dYmZ _| d{U©V _yë`m| d _mZH$m| H$m n[anmbZ ^r gå^d Zht h¡&

AV: BZ g^r bú`m| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE amÁ`m| H$mo `h A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m {H$ amÁ`m| Ûmam Eogr `moOZmAm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Om`| d Eogr Zr{V`m| Am¡a H$m`©H«$_m| H$m g§MmbZ {H$`m Omò, {OZHo$ _mÜ`_ go BZ X~o d emo{fV dJm] H$mo ^r _w»`Ymam _| em{_b {H$`m Om gHo$&

g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U _| AË`ÝV _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mZo dmbo Aå~oS>H$a Or Zo H$hm Wm {H$ ""h_ EH$ Eogo g_mO _| àdoe H$aZo Om aho h¢ Omo {dg§J{V`m| go âm hþAm h¡& EH$ Eogm g_mO {Og_| amOZr{VH$ ê$n go Vmo g^r g_mZ hm|Jo {H$ÝVw gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ AmYma na Ag_mZVm Ho$ X¥í` n[ab{jV hm|Jo&''3

AV: àñVwV {Z~ÝY Ho$ _mÜ`_ go h_ `h OmZZo H$m à`mg H$a|Jo {H$ ñdVÝÌVm àm{á Ho$ 72 dfm] Ho$ CnamÝV ^r ^maV _| {ZY©Z, {nN>So> d emo{fV dJm] H$s Š`m pñW{V h¡& gaH$mam| Zo C{ëbpIV {Xem {ZX}eH$m| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE amÁ` Ûmam g_mdoer {dH$mg H$s Omo Zr{V AnZmB© JB© CgH$m ñdê$n Š`m ahm?

g_mdoer {dH$mg

g_mdoer {dH$mg EH$ Eogr YmaUm h¡ {Og_| Bg VÏ` na n`m©á ~b {X`m OmVm h¡ {H$ g_mO Ho$ g^r ì`pŠV`m| H$mo {~Zm {H$gr ôX^md Ho$ ñdVÝÌVm, g_mZVm d J[a_m Ho$ gmW gmW©H$ d g\$b OrdZ OrZo H$m A{YH$ma àmá h¡&

g_mdoer {dH$mg H$s AdYmaUm Jar~r CÝZ_ybZ d {ZY©ZVm H$m`©H«$_ H$s Anojm H$ht A{YH$ ì`mnH$ h¡& Bg YmaUm _| g_mO Ho$ CZ g^r dJm] H$m Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg H$aZo na Ü`mZ Ho$pÝÐV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Omo H$_Omoa, gmYZ{dhrZ, d§{MV, Xoe Ho$ gwXÿa H$moZo _| ahZo dmbo d hm{eò na AnZm OrdZ `mnZ

H$a aho h¢& Bg_| Z Ho$db g^r d§{MV d H$_Omoa dJm] H$m {dH$mg H$aZo na Ü`mZ {X`m OmVm h¡ A{nVw CÝh| {dH$mg à{H«$`m H$m g{H«$` ^mJrXma ~ZmH$a bm^mpÝdV ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡&

`h gd©{d{XV gË` h¡ {H$ {H$gr ^r amï´> H$s CËnmXH$Vm H$mo ~T>mZo _| EH$ ñdñW, {e{jV Am¡a g_W© OZg_wXm` hr gh`moJ H$a gH$Vm h¡& AV: g_mdoer {dH$mg H$m A{^àm` EH$ Eogr à{H«$`m go h¡& {Og_| Xoe Ho$ g^r ZmJ[aH$ `moJXmZ H$a gHo$ d Cg_| ^mJ bo gH|$& Am¡a BZ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo gmH$ma ê$n àXmZ H$aZo _| amÁ` Ûmam gaH$mar nhb d g{H«$` {Z`moOZ Amdí`H$ h¡& 1947 _| O~ ^maV H$mo ñdVÝÌVm àmá hþB© Am¡a Xoe Ho$ Zr{V {Z`ÝVmAm| Zo emgZ ì`dñWm g§^mbr V~ `h {d{XV hþAm {H$ Xoe AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ g_ñ`mAm| go {Kam hþAm h¡ Am¡a BZ g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bò AZoH$ `moOZmAm| d n[a`moOZmAm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡&4

g§{dYmZ {Z_m©VmAm| Zo BZ g_ñV n[apñW{V`m| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE hr g§{dYmZ _| Eogo Cn~ÝY {H$ò Omo Xoe H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOZr{VH$ pñW{V H$mo gwÑ‹T> H$a gHo$&

{dH$mg Ho$ gm_m{OH$ à^md

g_mdoer {dH$mg gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ geŠVrH$aU H$mo àmá H$aZo H$s EH$ à{H«$`m h¡& Am¡a h gd©{d{XV gË` h¡ {H$ gm_m{OH$ geŠVrH$aU H$mo àmá {H$ò {~Zm Am{W©H$ geŠVrH$aU H$s àm{á Zht H$s Om gH$Vr h¡&

gm_m{OH$ geŠVrH$aU H$mo àmá H$aZo H$m g~go à_wI gmYZ {ejm h¡& {ejm EH$ Eogm _mÜ`_ h¡ Omo ì`pŠV H$s AÝV©{Z{hV gå^mdZmAm| H$mo {dH${gV H$aVr h¡ d CgH$s VH©$j_Vm H$m {dH$mg H$aHo$ Cgo VH©$ H$aZo `mo½` ~ZmVr h¡& AmOmXr Ho$ CnamÝV Xoe _| AkmZVm d Ag_mZVm H$m EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m H$maU OZ g_wXm` VH$ {ejm H$s nhþ±M H$m Z hmoZm Wm& AV: g§{dYmZ Ûmam Xoe Ho$ g^r ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo AnZm gdm©JrU {dH$mg H$aZo hoVw {~Zm {H$gr ôX^md Ho$ {ejm àmá H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡&

ñdVÝÌVm àm{á Ho$ CnamÝV gaH$ma Ûmam H$B© {ejm Am`moJ ñWm{nV {H$ò Jò& {OZHo$ Ûmam {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| gwYma H$aZo hoVw {Xò Jò gwPmdm| d H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo gaH$ma Ûmam bmJy {H$`m J`m& g§{dYmZ Ûmam Cn~pÝYV àmdYmZm| Ho$ AmYma na {d{^ÝZ dJm] (AZw0 Om{V, AZw0 OZOm{V d {nN>S>m dJ©) H$mo {ejU g§ñWmAm| _| AmajU ^r àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& {H$ÝVw AZoH$ {ejm Am`moJm|, `moOZmAm| d H$m`©H«$_m| Ho$ ~mX ^r g_mdoer {ejm

ISSN 2348-3857

[agM© [aBÝ\$mog©_|Q> IÊS> 7, A§H$ 1 _B© 2019-AŠQy>~a 2019 3

Ho$ bú` H$mo àmá H$aZo _| h_| A^r Am¡a g_o{H$V à`ËZm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡&

g_mdoer {ejm Ho$ bú` H$mo àmá H$aZo _| A^r h_ ~hþV nrN>o h¢& Xoe AZoH$ amÁ`m| _| {ejm H$m AZwnmV EH$ O¡gm Zht h¡& maV Ho$ EH$ amÁ` Ho$ab H$s gmjaVm à{VeV Ohm± 93.91% h¡ dht {~hma H$s gmjaVm Xa _mÌ 63.82% h¡& Am±H$S>m| Ho$ AZwgma {~hma _| A^r ^r 37% OZVm {Zaja h¡& Xoe Ho$ AÝ` amÁ`m| H«$_e: amOñWmZ, PmaIÊS>, CS>rgm, Am§Y«àXoe, Aê$UmMb àXoe d Oå_y H$í_ra H$s gmjaVm Xa Am¡gV go ^r H$_ h¡&5

Bg na ^r AJa _{hbm {ejm H$s ~mV H$s Omò Vmo dñVwpñW{V Am¡a ^r {Zame H$aZo dmbr h¡& 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV _| _{hbm gmjaVm Xa 65.46% _mÌ h¡& gmoMZo dmbr ~mV h¡ {H$ V_m_ à`mgm| Ho$ ~mX ^r Xoe H$s AmYr Am~mXr H$mo h_ {ejm àXmZ Š`m| Zht H$a nm aho h¢& àíZ `h ^r CR>Vm h¡ {H$ {Og Xoe H$s AmYr Am~mXr {e{jV hr Zht h¡ Cg Xoe H$m gånyU© {dH$mg H¡$go gå^d h¡? AV: {dS>å~Zm `h h¡ {H$ h_ AmOmXr Ho$ 72 dfm] Ho$ CnamÝV ^r {ejm H$m ñdê$n g_mdoer {ejm H$m Zht ~Zm nmò h¡&

BgHo$ gmW hr dV©_mZ ^maVr` {ejm nÕ{V H$m EH$ AÝ` Xmof `h ^r h¡ {H$ `h ì`mdhm[aH$ hmoZo Ho$ ñWmZ na g¡ÕmpÝVH$ A{YH$ h¡& Xoe _| EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r `wdm epŠV {Zdmg H$aVr h¡ Omo D$Om© d Omoe go n[anyU© h¡& {H$ÝVw g¡ÕmpÝVH$ {ejm Ho$ Ûmam `h `wdm epŠV AnZr D$Om© H$m g_w{MV Cn`moJ Zht H$a nmVr h¡ Am¡a ~oamoOJmar Ho$ XbXb _| Y±g OmVr h¡&

`Ú{n gaH$ma Ûmam {nN>bo XeH$mo _| {ejm Ho$ gwYma hoVw AZoH$ _hËdnyU© H$X_ CR>mò Jò h¢& BZ_| à_wI h¡ gd© {ejm A{^`mZ, {_S> So> _rb `moOZm, ãb¡S> ~moS©> àmoJ«m_ Am{X& ""{ejm H$m A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_'' Ûmam {ejm H$mo _m¡{bH$ A{YH$ma _| ñWmZ àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& {H$ÝVw BZ g^r `moOZmAm| d H$m`©H«$_m| H$m H$moB© bm^ Zht O~ VH$ `h {ZpíMV Z hmo {H$ BZH$m {H«$`mÝd`Z {H$g àH$ma hmo ahm h¡ d g_mO Ho$ A§{V_ d§{MV ì`pŠV VH$ BgH$s nhþ±M hmo ahr h¡& g_`-g_` na BZ H$m`©H«$_m| Ho$ g_mO na nS>Zo dmbo à^md d BgH$s g_rjm H$s ^r Amdí`H$Vm h¡&6

{ejm Ho$ gmW hr gm_m{OH$ geŠVrH$aU H$m AÝ` à_wI CnH$aU ñdmñÏ` godmAm| VH$ g^r ì`pŠV`m| H$s nhþ±M go gå~pÝYV h¡& ^maV _| ñdmñÏ` godmAm| Ho$ {ZOrH$aU Ho$ H$maU Omo godm {_bVr h¡ CgH$m ñdê$n d¡H$pënH$ {ZOr ñdmñÏ` godm H$m h¡& Ohm± ñdmñÏ` godmAm| H$mo OZg_wXm` VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd

gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ H$m hmoZm Mm{hò Wm dhm± ñdmñÏ` gw{dYm`| {ZOr hmWm| Ho$ M±Jwb _| \±$g J`r h¡& ñdmñÏ` godmAm| Ho$ {ZOr ñdê$n Ho$ H$maU CZ ì`pŠV`m| H$m emofU hmoVm h¡ Omo {ZåZ Am{W©H$ pñW{V go gå~pÝYV hmoVo h¢& Eogo ì`pŠV ñdmñÏ` gw{dYmAm| Ho$ AË`{YH$ _h±Jr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `m Vmo CÝh| àmá Zht H$a nmVo `m {\$a AË`{YH$ Am{W©H$ emofU H$m {eH$ma hmo OmVo h¢& AmOmXr Ho$ 72 dfm] Ho$ CnamÝV ^r ñdmñÏ` godmAm| O¡gr _yb^yV gw{dYmAm| VH$ Am_ OZ_mZg H$s nhþ±M Z hmoZm EH$ gmoMZr` {df` h¡&

hmbm§{H$ gaH$ma Ûmam g_`-g_` na ñdmñÏ` gw{dYmAm| _| gwYma hoVw AZoH$ à`mg {H$ò Jò h¡& ""amï´>r` J«m_rU ñdmñÏ` {_eZ'' amï´>r` ñdmñÏ` ~r_m `moOZm ""OZZr gwajm `moOZm'' ""àYmZ_§Ìr Am`wf `moOZm'' Am{X BgHo$ CXmhaU h¡& BZ H$m`©H«$_m| Ûmam ñdmñÏ` godmAm| _| gwYma hoVw Omo à`ËZ {H$ò Jò CgHo$ gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ àmá hþE h¡&

BgHo$ A{V[aŠV ^maV O¡go H¥${f àYmZ Xoe _| H¥${f go gå~pÝYV gwYmam| H$mo ZOa A§XmO Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Ohm± Xoe H$s bJ^J 70% Am~mXr H¥${f H$m`m] _| g§b¾ h¡§ dhm± H¥${f joÌ H$m H$m`mH$ën EH$ g§doXZerb _gbm h¡& Š`m|{H$ Xoe Ho$ gH$b Kaoby CËnmX H¥${f H$s CËnmXH$Vm 18% h¡&7

ñdVÝÌVm àm{á Ho$ CnamÝV H¥${f {dH$mg H$mo ~T>mdm XoZo hoVw gaH$ma Zo AZoH$m| `moOZmAm| H$s ewê$AmV H$s& n§Mdfu` `moOZmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H¥${f joÌ _| gwYma Ho$ AZoH$ à`mg {H$ò Jò& {H$ÝVw H¥${f gwYmam| H$m Omo ê$n dV©_mZ _| X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡ dh gÝVmofOZH$ Zht h¡& AmOmXr Ho$ BVZo XeH$m| Ho$ CnamÝV ^r {H$gmZm| go gå~pÝYV AZoH$ g_ñ`mE± h¡ Omo {dH$amb ê$n go ga CR>mE I‹S>r h¡&

gaH$ma Ûmam H¥${f joÌ _| gwYmam| go gå~pÝYV ""amï´>r` H¥${f {dH$mg `moOZm'' d amï´>r` ImÚ gwajm {_eZ Am{X ImÚ gwajm gw{ZpíMV H$aZo d CËnmXZ _| d¥{Õ H$aZo hoVw àmaå^ H$s J`r Wr& BZ g~ à`mgm| Ho$ CnamÝV ^r H¥${f go gå~pÝYV ~w{Z`mXr g_ñ`mAm| H$m A^r ^r g_mYmZ hmoZm eof h¡&

^maV O¡go H¥${f àYmZ {dH$mgerb Xoe _| O~ VH$ H¥${f gwYmam| H$mo _yV© ê$n àXmZ Zht {H$`m OmVm h¡ V~ VH$ amï´> H$s àJ{V Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMZm A{Ve`mopŠV hr hmoJm&

Am{W©H$ à^md

^maV _| gZ² 1990-91 _| CXmarH$aU Ho$ Xm¡a H$s ewê$AmV hþB©& Xoe _| CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V`m| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a {dH$mg à{H«$`m H$mo J{V XoZo H$s H$mo{ee| ewê$ H$s J`r& VËH$mbrZ Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma


ISSN 2348-3857

Ûmam CXmarH$aU d d¡ídrH$aU H$s {Og à{H«$`m H$mo {dH$mg hoVw ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m CgHo$ _mÜ`_ go `h ñdßZ g§Omo`m J`m {H$ Xoe {dH$mg Ho$ EH$ Zò nW na AJ«ga hmoJm d Am{W©H$ Vm¡a na geŠV hmoJm&

{H$ÝVw CXmarH$aU Ho$ Ûmam gaH$ma Ûmam {dH$mg H$s Omo ê$naoIm àñVwV H$s J`r Wr, A~ CgH$s g_rjm H$m dŠV Am MwH$m h¡& CXmarH$aU Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Jar~r d {dnÝZVm Xÿa H$aZo H$m Omo ñdßZ XoIm J`m Wm dh Vmo _mÌ ñdßZ hr ~ZH$a ah J`m àVrV hmoVm h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV A_ra d Jar~ Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© Am¡a Á`mXm Mm¡S>r hmo J`r h¡& A_ra Am¡a A{YH$ A_ra hmo Jò h¢ d Jar~ Am¡a A{YH$ Jar~ hmo Jò h¢&

`Ú{n `h H$hZm JbV Z hmoJm {H$ CXmarH$aU Ho$ H$maU h_| AZoH$ joÌm| _| _hËdnyU© CnbpãY`m| H$s àm{á hþB© h¡& {H$ÝVw BZ CnbpãY`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW AZoH$ {dg§J{V`m± ^r ^|Q> ñdê$n àmá hþB© h¡ {OZ_| à_wI h¡- ~oamoOJmar, Ag§Vw{bV joÌr` {dH$mg, joÌr` Ag_mZVmAm| _| d¥{Õ Am{X&

BgHo$ gmW-gmW Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU d ZJarH$aU Ho$ à^mdm| H$s g_rjm H$aZm ^r Amdí`H$ hmo J`m h¡& Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU d ZJarH$aU Ho$ H$maU {dH$mg H$s J{V H$mo VoO H$aZo hoVw H¥${f `mo½` ^y{_ H$mo A{YJ«{hV H$a Zò-Zò H$maImZm|, CÚmoJm| d g§`Ìm| H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m& Bggo hOmamo bmIm| bmoJm| H$mo AnZr H¥${f `mo½` ^y{_ H$mo N>mo‹S>Zm n‹S>m d {dñWm{nV hmoH$a AnZm OrdZ JwOmaZo na _O~ya hmoZm n‹S>m&8

Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU d ZJarH$aU H$s Bg à{H«$`m Ûmam Z Ho$db H¥${f `mo½` CnOmD$ ^y{_ H$m õmg hþAm daZm {~Zm gmoMo g_Po dZm| d O§Jbm| H$m g\$m`m H$aHo$ Am¡a CZHo$ ñWmZ na CYmoJ ñWm{nV H$aHo$ {dH$mg H$s EH$ Eogr A§Yr Xm¡S> ewê$ H$s JB© {OgH$m n[aUm_ AmO n`m©daU AgÝVwbZ Ho$ ê$n _| h_mao gm_Zo h¡¡¡&

g‹S>H$ {Z_m©U, ~mY {Z_m©U d nZ{~Obr n[a`moOZmAm| hoVw d eharH$aU H$s à{H«$`m hoVw hOmam|, bmIm| no‹S>m| H$mo à{Vdf© H$mQ> {X`m OmVm h¡& nhm‹S>m| _| {dñ\$moQ>H$ bJmH$a amñVm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ÝVw BZ {dñ\$moQ>H$m| Ho$ H$maU H$ƒo nhm‹S>m| H$m jaU hmoVm h¡ Am¡a hOmam| bmIm| Q>Z _b~m Z{X`m| _| S>mb {X`m OmVm h¡ Omo _¡XmZr BbmH$m| _| ^`mZH$ ~m‹T> H$m H$maU ~ZVr h¡& {dH$mg Ho$ Zm_ na n`m©daU jaU H$s `h {dZmeH$mar à{H«$`m {H$gr ^r Xem _| g_mdoer {dH$mg Ho$ _mnXÊS>m| na Iar Zht CVaVr àVrV Zht hmoVr h¡& g_mdoer {dH$mg _| CZ d§{MV dJm] H$mo gpå_{bV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Omo _w»` Ymam _| em{_b Zht h¡ d d§MZmAm| _| AnZm OrdZ `mnZ H$m ahoo h¡&

{H$ÝVw {dH$mg H$s BZ `moOZmAm| Ho$ Ûmam CÝhr dJm] H$mo CZH$s O_rZmo d {Zdmg ñWmZm| go {dñWmnV H$a _O~yar H$m OrdZ H$mo _O~ya {H$`m Om ahm h¡& Am{Xdmgr d OZOmVr` g_yh H$m dZm| d O§Jbm| Ho$ gmW EH$ AQy>Q> gå~ÝY ahm h¡& OZOm{V`m| g_yhm| H$s dZm| na {Z^©aVm _mÌ Am{W©H$ AmYma VH$ gr{_V Zht h¡ daZ `h gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ d ^mdZmË_H$ {Z^©aVm h¡& {dH$mg H$s {Og à{H«$`m Ho$ Ûmam AmO O§Jbm| H$m g\$m`m H$aHo$ Am{Xdm{g`m| H$mo CZHo$ {Zdmg ñWmZm| go {ZH$mbH$a ~mha \o§$H$m Om ahm h¡ Cggo Am{Xdm{g`m| Ho$ Ûmam AnZr g§ñH¥${V H$mo AjwÊU aIZm Agå^d gm hmo J`m h¡& Am{Xdmgr d OZOm{V` g_yhm| H$mo CZHo$ {Zdmg ñWmZ go {dñWm{nV H$a {X`m J`m d CZgo O_rZ Ho$ ~Xbo O_rZ XoZm H$m dm`Xm nyam Zht {H$`m J`m& Am¡a AJa O_rZ Xr ^r JB© Vmo `m Vmo ~hþV H$_ O_rZ Xr J`r `m ~ohX K{Q>`m Xr JB©& Bg Vah {dñWm{nVm| H$mo nwZdm©{gV H$aZo H$s `moOZm Zo Bg Am~mXr Ho$ gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ T>m±Mo H$m nyam VmZm ~mZm {dñWmnZ Ho$ gmW {~Ia J`m&

Z_©Xm ZXr KmQ>r n[a`moOZm, H$mogr ZXr n[a`moOZm, {Q>har ~m±Y Am{X AÝ` AZoH$ Eogr moOZmAm| H$mo {dH$mg Ho$ Zm_ na ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m {OZgo bmIm| bmoJm| H$mo {dñWm{nV H$a {X`m J`m Am¡a n`m©daU H$mo AnyU©Zr` j{V nhþ±MmB© JB©& EH$ Va\$ Vmo BVZr ~‹S>r-~‹S>r ZXr n[a`moOZmAm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Xÿgar Am¡a {~hma amÁ` _| àËòH$ df© _| AmZo dmbr ^`§H$a ~mT> H$m A^r VH$ H$moB© g_mYmZ Zht {H$`m Om H$m h¡ {Oggo àËòH$ df© bmIm| bmoJ à^m{dV hmoVo h¢& Š`m BVZr ~‹S>r Am~mXr Ho$ C{MV nwZ©dmg Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr g_mdoer {dH$mg H$s H$ënZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡?

Xoe H$mo O~ ñdVÝÌVm àmá hþB© Vmo {d{^ÝZ ^mJm| d joÌm| _| gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ñVa na AZoH$ {d{^ÝZVmE± {dÚ_mZ Wr& `Ú{n `h ñdrH$ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ {d{dYVm EH$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {Z`_ h¡& AbJ-AbJ joÌm| _| Ag_ZVmE± {d{^ÝZ ñdê$nm| _| ~Zr ahVr h¡ d Bgr H$maU Xoe Ho$ g^r joÌm| H$m EH$ g_mZ {dH$mg gå^d Zht h¡& {H$ÝVw AmOmXr Ho$ gmV XeH$m| Ho$ CnamÝV joÌr` {dH$mg AgÝVwbZ EH$ ~‹S>r g_ñ`m Ho$ Vm¡a na ~Zm hþAm h¡&

joÌr` Ag§VwbZ Ho$ MbVo {d{^ÝZ amÁ`m| H$s {dH$mg Xam| _| H$m\$s AÝVa ì`má h¡& Ohm± EH$ Amoa n§Om~, h[a`mUm, JwOamV d X{jU ^maVr` amÁ`m| _| {dH$mg Xa A{YH$ h¡& dhr {~hma, _Ü`àXoe H$_ h¡&9 AV: {dH$mg H$s BZ joÌr` {d{^ÝZVmAm| Ho$

ISSN 2348-3857


H$maU gm_m{OH$ n[aàoú` _| d¡pídH$ _mZd {dH$mg gyMH$m§H$ _| ^maV H$s pñW{V {ZåZ ~Zr hþB© h¡&

BZ g~ Ho$ A{V[aŠV ~oamoOJmar ^«ï>mMma O¡gr g_ñ`m`| H$s âV Ho$ g_mdoer {dH$mg Ho$ bú` H$mo àmá H$aZo _| ~hþV ~‹S>r ~mYmAm| Ho$ Vm¡a na I‹S>r h¡& amoOJma Ed§ ~oamoOJmar gd}jU Ûmam H$amò Jò AÜ``Z _| `h ~mV gm\$ Vm¡a na XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ {H$ Am~mXr H$m EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m dJ© AmO ~oamoOJmar H$s g_ñ`m go OyP ahm h¡& {ejm Ho$ ~OQ> _| CÎmamoÎma d¥{Õ Ho$ CnamÝV ^r ~oamoOJmar H$s g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ Zht hmo nm ahm h¡& AmO Amdí`H$Vm Eogr {ejm H$s h¡ Omo ì`mdgm{`H$, H$m¡eb`wŠV d amoOJmanaH$ hmo& C{MV H$m¡eb àmá d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejm _| `wdm AnZr j_VmAm| H$m ~ohVa {dH$mg H$a gH$Vm h¡ d EH$ gå_mZOZH$ OrdZ ì`VrV H$a gH$Vm h¡ Omo g_mdoer {dH$mg H$m _yb bú` h¡&

g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ûmam à{Vdf© Omar H$s OmZo dmbr _mZd {dH$mg gyMH$m§H$ _| Hw$b 189 Xoem| H$s _mZd àJ{V go gå~pÝYV [anmoQ>© H$mo àH$m{eV {H$`m OmVm h¡& {Og_| _w»`V: VrZ {~ÝXþAm| OrdZ àË`mem, {ejm d na-H¡${nQ>m BZH$_ H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {H$gr ^r Xoe H$s àJ{V H$mo _mnm OmVm h¡& hmb hr _| Omar H$s J`r Bg [anmoQ>© _| ^maV H$mo 130 a¡§H$ àXmZ H$s JB© h¡& ^maV O¡go {demb Xoe _| Ohm± {díd OZg§»`m H$m EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m mJ ahVm h¡ dhm± Bg a¡§{H$J H$mo g§VmofOZH$ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm&10

Hw$b {_bmH$a `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ AmOmXr Ho$ CnamÝV ñd{U©_ ^maV H$m Omo ñdßZ XoIm J`m Wm, Cg ñdßZ H$mo gmH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bò A^r ~hþV bå~m amñVm V` H$aZm h¡&

hmbm§{H$ gaH$ma Ûmam hmb Ho$ Hw$N> dfm] _| AZoH$ `moOZmAm| d Zr{V`m| H$mo ì`dhma _| bm`m J`m h¡ Omo {dH$mg Ho$ nW na AJ«ga ^maV H$mo ZB© J{V d D$Om© àXmZ H$a gH$Vr h¡& gaH$ma Ûmam Omar H$s JB© Am`wî_mZ ^maV `moOZm, _oH$ BZ B§{S>`m àmoJ«m_, C‚mdbm `moOZm, gwH$Ý`m g_¥{Õ `moOZm, ñdÀN> ^maV A{^`mZ, ñQ>mQ>© An àmoJ«m_, {S>{OQ>b B§{S>`m, àYmZ_§Ìr OZ YZ `moOZm, g§gX AmXe© J«m_ `moOZm, AQ>b n|eZ `moOZm, àYmZ_§Ìr _wÐm `moOZm, CS>mZ `moOZm, pñH$b B§{S>`m Am{X AZoH$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo H$m`©ê$n _| n[aUV H$aZo H$m à`mg Omar h¡& {H$ÝVw BZ `moOZmAm| Ho$ gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ V^r àmá hmo gH$Vo h¢ O~ gaH$ma Ûmam AnZr Zr{V`m| _| nmaX{e©Vm bmB© Omò, gwÑ‹T> {dÎmr` àUmbr H$m {dH$mg {H$`m Omò d gwemgZ H$mo ^r à^mdr ê$n go bmJy {H$`m

Omò Š`m|{H$ «ï>mMma _wŠV gwemgZ hr {Z{d©dmX ê$n go {MañWmB© {dH$mg H$s AmYma{ebm h¡&

g_mdoer {dH$mg hoVw aUZr{V`m±

gd©àW_ gaH$ma H$mo gh`moJ H$m Eogm dmVmdaU V¡`ma H$aZm nSo>Jm Omo {H$gmZ dJ© d ì`mnm[a`m| Am¡a CÚ{_`m| Ho$ gm_§Oñ` H$m dmVmdaU V¡`ma H$a gHo$&

{ÛVr` J«m_rU d ehar gg_mdoer {dH$mg hoVw ~w{Z`mXr d AmYma^yV T>m±Mo Ho$ {dH$mg _| gaH$ma H$mo _w»` ^y{_H$m AXm H$aZr hmoJr&

V¥Vr` d§{MV, {ZY©Z d gmYZ{dhrZ ì`pŠV`m| H$mo AnZr AmOr{dH$m H$_mZo d OrdZ ñVa _| gwYma H$aZo hoVw gaH$ma H$mo {deof H$m`©H«$_ MbmZo hm|Jo&

MVwW© gaH$ma H$mo h r gw{ZpíMV H$aZm hmoJm {H$ g^r ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo ñdmñÏ`, {ejm, ñdÀN> noÒb d H$m¡eb {dH$mg amoOJma O¡gr _yb^yV gw{dYm`| àmá hmo& BZ godmAm| Ho$ {~Zm g_mdoer {dH$mg H$mo àmá H$aZm gå^d Zht h¡&

n§M_ gV²V {dH$mg H$s AdYmaUm H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE O_rZ, Ob d O§Jb O¡go àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m C{MV à~§YZ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

{ZîH$f©

AV: h_mam gwPmd `h h¡ {H$ AmO g_mdoer {dH$mg Ho$ bú` H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bò {dH$mg Ho$ EH$m§Jr ñdê$n H$mo AnZmZo go ~MZm hmoJm V^r g_mdoer {dH$mg _| EH$ Eogo {dH$mg H$s n[aH$ënZm H$s OmVr h¡ {Og_| {ZY©Z, d§{MV, AZwgy{MV Om{V OZOm{V, gmYZ{dhrZ {nN>‹S>o dJm] H$mo _w»` Ymam _| em{_b H$a bm^ nhþ±MmZm gw{ZpíMV {H$`m OmVm h¡& Amem `hr H$s Om gH$Vr h¡¡ {H$ ^maV O¡go `wdm epŠV go gånÝZ amï´> Ho$ {bò g_mdoer {dH$mg Ho$ bú` H$mo àmá H$aZo hoVw {ZaÝVa H${R>Z à`mg {H$ò OmE§Jo Am¡a ^{dî` _| ^maV AnZo g^r ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo gmW boH$a Cgr à{Vð>m d J[a_m H$mo àmá H$a gHo$Jm {Og ^maV Ho$ gÝX^© _| ""gmoZo H$s {M{S>`m'' O¡gr H$hmdV à{gÕ hþB© Wr&

gÝX^© gyMr1. qgh, S>m°. A§JX, ^maV _| g_mdoer {dH$mg H$s MwZm¡{V`m±,

EHo$S>{_H$ ~wH$ hmCg, ^monmb, 2011, n¥.g§. 94-95

2. goZ, Am_Ë`© Ed§ Á`m§ ÐoO, EZ AZgQ>}Z ½bmoar : BpÊS>`m EÊS> BQ>g H§$Q´>m{S>Šeg, qàgQ>Z npãbHo$eÝg, qàgQ>Z, n¥.g§. 28

3. Mm¡~o, nr.Ho$., BH$m°Zm°{_H$ BÝŠbyOZ W«y BÝŠby{Od \$mBZ|g, E.Ho. AJ«dmb Ed§ ^maVoÝÐ qgh (gånm{XV), S>r.dr. npãbeg© J«dmhmQ>r, 2013, n¥.g§. 76


ISSN 2348-3857

4. g|gg Am°\$ BpÊS>`m, 2011

5. qgh, Ama.`y., BÝŠby{gd J«moW BZ BpÊS>`m, Xrn EÊS> Xrn npãbHo$eZ, X[a`mJ§O, {Xëbr, 2009, n¥.g§. 52

6. MÝÐ, {d{nZ, AmOXr Ho$ ~mX H$m ^maV- 1947-2009, {hÝXr _mÜ`_ H$m`©Ýd`Z {ZXoemb`, {Xëbr {díd{dÚmb`, 2002, n¥.g§. 46

7. goZ, JrVm Ed§ S>r. amOeoIa, gmogb àmoQ>oŠeZ Am°\$ nm°{bgrO, EŠñnr[a`§goO EÊS> M¡b|O BZ J«moW, Ama ZmJamOZ (gånm{XV)

"BZ B¹${bQ>r EÊS> gmogb So>dbn_|Q> BZ BpÊS>`m', nobJ«od _¡H${_bZ, 2012, n¥.g§. 91-134

8. Xod, Eg. _hoÝÐ, BÝŠby{gd J«moW BZ BpÊS>`m, Am°Šg\$m°S©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 2007, n¥.g§. 227-232

9. ^maV 2010, àH$meZ {d^mJ, gyMZm Ed§ àgmaU _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr, 2010

10. {Vdmar, ZdrZ Hw$_ma, J«m_rU {dH$mg _| ñdmñÏ` Ed§ {ejm H$s ^y{_H$m, Hw$ê$joÌ, gyMZm Am¡a àgmaU _§Ìmb`, ZB© {Xëbr, AŠQy>~a 2009, n¥.g§. 12

àñVmdZm

AZÝV H$mb go hr ^maV Am¡a g_wÐ H$m emídV gå~ÝY ahm h¡& ^maV H$s CgHo$ nm¡am{UH$ B{Vhmgm| go boH$a `Wm{W©H$ d¡km{ZH$ AZwg§YmZm| VH$ H$s EH$ gwXrÚ© èñdr `mÌm _| g_wÐ Ho$ ñnï> dU©Z {_bVo h¢& g_wÐ AZm{X H$mb go ^maV Ho$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdê$n H$mo VrZm| Amoa go nmX àjm{bV H$aVm Am ahm h§¡, Am¡a ^maV Zo ^r àË`wÎma _| gX¡d g_wÐ H$s `Wmo{MV AmamYZm H$s h¡&1 àemÝV _hmgmJa VWm AQ>bmpÝQ>H$ _hmgmJa Ho$ ~mX {hÝX _hmgmJa {díd H$m Vrgam g~go ~‹S>m _hmgmJa h¡& `h _hmgmJa 73,556,000 dJ© {H$bmo_rQ>a Ho$ joÌ _| \¡$bm hþAm h¡ VWm n¥Ïdr Ho$ Ob gVh H$m 20 à{VeV {hñgm h¡& BgHo$ CÎma _| E{e`m h¡, npíM_ _| A\«$sH$m, nyd© _| BÊ‹S>moZo{e`m, gw§S>m {Ûn VWm AmñQ´>o{b`m h¡ VWm BgHo$ X{jU _| X{jUr _hmgmJa h¡& ^maV Ho$ X{jU _| pñWV

emoY gmam§e

{hÝX _hmgmJa ApñWa d AemÝV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {díd amOZr{VH$ nQ>b na _hmepŠV`m| H$s à{VÛpÝÛVm H$mo _w»` ê$n go CÎmo{OV H$aVm h¡& Zm¡ g¡{ZH$ epŠV`m| Ho$ _hËd {deofH$a {ÛVr` {díd `wÕ Ho$ níMmV CËnÝZ hþAm, Zm¡ g¡{ZH$ epŠV`m| Ho$ H$maU {díd ñVa na g§Kf©, VZmd Am¡a Q>H$mamd H$m Ho$ÝÐ _hm gmJa ~Z Jò h¡& Zm¡ g¡{ZH$ epŠV H$m naM_ bhamZo Ho$ {bE {díd H$s _hmepŠV`m± {hÝX _hmgmJa _| H«$_~Õ hmoZo _| à`mgaV h¡& 19dt eVmãXr _| Zm¡ g¡{ZH$ {deofk Ab\«o$S> _hmZ Zo ~Vm`m {H$ Omo ^r amï´> {hÝX _hmgmJa na {Z`ÝÌU H$a nmòJm, dhr E{e`m na dM©ñd ñWm{nV H$aZo _| g_W© hmoJm& {hÝX _hmgmJa g^r _hmgmJam| H$s Hw§$Or h¡ `hr {H$gr ^r Xoe Ho$ ^m½` H$m {ZYm©aU H$aoJm& 21dt eVmãXr _| ^maV epŠV gÝVwbZ H$mo Ho$pÝÐV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Mhþ§_wIr {dH$mg d amï´>r` epŠV Ho$ {Z_m©U _| g{H«$` ^y{_H$m {Z^m ahr h¡& ^maV AnZo {dH$mg gå~pÝYV CnmXo`Vm Zo qhX _hmgmJa Ho$ ^y-amOZ¡{VH$ d aUZr{VH$ _hËd _| A{^d¥{Õ H$a Xr h¡ `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Ohm± EH$ Amoa \$mag Ed§ AXZ H$s Im‹S>r go nydu E{e`m VH$ {dñV¥V gm_w{ÐH$ _mJ© Ho$ Jwê$Ëd Ho$ÝÐ _| ^maVr` pñW{V, A§S>_mZ-{ZH$mo~ma Ûrn joÌ VWm _bŠH$m ObS>_ê$ _mJ© H$s gm_[aH$ _hÎmm ^maV H$mo à^mdr Zm¡g¡Ý` epŠV ~ZmZo hoVw {dde H$a ahr h¡, dht d¡pídH$ epŠV g§aMZm _| Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hoVw qhX _hmgmJa na {Z^©aVm CgH$s gwajm {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$m Ahgmg ^r H$amVr h¡& ñnï> h¡, {H$ qhX _hm gmJa _| MrZ H$s ^maV go AmJo {ZH$bZo H$s hmo‹S> ^maV Ho$ gm_[aH$ {hVm| H$mo MwZm¡Vr h¡ Bg{bE ^maV H$mo Zm¡goZm g_wÐr ~o‹S>o _| ZB© epŠV H$m VËH$mbrZ BOm\$m H$aZm VWm AnZo {hVm| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE Am¡a gVH©$ ahZm Mm{hE&

g§Ho$Vmja … {hÝX _hmgmJa, MrZ, gm_[aH$ VQ>r` amï´>, Zm¡ g¡{ZH$ epŠV

{hÝX _hmgmJa H$m ^y-amOZ¡{VH$ Ed§ AË`{YH$ gm_[aH$ _hËd h¡& ñWb ê$Õ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg _hmgmJa Zo ^maV H$mo EH$ à^mdembr ñWmZ àXmZ {H$`m h¡&2 gm_[aH$ X¥{ï>H$moU go {díd Ho$ _mZ{MÌ _| maV Am¡a {hÝX _hmgmJa H$s pñW{V _hËd H$s h¡, Š`m|{H$ maV X{jU E{e`m H$m g~go ~‹S>m amï´> h¡ {Ogo VrZm| Amoa go {hÝX _hmgmJa à^m{dV H$aVm h¡& ^maV {hÝX _hmgmJa Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ _| pñWV h¡ Am¡a BgH$s VQ>r` aoImE§ {hÝX _hmgmJa Ho$ Ûmam {ZYm©[aV hmoVr h¡& Bg{bE {hÝX _hmgmJa ^maV Ho$ {bE gm_[aH$ _hËd aIVm h¡& àmMrZ H$mb go ^maV H$m 85 à{VeV gm_w{ÐH$ ì`mnma {hÝX _hmgmJa Ho$ dj ñWb Ûmam gånÝZ hmoVm ahm h¡& Bg H$maU {hÝX _hmgmJa H$m ^maV Ho$ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$ Ed§ gm_[aH$ Cn`mo{JVm A{YH$ h¡&3 MrZ H$s ^r {hÝX _hmgmJa joÌ _| ~hþV nwamZr {XbMñnr h¡& 12dt Ed§ 13dt

{hÝX _hmgmJa _| MrZ Ho$ ~‹T>Vo H$X_ Am¡a ^maV: EH$ {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``ZS>m°. {dH$mg e_m©

ajm Ed§ gm_[aH$ AÜ``Z, ho.Z.J. Ho$ÝÐr` {díd{dÚmb`,lrZJa, nm¡‹S>r J‹T>dmb (CÎmamIÊS>)



ISSN 2348-3857

eVmãXr Ho$ níMmV² X{jUr ew§J emgZ H$mb _| MrZ H$s é{M {hÝX _hmgmJa na X¥{ï>JV hmoVr àVrV hmoVr h¡& {hÝX _hmgmJa _| Mr{Z`m| Ho$ AmdJ_Z Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m àmaå^ nyd© àW_ eVmãXr go hmoVm h¡&

^maV qhX _hmgmJa _| MrZ Ho$ ~‹T>Vo H$X_ H$mo boH$a {MpÝVV h¡, dht Xÿgar Amoa MrZ Ûmam ~«h_nwÌ Ho$ nmZr H$mo amoH$Zm `m _mo{V`m| H$s _mbm H$s Zr{V& bo.H$. {H«$ñQ>mo\$a Oo\$g©Z nëg© Am°\$ ñQ´>mQ>oOr MrZ Ho$ ^y-amOZ¡{VH$ à^md Ho$ AmH«$_H$ {dñVma H$s Zr{V H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢, {OgHo$ AÝV©JV MrZ E{e`m Ho$ Xÿa-XamO Ho$ ~§XaJmhm| VWm hdmB© AS²>‹S>m| VH$ AnZr nhþM ~Zm ahm h¡ gmW hr AnZo g¡Ý` ~bm| H$m AmYw{ZH$sH$aU ^r H$a ahm h¡&

MrZ AnZo Am{W©H$ {hVm| Ho$ Zm_ na AnZo g¡Ý` bú`m| H$mo AmJo ~‹T>m ahm h¡& MrZ Hw$N> Xoem|| H$mo ^mar-âH$_ H$O© XoH$a AnZo gmW {_bmZm MmhVm h¡, Vm{H$ qhX _hmgmJa _| ~‹T>Vo gm_[aH$ _hËd H$mo ñWm{`Ëd àXmZ H$a gHo$ h¡& _mbXrd H$m gm_[aH$ _hËd {H$gr go {N>nm Zht h¡, My±{H$ bjÛrn go _mbXrd H$s Xÿar 1200 {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡, lrb§H$m MrZr H$O©Omb _| Eogm \±$gm h¡ {H$ Cgo AnZo hå~ZQ>moQ>m ~§XaJmh H$mo 99 df© VH$ MrZ H$mo brO na XoZm n‹S>m h¡&

MrZ qhX _hmgmJa _| AnZr CnpñW{V ~Zmò aIZo _| g_W© hþAm h¡& MrZ Ho$ {bE ½dmXa ~§XaJmh gm_[aH$ Vm¡a na ~hþV _hËdnyU© h¡, Am¡a EH$ hma_wO ObS>_ê$ Ho$ {ZH$Q> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, `hm± go {díd H$m 40 à«{VeV Vob ^r {Z`m©V hmoVm h¡& AV: MrZ Zo Bg ~§XaJmh H$m {Z_m©U Ho$db ì`dgm{`H$ CX²Xoí`m| Ho$ {bE Zht {H$`m ~pëH$ dh BgHo$ _mÜ`_ go Zm¡g¡{ZH$ AS²>S>o ñWm{nV H$aZm Am¡a _hËdnyU© g_wÐr amñVm| na à^wËd H$m`_ H$aZm h¡& MrZ ½dmXa ~§XaJmh go boH$a ~§Jmb H$s Im‹S>r VH$ nm±M Zò ~§XaJmh ~ZmZo H$s aUZr{V na H$m`© H$a ahm h¡& MrZ Zo Bg Zr{V H$mo nb© ZoH$bog H$m Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡& Bg Zr{V Ho$ Ûmam gånyU© {hÝX _hmgmJa na MrZ H$s à^wËd ñWm{nV hmo OmòJm& ^maVr` Cn_hmÛrn _| `m X{jU E{e`m _| MrZ H$s gm_[aH$ CnpñW{V ~‹T>Vr Om hr h¡& ^maV Am¡a MrZ Ho$ Amngr [aíVm| _| gwYma Vmo hmo ahm h¡, bo{H$Z

BgH$m AW© `h {~ëHw$b Zht bJm`m Om gH$Vm {H$ MrZ Ho$ X{jU E{e`m H$s Amoa ~‹T>Vo H$X_ ^maV Ho$ {bE H$moB© IVam n¡Xm Zht H$aVo h¢& Bg IVao H$m g~go Á`mXm Aga ^maV na nSo>Jm& MrZ {hÝX _hmgmJa H$mo EH$ gmPo g_wÐ Ho$ Vm¡a na XoI ahm h¡& {OgH$mo ^maV H$^r ñdrH$ma Zht H$aoJm& Š`m|{H$ {hÝX _hmgmJa _o§ ~‹S>r epŠV`m| H$s Amngr à{VñnYm© go gdm©{YH$ IVam ^maV H$s gwajm H$mo hr h¡& ^maV H$s gwajm {hÝX _hmgmJa na nyU©ê$noU {Z^©a H$aVr h¡& ^maV gånyU© {díd _| Am¡a {deofH$a, E{e`m _hmÛrn _| ^r empÝV Amoa gwajm Ho$ {bE g§Kf© _| _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m AXm H$aVm h¡& dht Xÿgar Amoa ^maV Ho$ n‹S>mogr Xoem| na MrZ H$m _mbXrd d Zonmb na MrZ H$m ~‹T>Vm X~md ^maV H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE IVam hmo gH$Vm h¡&7 MrZ Zo ^maVr` Cn_hmÛrnm| Ho$ Mmam| Amoa EH$ MH«$ì`yh ~Zm {b`m h¡, {Og_| MrZ n‹S>mogr Xoem| H$mo EH$ H$‹S>r Ho$ ê$n _| BñVo_mb H$a ahm h¡& MrZ _mbXrd Ho$ _amAm| Ûrn na EH$ g¡{ZH$ AS²>S>m ~ZmZo H$s `moOZm ~Zm ahm h¡& _amAm| Ûrn na MrZ H$s nrnwëg {b~aoeZ Am_u Ý`ypŠbà h{W`mam| go bog nZSw>pã~`m| d {dÜde§H$ ~¡{bpñQ>H$ {_gmBb| V¡ZmV H$a MwH$m h¡& g¡Ý` {deofkm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ qhX _hmgmJa _| MrZ H$s Ý`ypŠbà J{V{d{Y`m± ½bmo~b dm{_ªJ ~‹T>m ahr h¡ {OgH$s dOh go 2040 VH$ nyam _mbXrd `m CgH$m A{YH§$me ^mJ gmJa _| g_m OmòJm& MrZ H$mo qhX _hmgmJa VH$ nhþMmZo _| å`m±_ma AnZr _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m AXm H$a ahm h¡& MrZ Zo {gVdo Zm_H$ ñWmZ na gr-hm~©a ~Zm aIm h¡& H$moH$mo Ûrn na d AÝ` Ûrnm| H$mo å`m±_ma go nQ²>Q>o na boH$a dhm± epŠVembr g§Mma d Iw{\$`m VÝÌ {dH${gV H$a aIm h¡& ~§Jmb H$s Im‹S>r _| pñWV `h H$moH$moÛrn ^maV Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ em{gV àXoe A§S>_mZ {ZH$mo~ma Ûrn g_yh go Ho$db 18 {H$bmo_rQ>a H$s Xÿar na pñWV h¡& Bg Ûrn go ^maVr` Zm¡-g¡{ZH$ J{V{d{Y`m±, nydu Zm¡g¡{ZH$ H$_mZ, ~§Jmb H$s Im‹S>r Am¡a C‹S>rgm Ho$ Mm±Xrnwa {_gmBb Q>opñQ>§J a|O na MrZ H$s Amoa go Omgygr H$aZo H$s nw{ï> hmo MwH$s h¡& AnZo _¡Ìr nyU© gå~ÝYm| Ho$ AmYma na hr MrZ H$mo å`m±_ma Ho$ _mÜ`_ go qhX _hmgmJa VH$ nhþ±MZo H$m gwÑ‹T> _mJ© {_bm h¡&

MrZ {hÝX _hmgmJa _| AnZm à^wËd ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE AnZr Zm¡goZm _| d¥{Õ H$aVm Om ahm h¡& gmW hr Cn _hmÛrn go bJo amï´>m| H$mo AnZo {Z`ÝÌU _| boVm Om ahm h¡& MrZ H$s Zm¡goZm H$^r VrZm| goZmAm| _| g~go H$_Omoa _mZr OmVr Wr& AmO MrZr Zm¡goZm A_o[aH$m Ed§ ê$g Ho$ ~mX Xþ{Z`m H$s Vrgar gd©loð> goZm _mZr h¡& MrZr Zm¡goZm Zo 2012 _| AnZo nhbo {d_mZ dmhH$ H$mo bm`moqZJ ObmdVaU {H$`m Wm& dh gmo{d`V Xm¡a H$m ~Zm OhmO Wm&

ISSN 2348-3857


CgHo$ ~mX 27 Aà¡b 2017 H$mo MrZr Zm¡goZm Zo EH$ H$X_ Amoa ~‹T>mVo hþE AnZm Xÿgam {d_mZ dmhH$ nmoV g_wÐ _| CVam& Bgo gr0dr0-001 E H$m Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡& nyar Vah ñdXoer VH$ZrH$ go ~Zm `h 70000 Q>Z dOZr {d_mZdmhH$ nmoV 2020 VH$ godm Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hmo OmòJm& Bgo MrZr Zm¡goZm H$s Cg _hËdmH$m§jr `moOZm Ho$ Vm¡a na XoIm Om ahm h¡ {Og_| MrZ AnZr VH$ZrH$ Ho$ X_ na {d_mZ dmhH$ nm¡Vm| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm H$s V¡`mar H$a ahm h¡& AJa `hr ê$PmZ H$m`_ ahm Vmo 2020 VH$ MrZr Xþ{Z`m H$s Xÿgar g~go ~‹S>r Zm¡goZm ~ZZo Ho$ bú` H$mo hm{gb H$a boJm& Z`m {d_mZ dmhH$ nmoV MrZr Zm¡goZm H$s Cg _hËdH$m§jr `moOZm H$m {hñgm h¡ {OgHo$ VhV 2020 VH$ 250 go A{YH$ `wÕnmoV, nÝZSw>pã~`m| Am¡a AÝ` OhmOm| H$m ~o‹S>m V¡`ma H$aZo H$m bú` h¡&9

MrZ CâVr hþB© epŠV h¡& Eogo _| g¡Ý` _moM} na ^r CgH$s VmH$V ~‹T>Zm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡& qhX _hmgmJa joÌ _| MrZ H$s Zm¡g¡{ZH$ _m¡OyXJr bJmVma ~‹T> ahr h¡& MrZr nÝZSw>pã~`m| Zo g_wÐr bwQ>oam| Ho$ pIbm\$ H$m`©dmhr Ho$ ~hmZo {Xgå~a 2013 go Jmho-~Jmho qhX _hmgmJa joÌ _| AnZr g{H«$`Vm bJmVma ~‹T>m`r h¡& MrZr gm_w{ÐH$ aoe_ _mJ© H$m _H$gX ^r qhX _hmgmJa joÌ _| AnZm H$X ~T>mZm h¡& MrZr Zm¡goZm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _O~yVr go boH$a hå_ZQ>moQ>m Am¡a ½dmXa VH$ Zò g¡{ZH$ Ho$ÝÐ ~Zmò Jò h¡ BZ g~go `hr gH|$V {_bVm h¡, {H$ MrZr Zm¡goZm A~ AnZr VmH$V H$s H$s Xþ§Xw^r ~OmZo H$mo V¡`ma h¡& BZ g~H$m _H$gX qhX _hmgmJa _| AnZm dM©ñd ~‹T>mZm h¡& {_gmb Ho$ Vm¡a na X{jUr MrZ gmJa _| {d_mZdmhH$ nmoV H$s V¡ZmVr g_rH$aUm| H$mo nbQ> XoJr& MrZ {Og Vah go {hX _hmgmJa _| ^maVr` gm_[aH$ {hVm| H$s _| ~mYm CËnÝZ H$a ahm h¡ ^maV Ho$ {bE EH$ qMVm H$m {df` h¡&10

qhX _hmgmJa _| ^maV EH$ _O~yV amï´> Wm bo{H$Z g_` Ho$ gmW H$m\$s ~Xbmd AmE h¡§& MrZ Ho$ EH$ _hm epŠV Ho$ ê$n _| CâZo go pñW{V H$m\$s ~Xb JB© h¡& qhX _hmgmJa go {_b ahr ajm gå~pÝYV MwZm¡{V`m±, MrZ H$s ~‹T>Vr à{VñnYm©, Omo {H$ qhX _hmgmJa _| ^maV Ho$ amï´>r` {hVm| Ho$ {bE AË`ÝV ZwH$gmZXoh h¡& ^maV qhX _hmgmJa Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ _| pñWV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ì`mnm[aH$ _mJm} Ed§ D$Om© H$s OrdZ aoIm Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa pñWV h¡& XmoZm| Amoa g§Mma ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^maV H$mo qhX _hmgmJa _| AnZr Zm¡ g¡Zm H$m X~X~m Amdí`H$ h¡& nwamZo AÝVam©ï´>r` g_rH$aU CbQ> nwbQ> hmo aho h¢, {hÝX _hmgmJa H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ Amgma ZOa

Am aho h¢& MrZ AnZr Zm¡ goZm H$s JwUdÎmm Ed§ AmH$ma H$s X¥{ï> go nyU© ê$n go gj_ h¡& nr.Eb.E. H$s Zm¡goZm naånamJV ê$n go VQ>r` epŠV Ho$ ê$n _| Câ ahr h¡& {X maV Zo AnZr Zm¡g¡{ZH$ epŠV ImgH$a nÝZSw>pã~`m| H$s g§»`m Ed§ _mJ©j_Vm Zht ~‹T>m`r Vmo h_ _yH$Xe©H$ ~Zo ahZo Ho$ {gdm Hw$N> Zht H$a nmòJ|& ^maVr` Zm¡goZm Ho$ à_wI H$a_~ra qgh Zo MrZ H$s nrnwëg {b~aoeZ Am_u Ûmam MrZ H$mo Zm¡goZm Ho$ gepŠVH$aU Ho$ à^md H$mo _hËdnyU© {~ÝXÿ _mZVo hþE ^maVr` Zm¡goZm H$mo MoVm`m& MrZ Ûmam ào{jV Zò `wJ _| MrZ H$s amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ ídoV nÌ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go MrZ H$s Zm¡go{ZH$ epŠV H$mo {díd ñVa na à{V{~på~V {H$`m& ídoV nÌ _mÌ EH$ nÌ Zht ~pëH$ `h EH$ d¡pídH$ epŠV ~ZZo H$m AmYma hmo gH$Vm h¡&15

qhX _hmgmJa ^maV Ho$ {bE gm_[aH$ X¥{ï> go ~hþV _hËdnyU© joÌ h¡ Am¡a ^maV nyd© go npíM_ H$mo Omo‹S>Zo dmbo Ob _mJ© H$s {ZJamZr H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ohm± go {díd H$m EH$ {VhmB© ì`mnma hmoVm h¡ bo{H$Z MrZ H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ qhX _hm gmJa H$mo ^maV H$m A§mJZ Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm& Bg Vah MrZ ^maV H$s n§anamJV ^y{_H$m na gdmb I‹S>o H$aVm h¡& MrZ H$m VH©$ h¡ {H$ _wŠV _hmgmJa H$mo {H$gr H$m Am§JZ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡- `{X qhX _hmgmJa ^maV H$m Am§JZ h¡ Vmo A_o[aH$m, AmñQ´>o{b`m Ed§ ê$g H$s Zm¡goZmE± Š`m H$a ahr h¡& MrZ MoVmdZr âo AXm§O _| H$hVm h¡ `{X Cgo ^maV H$m Am§JZ _mZm OmVm ahm Vmo g§Kf© go BÝH$ma Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& ~ma ~ma dh `hr OVmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ {H$ qhX _hmgmJa _| CgH$m ^r XIb h¡&11 AmO qhX _hmgmJa H$m joÌ AË`ÝV g§doXZerb h¡ Bg H$maU Bg joÌ _| {ZaÝVa Mm¡H$gr Ed§ {ZJamZr aIZo Ho$ gmW epŠV gÝVwbZ ~Zmò aIZm Amdí`H$ hmo J`m h¡&12

{ZîH$f©

^maVr` ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ níMmV² qhX _hmgmJa _| Xmo epŠV Yw«dm| Ho$ _Ü` epŠV ñnYm© go Z Ho$db y-amOZr{V à^m{dV hþB© h¡, ~pëH$ {díd ñVar` empÝV joÌ H$s AdYmaUm na Hw$R>maKmV hþAm h¡& E{e`m Ho$pÝÐV MrZ-A_o[aH$s ñnYm© go gånyU© qhX _hmgmJar` joÌ H$s ^y-amOZr{V à^m{dV hþB© h¡& Am§VH$dmX go nr{‹S>V X{jU E{e`m Bg g_` {díd H$m gdm©{YH$ ApñWa joÌ ~Z J`m h¡& {díd ñVar` epŠV àXe©Z na AJ«g[aV amï´> epŠV Ho$ ê$n _| ^maV _| ^r gm_[aH$, Am{W©H$ Ed§ g§doXZerbVm ~‹T> ahr h¡& qhX _hmgmJa H$s dV©_mZ pñW{V H$mo XoIVo hþE ^maV Ho$ {bE `h Amdí`H$ h¡, {H$ dh AnZr Zm¡g¡{ZH$ epŠV H$mo AË`{YH$


ISSN 2348-3857

gwÑ‹T> Ed§ {dH${gV H$a|& Š`m|{H$ maV H$mo CZ {hVm| H$s ajm H$aZr Mm{hE Omo ^maV H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡& O~ XÿV Zr{V Am¡a àMma Ag\$b hmo OmVo h¢, Vmo Cg g_` amOZr{V H$mo ñWmB© aIZo Ho$ {bE g¡Ý` epŠV H$m à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE& E{e`m àem§V joÌ _| g_wÐr gwajm H$mo boH$a ^maV H$mo Z`o Zr{V na H$m`© H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡, {Og_| JwQ>{ZanojVm Zr{V Ho$ {dnarV OmZm Amdí`H$ hmo J`m h¡& MrZ H$m qhX _hmgmJa na ~‹T>Vm dM©ñd ^maV Ho$ {bE qMVm H$m {df` h¡& dV©_mZ _| h_ Bg dmñV{dH$Vm go _wI Zht _mo‹S> gH$Vo {H$ ^maVr` àdoe Ûma A~ gm_w{ÐH$ hmo J`m h¡ Am¡a ^maV H$mo Bg _mJ© H$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ {bE R>mog Zr{V H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& ^maV H$mo qhX _hmgmJa joÌ _| C^aVr hþB© epŠV`m| Ho$ gmW Vmb_ob ~ZmZm AË`ÝV Amdí`H$ h¡& Š`m|{H$ qhX _hmgmJa gmVm| g_wÐm| H$s H±wOr h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. {_lm, ew^«Vm, AÝVamï´>r` qhX _hmgmJa A{^`mZ Ho$ nMmg

df©, amï´>r` nwñVH$ Ý`mg, ^maV, ZB© {Xëbr, 2017, n¥.g§. 01

2. hþg¡Z _m{OX, ^maV H$m ^yJmob, Q>mQ>m _¡½J«m{hb, ZB© {Xëbr,

2012, n¥.g§. 425-427

3. qgh, Eb.Oo., amï´>r` ajm Am¡a gwajm, àH$me ~wH$ {S>nm|, ~aobr, 2017, AÜ`m` 27 n¥.g§. 337

4. ~Kob, S>m°. {daoÝÐ qgh, ^maV H$mo KoaVm MrZ, AmË_mam_ EÊS> g§g, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013, n¥.g§. 178-180

5. amï´>r` OmJaU, 22 Aà¡b 2017

6. qgh, Ama.nr., ^maV MrZ g¡Ý` epŠV, AmË_mam_ EÊS> g§g, ZB© {Xëbr, 2016 n¥.g§. 21

7. X¡{ZH$ OmJaU, 20 _B© 2017

8. X¡{ZH$ OmJaU, ^maV H$s Koam~ÝXr _| OwQ>m MrZ, 20 _B© 2017

9. X¡{ZH$ OmJaU, 26 {gVå~a 2018, n¥.g§. 8

10. X¡{ZH$ OmJaU, MrZ H$s ZB© Mmb, 13 _mM© 2015

11. amï´>r` ghmam, qhX _hmgmJa na MrZ H$m gm`m, 9 {gVå~a 2015 n¥.g§. 9

12. {_lm, S>m°. gwaoÝÐ Hw$_ma, amï´>r` ajm d gwajm, _m°S©>Z npãbeg©, OmbÝYa, 2012, n¥.g§. 248-250

13. {gdmM, Ama.Eg. Ed§ Hw$_ma, gVre, qhX _hmgmJa Ed§ ^maV H$s gm_w{ÐH$ gwajm, lr gmB© qnQ>aJ«m\$g©, ZB© {Xëbr, 2015, AÜ`m` 5, n¥.g§. 198-200

14. qgh, Eb.Oo., amï´>r` ajm Am¡a gwajm, àH$me ~wH$ {S>nmo, ~aobr, 2017 n¥.g§. 349-351

15. S>ãë`y.S>ãë`y.S>ãë`y.OZgÎmm.H$m°_

àñVmdZm

hoZar So>{dS> Wmoamo EH$ à{gÕ AamOH$VmdmXr A_o[aH$s {Z~ÝYH$ma Ed§ g{H«$` H$m`©H$Îmm© Wo& CZH$m OÝ_ 1817 _| H$m°ZH$m°S©>, _¡gmMwgoQ²>g _| hþAm Wm& CÝhm|Zo AnZm gånyU© AÜ``Z hmd©S©> H$m°boO _| àdoe boH$a nyam {H$`m& gZ² 1862 _| AYo‹S> AdñWm _| hr CZH$m {ZYZ hmo J`m Wm& Wmoamo AnZo Ûmam ImoOo Jò g{dZ` Adkm Ho$ {dMma Ho$ {bE OmZo OmVo h¡& g{dZ` Adkm CZH$m g~go epŠVembr, à^mdembr d aMZmË_H$ amOZr{VH$ {Z~ÝY Ed§ {dMma Wm& h _ybV: "ZmJ[aH$ gaH$ma H$m à{VamoY' (1849) Ho$ Zm_ go EoñWo{Q>H$ nong© _| àH$m{eV hþAm Wm& dmñVd _| `h 1848 _| Wmoamo Ûmam H$m°ZH$m°S©> bmB©go_ _| gaH$ma Ho$ gå~ÝY _|

emoY gmam§e

Wmoamo AnZo Ûmam ImoOo Jò g{dZ` Adkm Ho$ {dMma Ho$ {bE OmZo OmVo h¢& g{dZ` Adkm CZH$m g~go epŠVembr, à^mdembr d aMZmË_H$ amOZr{VH$ {Z~ÝY Ed§ {dMma Wm& `h _ybV: "ZmJ[aH$ gaH$ma H$m à{VamoY' (1849) Ho$ Zm_ go EoñWo{Q>H$ nong© _| àH$m{eV hþAm Wm& _hmZ {dMmaH$ hoZar So>{dS> Wmoamo H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ EH$ gƒm AmX_r Eo gm¡ hOma AgË` ì`pŠV`m| go Á`mXm ~ohVa hmoVm h¡& h_ OmZZm MmhVo h¡§ {H$ h__| go {H$VZo gƒo AmX_r h¡§& Bg {Z~ÝY _| Wmoamo Zo _mZdr` AÝV:H$aU na amOZr{VH$ gÎmm go Á`mXm ~b {X`m Š`m|{H$ amOZr{VH$ gÎmm ~hþ_V Ho$ ñdmWm] d {hVm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE `§Ì H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE Wmoamo Zo H$hm {H$ dh gaH$ma g~go AÀN>r hmoVr h¡ Omo g~go H$_ emgZ H$aVr h¡& Wmoamo Zo AnZo {Z~ÝY _| `h _V ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡ {H$ {gÕmÝVm| na AmYm[aV H$m`©dm{h`m± ZmJ[aH$ Adkm Ho$ Amapå^H$ ~rOm| _| A§Hw$[aV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ~mX _| CgHo$ VH©$ g_mO _| JhZ _hÎd Ho$ ê$n H$mo {XImZo Ho$ ê$n _| \¡$bVo h¡§& Wmoamo Ho$ {bE AÝV:H$aUr` ì`pŠV A_mZdr` g_mO H$m AZwg_W©Z H$aZo _| Agj_ hmoVm h¡& Wmoamo H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ _¡§ Eogr gaH$ma H$mo _mÝ`Vm Zht XoVm Omo Xmgm| Ho$ Ûmam `m Xmgm| Ho$ {bE ~Zr hmo& Bgr {dMma Zo AmJo MbH$a Jm±YrOr H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo 1930 _| XmÊS>r _mM© H$a Z_H$ ~ZmH$a Z_H$ H$mZyZ H$mo Vmo‹S>m& do amOZ¡{VH$ Xme©{ZH$ H«$mpÝV Ho$ ~mao _| gbmh XoVo h¡§ O¡gm {H$ OrZ O¡Šg ê$gmo, dmëVoà, {XXamo Am{X Zo \«$m§grgr H«$mpÝV Ho$ {dMma H$mo àñ\w${Q>V {H$`m {OgHo$ \$bñdê$n 1789 _| \«$m§grgr H«$mpÝV hþB©& Bg Jå^ra {dMma Ho$ AmYma na hr Wmoamo Zo A_o[aH$s N>mg H$mZyZm| Am¡a _¡pŠgH$mo A_o[aH$s `wÕ H$s O_H$a AmbmoMZm H$s Am¡a Cggo ào[aV hmoH$a hr AnZo {dMma à{Vnm{XV {H$E& h_ g_ñ`m Ho$ {bE nyU©V`m XmgVm Ho$ à{V éI aIZo dmbo X{jUr JmobmÕ© Ho$ amOZr{Vkm| H$s {ZÝXm Zht H$a gH$Vo h¡§ bo{H$Z h_| CZ na Adí` Amamon bJmZm hmoJm Omo _¡gmÀ`wgoQ²>g _| ahVo h¡§& Omo dm{UÁ` Am¡a H¥${f _| ~hþV é{M aIVo h¡§ ~Om` _mZdVm Ho$ H$ë`mU Ho$&

g§Ho$Vmja … g{dZ` Adkm, AÝV:H$aU, Aqhgm, à{VamoY, Ý`m`, H$mZyZ, Z¡{VH$Vm

ì`pŠV Ho$ A{YH$ma Ed§ H$Îm©ì` Zm_H$ erf©H$ go {Xò Jò ^mfU H$m Z`m Zm_ _mÌ Wm&1 CgZo ZmJ[aH$ H$mZyZ na AÝV:H$aU Ho$ H$mZyZ H$mo _hÎd àXmZ {H$`m Am¡a H$hm {H$ gaH$ma EH$ _erZ h¡& `{X _erZ AÝ`m` H$m H$m`© H$ao Vmo AÝV:H$aUerb ZmJ[aH$m| H$m `h Xm{`Ëd ~ZVm h¡ {H$ do Cg gÎmm H$m {damoY H$ao Am¡a Cgo AÝ`m` H$aZo go amoH|$&2

_¡pŠgH$mo `wÕ (1793, 1846 VWm 1850 Ho$ ^Jm¡‹S>o Xmg H$mZyZ) Omo Xmgm| H$mo nH$‹S>Zo dmbm| H$mo g§Kr` ghm`Vm gw{ZpíMV H$aVo Wo, {H$ {ZÝXm H$s Wr& Wmoamo AÝ`m` H$s ì`mnH$ O{Q>bVm Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>o hþE Wo& do ~hþ_Vr` emgZ H$mo ì`pŠV H$s AmOmXr Ho$ {déÕ _mZVo Wo Š`m|{H$ dh ~hþ_V Ho$ {hV _| hr H$m_ H$aVr

g{dZ` Adkm EH$ amOZr{VH$ {MÝVZ : hoZar So>{dS> WmoamoS>m°. é{M {_lm

{d^mJmÜ`j, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJlr aVZbmb H§$dabmb nmQ>Zr Jëg© H$m°boO, {H$eZJ‹T> (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

h¡& _mZd Ho$ Z¡{VH$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE Zht& Wmoamo Zo _¡pŠgH$mo wÕ Ho$ {déÕ à{VamoY H$m gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`© {H$`m& Wmoamo Zo ñd`§ _VXmZ H$a MwH$mZo go _Zm H$a {X`m Wm& Bg H$maU do amV â Oob _| ~ÝXr ~ZmH$a aIo Jò& gZ² 1854 _| Wmoamo Zo dmëSo>Z `m bmB©\$ BZ dwS²>g Zm_H$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eV H$adm`r& Bg nwñVH$ _| Wm|amo Ho$ dmëSo>Z Vmbm~ _| ahZo Ho$ AZw^dm| H$mo AmboI~Õ {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg_| gmXm Am¡a AmZÝX_`r OrdZ na g~go A{YH$ ~b {X`m J`m h¡& `h nwñVH$ X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| gmXJr H$m gÝXoe XoVr h¡& Wmoamo Zo 31 {gVå~a, 1839 VH$ AnZo ^mB© Om°Z Ho$ gmW H$s JB© Zmd `mÌm Ho$ AZw^dm| H$mo AmboI~Õ H$aVo hþE ''E drH$ Am°Z X H$m°ZH$m°S©> EÊS> _oar_oH$ [adg©'' (1849) Zm_H$ nwñVH$ H$s aMZm H$s Wr {Og_| àH¥${V Ho$ ~mao _| emZXma ~ImZ {H$`m J`m h¡& Wmoamo Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a {dMma go Ow‹S>r CŠV nwñVH$m| d {Z~ÝYm| H$m à^md _hmË_m Jm±Yr, _m{Q©>Z byWa qH$J Oy{Zà, _m{Q©>Z ~y~a Am{X Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a {dMmam| na n‹S>m {Og_| Jm±YrOr CZHo$ g{dZ` Adkm Zm_H$ {Z~ÝY go AË`{YH$ à^m{dV hþE Am¡a CÝhmo§Zo Wmoamo Ho$ AÝV:H$aU H$s ñdVÝÌVm Zm_H$ {dMma H$mo J«hU {H$`m Am¡a BgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo Wmoamo Ho$ Bg {dMma H$mo ghf© ñdrH$ma {H$`m {H$ ''dh gaH$ma gdm}V_ hmoVr h¡ Omo g~go H$_ emgZ H$aVr h¡&''3

g{dZ` Adkm : hoZar So>{dS> Wmoamo

Wmoamo Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {MÝVZ d Xe©Z gå~ÝYr {dMma CZHo$ Ûmam a{MV gwà{gÕ {Z~ÝY ''aoOrñQ>|g Qy> {g{db JdZ©_|Q>'' _| ì`ŠV h¡, Omo ~mX _| CZHo$ _aUmonamÝV ''{g{db {S>gAmo{~{S>òÝg'' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmZo bJm& `h {Z~ÝY gË`mJ«h Ho$ Amapå^H$ à`moJH$Vm©Am| Ho$ {bE EH$ A{V CÎm_Vm H$m à{V_mZ ~ZH$a Câm& Bg {Z~ÝY Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Wmoamo Zo AnZo AZw`m{``m| H$mo AÝV VH$ AÝV:H$aU H$s ñdVÝÌVm H$mo amOZ¡{VH$ gÎmm go gdm}ƒ _mZZo Am¡a AZ¡{VH$, J¡aH$mZyZr `m Ad¡Y H$mZyZm| H$m à{VamoY H$aZo H$m CnXoe {X`m VWm H$B© Wmoamo n¡Xm H$aZo na ~b {X`m& {deofH$a Wmoamo gmXJr, gab, ghO Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ à{V à{V~ÕVm_`r ^mdmZw_`r OrdZ OrZo `m AZwH$aU H$aZo na ~b XoVo Wo&4

_hmZ {dMmaH$ hoZar So>{dS> Wmoamo H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$, ""EH$ gƒm AmX_r EH$ gm¡ hOma AgË` ì`pŠV`m| go Á`mXm ~ohVa hmoVm h¡& h_ OmZZm MmhVo h¡§ {H$ h__| go {H$VZo gƒo AmX_r h¡§&5 gmW hr Wmoamo H$m `h ^r H$hZm h¡ {H$ EH$ `mo½` `m Cn`moJr H$m_ `m H$m`© g_máàm` Zht hmoZm Mm{hE Omo {H$ gË` H$s {dO` Ho$ à{V

à{V~Õ h¡ Am¡a Ohm± VH$ gå^d hmo, H$_ go H$_ EH$ gƒo _Zwî` H$mo AnZo hH$ `m A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE b‹S>Zm Mm{hE&6 ~ÝXr OrdZ H$mo Wmoamo Zo Xmofr ì`pŠV Ho$ ê$n _| {Zê${nV Zht {H$`m ~pëH$ H$hm {H$ EH$ AÀN>o AmX_r Ho$ {bE EH$ AmVVm`r amÁ` H$s Oob hr EH$_mÌ n{dÌ ñWmZ hmoVm h¡&7

hmbm±{H$ Wmoamo Bg {dMma H$m AZwgaU H$aVo hþE 24 K§Q>o Ho$ {bE Oob Jò O~{H$ Bg {dMma H$m AZwgaU H$aVo hþE Jm±YrOr 5 df© Am¡a Xg _hrZo VH$ (1908-1942) VH$ Xg ~ma Oob Jò Wo& BZ bmoJm| Zo ~ÝXr OrdZ H$mo gH$mamË_H$, g¥OZmË_H$, gwYmamË_H$ d H«$mpÝVH$mar ê$n _| XoIZo H$m à`mg {H$`m Wm {OgHo$ Jå^ra ì`mnH$ d gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ r XoIZo H$mo {_bo& Š`m|{H$ EH$ gƒm ì`pŠV O~ ~ÝXr OrdZ OrVm h¡ Vmo gånyU© g_mO d amï´> CgHo$ à{V {ZaÝVa Amem âr ZOam| go XoIVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s ha J{V{d{Y _| CgHo$ gmW hmoVm h¡&

Bg {Z~ÝY _| Wmoamo Zo O¡gm {H$ nyd© _| ñnï> {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ _mZdr` AÝV:H$aU na amOZr{VH$ gÎmm go Á`mXm ~b {X`m Š`m|{H$ amOZr{VH$ gÎmm ~hþ_V Ho$ ñdmWm] d {hVm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE `§Ì H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE Wmoamo Zo H$hm {H$ ''dh gaH$ma g~go AÀN>r hmoVr h¡ Omo g~go H$_ emgZ H$aVr h¡&''8

gaH$ma {deof ê$n go Á`mXm ZwH$gmZXm`H$ hmoVr h¡ ~OmE bm^ Ho$ Š`m|{H$ dh ì`pŠV H$s AmOmXr H$mo H$_ H$aVr h¡, CgH$s AmOmXr _| hñVjon H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE Bgo d¡Y Zht R>ham`m Om gH$Vm& gaH$ma Ho$ g^r ê$n Mmho bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ hmo `m VmZmemhr H$^r-H$^r AH$mbmo{MV hmoVo h¡§ Am¡a do AnZo CX²Xoí`m| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE godm `m AÝ` g§JR>Zm| H$m ghmam boVr h¡& bmoH$VÝÌ _| ^r BgHo$ {bE H$moB© CnMma Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ bmoH$VÝÌ _| gm_mÝ`V… ~hþ_V Ûmam hr {ZU©` hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ~hþ_V H$mo ~w{Õ_Îmm Am¡a Ý`m` H$m gX²JwU hm{gb Zht hmoVm h¡& `hr H$maU Wm {H$ OrZ O¡Šg ê$gmo Zo à{V{Z{Y `m AàË`j bmoH$VÝÌ H$s ~Om` àË`j bmoH$VÝÌ H$m g_W©Z {H$`m Š`m|{H$ _mZd H$s àmH¥${VH$ ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ g_W©H$ ê$gmo ^r `h _mZVo Wo {H$ H$moB© AÝ` ì`pŠV `m amÁ` `m g_mO ì`pŠV H$s BÀN>m H$m à{V{Z{YËd Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡& ì`pŠV H$s BÀN>m H$m à{V{Z{YËd ñd`§ ì`pŠV Ho$ Abmdm AÝ` H$moB© Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡&9

Š`m|{H$ ha _Zwî` AnZo AÝV:H$aU H$s AmdmO Ho$ AZwgma g§Mm{bV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a hmoZm ^r Mm{hE& Bgr {dMma H$mo Wmoamo Zo AZ¡{VH$ gÎmm H$m à{VamoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE à`wŠV {H$`m Omo ~hþV gr{_V AWm] _| O¡go _VXmZ H$a Zht MwH$mZm à`wŠV {H$`m J`m

ISSN 2348-3857


Wm {OgH$mo Jm±YrOr Zo gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ joÌm| _| bmJy H$a ì`mnH$ AdYmaUm ~ZmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m&

EH$ ì`pŠV Ho$ AÝV:H$aU H$m {ZU©` amOZ¡{VH$ {ZH$m` `m ~hþ_Vr` {ZH$m` Ho$ {ZU©`m| go A{Zdm`© `m gå^mì` ê$n go {ZåZ ñVa H$m Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡& Š`m|{H$ AÝV:H$aU H$s AmOmXr Ho$ Ûmam {bò Jò {ZU©` go Z Ho$db n[adma, g_mO, amï´> d ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ _Ü` {dôX {H$`m OmVm h¡ ~pëH$ Bggo ^r ~‹T>H$a _hÎdnyU© VÏ` `h h¡ {H$ `h XodVwë` Am¡a AXodVwë` `m amjgr àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE H$mZyZ Ho$ {bE gå_mZ H$mo nmo{fV H$aZm dm§{N>V Zht h¡ Omo {H$ Ho$db EH$ ~mÜ`Vm h¡& _wPo `h A{YH$ma àmá h¡ {H$ Omo _¡§ gmoMy± Cgo H$a gHy±$& H$mZyZ ì`pŠV H$mo Zht ~ZmVm h¡ ~pëH$ H$mZyZ ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ {ddoH$ H$s ImoO hmoVr h¡& H$mZyZ H$m gå_mZ dht VH$ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE Ohm± VH$ ò _Zwî` H$mo AÝ`m` H$m à{VH$ma H$aZo Am¡a CgHo$ ì`pŠVËd Ho$ {dH$mg _| ghm`H$ hmo& g_mO _| AÝ`m`nyU© H$mZyZm| H$m ApñVËd h¡& _Zwî` H$mo gm_mÝ` ê$n go CZ H$mZyZm| H$m g_W©Z H$aZm Mm{hE Omo ~hþ_Vr` emgZ ì`dñWm H$mo AÀN>m ~Zmò Am¡a CZ H$mZyZm| H$m {damoY H$aZm Mm{hE Omo Aëng§»`H$m| Ho$ _Vm| Ho$ {déÕ h¡&10

_ybV: Amn AnZo Xoe H$s godm Xoe Ho$ H$mZyZ Ho$ nj _| AnZo AÝV:H$aU H$mo X~m H$aHo$ Zht H$a gH$Vo h¡§ Am¡a `{X H$aVo h¡§ Vmo `h ~hþV hr {ZåZ XO} H$s godm hmoJr& Xoe H$mo AÝV:H$aU Ho$ YmaH$m| H$s Á`mXm Oê$aV hmoVr h¡ ~Om` AÝV:H$aU {dhrZ amo~moQ>m| Ho$& Š`m|{H$ AÝV:H$aU `wŠV _Zwî` AmË_ MoVZ epŠV aIVm h¡ Am¡a AmË_ MoVZ epŠV _Zwî` H$mo AÝ`m` H$m à{VH$ma H$aZo Am¡a gÎmm H$m {ZûH$ hmoH$a à{VamoY H$aZo VWm BgHo$ {bE Mmho Omo H$s_V MwH$mZr n‹S>o, Ho$ {bE Cgo gj_ Am¡a g~b ~ZmVr h¡ Am¡a `h H$m`©dmhr {gÕmÝVm| na AmYm[aV hmoZr Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ {gÕmÝVm| na AmYm[aV H$m`©dmhr Ho$ AmYma na A{YH$mam| H$s {ZînmXH$Vm Am¡a YmaUm dñVw Am¡a gå~ÝYm| _| ~Xbmd bmVr h¡ Am¡a `h ~Xbmd H$m\$s Jå^ra Am¡a ì`mnH$ hmoVm h¡&11

Wmoamo Zo AnZo {Z~ÝY _| `h _V ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡ {H$ {gÕmÝVm| na AmYm[aV H$m`©dm{h`m± ZmJ[aH$ Adkm Ho$ Amapå^H$ ~rOm| _| A§Hw$[aV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ~mX _| CgHo$ VH©$ g_mO _| JhZ _hÎd Ho$ ê$n H$mo {XImZo Ho$ ê$n _| \¡$bVo h¡§& CÝhm|Zo `h {XImZo H$m à`mg {H$`m {H$ {dMmaYmam VmpËdH$ ê$n go ì`dhm[aH$ AZwà`moJ _| ê$nmÝV[aV hmoZr Mm{hE& O¡gm {H$ Wmoamo H$m Amaå^ _| ~hþg§»`H$ emgZ Ho$ D$na ì`pŠVJV AÝV:H$aU H$s gdm}ƒVm

_| {dídmg Wm& CÝhm|Zo AmJo MbH$a H$hm {H$ `{X ì`pŠV Ho$ Z¡{VH$ AÝV:H$aUr` {dídmgm| H$m amÁ` _| {dídmgm| Am¡a ì`dhma Ho$ gmW g§Kf© hmo V~ EH$ ì`pŠV H$m `h Xm{`Ëd ~ZVm h¡ {H$ dh g_mO Ho$ Ûmam Omar AÝ`m`nyU© H¥$Ë`m| go AnZo AmnH$mo AbJ H$a bo& CÝhm|Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV amÁ` Ho$ Ûmam {H$ò Om aho g^r AÝ`m`nyU© H¥$Ë`m| Ho$ CÝ_ybZ Ho$ Xm{`Ëd H$mo dhZ H$aZo _| Agj_ hmoVm h¡ bo{H$Z ì`pŠV H$mo H$_ go H$_ BVZm Vmo H$aZm Mm{hE {H$ dh amÁ` Ho$ gmW AnZm ì`mdhm[aH$ AZwg_W©Z dmng bo bo& CÝhm|Zo AmJo {bIm h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV H$mo amÁ` Ho$ gmW Z Ho$db AnZr {Zð>m go ZH$maZm Mm{hE ~pëH$ ì`pŠVJV Am¡a gån{ÎmJV XmoZm| hr àH$ma Ho$ AZwg_W©Zm| go AbJ H$a bo& Wmoamo Ho$ {bE AÝV:H$aUr` ì`pŠV A_mZdr` g_mO H$m AZwg_W©Z H$aZo _| Agj_ hmoZm&12

{gÕmÝV AmYm[aV OrdZ Ho$ AmYma na H$m`© H$aZo dmbm _Zwî` AÝ`m`nyU© amÁ` Ho$ gXñ` Ho$ ê$n _| AnZo AÝV:H$aU_`r OrdZ H$mo CgHo$ gmW g_Ýd`rH¥$V Zht H$aoJm Am¡a Zm hr Bg ~mV H$s BOmOV XoJm& Bg àH$ma _Zwî` H$mo AnZr àH¥${V Ho$ gmW OrdZ OrZm Mm{hE& `hm± VH$ {H$ Mmho ñd`§ H$mo amÁ` go AbJ hr Š`m| Zm H$aZm n‹S>o& `h {dMma ZmJ[aH$ gaH$ma H$m à{VamoY H$aZo H$m _w»` Ho$ÝÐ {~ÝXþ ~Z J`m h¡& EH$ OJh Wmoamo Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ - ''_¡§ `h ~mV AÀN>r Vah OmZVm hÿ± {H$ `{X EH$ hOma EH$ gm¡ ..... `{X Xg B©_mZXma AmX_r, `{X EH$ B©_mZXma AmX_r _¡gmÀ`ygoQ²>g amÁ` _| Xmgm| Ho$ AZwg_©WZ H$aZo dmbo H$mZyZ H$m {damoY H$ao, gaH$ma Ho$ gmW gh^m{JVm go AnZo H$mo AbJ H$a b| Am¡a BgHo$ {bE Xoe H$s Oob _| ^r OmZm n‹S>o Vmo OmE Eogm H$aZo na A_o[aH$m H$s XmgVm H$m CÝ_ybZ Adí` hmoJm&'' Wmoamo Ho$ Bg Amh²dmZ _| AÝV{Z©{hV h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV`m| H$m g_yh `{X g_mO go AbJ hmoZo Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m à`moJ H$ao Vmo Bggo Z Ho$db AZ¡{VH$ amÁ` H$m à{VamoY hmoJm ~pëH$ Bggo amÁ` AnZr Z¡{VH$ à{H«$`mAm| H$m nwZ_©yë`m§H$Z H$aZo Am¡a gwYma H$mo ~mÜ` hmoJm&13

Wmoamo H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ _¡§ Eogr gaH$ma H$mo _mÝ`Vm Zht XoVm Omo Xmgm| Ho$ Ûmam `m Xmgm| Ho$ {bE ~Zr hmo& CZHo$ AZwgma g§`wŠV amÁ` A_o[aH$s` gaH$ma Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>md ~ZmZm AgwIX h¡ Š`m|{H$ `h gaH$ma Xmgm| Ho$ emofU Am¡a AZwg_W©Z na {Q>H$s h¡& gaH$ma AnZo H$m`© _| Z Ho$db ~hþV H$_ ^«ï> h¡ `m AÝ`m`r h¡ àmW{_H$ ê$n go gaH$ma ^«ï>mMma Am¡a AÝ`m` H$s EOoÝQ> hmoVr h¡ BgHo$ H$maU hr B©_mZXma ì`pŠV {dÐmohr Am¡a H«$mpÝVH$mar ñdê$n YmaU Zht H$a nmVo h¢&14


ISSN 2348-3857

amÁ` H$^r ^r BamXVZ ê$n go _Zwî` Ho$ ^md, ~m¡{ÕH$Vm Ed§ Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ gmW Zht h¡ ~pëH$ Ho$db CgHo$ eara Ho$ gmW CbPVm h¡& Bg AW© _| amÁ` ^m¡{VH$ epŠV Ho$ ê$n _| _Zwî` go Á`mXm ~ohVa Am¡a epŠVembr hmoVm h¡ Z {H$ B©_mZXmar Ho$ _yë` d AmXe© H$s X¥{ï> go& _Zwî` ñdVÝÌ ê$n go OÝ_ boVm h¡ Am¡a g^r _Zwî` g_mZ hmoVo h¢ bo{H$Z amÁ` _Zwî` H$mo AnZo AZwgma ~ZmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Am¡a `{X dh Eogm Zht H$aVm h¡ Vmo amÁ` H$s Amkm d AmXoem| H$mo _mZZo Ho$ {bE amÁ` H$s ~mÜ`H$mar g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Ûmam Cg na X~md ~Zm ahVm h¡& bo{H$Z h_| Bg _erZ ê$nr amÁ` Ho$ AmXoem| Am¡a {ZX}em| H$m dht VH$ gå_mZ H$aZm Mm{hE Ohm± VH$ do h_mar àH¥${V Ho$ AZwHy$b hmo& `{X do _Zwî` H$mo AnZo ñdVÝÌ {MÝVZ d {gÕmÝV_`r OrdZ OrZo go amoHo$ Am¡a CgHo$ Z¡{VH$ AmMaU Ho$ {dH$mg _| ~mYH$ hmo Vmo _Zwî` H$mo `h A{YH$ma h¡ {H$ dh CZH$m à{VH$ma d {damoY H$ao&15

EH$ g_` Wmoamo Zo AnZo Oob Ho$ AZw^dm| Ho$ g§X^© _| {bIm h¡ {H$ Omo _Zwî` H$^r Oob Zht J`m dh ghr AWm}§ _| _mZd Zht h¡ AWm©V² dh amÁ` ê$nr _erZar Ho$ AZwXoem| H$mo _mZZo dmbo am°~moQ> Ho$ g_mZ h¡& AÝV:H$aU `wŠV _Zwî` ha AÝ`m`nyU© d AZ¡{VH$ gÎmm H$m {damoY H$aVo h¡§ Am¡a do Xÿgam| H$mo ^r Eogm hr H$aZo H$mo ào[aV H$aVo h¡§& Wmoamo Zo _VXmZ H$a Zht MwH$mZo H$m AmÝXmobZ MbmH$a AÝ` bmoJm| H$mo `h gÝXoe XoZo H$m à`mg {H$`m {H$ h_| AÝ`m`nyU© d AZ¡{VH$ H$m`m]§ H$m {damoY H$aZo H$m hH$ `m A{YH$ma h¡ Š`m|{H$ amÁ` H$s AmkmnmbZ _| amÁ` H$s Adkm ^r AÝV{Z©{hV hmoVr h¡& h_| H$mZyZm| H$s AZwnmbZm H$aZr Mm{hE bo{H$Z CZ H$mZyZm| H$s Adkm ^r H$aZr Mm{hE Omo ì`pŠV, g_mO d amï´> Ho$ {déÕ hmo&16

Bgr {dMma Zo AmJo MbH$a Jm±YrOr H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo 1930 _| XmÊS>r _mM© H$a Z_H$ ~ZmH$a Z_H$ H$mZyZ H$mo Vmo‹S>m& amOZ¡{VH$ Xme©{ZH$ H«$mpÝV Ho$ ~mao _| gbmh XoVo h¡§& O¡gm {H$ OrZ O¡Šg ê$gmo, dmëVo`a, {ggamo Am{X Zo \«$m§grgr H«$mpÝV Ho$ {dMma H$mo àñ\w${Q>V {H$`m {OgHo$ \$bñdê$n 1789 _| \«$m§grgr H«$mpÝV hþB©& `hm± Ho$ g_H$mbrZ g_` BQ>br Ho$ amOZr{VH$ Xme©{ZH$ E§Q>moZr`mo J«måer Zo ^r ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$mpÝV `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ gm_«mÁ`dmX H$s ñWmnZm ñdrH$ma H$s& Š`m|{H$ H«$mpÝV H$m ^yMmb {deofH$a AË`{YH$ nr‹S>m Am¡a ì`` H$m H$maU ~ZVm h¡ hmbm±{H$ Eogo bmJV bm^ {díbofU C{MV Zht hmoVo h¡§& O~ gaH$ma g{H«$` ê$n go AÝ`m` O¡gr XmgVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡& Eogr

MrO| _m¡{bH$ ê$n go AZ¡{VH$ h¡§ Am¡a `hm± VH$ {H$ Bgo amoH$Zm ^r H${R>Z Am¡a IMubm hmoJm bo{H$Z BgH$m éH$Zm Oê$ar h¡ Š`m|{H$ `h Z¡{VH$ ê$n go JbV h¡& BZ bmoJm| H$mo Xmgm| H$m aIZm Adí` amoH$Zm Mm{hE& _¡pŠgH$mo _| `wÕ H$mo amoH$ XoZm Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ BgH$s bmJV bmoJm| Ho$ ê$n _| MwH$m`r OmVr h¡ Am¡a Bg bmJV Ho$ AmYma na `{X OZ{hV H$m ^bm hmo Vmo Z¡{VH$ ê$n go C{MV R>ham`m Om gH$Vm h¡ bo{H$Z dmñVd _| `h `wÕ BZ bmoJm| Ho$ ^bo d ñdmWm}§ H$mo nyam H$aZo hoVw b‹S>m Om ahm h¡ Am¡a {Og_| bmJV Ho$ ê$n _| Xmgm| H$mo à`wŠV {H$`m Om ahm h¡& `h AnZo Amn _| gånyU© _mZdVm Ho$ {bE AZ¡{VH$ Am¡a AÝ`m`H$mar h¡&17

Bg Jå^ra {dMma Ho$ AmYma na hr Wmoamo Zo A_o[aH$s Xmg H$mZyZm| Am¡a _¡pŠgH$mo A_o[aH$s `wÕ H$s O_H$a AmbmoMZm H$s Am¡a Cggo ào[aV hmoH$a hr AnZo {dMma à{Vnm{XV {H$E& h_ g_ñ`m Ho$ {bE nyU©V`m XmgVm Ho$ à{V éI aIZo dmbo X{jUr JmobmÕ© Ho$ amOZr{Vkm| H$s {ZÝXm Zht H$a gH$Vo h¡§ bo{H$Z h_| CZ na Adí` Amamon bJmZm hmoJm Omo _¡gmÀ`wgoQ²>g _| ahVo h¡§& Omo dm{UÁ` Am¡a H¥${f _| ~hþV é{M aIVo h¡§ ~Om` _mZdVm Ho$ H$ë`mU Ho$& Am¡a do Xmgm| H$mo _¡pŠgH$m| Ho$ gmW AÝ`m` H$aZo H$mo _mZ{gH$ ê$n go V¡`ma Zht h¡ Mmho BgH$s Omo ^r H$s_V hmo& `hm± hOmam| bmoJ XmgVm Am¡a `wÕ Ho$ {déÕ _V aIVo h¡ Am¡a do _m¡Z h¡§ Omo CÝh| A^r ^r Or{dV aIZm MmhVo h¡& {ZpîH«$` ê$n go H$^r ^r AÝ`m` Ho$ {bE _VXmZ Ho$ Adga H$m BÝVOma Z H$a| Ý`m` Ho$ {bE BÀN>m aIZo Ho$ ê$n _| _VXmZ Aà^mdr hmoVm h¡& AmnH$mo Š`m H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ BgH$m CÎma h¡ {H$ AmnH$mo dh H$aZm Mm{hE Omo C{MV hmo& BgH$m `h ^r VmËn`© Zht h¡ {H$ Amn AnZm OrdZ Ý`m` Ho$ {bE g§Kf© _| bJmZo H$mo ~mÜ` h¡ bo{H$Z AmnH$s Bg ~mV Ho$ à{V ~mÜ`Vm hmoVr h¡ {H$ Amn AÝ`m` Ho$ à{V à{V~Õ Zht ah| Am¡a AÝ`m` H$mo ì`mdhm[aH$ g_W©Z àXmZ Zht H$a|&18

H$a MwH$mZm EH$ amñVm h¡& Omo gw{dk ì`pŠV AÝ`m` H$m g_mamoh _ZmVo h¡ Omo bmoJ _¡pŠgH$mo Ho$ `wÕ Ho$ JbV hmoZo H$m H$aVo h¡ Am¡a XmgVm H$mo bmJy H$aZm ^r JbV _mZVo h¡& AnZo Amn _| {damoYm^mgr h¡ `{X do H$a MwH$m H$a CgHo$ H$mof H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo h¡§ Am¡a dhr bmoJ Omo g¡{ZH$mo Ûmam `wÕ H$aZo `m AÝ`m`nyU© `wÕ go _Zm H$aZo na dmh dmh H$aVo h¢ do ñd`§ H$mo Cg gaH$ma H$mo \$ÊS> XoZo go _Zm Zht H$aVo h¡§ Omo `wÕ ewê$ H$aVr h¡& Wmoamo Zo g{dZ` Adkm _| {bIm h¡ {H$ _¡§Zo H$^r ^r amO_mJu` H$a XoZo go _Zm Zht {H$`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ _¡§ EH$ AÀN>m n‹S>mogr hmoZo H$s BÀN>m

ISSN 2348-3857


aIVm hÿ± ~Om` EH$ ~wam àOmOZ ~ZZo Ho$& Am¡a Bg ê$n _|, _¡§ AÝ` bmoJm| H$m gh`moJ H$aVm hÿ± Am¡a _¡§ Bg ê$n _| Xoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo ^r AZwgaU H$aZo H$s ^r {ejm XoVm hÿ±& H$a XoZm amÁ` Ho$ à{V {Zð>m H$mo ~VbmVm h¡& `{X H$a XoZo go _Zm {X`m OmVm h¡ Vmo Bggo amÁ` Ho$ à{V {Zð>m _| H$_r àH$Q> hmoVr h¡& Wmoamo Zo 'g{dZ` Adkm' Zm_H$ {Z~ÝY Ho$ AÝVJ©V `wÕ Ho$ {bE H$a AXm`Jr go _Zm H$aZo na AË`{YH$ ~b {X`m& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ Eogo H$a Omo `wÕ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$ao do _mZd Ho$ {hV _| Zht hmoVo h¡§& do AÝ`m` H$mo ~‹T>mVo h¡§ Am¡a gånyU© _mZdVm Ho$ {bE Xþ:I H$m H$maU ^r ~ZVo h¡§&19

h_mao JUamÁ`m| H$s Vah bmoJ àm`: gmoMVo h¡§ {H$ AÝ`m`r H$mZyZ Ho$ à{V C{MV Odm~ Ho$ {bE H$mZyZ Ho$ ~Xbmd H$s amOZ¡{VH$ à{H«$`m H$m à`moJ H$ao bo{H$Z O~ VH$ H$mZyZ ~Xb Zm Omò V~ VH$ gå_mZ Am¡a AmkmnmbZ H$a| bo{H$Z {X H$mZyZ ñd`§ hr ñnï> ê$n go AÝ`m`nyU© Am¡a AZ¡{VH$ hmo Am¡a gmW hr H$mZyZ {Z_m©U H$s à{H«$`m Eogo AÝ`m`nyU© Am¡a AZ¡{VH$ H$mZyZm| H$mo VoOr go {dbmonZ H$mo {damo{nV Zht H$ao V~ `h H$mZyZ {H$gr ^r gå_mZ H$m hH$Xma Zht hmoVm h¡& Eogo H$mZyZ H$mo Vmo‹S> X|& h_mao _m_bo _| H$mZyZ {Z_m©Ìr à{H«$`m H$s H$moB© ghm`Vm Z H$ao Am¡a dmñVd _| Eogo g§{dYmZ H$s Omo {H$ g§ñWm _| lÕm aIVm h¡ dh Aew^ Am¡a AÝ`m`r h¡& CÝ_ybZdmXr gaH$ma H$mo g_W©Z H$m nyU©V`m AmhaU H$a boVr h¡& H$a XoZo go _Zm H$aVr h¡& `hm± VH$ {H$ Mmho BgHo$ {bE Oob ^r Š`m| Zm OmZm n‹S>o&20

EH$ gaH$ma Ho$ VhV Oob _| H¡$Xr AÝ`m`r ê$n go aIo OmVo h¡§ bo{H$Z Wmoamo H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ EH$ gƒo AmX_r Ho$ {bE Oob ^r ghr ñWmZ hmoVm h¡& CZH$s Bg ~mV Zo Jm±YrOr Ho$ öX` H$mo H$m\$s à^m{dV {H$`m Wm& Ohm± Eogo ñWmZ CZHo$ {bE hmoVo h¡§ Omo CgHo$ gmW Zht hmoVo h¡§ bo{H$Z ò CgHo$ {déÕ h¡& Xmg amÁ` _| Ho$db EH$ Ka h¡ {Og_| EH$ ñdVÝÌ AmX_r Ho$ g_mZ aIm OmVm h¡ Omo nyU© _VXmZ à{H«$`m H$m Cn^moJ H$ao, Z {H$ Ho$db _VXmZ H$m _m§J nÌ Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o Ho$ ê$n _| à`wŠV H$ao& EH$ AÝ` gaH$ma d g_wXm` epŠV{dhrZ hmoVm h¡& O~ EH$ ~hþ_Vr` gaH$mam| H$m g_W©Z H$aVo h¡§& `hm± VH$ {H$ `h V~ Aëng§»`H$ ^r Zht ahVo h¡§ ~pëH$ Aà{VamoÜ` hmo OmVo h¡§&21

O~ BZH$m gånyU© X~md Ho$ Ûmam AS§>Jm bJm`m OmVm h¡ `{X {dH$ënm| H$mo, {H$ g^r C{MV ì`pŠV`m| H$mo Oob _| aIo `m Xmg ~Zmò `m `wÕ Ë`mJ Xo& Bg_| amÁ` Ho$ MwZmd _| {hM{H$MmhQ> Zht hmoJr `{X EH$ hOma ì`pŠV Bg df© gaH$ma H$mo AnZo H$a

{~bm| H$m ^wJVmZ Zht H$a| Vmo dh qhgH$ Am¡a IyZr VarH$m Zht AnZmEJr& {Og Vah Bgo MwH$m`m OmVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma amÁ` qhgm Am¡a {ZanamYr bmoJm| H$m IyZ ~hmVm h¡& dmñVd _| `h empÝVnyU© H«$pÝV H$s EH$ n[a^mfm h¡ `{X Bg Vah gå^d hmo Vmo H«$mpÝV H$s OmZr Mm{hE&22

EH$ AÝ`m`r H$mZyZ H$s Adkm g{H«$`, CËgm{hV H$m`©dmhr go H$aZm ZmJ[aH$m| H$m H$Îm©ì` h¡& `h gË` h¡ {H$ EH$ ew^ g§d¡Ym{ZH$ gaH$ma gm_mÝ` ê$n go AmË_ gwYma Ho$ gmYZ CnbãY H$admVr h¡, Xþ^m©½` go ò gmYZ O¡go _VXmZ Yr_m Am¡a ~mhar H$aZm& O~ ~hþ_V XmgVm Ho$ CÝ_ybZ Ho$ {bE _VXmZ H$aoJm V~ `h XmgVm Ho$ CÝ_ybZ H$m EH$ N>moQ>m H$maU ~ZoJm& AÝ`m` H$m Ho$db {damoY `hm± H$aZm n`m©á Zht hmoVm Bgo _hÎdnyU© ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE H$m`©dmhr H$m AZw_mZ H$aVo hþE {gÕmÝV AmYm[aV H$m`©dmhr Ûmam {damoY Adí` {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& `h hOmam| bmoJm| H$m _V XmgVm Ho$ {déÕ h¡ bo{H$Z CZHo$ _V nañna {damoYm^mgr h¢& do hmW na hmW Yao ~¡R>o ahVo h¡§ Am¡a do `h Zht OmZVo {H$ CÝh| Š`m H$aZm h¡ Am¡a H$aVo Hw$N> Zht h¡& Á`mXm go Á`mXm do ^mfU XoVo h¡§ Am¡a `m{MH$mE± ôOVo h¡§& ò Zm¡ gm¡ {ZÝ`mZd| bmoJ h¡§ Omo {H$ gX²JwUr _Zwî` H$s Vah AnZo gX²JwU H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¡§& hmbm§{H$ do Omo ~w{Õ_Vmnyd©H$ H$m`© H$aVo h¡§ Mmho do EH$ hr Š`m| Z hmo& dh Cggo Á`mXm Cn`moJr Am¡a ~w{Õ_mZ hmoVm h¡ Omo Ho$db BgH$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE {damoY H$aVo h¡§&

AÝ`m`nyU© H$mZyZ H$m VËH$mb {gÕmÝV AmYm[aV H$m`©dmhr H$a à{VamoY H$aZm Mm{hE& `{X ~hþ_V CgH$m gmW Zht ^r Xo Vmo ^r Am¡a Mmho Bg à{VamoY H$s H$s_V Cgo ì`pŠVJV nr‹S>m Ho$ ê$n _| Š`m| Zm àmá hmo& `{X _¡gmÀ`wgoQ²>g H$m EH$ ì`pŠV ^r XmgVm H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡ Vmo Cgo à^mdr d g{H«$` ê$n go gaH$ma H$mo g_W©Z dm{ng boZm Mm{hE& gån{Îm Am¡a ì`pŠV Ho$ ê$n _| {~Zm BgH$m BÝVOma {H$E {H$ ~hþ_V CgHo$ nj _| AmEJm&23

Bg H$m`©dmhr Ho$ {ZînmXZ _| dh AHo$bm Zht hmoVm h¡ ~pëH$ B©ída h_oem CgHo$ gmW hmoVm h¡& H$moB© ^r ì`pŠV A{YH$ C{MV hmoVm h¡ ~Om` CgHo$ n‹S>mogr Ûmam ~ZmE JE ~hþ_V d g_W©Z go& `{X _¡gmÀ`ygoQ²>g H$m EH$ ^r ì`pŠV ^r XmgVm H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ H«$_ _| H$a AXm`Jr go _Zm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Cgo Oob _| S>mb {X`m OmVm h¡ Vmo Bggo A_o[aH$m _| XmgVm H$m CÝ_ybZ hmoJm& {OgZo EH$ ~ma AÀN>m {H$`m hþAm hmoVm h¡ Vmo dh h_oem Ho$ {bE AÀN>m hmoVm h¡& Wmoamo H$s à{gÕ CpŠV h¡ {H$ : ''EH$ gaH$ma Ho$ VhV {H$gr ^r ì`pŠV H$mo Ý`m`nyU© VarHo$ go Oob H$s gOm Xr


ISSN 2348-3857

OmVr h¡& EH$ gƒo AmX_r Ho$ {bE ^r Oob ^r C{MV ñWmZ hmoVm h¡&''24

AÝV:H$aU Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$s _wpŠV Am¡a Ý`m` H$s ajm _| ghZr` nr‹S>m {deof Z¡{VH$ j_Vm aIVr h¡& Bggo ^r Á`mXm Wmoamo Zo AnZo Oob H$s ñd¡pÀN>H$ ñdrH$mamopŠV H$mo Aqhgm Ed§ nr‹S>m H$m gm¡ÝX`m©Ë_H$ AmXe© Ho$ nX Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a XoIm& Wmoamo Zo AnZo {MaH$m{bH$ {Z~ÝY _| ~Vbm`m {H$ g{dZ` Adkm qhgm Zht h¡ ~pëH$ `h gË` Ho$ {bE EH$ CnMma h¡& g{dZ` Adkm _| à{VamoYH$Vm© Adkm Ho$ n[aUm_m| go nr{‹S>V hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ò n[aUm_ d¡go Zht hmoVo O¡go So>{Z`b Ho$ Ûmam _oSo>g Am¡a n{e©`Z H$mZyZ H$s Adkm H$aZo na àmá hþE Wo& hr H$m`© Om°Z ~w{Z`mZ Zo {H$`m Wm Am¡a `hr H$m_ ^maV _| g_`-g_` na A{dñ_aUr` VarHo$ go {H$gmZm| Zo {H$`m& Am¡a hmb hr _| {_l H$s OZVm Zo {H$`m& `h ñWb _ÊS>b Ho$ àm{U`m| H$m H$mZyZ h¡& qhgm h_mao AÝXa newVm H$m {Z`_ h¡ O~{H$ Aqhgm XodVmAm| H$m H$mZyZ h¡& ZmJ[aH$ à{VamoY Ho$ H$maU àmá ñd: dr‹S>m _Zwî` H$m AÝV{Z©{hV àmH¥${VH$ {Z`_ gwì`dpñWV amÁ` _| ZmJ[aH$ à{VamoY Ho$ Adga H$^r-H$^r CËnÝZ hmoVo h¡§ bo{H$Z AÝV:H$aU H$s ñdVÝÌVm go `wŠV _Zwî` H$m H$Îm©ì` h¡ {H$ dh gwì`dpñWV amÁ` Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE amÁ` gÎmm Ûmam {H$ò OmZo dmbo AZ¡{VH$ d AÝ`m`nyU© H$m`m]§ Ho$ O[aò ñd`§ gmdMoV aho Am¡a AÝ` H$mo ^r BgHo$ ~mao _| ~Vmò Am¡a ~hþ_V H$mo BgHo$ nj _| OwQ>mò Am¡a `{X ~hþ_V CgHo$ gmW Zht hmo Vmo ^r Cgo ñd`§ AÝ`m` H$m à{VH$ma H$aZm Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ `h _Zwî` H$m àmH¥${VH$ {Z`_ h¡& Am¡a `h ^r gË` h¡ {H$ O~ amÁ` gÎmm H$s AÝ`m`r Am¡a AZ¡{VH$nyU© H$m`m]§ H$m à{VamoY bJ^J g^r ì`pŠV`m| H$mo H$aZm Mm{hE& BgH$s gr_m `h h¡ {H$ Bg_| _Zwî` H$mo H$B© H${R>ZmB©`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ n[aUm_ XrK©H$m{bH$ ê$n go àmá hmoVo h¡§ bo{H$Z BgHo$ n[aUm_ {MaH$m{bH$ hmoVo h¡§& Bg{bE Jm±YrOr Zo erK«Vm go Bg {gÕmÝV H$m g_W©Z {H$`m {H$ BgHo$ ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ OrdZ, ñdVÝÌVm d gån{Îm na amÁ` H$^r ^r {Zanoj `m AeV© Zht hmoVr h¡& ò O~ amÁ` Ho$ ì`dhma na C{MV eV© Ho$ ê$n _| hmoVr h¡ Am¡a {Og ñdê$n H$m ì`dhma C{MV Zht hmoVm h¡ O~ Ý`m`nyU© ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo Omo {H$ H$mZyZ {deof H$s Adkm H$aVo h¡§, H$mo Oob _| S>mb XoVm h¡& Bg {gÕmÝV H$m A{^àm` h¡ {H$ g{dZ` Adkm H$m ì`dhma gä` OrdZ, gån{Îm Ed§ ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ gmW H$‹S>r gw{dYmAm| go {~bJZ H$s àd¥{Îm na ~b XoVm h¡& EH$ gä` AdkmH$mar Ý`m` nmZo Ho$ {bE BZ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ Ë`mJ Ho$ {bE V¡`ma ahZm Mm{hE VWm Oob Ho$ gw{dYmnyU© OrdZ H$mo

AnZo {_Ìm|, Am` d gån{Îm ImZo H$mo àgÝZVmnyd©H$ ñdrH$ma H$aZm Mm{hE&25

Wmoamo Ho$ AZwgma Omo ZmJ[aH$ ~war gaH$ma H$m à{VamoY H$aVo h¡§ CÝh| AnZo gån{Îm Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo ZOa AÝXmO H$a XoZm Mm{hE& Wmoamo Zo ~Vm`m {H$ EH$ Aew^ gaH$ma Ho$ VhV gË` na Y{ZH$m| H$m ñdm{_Ëd hmo OmVm h¡& V~ gË` H$m gX²JwU nmn ~Z OmVm h¡& Jar~r EH$ gX²JwU h¡& EH$ AmVVm`r amÁ` _| Jar~r EH$ gX²JwU h¡& Am¡a amÁ` na ñdm{_Ëd EH$ nmnmMma h¡& Wmoamo Zo H$hm {H$ ñdVÝÌVm gån{Îm H$s hm{Z VWm Jhar nr‹S>m EH$ AÝ`m`nyU© gaH$ma Ho$ VhV g§{MV gå_mZOZH$ H$m`© h¡& BZH$mo CÝhm|Zo n{dÌ d CËgmhdY©H$ _mZm&26

""`h gaH$ma ~Xbm boJr, H$mZyZ H$s Adkm H$aZo H$m bo{H$Z _¡§ gmXm ahZm ngÝX H$aVm hÿ± {H$ Š`m|{H$ _¡§ Bg àH$ma H$_ go H$_ ImoVm hÿ±& _¡§ _¡gmÀ`ygoQ²>g Ho$ à{V {Zð>m H$mo ZH$maZm ghZ H$a gH$Vm hÿ±..... BgH$s bmJV _wPo àËòH$ X¥{ï> go Am{W©H$ hm{Z go boH$a amÁ` Ho$ Adkm XÊS> VH$ ^r CR>mZm n‹S> gH$Vm h¡, _¡§ _hgyg H$aVm hÿ± {H$ _mZd Bg _m_bo _| AZW© hmo J`m h¡ bo{H$Z ò _oam C{MV H$Îm©ì` h¡&''27

Bg H$Îm©ì` Ho$ AZwgaU _|, _¡§ Hw$N> g_` Ho$ {bE Oob _| ^r S>mb {X`m J`m Š`m|{H$ _¡§Zo _VXmZ H$aZo go _Zm H$a amÁ` Ho$ à{V A{Zð>m àH$Q> H$s Wr& bo{H$Z _¡§ amÁ` gÎmm Ho$ AmXoem| H$s AZwnmbZm H$aVo hþE {OVZo ñdVÝÌVm H$m Cn^moJ Am¡a AmZÝX àmá H$aVm hÿ± Cggo Á`mXm Oob _| ñdVÝÌVm _hgyg H$aVm Wm& _oam _mZZm h¡ {H$ ò EH$ é{MH$a AZw^d h¡ Am¡a ò gaH$ma d ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ _Ü` gå~ÝYm| na _oam EH$ X¥{ï>H$moU àñVwV H$aVm h¡& Oob _| ~ÝXr OrdZ Ho$ gå~ÝY _| Wmoamo H$m Aënmd{YH$ AZw^d Wm& O~ B_g©Z Wmoamo go {_bZo Oob Jò Am¡a CÝhm|Zo Cggo nyN>m {H$ `hm± `h Š`m| ~¡R>o h¡§ V~ Wmoamo Zo CZgo nyN>m {H$ do ~mha Š`m| h¡§? BgH$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ àËòH$ gË`dmXr ì`pŠV H$mo AÝ`m` H$m à{VH$ma H$aZm Mm{hE& Wmoamo H$mo Oob go CgHo$ EH$ gmWr Ûmam hñVjon H$a, H$a MwH$mZo Ho$ níMmV² N>mo‹S>m J`m Wm&28

''_¡§ amO_mJm] H$m H$a MwH$m XoZm MmhVm hÿ± Omo {H$ _oao n‹S>mogr Ho$ bm^ Ho$ {bE OmEJm& bo{H$Z _¡§ gaH$ma H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo dmbo H$am| H$m {damoY H$aVm hÿ±& `hm± VH$ {H$ _¡§ Zht H$a gH$Vm, `{X _oam {deof `moJXmZ EH$ AZw{MV `m EH$ Ho$ {bE bm^H$mar àmoOoŠQ> na IM© {H$`m OmEJm, _¢ gmYmaUV`m amÁ` Ho$ à{V {Zð>m go ZH$maVm hÿ± Am¡a à^mdr ê$n go BZgo AbJ H$aVm hÿ±& gaH$ma EH$ _mZd ÌmgXr _mÌ h¡ Z {H$ EH$ àmH¥${VH$ KQ>Zm Am¡a

ISSN 2348-3857


Bg{bE _¡§ gmoMVm hÿ± {H$ BgHo$ {Z_m©VmAm| H$mo ^r Eogm gmoMZm Mm{hE&''29

gaH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| AnZo H$mo CgH$s g^r Jb{V`m| Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a XoIZo na `h _mby_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ `h nyU©V`m Iam~ Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ Hw$N> hX VH$ `h àe§gZr` JwU ^r aIVr h¡ bo{H$Z h_ AÀN>o Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$a gH$Vo h¡§ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE Omoa Xo gH$Vo h¡§& {Zanoj gaH$ma go gr{_V amOV§Ìr` gaH$ma H$s Amoa VWm gr{_V amOV§Ì go bmoH$V§Ì H$s Amoa àJ{V dmñVd _| ì`pŠV Ho$ gå~ÝY _| hmoZo dmbr gƒr àJ{V h¡& O¡gm {H$ h_ OmZVo h¡§ Š`m `h bmoH$VÝÌr` h¡, Omo {H$ ApÝV_ CËWmZ H$m _mJ© àeñV H$aVm h¡& Š`m ì`pŠV Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$s nhMmZ Am¡a g§JR>Z H$s Amoa H$X_ CR>mZm gå^d Zht h¡& `hm± H$moB© ^r amÁ` dmñVd _| ñdVÝÌ Am¡a à~moYZ `wŠV Zht hmoVm O~ VH$ {H$ `h amÁ` ì`pŠV H$s epŠV H$mo amÁ` H$s epŠV go Á`mXm CƒVa ê$n _| _mÝ`Vm Zht Xodo Am¡a CgHo$ gmW Cgr Vah go ì`dhma {H$`m Om gHo$&30

{ZîH$f©

Bg àH$ma Cn`w©ŠV {ddoMZ go gmam§eV: `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ - Wmoamo Zo AnZo boI ""g{dZ` Adkm'' H$m àmaå^ Bgr {dMma Ho$ gmW {H$`m {H$ ''dh gaH$ma gdm}Îm_ hmoVr h¡ Omo g~go H$_ emgZ H$aVr h¡&'' Wmoamo Cg gaH$ma H$m njYa Wm Omo _Zwî`m| Ho$ OrdZ _| AZw{MV ê$n go hñVjon Z H$ao& gaH$ma _mÌ EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ gmYZ h¡, gmÜ`m| H$mo àmá H$aZo H$mo Bgo gm_mÝ` OZVm Zo MwZm h¡ Ho$db AnZr BÀN>mAm| H$mo H$m`© ê$n _| n[aUV H$admZo Ho$ {bE& {H$ÝVw `h AZw{MV H$m`© ^r H$a gH$Vr h¡& _¡pŠgH$Z `wÕ Bgr H$m EH$ CXmhaU h¡& O~ ~hþV H$_ bmoJm| Zo gaH$ma H$m EH$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ {H$`m& Wmoamo H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡, gaH$ma dh g§ñWm h¡ Omo CÝht H$m`m©| Ho$ nyU© hmoZo _| ~mYm S>mbVr h¡ {OZHo$ {bE BgH$m {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m h¡& gaH$ma H$m ApñVËd h¡ ì`pŠV H$s ì`pŠVJV ñdVÝÌVm H$mo ~‹T>mZm& Eogo {H$gr ^r H$m`© H$mo gh_{V àXmZ Zht H$aZm Omo gaH$ma H$mo g_má H$ao& Wmoamo Zo ñnï> H$hm {H$ ''dh EH$ AÀN>r gaH$ma MmhVm h¡&''31 ~hþ_V H$m emgZ ^m¡{VH$ epŠV, ~mhþ~b na AmYm[aV h¡& gË` Am¡a Ý`m` na Zht& ì`pŠV Ho$ AÝV:H$aU Ho$ AZwgma emgZ hmoZm Mm{hE Ed§ gaH$ma H$mo ~hþ_V Ho$ {ZU©`m| Ho$ AZwgma H$m`© H$aZm Mm{hE& {H$ÝVw Wmoamo IoX àH$Q> H$aVo h¡§, {d{^ÝZ {df`m| na O¡go-Ý`m` H$s H$_r, Z¡{VH$ MoVZm Ed§ AÝV:H$aU Ho$ A^md na& {OZHo$ gmW ZmJ[aH$ amÁ` Ho$ H$m`© H$aVo h¡§, ì`pŠV amÁ` gÎmm Ho$ g_j {~Zm {H$gr H$maU Ho$ PwH$ Zht gH$Vm&

g§X^© gyMr

1. ñZmB©S>a, [aMS©>, Oo., hoZar So>{dS> Wmoam|, ~moñQ>Z, EZ.E. : Or.Ho$.hmb EÊS> H$ånZr, 1987, n¥.g§. 12

2. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, boQ>a Qy> Ama. S>ãë`y B_g©Z, 23 \$adar, 1848, n¥.g§. 14

3. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, boQ>a Qy> Ama. S>ãë`y B_g©Z, 23 \$adar, 1848, n¥.g§. 15

4. aogn¡ŠQ>\w$br ¹$moQ>oS>, E {S>eZar Am°\$ H$moQ>oeÝg ~mQ>©bo~mB© S>m°Q> H$m°_, A_ogS>, Aà¡b 4, 2006

5. Jm±Yr, E_.Ho$., H$boŠQ>oS> dŠg© Am°\$ _hmË_m Jm±Yr, n¥.g§. 7, 217-18, 228-30

6. Jm±Yr, E_.Ho$., nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 159

7. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 10, 386

8. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 7, 304-05

9. aogn¡ŠQ>\w$br ¹$moQ>oS>, nydm}ŠV>, Aà¡b 4, 2006

10. ê$gmo, gm_m{OH$ g§{dXm, n¥.g§. 206-7

11. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, {g{db {S>gAmo{~{S>`Ýg, hmd©S©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, 1849, n¥.g§. 32

12. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 35-38

13. Aê$`a, E.Oo., _m°ab EÊS> nm°{b{Q>H$b {\$bm°gmo\$s Am°\$ _hmË_m Jm±Yr, Amo.`y.nr. 1973, n¥.g§. 12

14. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 15

15. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, Am°ZXm S²>`yQ>r Am°\$ {g{db {S>gAmo{~{S>`Ýg, hm°dS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, 1849, n¥.g§. 28

16. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 32

17. pñ_W, {ZH$mobo, AmQ>uH$b Am°Z, EZm{b{gg EÊS> g_ar Am°\$, {g{db {S>gAmo{~{S>`Ýg, ~mB© hoZar So>{dS> Wmoamo, 2010

18. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 31

19. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 25

20. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 29

21. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 37

22. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, dmëSo>Z E§S> ao{OñQ>oÝg Qy> {g{db Jd©Ý_oÝQ>, E.S>r. {d{b`_ amogr, S>ãë`y. S>ãë`y. ZmoW©Z, Ý`y`mH©$, 1992, n¥.g§. 45

23. hmo{Sª>J, dmëQ>a, Xm So>O Am°\$ hoZar Wmoamo, Ho$ Zm\$n E\$, Ý`y`mH©$, 1965, n¥.g§. 32

24. _o`a, _mBH$b, go{dab _moa bmAì` Qy> bmAd : WmoamoO nm°{bQ>rH$b aoß`yQ>oeZ BZ A_o[aH$m, J«rZdyS>, doñQ> nmoQ>©, 1977, n¥.g§. 25


ISSN 2348-3857

25. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, bmB\$ {dXmCQ> qàgrnb, BZ X nmoQ>}~b, n|JwB©Z ~wŠg, Ý`y`mH©$, n¥.g§. 632

26. [aMS©>gZ, amo~Q>© S>r., hoZar So>{dS> Wmoamo : E bmB©\$ Am°\$ X _mCÊQ>, `y{Zd{g©Q>r Am°\$ H¡${b\$mo{Z©`m àog, ~H©$bo, 1986, n¥.g§. 224

27. Wmoamo, hoZar So>{dS>, bmB\$ {dXmCQ> qàgrnb, BZ X nmoQ>}~b, n|JwB©Z ~wŠg, Ý`y`mH©$, n¥.g§. 635

28. ho[ag, nm°b, {g{db {S>gAmo{~{S>`Ýg, `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog Am°\$ A_o[aH$m, ~oZh_, _oarb¡ÊS>, 1989, n¥.g§. 33

29. amoOobãbw_, WmoamoO {_{bQ>oÝQ> H$ÝgmB©Z, ""nmo{b{Q>Šb {W`moar'', 9 Z§. -1 (1981), n¥.g§. 85

30. O¡H$ Q>Z©a, nm°{bH$Q>H$b H$åno{Z`Z Qy> hoZar So>{dS> Wmoamo (gånmXH$), H¡$ZQ>o_r àog, 2009, n¥.g§. 10-12

31. hoa, {d{b`_ E, E _moa na\o$ŠQ> ñQ>oQ> : Wmoam|O H$ZgoßQ> Am°\$ {g{db Jd©_oÝQ>, _¡gmÀ`yg¡Q>g [aì`y 16(1975) : n¥.g§. 470-87

àñVmdZm

gmoeb _r{S>`m AmOH$b h_mao OrdZ H$m _hÎdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡§& BgZo {d{^ÝZ ì`pŠV`m|, g_wXm`m|, joÌm|, ì`dgm`m| _| AV:{H«$`merb ^y{_H$m {Z^mB© h¡§ VWm bmoH$d¥Îm _| AZoH$ {d_em] H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ H$maU {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ àXmZ A~ Ho$db ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© Ho$ EH$m{YH$ma H$m {df` Zht h¡§ daZ² BgZo Am_ OZVm H$mo ^r d¡Mm[aH$ {díbofU go Omo‹S>m h¡§& Bg{bE A~ {H$gr ^r gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ _wX²Xo na MMm© Ho$db {díd{dÚmb`, AH$mX{_H$ g§JR>Z VWm àog Šb~m| VH$ hr gr{_V Zht h¡§ daZ² Am_ OZVm ^r Bg d¡Mm[aH$ dmX à{VdmX H$m A{^ÝZ A§J ~Z JB© h¡§& gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ EH$ d¡Mm[aH$ _§M Ho$ ê$n _| CâZo na CZ {d_em}§ H$s {hñgoXmar ~‹T>r h¡§ {OZ {d_em] H$mo _w»` Ymam H$s _r{S>`m _| ñWmZ Zht {_b nmVm Wm& Bg_| X{bV, _{hbm, Aëng§»`H$ {d_e© à_wI h¡§& gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go `h {d_e© AnZo ñda H$mo à^mdr ê$n go A{^ì`ŠV H$a ahm h¡& hmb hr _| gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go

emoY gmam§e

Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV Am¡n{ZdoeH$ XmgVm Ho$ g_` go hr ~m¡{ÕH$ {d_e© H$m {hñgm ahm h¡§& Am`© AmH«$_U H$m {gÕmÝV Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ XmgVm H$mo d¡YVm àXmZ H$aZo dmbo CnH$aU Ho$ ê$n _| OmZm OmVm h¡§& Bg {d_e© Zo ^maV _| g^r dJm] H$mo AnZr AZw{H«$`m XoZo na {dde {H$`m \$bñdê$n Ohm± {VbH$ AnZr nwñVH$ "AmH©${Q>H$ hmo_ BZ doXmO' _| Am`m] H$mo CÎmar Y«wd H$m {Zdmgr hmoZo H$mo à_m{UV H$a `h {gÕ H$aZo H$m à`mg H$a aho Wo {H$ Cƒ Om{V Ho$ {hÝXÿ Am¡a A§J«oO EH$ hr d§e "Am`©" go gå~pÝYV h¡§& dht Á`mo{V~m \w$bo Zo Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$mo ga Ho$ ~b I‹S>m H$a eyÐ Am¡a A{VeyÐm| H$mo ^maV H$m _yb {Zdmgr {gÕ H$aHo$ ~«m÷Um| H$s gÎmm H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoZo dmbo CnH$aU Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BgHo$ d¡Mm[aH$ T>m§Mo H$mo ~hþOZ {gÕmÝV _| OJh {_br Am¡a AmJo MbH$a B©.~r.E_. am_mñdm_r Zm`H$a Zo Bgo CÎma ~Zm_ X{jU Ho$ {d_e© Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m& AmíM`©OZH$ VÏ` `h h¡§ {H$ ^maV _| X{bV AmÝXmobZ Am¡a {d_e© Ho$ àUoVm S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a "Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$moo nyar Vah AñdrH$ma hr Zht H$aVo h¡§ ~pëH$ EH$ Zò kmZ_r_m§gr` T>m±Mo go BgH$m IÊS>Z àñVwV H$aVo h¡§& Aå~oS>H$a `h _mZVo h¡§ {H$ ^maVr` g_mO _| eyÐm| H$s XþX©em {H$gr Am`© AmH«$_U H$m n[aUm_ Zht h¡& Aå~oS>H$a Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm Am¡a d¡km{ZH$Vm na gdmb hr Zht CR>mVo h¡§ ~pëH$ BgH$mo nydm©J«h J«ñV {gÕ H$aVo h¡§&

g§Ho$Vmja … Am`© AmH«$_U, _yb {Zdmgr, eyÐ, nwéf gyŠV, kmZ_r_m§gr` ì`m»`m

X{bV {d_e© _| EH$ Z`r ~hg Amaå^ hþB© h¡ Cg na d¡Mm[aH$ {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m ^r Cgr ê$n _| {dH${gV hþB© h¡ dh h¡ X{bV {d_e© _| à_wI ê$n go àñVwV {H$`m OmZo dmbm "Am`© AmH«$_U" `m "_yb {Zdmgr" {gÕmÝV {OgH$s _yb _mÝ`Vm `h h¡§ {H$ ^maV _| ahZo dmbo g^r X{bV, Am{Xdmgr, Aëng§»`H$ g_yh `hm± Ho$ _yb {Zdmgr h¡§ {OZ na Am`m] Zo AmH«$_U H$aHo$ CÝh| Jwbm_ ~Zm {b`m Wm Am¡a `hr gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ namYrZVm _yb {Zdm{g`m| H$s {Z`{V h¡§&

Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$s _yb _mÝ`Vm `h h¡ {H$ Am`© {OÝhm|Zo d¡{XH$ gä`Vm H$mo OÝ_ {X`m Wm, gm\$ a§J H$s ~~©a Om{V Wr Omo _Ü` E{e`m go àdmgr Ho$ ê$n _| ^maV AmE VWm Xoer h‹S>ßnm gä`Vm H$mo Zï> {H$`m& àmaå^ _| Am`© {gÕmÝV Ho$ g_W©Z _| ^mfm`r à_mU {XE Jò, Omo ^maVr` `yamonr` ^mfm`r EH$Vm H$mo à_m{UV H$aVo Wo& AmJo MbH$a Bg_| g_W©Z _| nwamVmpËdH$, _mZdemñÌr`, n`m©daUr` à_mU {XE JE! Am`©

Am`© AmH«$_U {d_e© Am¡a S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$aS>m°. _mohå_X H$m_amZ ImZ

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ, g_«mQ> n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, AO_oa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

AmH«$_U H$m {gÕmÝV H$moB© ZdrZ {gÕmÝV Zht h¡§ BgH$m à`moJ {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`dmXr ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© Zo maV _| ñWm`r gm§ñH¥${VH$ à^md ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m& `h {gÕmÝV ^maV _| {~«{Q>e emgZ H$mo d¡YVm àXmZ H$aZo H$m gw{dYmOZH$ Am¡a epŠVembr CnH$aU Wm& BgHo$ _mÜ`_ go A§J«oOm| Zo ñd`§ H$mo Am`m] H$m d§eO ~Vm`m {OgH$m CÔoí` Am`© gä`Vm H$m àgma Wm& `h _mÝ`Vm ^r ñWm{nV H$s J`r H$s A§J«oOr emgZ H$m `h A{YH$ma Am¡a H$Îm©ì` XmoZm| Wm {H$ dh ^maVr` Cn_hmÛrn na amO H$aHo$ Am`© emgZ H$mo nwZñWm©{nV H$a| {Ogo _wpñb_ AmH«$_UH$m[a`m| Zo ÜdñV H$a {X`m Wm& `h ^r H$hm J`m {H$ Cƒ Om{V Ho$ {hÝXÿ ^r Bgr Am`© gä`Vm Ho$ d§eO h¡§ Am¡a A§J«oO BÝht Cƒ Om{V Ho$ {hÝXÿAm| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a Am`© nwZ©OmJaU H$s ewê$AmV H$a|Jo& Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ emgZ X²dmam à{Vnm{XV Bg {gÕmÝV H$mo Cƒ Om{V Ho$ {hÝXþAm| Zo ì`mnH$ ê$n go ñdrH$ma {H$`m& BgH$s Ma_ A{^ì`pŠV ~mbJ§JmYa {VbH$ H$s 1903 _| àH$m{eV nwñVH$ "AmH©${Q>H$ hmo_ BZ doXmO" _| hþB© h¡§ {Og_| {VbH$ Zo Am`m] H$m _yb ñWmZ CÎmar Ywd« ~Vm`m h¡ Omo n[apñWH$s` H$maUm| Ho$ MbVo AnZm _yb ñWmZ N>mo‹S>Zo na {dde hþE Wo& BgHo$ g_W©Z _| {VbH$ Zo d¡{XH$ G$MmE±, AdoñVm H$m gmame§ VWm d¡{XH$ H$b¡ÊS>a àñVwV {H$`m h¡§&

AnZr nwñVH$ "AmH©${Q>H$ hmo_ BZ doXmO' _| {VbH$ IwX ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§ {H$ CZH$s h aMZm S>m°. dmaoZ H$s nwñVH$ "n¡amS>mBO \$mC§S> Amoa X Ho«$S>b Am°\$ X øy_Z aog EQ> X ZmW© nmob' (Paradise found or the cradle of the human race at the north pole) go ào[aV h¡§ Omo A_o[aH$m _| 1893 _| àH$m{eV hþB© Wr&1

{VbH$ H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ àmMrZ d¡{XH$ H$mb Ho$ Hw$N> hOma df© nhbo Am`© gä`Vm H$s ewê$AmV hþB© Wr& AJa h_ CÎma ½bo{eà `wJ H$s ewê$AmV 8000 B©gm nyd© _mZVo h¢ Vmo àmMrZ Am`© OrdZ H$s ewê$AmV 4500 B©gm nyd© go ewê$ hmoVr h¡§ Omo àmMrZ d¡{XH$ `wJ h¡§& G$½doX _| H$B© Eogo CÕaU h¡ Omo AmYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$ AZwg§YmZ go à_m{UV hmo gH$Vo h¡§ {Og_| d¡{XH$ Xodr XodVmAm| Ho$ Yw«dr` JwU VWm àmMrZ AmH©${Q>H$ H$b¡ÊS>a H$m dU©Z {_bVm h¡§& àmMrZ J«ÝW AdoñVm _| EH$ Iwehmb ^y{_ H$m Omo, Am`©Z doOmo (ARYAN VAEJO) `m Am`© ñdJ© H$hr JB© h¡§ Ohm± gyaO gmb _| EH$ hr ~ma {ZH$bVm h¡§, H$m dU©Z {_bVm h¡§& bo{H$Z `h ñdJ© g_mZ ^y{_ ~\©$ Am¡a {h_nmV Ho$ H$maU g_má hmo JB© {OgHo$ H$maU `hm± Ho$ {Zdmgr X{jU H$s Amoa àdmg Ho$ {bE {dde hþE& Bg{bE Bg ~mV go BÝH$ma Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm {H$ àmMrZ Am`m] H$m Ka AmH©${Q>H$ `m AÝV: ½bo{eà Zm_H$ ñWmZ na Wm&2

~mb J§JmYa {VbH$ AnZr nwñVH$ _| CÎma ½bo{eà wJ go ~wÕ Ho$ OÝ_ VH$ Ho$ H$mb H$mo Mma ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$aVo h¡§&3

10,000 Xg hOma `m AmR> hOma B©gm nyd©��ApÝV_ {h_ `wJ Ho$ H$maU _yb Am`© {Zdmg H$m Üd§g Am¡a CÎma ½bo{eà `wJ H$s ewê$AmV&

AmR> hOma go nm±M hOma B©gm nyd©��AnZo _yb {Zdmg go Am`m] H$m àdmg, eof Or{dV Am`© g_yhm| X²dmam {Zdmg Ho$ {bE E{e`m Am¡a `yamon Ho$ CÎmar ^mJm| H$m ^«_U&

nm±M hOma go VrZ hOma B©gm nyd©��_¥J ZjÌ H$mb, O~ ~§gV {df¥d _¥J ZjÌ _| Wm& Bg H$mb Ho$ à_mU H$B© d¡{XH$ G$MmAm| _| Ty>§T>o Om gH$Vo h¡§& Bg H$mb _| _yb {Zdmg H$s ñ_¥{V`m§ Am`m] Ho$ _Z _| {dÚ_mZ Wr& Bgr H$mb _| n§Mm§J _| gwYma {H$`m J`m Am¡a `k {d{Y H$mo ì`dpñWV {H$`m J`m&

VrZ hOma go Mm¡Xh gm¡ B©gm nyd©��H¥${ÎmH$m `wJ, O~ ~§gV {dfwd H¥${ÎmH$m Vmam JwÀN> _| Wm& G$MmAm| H$mo g§{hVmAm| _| g§J«{hV H$aZo H$m H$m`© Bg `wJ _| {H$`m J`m& _yb {Zdmg Ho$ ~mao _| Am`m] H$s ñ_¥{V`m§ Bg `wJ _| Yw§Ybr n‹S>Zo bJr& ~«m÷U J«ÝW {dH${gV hþE&

Mm¡Xh gm¡ B©gm nyd© go 500 B©gm nyd©��nyd© ~wÕ H$mb {Og_| gyÌ Am¡a Xme©{ZH$ {ZH$m` ApñVËd _| AmVo h¡§&4

{VbH$ _mZVo h¡§ {H$ Am`m] Zo J¡a Am`m] H$mo hamH$a CZ na AnZr emar[aH$ Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ loð>Vm ñWm{nV H$s&

~mb J§JmYa {VbH$ Ho$ níMmV² Odmha bmb Zohê$ Zo B{Vhmg gå~pÝYV AnZr Xmo nwñVH$m| ^maV EH$ ImoO (Discovery of India) d {díd B{Vhmg H$s PbH$ (Glimps of World History) _| Am`m] Ho$ maV AmJ_Z {gÕmÝV H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡§& Zohê$ qgYwKmQ>r gä`Vm VWm X{jU ^maV H$s gä`VmAm| H$mo Ð{dS> `m _yb {Zdmgr gä`VmAm| H$m à{V{Z{Y _mZVo h¡§& "{díd B{Vhmg H$s EH$ PbH$" nwñVH$ _| Zohê$ {bIVo h¡§ {H$ `h hmo gH$Vm h¡§ {H$ h_ bmoJ CZ àmMrZ bmoJm| Ho$ R>oR> d§eO hm| Omo CÎma npíM_ Ho$ nhm‹S>r Xam] go hmoH$a bhbhmVo hþE _¡XmZ _| AmE Omo ~«÷dV©, Am`©d«V, ^maVdf© ~mX _| {hÝXþñVmZ H$hbm`m&5

"^maV EH$ ImoO' nwñVH$ _| Zohê$ {bIVo h¡§ {H$ Am`© H$B© {Jamohm| _| npíM_moÎma go {hÝXþñVmZ CVao&6 ñnï> h¡§ Zohê$ Am`m] Ho$ ^maV AmH«$_U H$s AdYmaUm Ho$ ñWmZ na Am`© AmJ_Z H$s AdYmaUm ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§& Am`© {OZH$m _yb {Zdmg E{e`m Wm Omo ~mX _| `yamon _| \¡$b JE& {h_ `wJ Ho$ H$maU `yamon gX© Wm _Ja Obdm`w J_© hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {h_ Z{X`m§ Yra-Yrao pIgH$Vr JB© VWm `yamon _| O§Jb n¡Xm hmo JE& Am`© bmoJ Ky_Vo Km_Vo _Ü` `yamon VH$ Am

ISSN 2348-3857


nhþ±Mo&7 Zohê$ `yZm{Z`m| H$mo Am`© hr _mZVo h¡§& Zohê$ ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§ {H$ O~ Am`m] Zo ^maV _| H$X_ aIm Vmo ^maV gä` hmo MwH$m Wm& X{jU ^maV VWm em`X CÎma ^maV _| EH$ g_¥Õ Ð{d‹S> gä`Vm Wr&8 `Ú{n Zohê$ ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§ {H$ Am`m] H$m AmZm qgYwKmQ>r gä`Vm Ho$ EH$ hOma gmb ~mX hþAm hmo bo{H$Z _w_{H$Z h¡§ {H$ dŠV H$s BVZr ~‹S>r ImB© XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Zm ahr hmo Am¡a Om{V`m§ Am¡a H$~rbo npíM_moÎma go ~am~a Wmo‹S>o-WmoSo> g_` ~mX AmH$a aho hm|&9 Zohê$ AmJo {bIVo h¡§ {H$ Am`m] Ho$ ^maV Amò dh {hÝXþñVmZ _| Kwb {_b OmVo aho& Am`© Am¡a Ð{d‹S>m| Omo qgYwKmQ>r gä`Vm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y Wo Ho$ _ob Omob go EH$ ~w{Z`mXr g§ñH¥${V V¡`ma hþB© {Og_| XmoZm| Ho$ A§e Wo&10 Zohê$ dU© ì`dñWm Ho$ àmaå^ Ho$ gÝX^© _| VH©$ XoVo hþE {bIVo h¡§ Am`©, AZm`© Am¡a {nN>‹S>r hþB© H$Xr_ Om{V`m| H$s H$e-_H$e Am¡a Amng H$s à{V{H«$`m go hr dU© ì`dñWm H$s ewê$AmV hþB©& em`X `h Z Am`m] H$s MrO Wr Z Ð{d‹S>m| H$s& `h OwXm-OwXm Om{V`m| H$mo EH$ gm_m{OH$ g§JR>Z Ho$ AÝXa bo AmZo H$s H$mo{ee Wr&11 Zohê$ AmJo {bIVo h¡§ dU© oX {OgH$m _H$gX Am`m] Am¡a AZm`m] go OwXm H$aZm Wm A~ IwX Am`m] na AnZm Aga bm`m {H$ Á`m|-Á`m| Y§Y| ~‹T>o Am¡a BZH$m Amng _| ~§Q>dmam hþAm, Ë`m| Ë`m| Zò dUm] Zo dU© `m Om{V H$s eŠb bo br& Bg Vah Eogo O_mZo _| O~ \$Vh H$aZo dmbm| H$m `h H$m`Xm Wm {H$ hmao hþE bmoJm| H$mo `m Vmo Jwbm_ ~Zm boVo Wo `m CÝh| {~ëHw$b {_Q>m XoVo Wo dU© ì`dñWm Zo EH$ em§{Vdmbm hb noe {H$`m&12

~hþOZ gm{hË` _| "Am`© AmH«$_U' Am¡a "_yb {Zdmgr' {gÕmÝV H$m {dñV¥V {ddaU h_| gd©àW_ _hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \y$bo H$s aMZm Jwbm_{Jar _| {_bVm h¡§& 1873 _| {bIr JB© `h nwñVH$ _ybV: g§dmX e¡br na AmYm[aV h¡§& \y$bo Ho$ _V H$m _yb AmYma Am`© àOm{V {gÕmÝV Wm Omo CZHo$ g_` _| Om{VdmX Am¡a ^maVr` g_mO H$m à_wI àm»`mnH$ Wm&13 AnZr nwñVH$ Jwbm_{Jar H$s àñVmdZm _| Á`mo{V~m \y$bo {bIVo h¡§ ^maV H$s AWmh àmH¥${VH$ YZ gånXm _| CnOmD$ O_t, ânya \$gb CËnmXZ, `hm± Ho$ _yb {Zdm{g`m| H$s YZr gä`Vm d g§ñH¥${V Am¡a H$B© AÝ` bm^ Ho$ H$maU Am`© `hm± {dOoVm H$s Vah H$ãOm H$a emgZ H$aZo Amò Z {H$ em§{VnyU© T>§J go ahH$a ~gZo Ho$ {bE&14 \y$bo {bIVo h¡§ Bg Xoe _| ~m÷_U nwamo{hVm| H$s gÎmm H$m`_ hþE bJ^J VrZ hOma gmb go Á`mXm g_` ~rV J`m hmoJm& ò naXoe go `hm± AmE& CÝhm|Zo Bg Xoe Ho$ _yb {Zdm{g`m| na ~~©a h_bo H$aHo$ BZ bmoJm| H$mo AnZo Ka ~ma go dqMV H$aHo$ AnZm Jwbm_ m Xmg ~Zm {b`m&15

\y$bo Ho$ AZwgma nhbo _yb {Zdmgr gÎmm H$s X¥{ï> go namYrZ hþE

~mX _| ~m÷U Am¡a nwam{hVm| _| CÝh| kmZhrZ Am¡a ~w{ÕhrZ ~Zm {X`m Wm& Ym{_©H$ J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm ~m÷U dU© Zo AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE H$s h¡§& \y$bo Ho$ AZwgma eyÐ Am¡a A{VeyÐ XmoZm| hr X{_V Am¡a emo{fV OZVm H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo Wo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo CgH$s namYrZVm H$s VwbZm A_o[aH$m Ho$ _yb {Zdm{g`m|, BpÊS>`Zm| Am¡a AídoVm| Ho$ X_Z Ho$ gmW H$s&16 Á`mo{V~m \y$bo {bIVo h¡§ {H$ A§J«oOr amOgÎmm H$s ñWmnZm go eyÐm| Am¡a A{VeyÐm| H$mo emar[aH$ Jwbm_r go Vmo _wpŠV {_b J`r naÝVw CZH$s _mZ{gH$ Jwbm_r A^r ^r ~mH$s h¡§&

Á`mo{V~m \y$bo AnZr nwñVH$ "Jwbm_{Jar" _| ^maV _| Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE Am`© AmH«$_U H$m H«$_ g_PmVo h¡§ {H$ ~m÷U bmoJ g_wÐ na Omo B©amU Zm_ H$m Xoe Wm dhm± Ho$ _yb {Zdmgr Wo& nhbo O_mZo _| CÝh| BamUr `m Am`© H$hm OmVm Wm& BZ Am`m] Zo ~‹S>r-~‹S>r Q>mo{b`m§ ~ZmH$a Xoe _| AmH$a ~~©a h_bo {H$E&17 `hm± Ho$ _yb {Zdmgr amOmAm| Ho$ àXoem| na ~ma-~ma h_bo H$aHo$ ~‹S>m Am§VH$ \¡$bm`m& \y$bo Ho$ AZwgma Am`m] H$m nhbm OËWm N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r Zm¡H$mAm| _|, ^maV Am`m Am¡a do Zm¡H$mE± _N>{b`m| H$s Vah VoOr go nmZr Ho$ D$na Mb ahr Wr& Bg{bE Cg OËWo Ho$ A{YH$mar H$m CnZm_ _Ëñ` hmo J`m& Am`m] H$m Xÿgam H$~rbm H$N>do (~‹S>rµ-~‹S>r Zm¡H$mE±) go ~§XaJmh nhw±Mm Am¡a H$N>do _N>do go Hw$N> ~‹S>o hmoZo H$s dOh go nmZr _| Yrao-Yrao Mb aho Wo& Bgr dOh go Cg H$~rbo Ho$ _wpI`m H$m Zm_ H$ÀN> hmo J`m&18 H$ÀN> Ho$ ~mX Am`m] H$m _wpI`m damh ~Zm& damh Ho$ ~mX Am`m] H$m _wpI`m Zaqgh ~Zm& Zaqgh Ho$ ~mX dQy>dm_Z Am`m] H$m _wpI`m ~Zm& dQy> (dm_Z) Ho$ ~mX Am`© (~«m÷U) bmoJm| H$mo ~÷m Zm_ H$m _w»` A{YH$mar hþAm& ~«÷m Ho$ ~mX Am`m] H$m _wpI`m naewam_ ~Zm& ~m÷Um| Zo _yb {Zdm{g`m| Ho$ {déÕ b§~r b‹S>mB© b‹S>r {Og_| AÝV _| dh g\$b hþE& Á`mo{V~m \y$bo Ho$ AZwgma ñWmZr` bmoJm| H$m amOm ~br Wm Omo ~hþV epŠVembr Am¡a Ý`m`{à` Wm {OgH$m `wÕ dQy> dm_Z go hþAm {Og_| ~br amOm nam{OV hþAm Am¡a _mam J`m& \y$bo Ho$ AZwgma amjg eãX ajm H$aZo Ho$ gÝX^© _| Am`m h¡§ Omo _yb {Zdm{g`m| Ho$ gä`Vm, g§ñH¥${V d ^y{_ Ho$ ajH$ Wo& Bgr Vah _hmA[a (_hma) eãX CZ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE à`wŠV hmoVm h¡§ Omo Am`m] Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o eÌw Wo& Bgr H$maU ~m÷Um| Zo CZH$mo ANy>V ñVa na bm {X`m& _yb {dO` Ho$ níMmV² eyÐm| Ho$ H¥${f H$m`© Ho$ {bE _O~ya {H$`m J`m& H¥$fH$ eyÐm| H$mo qOXm aIZo Ho$ {bE O_rZ H$m Hw$N> {hñgm eyÐm| H$mo XoH$a eof ^mJ BZ ñdm{_`m| H$mo Xo XoZo H$m {Z`_ ~Zm`m J`m& \y$bo {~«{Q>e emgZ H$mo eyÐ Am¡a A{VeyÐm| Ho$ {bE daXmZ _mZVo hþE `h H$hVo


ISSN 2348-3857

h¡§ {H$ ~{b amOm Ho$ ê$n _| B©gm H$m nwZO©Ý_ hþAm h¡§ Am¡a Cg ~{b amOm Ho$ amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm hr h_mam CÔoí` h¡§&

~hþOZ gm{hË` _| Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$m IÊS>Z IwX S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ {dMmam| _| {_bVm h¡§& AmíM`© H$m {df` h¡§ S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Omo ^maV _| X{bV MoVZm Am¡a {d_e© Ho$ _yb àVrH$ h¡§, "Am`© AmH«$_U" `m "_yb {Zdmgr" {gÕmÝV Ho$ {dnarV AnZo {dMma àH$Q> H$aVo h¡§& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a H$s nwñVH$ "eyÐ H$m¡Z h¡§ Am¡a dh MVwW© dU© _| H¡$go AmE" (Who are the shudras, How they came in fourth varna) {Ogo 1946 _| àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m Wm _| "Am`© AmH«$_U" Am¡a "_yb {Zdmgr" {gÕmÝV XmoZm| H$m IÊS>Z àñVwV {H$`m h¡§ Am¡a `h {gÕ H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡§ {H$ eyÐ {H$gr Am`© AmH«$_U Ho$ H$maU X_Z Am¡a namYrZVm Ho$ {eH$ma Zht h¡§& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Zo `h nwñVH$ _hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \y$bo H$mo g_{n©V H$s h¡§ `Ú{n BgH$s àñWmnZmE± Am¡a {ZîH$f© XmoZmo Á`mo{V~m \y$bo Ho$ {dMmam| go {~ëHw$b AbJ hr Zht daZ² {dnarV h¡§& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Zo Bg nwñVH$ _| eyÐm| H$mo Am`© hr _mZm h¡§ Am¡a Am`m] X²dmam AnZo hr EH$ dJ© H$mo eyÐm| H$s pñW{V _| nhw±Mm {X`m J`m& Aå~oS>H$a BgHo$ {bE {hÝXÿ Y_© emñÌm| Ho$ {d{^ÝZ CÛaUm| H$m CëboI hdmbm XoVo h¡§& Aå~oS>H$a Bg nwñVH$ _| Xmo {ZîH$f© ñWm{nV H$aVo h¡§ Am¡a CZH$m _mZZm h¡§ {H$ `h {ZîH$f© Am`© g_m{O`m| H$s _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ {~ëHw$b {dnarV h¡§& Am`© g_mOr `h _mZVo h¡§ {H$ ^maVr` Am`© g_wXm` _| Mma dU© Am{XH$mb go hr ApñVËd _| aho h¡§& Bg nwñVH$ _| ñnï> {H$`m J`m h¡§ {H$ EH$ g_` Wm O~ ^maVr` Am`© g_wXm` _| Ho$db VrZ dU© Wo& Xÿgam `h {H$ doX emídV Am¡a n{dÌ h¡§& Bg nwñVH$ _| `h ñnï> {H$`m J`m h¡§ {H$ doXm| Ho$ Hw$N> A§e {deofH$a nwê$f gyŠV Omo Am`© g_m{O`m| H$m _ybmYma h¡§, ~m÷Um| Zo AnZo bm^ Ho$ {bE J‹T>o h¡§&19

Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma ^maVr` g_wXm` _| MmVwdÊ`© H$s CËn{Îm G$½doX Ho$ Xgd| _ÊS>b Ho$ Zã~od| ñVmoÌ {Ogo nwê$f gyŠV H$hm OmVm h¡§, _| {_bVm h¡§& nwê$f gyŠV Ho$ AZwgma ~«÷m Ho$ _wI go ~«m÷U, ^wOmAm| go j{Ì`, O§KmAm| go d¡í` Am¡a MaUm| go eyÐ CËnÝZ hþE h¡§& nwê$f gyŠV {díd H$s CËn{Îm H$m {gÕmÝV h¡§& Xÿgao eãXm| _| EH$ g¥{ï> _r_m§gm h¡§& EH$ X¡dr` {ZX}e Ho$ ê$n _| `h ñd^m{dH$ Vm¡a na ^maVr` Am`© g_wXm` H$m AmXe© ~Z J`m& Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma nwê$f gyŠV X²dmam {Z{X©ï> gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm na ~wÕ Ho$ A{V[aŠV {H$gr Zo r H$^r H$moB© gdmb I‹S>m Zht {H$`m&20 ~mX _| AZoH$ {d{YH$mam| Zo nwê$f gyŠV H$m g_W©Z {H$`m h¡§& _Zw Zo nwê$f gyŠV H$mo {Z{hV MmVwdÊ`© Ho$ gm_m{OH$

AmXe© _| {Xì`Vm Am¡a A_moYËd H$m nwQ> {X`m& Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡§ dJm] H$m {d^mOZ hmoZm àËòH$ g_mO H$s VÏ`naH$ eV© h¡§ {\$a ^r {H$gr g_mO _| Bg VÏ`naH$ pñW{V H$mo AmXe© g_mO H$s {Xem _| d¡Ym{ZH$ Om_m Zht nhZm`m J`m h¡§& nwê$f gyŠV H$s `moOZm hr EH$_mÌ Eogm CXmhaU h¡§ {Og_| `WmW© H$mo AmXe© H$s J[a_mnyU© D$±MmB© VH$ bo Om`m J`m h¡§ VWm n{dÌ d X¡dr` _mZm J`m h¡§& `yZmZ Am¡a {_g« Ho$ g_mOm| _| ^r dJ© nmE OmVo Wo naÝVw Eogm dJuH$aU Omo ñWmB© hmo {Og_| D$±Mo nm`XmZ na AdpñWV dJ© H$mo gå_mZ Am¡a {ZMbo nm`XmZ na AdpñWV dJ© H$mo K¥Um Am¡a Ad_mZZm {_bo& nwê$f gyŠV ì`dñWm Bg _m`Zo _| AZyR>r h¡§ {H$ `h {d{^ÝZ dJm] AWdm dUm} H$m D$±M-ZrM Ho$ AmYma na EH$ ñWmB© loUr _| O‹S>r^yV H$a XoVr h¡§ {Ogo Z g_` ~Xb gH$Vm h¡§ Z hr n[apñW{V`m±&21

Aå~oS>H$a Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$s 7 _yb _mÝ`VmAm| H$m CëboI H$aVo h¡§ {Og_| nmíMmË` {dÛmZm| _| gh_{V nm`r OmVr h¡§ Am¡a BZ 7 _mÝ`VmAm| H$m EH$-EH$ IÊS>Z H$aHo$ `h ~VmVo h¡§ {H$ g_mO _| Mm¡Wo dU© H$s CËn{Îm H$m _yb H$maU Š`m Wm? ò 7 _mÝ`VmE± h¡§:

1. d¡{XH$ gm{hË` H$s aMZm H$aZo dmbo Am`© àOm{V Ho$ Wo&

2. `h Am`© àOm{V ^maV _| ~mha go Am`r Wr Am¡a CgZo ^maV na AmH«$_U {H$`m Wm&

3. ^maV Ho$ _yb {Zdmgr Xmg `m Xñ`w H$hbmVo Wo VWm CZH$s àOm{V Am`m] go {^ÝZ Wr&

4. Am`© Jmoao a§J Ho$ Wo& Xmg Am¡a Xñ`w H$mbo Wo&

5. Am`m] Zo Xmg Am¡a Xñ`wAm| H$mo nam{OV {H$`m Wm&

6. nam{OV Am¡a Jwbm_ ~Zm {bE OmZo Ho$ ~mX ò Xmg Am¡a Xñ`w bmoJ eyÐ H$hbmE&

7. Am`© bmoJ a§J Ho$ ~mao _| nydm©J«h go J«ñV Wo Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo MmVwd©Ê`© ì`dñWm H$m`_ H$s&22

gd©àW_ Aå~oS>H$a ~mbJ§JmYa {VbH$ H$s Bg {gÕmÝV H$m IÊS>Z H$aVo h¡§ {H$ Am`© CÎmar Ywd« Ho$ _yb {Zdmgr Wo& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m H$hZm h¡§ d¡{XH$ Am`m] H$m {à` new Kmo‹S>m h¡§& Š`m Kmo‹S>m CÎma Yw«dr` àXoe _| nm`m OmVm Wm? AJa BgH$m CÎma Zht h¡§ Vmo `h {gÕmÝV {ZamYma h¡§& Am`m] H$m _yb ñWmZ ^maV go ~mha Wm BgH$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡§ {H$ G$½doX _| gá Z{X`m| H$m CëboI {Og ^mfm _| hþAm h¡§, Z{X`m| H$mo _oar J§Jm, _oar `_wZm, _oar gañdVr H$hH$a gå~mo{YV {H$`m J`m h¡§& Š`m H$moB© {dXoer {H$gr ZXr H$mo BVZo n[a{MV Am¡a ào{_b

ISSN 2348-3857


A§XmO _| gå~mo{YV H$aoJm?23 Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma nhbm VÏ` `h h¡§ {H$ Am`© H$moB© àOm{V Zht h¡§ {Og_| EH$ g_mZ d§emZwJV bjU nmò OmVo h¡§& ì`wËn{Îm_ybH$ AW© _| ^r Am`© H$m AW© hmoVm h¡§ "hb MbmZo dmbm `m OmoVZo dmbm" Am`m] Zo `h Zm_ AnZo {bE g§^dV ImZm~Xmoe àOm{V`m| Vwam{Z`m| go ñd`§ H$mo {^ÝZ {XImZo Ho$ CÔoí` go aIm hmoJm& _¡Šg_yba Zo ^r _mZm h¡§ Am`© àOm{V H$m gå~ÝY aŠV go Zht daZ² EH$ g_mZ ^mfm go h¡§& doX Vmo Am`© O¡gr {H$gr àOm{V go AZ{^k h¡§! doXmo _| Bg ~mV H$m H$moB© à_mU Zht h¡§ {H$ Am`© àOm{V Zo H$^r ^maV na AmH«$_U {H$`m Wm Am¡a ^maV Ho$ "_yb {Zdmgr" _mZo OmZo dmbo Xmg Am¡a Xñ`wAm| H$mo AnZo AYrZ H$a {b`m Wm& Bg ~mV H$m H$moB© à_mU Zht h¡§ {H$ Am`m] Am¡a Xmg Am¡a Xñ`wAm| _| Omo ôX Wm dh àOm{VJV Wm& doX Bg VH©$ H$mo ^r nw{ï> Zht H$aVo {H$ Am`© bmoJ Xmg Am¡a Xñ`wAm| go {^ÝZ a§J Ho$ Wo&24 d¡{XH$ gm{hË` Ho$ {ddoMZ go h nVm MbVm h¡§ {H$ G$½doX _| Am`© eãX H$m à`moJ BH$Îmrg (31) ñWmZm| na hþAm h¡§ naÝVw Bg_| {H$gr _| ^r Bg eãX H$m à`moJ àOm{V Ho$ AW© _| Zht hþAm h¡§& BgH$m AW© `h h¡§ {H$ Am`© EH$ {d{eï> àOm{V Zht Wo& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma nhbr ~mV Vmo `h h¡§ {H$ G$½doX _| Xmg Am¡a Xñ`wAm| Ho$ {déÕ Am`m] H$s b‹S>mB©`m| Ho$ CëboIm| H$m A^md h¡§& G$½doX _| {OZ 33 ñWmZm| na Bg eãX H$m CëboI hþAm h¡§ CZ_| Ho$db AmR> ñWmZm| _| Xmgm| Ho$ {déÕ Am¡a gmV ñWmZm| _| Xñ`wAm| Ho$ {déÕ hþAm Am¡a BgH$s ~mV `h h¡§ {H$ `hm± CZHo$ Am¡a Am`m] Ho$ ~rM Omo ^r Q>H$amd Wm, BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Amngr g_Pm¡Vm hmo J`m Wm, Omo gå_mZ Am¡a em§{V na AmYm[aV Wm& G$½doX _| H$B© CëboI h¢ {Oggo nVm MbVm h¡§ {H$ Xmg Am¡a Am`© EH$ gmPm Xþí_Z Hoo$ pIbm\$ EH$OwQ> hmoH$a I‹S>o hmo Jò& Vrgar ~mV `h h¡§ {H$ `h Q>H$amd {Og gr_m VH$ ahm hmo `h àOm{V H$m Q>H$amd Zht Wm& `h Q>H$amd OZOm{VJV Z hmoH$a Ym{_©H$ Wm& Bg VÏ` H$s nw{ï> ñd`§ G$½doX go hmoVr h¡§&25

Bgr Vah AnZr EH$ Am¡a nwñVH$ EZ{hboeZ Am\$ H$mñQ> (Om{V H$m {dZme) 1936 _| S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡§ {H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ gƒmB© `h h¡§ {H$ Om{V`m| H$s CËn{Îm Cg g_` Ho$ ~hþV ~mX ewê$ hþB© O~ ^maV H$s AbJ-AbJ Zñb| aŠV Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ H$maU AbJ WbJ hmo MwH$s Wr AWm©V² `hm± Ho$ bmoJm| _| aŠV d g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {dXoer VËd nhbo hr Kwb {_b MwHo$ Wo& AV: Om{V ôX H$mo d§e ôX _mZVo hþE `h Xmdm H$aZm {H$ ^maV H$s {d{^ÝZ Om{V`m§ {d{^ÝZ d§em| Ho$ H$~rboo h¡§ `h gM Zht ~pëH$ Jw_amh H$aZo dmbm Xmdm h¡§&26 S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a AmJo àíZ H$aVo h¡§ Š`m

n§Om~ Ho$ ~m÷Um| Am¡a _Ðmg Ho$ ~m÷Um| _| H$moB© d§e gå~ÝY h¡§& Bgr Vah Š`m ~§Jmb d _Ðmg Ho$ ANy>Vm| _| H$moB© {ZH$Q> H$m d§e gå~ÝY hmo gH$Vm h¡§& d§e H$s X¥{ï> go n§Om~ _| ~m÷_U Cgr àOm{V `m d§e _| hr h¡§ {OgHo$ dhm± Hoo$ M_ma h¡§&27 Aå~oS>H$a AmJo {bIVo h¡§ {H$ d¡{XH$ Am`m] Ho$ a§J H$mo boH$a H$moB© nydm©J«h Zht Wm Am¡a hmoVm ^r H¡$go! d¡{XH$ Am`© ñd`§ EH$ a§J Ho$ Zht Wo CZH$m a§J AbJ-AbJ Wm& Hw$N> Vm_« a§J do Wo Hw$N> ídoV Am¡a Hw$N> í`m_& XeaW nwÌ am_ H$mo í`m_ AWdm H$mbo a§J H$m H$hm J`m h¡§& EH$ Am¡a Am`©Hw$b `Xþd§e Ho$ H¥$îU H$mbo h¡§&28 `h H$hZm {H$ MmVwd©Ê`© g§ñWm Vmo Am`m] _|o a§J gå~ÝYr OÝ_OmV nydm©J«h H$m à{V\$b h¡§, JbV h¡§& MmVwdÊ`© ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE dUm] Ho$ {bE Mma {d{^ÝZ a§J hmoZo hr Mm{hE O~{H$ `h {gÕmÝV Xmo {damoYr bmoJm| Am¡a Am`m] Am¡a Xmgm| go ewê$ hmoVm h¡§ {Og_| EH$ H$m a§J Jmoam Am¡a Xÿgao H$m a§J H$mbm _mZm J`m h¡§&29

Am`© AmH«$_U Am¡a "_yb {Zdmgr" {gÕmÝV H$mo {ZañV H$aZo Ho$ níMmV² Aå~oS>H$a Bg àíZ na {dMma H$aVo h¡§ {H$ ewÐ H$m¡Z Wo? Bg _wÔo na Aå~oS>H$a H$s VrZ àñWmnZmE| h¡§-

1. eyÐ Am`© Wo&

2. eyÐ bmoJ j{Ì` dU© Wo&

3. eyÐ BVZo _hÎdnyU© j{Ì` dU© Ho$ Wo {H$ àmMrZ Am`© g_wXm`m| Ho$ Hw$N> gdm©{YH$ »`mV Am¡a epŠVembr amOm eyÐ h¡§&30

Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡§ Bg {gÕmÝV H$m nhbm AmYma gmú` _hm^maV Ho$ em§{Vnd© Ho$ AÜ`m` 60 Ho$ íbmoH$- 38-40 Ho$ Bg A§e _| {_bVm h¡§& ""h_Zo `h gwZm h¡§ {H$ àmMrZ H$mb _| n¡OdZ Zm_ Ho$ EH$ eyÐ Zo (AnZo `k _|) Xg bmI nyU©nÌm| H$s X{jUm Xr Omo E|Xm{¾ Ho$ AmXoemZwgma Wr"" Bg A§e _| VrZ _hÎdnyU© ~mV| H$hr JB© h¡§-

1. n¡OdZ EH$ eyÐ Wm&

2. Bg eyÐ n¡OdZ Zo `k {H$`m&

3. ~m÷Um| Zo CgHo$ {bE `k {H$`m Am¡a Cggo X{jUm br&31

n¡OdZ Ho$ {bE Xÿgam Zm_ gwXmg Am`m h¡§& gwXmg EH$ amOm Wm {OgH$m amÁ`m{^foH$ ~m÷U G${f d{eð> Zo {H$`m& gwXmg G$½doX _| d{U©V XgamO `wÕ AWdm Xg amOmAm| H$s b‹S>mB© H$m Zm`H$ h¡§& `wÕ H$m Agbr H$maU gwXmg Ho$ {déÕ bm_~§X amOmAm| H$mo AYm{_©H$ ~Vm`m h¡§ {Oggo nVm MbVm h¡§ {H$ `h EH$ Ym{_©H$ `wÕ Wm& gwXmg EH$ epŠVembr eyÐ amOm Wm Omo Am`© Wm gmW hr gmW EH$ j{Ì` Wm& Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡§ {H$ Bggo ~‹T>H$a Hw$N>


ISSN 2348-3857

H«$mpÝVH$mar Zht hmo gH$Vm&32 G$½doX _| nwê$f gyŠV H$mo N>mo‹S> X| Vmo VrZ dUm] H$m CëboI ~ma-~ma {_bVm h¡§& Xmo ~m÷U J«ÝWm| eVnW Am¡a V¡§Var` XmoZm| hr _| VrZ dUm} H$m CëboI {_bVm h¡§& eyÐm| Ho$ {H$gr n¥WH$ dU© Ho$ ê$n _| CëboI Zht {_bVm h¡§& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a _mZVo h¡§ {H$ G$½doX _| nwê$f gyŠV ~mX _| {bIm J`m h¡§& BgHo$ {bE dh VrZ {dÛmZm| Ho$ H$mob~«wH$, àmo. _¡Šg_yba Am¡a àmo. do~a Ho$ _Vm| H$m CëboI H$aVo h¡§& BZ {dÛmZm| H$m _mZZm h¡§ {H$ nwê$f gyŠV AnZo bjU Am¡a ^mfm XmoZm| hr X¥{ï> go AmYw{ZH$ h¡§& BgH$s aMZm V^r hþB© hmoJr O~ g§ñH¥$V ^mfm BgH$s b` Am¡a ì`mH$aU n[aewÕ hmo MwH$m hmoJm& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV nwê$f gyŠV H$mo H¥$îU `Owd}X H$s V¡{Var`, H$mR>H$ Am¡a _¡Ìm`Ur g§{hVmAm| _| gpå_{bV Zht {H$`m J`m Wm Vmo BgH$m AW© `h {ZH$bVm h¡§ {H$ nwê$f gyŠV H$mo G$½doX _| BZ g§{hVmAm| Ho$ ~mX Omo‹S>m J`m Wm& doXm| _| ^r Bgo {d{dY Am¡a nyaH$ _m±Jm| _| ñWmZ {H$E OmZo go `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡§ {H$ BgH$s aMZm ~mX _| hþB© Wr&33

Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma eyÐm| H$s {JamdQ> Vmo eyÐmo§ Am¡a ~m÷Um| Ho$ ~rM qhgH$ Q>H$amd H$m n[aUm_ h¡§& eyÐ amOm gwXmg Am¡a ~m÷U G${f d{eð> Ho$ ~rM qhgH$ Q>H$amd Ho$ gmú` CnbãY h¡§& Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡§ {H$ emñÌm| _| d{U©V G${f d{eð> Am¡a {dídm{_Ì H$s eÌwVm _mÌ Xmo nwamo{hVmo H$s eÌwVm Zht Wr& `h EH$ ~m÷U nwamo{hV Am¡a EH$ j{Ì` nwamo{hV H$s eÌwVm Wr& ~m÷Um| Am¡a j{Ì`m| _| BZ ~mVm| H$mo boH$a {ddmX Wm& 1. XmZ boZo H$m A{YH$ma 2. doX n‹T>mZo H$m A{YH$ma 3. `k gånÝZ H$amZo H$m A{YH$ma& Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡§ {H$ ~m÷Um| Zo j{Ì`m| H$mo j{Ì` Ho$ ñWmZ go Mm¡Wo dU© _| bm nQ>H$Zo Ho$ {bE CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma Zm H$aZo H$s {d{Y AnZmB©& AZwð>mZ Ho$ ê$n _| CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma AË`ÝV gmYmaU g§ñH$ma hmoVm Wm& ~mbH$ AnZo hmW _| EH$ g{_Y boH$a AmVm Wm Am¡a Jwê$ go H$hVm Wm {H$ dh ~÷Mmar ~ZZm MmhVm h¡§ Am¡a Jwê$ go `mMZm H$aVm Wm {H$ dh Cgo AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE AnZo nmg ahZo Xo& CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma H$m CÔoí` ì`pŠV H$mo doXmÜ``Z _| gr{_V H$aZm Wm&34 `h g§ñH$ma Ho$db ~«m÷U hr gånÝZ H$am gH$Vm Wm& O~ CnZ`Z H$m A{YH$ma Am`© Am¡a AZm`© g^r H$mo {_bm hþAm Wm V~ h gm_m{OH$ _hÎd H$m {df` Zht Wm h g^r H$m gm_mÝ` A{YH$ma Wm& eyÐm| H$mo CnZ`Z go d§{MV aIZo go BgHo$ _hÎd _| Amdí`H$ Vm¡a na ~Xbmd Am`m& AmÜ`mpË_H$ _hÎd Ho$ A{V[aŠV BgH$m gm_m{OH$ _hÎd ^r hmo J`m Omo nhbo Zht Wm& Bg A{YH$ma H$m hmoZm gå_mZ H$m àVrH$ ~Z J`m Am¡a Bggo d§{MV hmoZm Jwbm_r H$m gyMH$&35 Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡ {H$ gån{Îm H$m A{YH$ma `k H$aZo H$s j_Vm na {Z^©a Wm Omo

ì`pŠV `k Zht H$a gH$Vm dh gån{Îm ^r Zht aI gH$Vm& `k dht H$a gH$Vm Wm {OgH$m CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma hþAm h¡§& Bg Vah CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma go d§{MV H$aHo$ j{Ì`m| H$mo kmZ Am¡a gån{Îm XmoZm| Ho$ A{YH$ma go d§{MV H$aHo$ eyÐm| H$s loUr AWm©V² MVwW© dU© _| bm {X`m& Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma ~m÷Um| go Q>H$amZo dmbo Á`mXmVa gy`©d§er j{Ì` Wo& CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma H$m à{V~§Y hr dh g~go KmVH$ h{W`ma Wm Omo ~m÷Um| Zo j{Ì`m| go ~Xbm boZo Ho$ {bE ImoO {ZH$mbm Wm BgH$m Aga EoQ>_ ~_ go H$_ Zht Wm&36

{ZîH$f©

Bg Vah Aå~oS>H$a Zo eyÐm| H$s {JamdQ> H$mo Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV go Z Omo‹S>H$a dU© ì`dñWm _| {dÚ_mZ Amngr Xmo dUm} ~m÷Um| d j{Ì`m| Ho$ _Ü` g§Kf© go Omo‹S>m h¡§ Am¡a BgHo$ {bE n`m©á Y_©emñÌr` à_mU ^r CnbãY H$amE h¡§& Bg ê$n _| Aå~oS>H$a "_yb {Zdmgr" {gÕmÝV Ho$ {~ëHw$b {dnarV {Xem _| I‹S>o ZOa AmVo h¡§ Omo eyÐm| H$mo Am`m] H$m hr EH$ dJ© _mZVm h¡§&

`Ú{n Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$mo dV©_mZ _| Á`mXmVa B{VhmgH$mam| X²dmam ZH$ma {X`m J`m h¡§ Am¡a A~ `h _mZm OmVm h¡§ {H$ Am`© AmH«$_U H$m {gÕmÝV Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ XmgVm H$s d¡YVm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m {gÕmÝV Wm& naÝVw AmO ^r X{bV gm{hË` Am¡a {d_e© _| BgH$s Jy§O gwZmB© XoVr h¡§ gmW hr CÎma X{jU {ddmX _| `h g§H$ënZm IwbH$a gm_Zo AmVr h¡§& Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ XmgVm H$mo d¡YVm àXmZ H$aZo dmbo Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$mo B{VhmgH$mam| X²dmam ZH$ma {X`m J`m h¡§& Zm hr BgHo$ H$moB© nwamVmpËdH$ à_mU CnbãY h¡§ naÝVw X{bV gm{hË` Am¡a {d_e© _| AgH$s AZyJw§O AmO ^r gwZmB© XoVr h¡§& ^maV Ho$ CÎma Am¡a X{jU joÌ Ho$ {ddmX _| ^r `h g§H$ënZm Iwb H$a gm_Zo AmVr h¡§& `h Eogm kmZ_t_mgr` CnH$aU h¡§ {OgHo$ CÔoí` Am¡a à_m{UH$Vm XmoZm| hr g{X½§Y h¡§& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ eãXm| Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV EH$ Am{dîH$ma h¡§ Omo Bg g§H$ënZm na AmYm[aV h¡§ {H$ BÊS>mo O_©Z Zñb Ho$ dV©_mZ d§eO hr Am`© Zñb Ho$ h¡§& `h d¡km{ZH$ gË`Vm Ho$ {déÕ h¡§ Am¡a Zm VÏ`m| go BgH$s à_m{UH$Vm {gÕ hmoVr h¡§& `h nydm©J«h J«ñV h¡§ VÏ` H$mo gw{dYmOZH$ ê$n go g§H${bV {H$`m J`m h¡§& `h ha _wÔo na Ag\$b h¡§&

Xÿgam ~hþOZ d¡Mm[aH$s _| Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV H$mo _hÎd {_bZm IwX X{bV AmÝXmobZ H$mo H$_Omoa H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aoJm Š`m|{H$ ha Zñbr` {gÕmÝV \$mgrdmX H$mo Xme©{ZH$ VËd àXmZ H$aVm h¡§& O~{H$ ~hþOZ d¡Mm[aH$s Am¡a AmÝXmobZ _| bmoH$V§Ì ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a g_mZVmdmXr _yë`m| H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo na ~b

ISSN 2348-3857


XoVm h¡& ñnï> h¡ {H$ Am`© AmH«$_U H$m Zñbr` {gÕmÝV Eogo g_mO H$s Ztd H$mo H$_Omoa H$aZo H$m hr à`mg H$aoJm Š`m|{H$ ñdñW Am¡a bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ g_mO nañna gh`moJ Am¡a ~ÝYwVm H$s ^mdZm go g§Mm{bV hmoVo h¡§ Zm H$s ~Xbo H$s ^mdZm go& Bg{bE Am`© AmH«$_U {gÕmÝV Zm Vmo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Zm hr kmZ_r_mgr` CnH$aU H$s X¥{ï> go Cn`wŠV h¡§ ~pëH$ ~hþOZ g§Kf© H$mo ^r JbV {Xem _| ^Q>H$m gH$Vm h¡§&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. {VbH$, ~mb J§JmYa, AmH©${Q>H$ hmo_ BZ doXmO, {dO` Jmo`b npãbHo$eZ, {Xëbr, 2017, n¥.g§. 14

2. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 13

3. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 183

4. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 184

5. Zohê$, Odmha bmb, {díd B{Vhmg H$s PbH$, gñVm gm{hË`, _ÊS>b àH$meZ, {Xëbr, 2011, n¥.g§. 35

6. Zohê$, Odmha bmb, {hÝXþñVmZ H$s H$hmZr ({S>ñH$dar Am°\$ BpÊS>`m H$m {hÝXr AZwdmX), gñVm gm{hË` _ÊS>b àH$meZ, {Xëbr, 2016, n¥.g§. 84

7. Zohê$, Odmha bmb, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 43

8. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 47

9. Zohê$, Odmha bmb, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 84

10. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 84

11. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 97

12. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 98

13. AmoådoQ>, Job, Om{V H$s g_P: _hmË_m ~¥Õ go ~m~m gmh~ Aå~oS>H$a Am¡a CZHo$ ~mX, Amo[a`§Q> ãb¡H$ ñdmZ àmBdoQ> {b{_Q>oS>, h¡Xam~mX, n¥.g§. 26

14. \y$bo, Á`mo{V~m Jwbm_{Jar, ~wÕ_ npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2019, n¥.g§. 71

15. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 7

16. AmoådoQ>, Job, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 26

17. \y$bo, Á`mo{V~m, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 19

18. \y$bo, Á`mo{V~m, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 21

19. Aå~oS>H$a, ~r.Ama., eyÐm| H$s ImoO, gå`H$ àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011, n¥.g§. 22

20. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 31

21. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 31

22. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 74

23. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 84

24. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 95

25. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 85

26. Aå~oS>H$a, ~r.Ama., OmV-nmV H$m {dZme, ~wÕ_² npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2017, n¥.g§. 26

27. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 26

28. Aå~oS>H$a, ~r.Ama., nydm}ŠV n¥.g§. 91

29. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 89

30. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 125

31. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 139

32. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 148

33. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 183

34. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 171

35. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 183

36. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 184

àñVmdZm

^maV {díd Ho$ CZ MwqZXm amï´>m| _| em{_b h¡ {OÝho na_mUw e{º$ gånÝZ amï´> H$s g§km Xr OmVr h¡& ^maV _| na_mUw H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ {dMma H$mo à{V^membr d¡km{ZH$ hmo_r Ohm±Jra ^m^m Zo {dH${gV {H$`m Vm{H$ ^maV na_mUw D$Om© Ho$ joÌ _| AmË_{Z^©a ~Z gHo$& ""n§{S>V Odmha bmb Zohê$ Ho$ H$m`©H$mb _| ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V EH$ nW (Single Track) H$s Wr {OgH$m VmËn`© ^maV Ûmam na_mUw àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$m Cn`moJ Ho$db em§{VnyU© Ed§ {dH$mg H$m`m] Ho$ {bE H$aZm Wm, Zm {H$ na_mUw eñÌm| Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE& CÝhm|Zo A§Vam©ï´>r` g_wXm` H$mo gm\$ eãXm| _| H$h {X`m Wm {H$ ^maV H$^r ^r {dZmeH$mar h{W`mam| H$m {Z_m©U Zht H$aoJm&''1 Zohê$ Or H$s {dXoe Zr{V _| _w»` Omoa n§Merb Ed§ empÝVnyU© gh-ApñVËd H$s Zr{V na ahm \$bñdê$n 1962 _| MrZ Ho$ gmW g¡{ZH$ _wR>^o‹S> hmoZo VH$ Zohê$ Or Omoa-emoa go na_mUw {Z:eñÌrH$aU Ho$ A{^`mZ _| OwQ>o aho& My§{H$ Zohê$ Or Ho$ H$m`©H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ MrZ ^r AUw e{º$ gånÝZ amï´> Zht Wm Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~mao _| Vmo `h ~mV gmoMr ^r Zht Om gH$Vr Wr, dhr Xÿgar Va\$ ^maV ^r Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE {dH${gV amï´>m| Ûmam Xr OmZr dmbr Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm na {Z^©a Wm& {\$a ^r ""Zohê$ Or H$s _¥Ë`w VH$ `h ~mV ñnï> hmoZo bJr Wr {H$ ^maVr`

emoY gmam§e

àñVwV emoY nÌ Ho$ boIZ H$m CX²Xoí` ^maV Ho$ na_mUw H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {d{^ÝZ MaUm| H$s {dñV¥V ì`m»`m H$aVo hþE ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V H$m {díbofU H$aZm h¡& emoY nÌ _| ^maV Ûmam na_mUw narjU H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` Ed§ na_mUw narjU H$aZo Ho$ níMmV {díd g_wXm` H$s à{V{H«$`mAm| H$s {ddoMZm H$aVo hþE "na_mUw Aàgma g§{Y' Ed§ ì`mnH$ narjU à{V~§Y g§{Y (gr.Q>r.~r.Q>r.) na ^maV Ho$ ê$I H$mo ñnï> H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡, gmW hr BZ g§{Y`m| na ^maV Ûmam hñVmja Zht H$aZo Ho$ H$maUm| H$mo ^r g_PmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V H$s {deofVmAm| H$m {díbofU H$aVo hþE MrZ Ed§ nm{H$ñVmZ H$s {dXoe Zr{V Ed§ na_mUw H$m`©H«$_ H$m ^maVr` na_mUw Zr{V na n‹S>Zo dmbo à^mdm| H$s ^r {ddoMZm Bg emoY nÌ _| H$s JB© h¡, gmW hr ^maVr` na_mUw Zr{V _| Am aho ~Xbmdm| H$s ì`m»`m H$aVo hþE CZ ~Xbmdm| Ho$ {bE CÎmaXm`r H$maUm| H$mo ^r g_PmZo H$m à`ËZ Bg emoY nÌ _| {H$`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … EH$ nW Zr{V, empÝVnyU© narjU, Zmo \$ñQ>© `yO

na_mUw Zr{V _| n[adV©Z Amdí`H$ h¡& 1962 H$s An_mZOZH$ hma Ho$ ~mX H$B© {dÛmZ `h gwPmZo bJo Wo {H$ `{X ^maV Ho$ nmg na_mUw ~_ hmoVm Vmo MrZ ^maV na h_bm H$aZo H$m Xþñgmhg Zht H$aVm&''2

Zohê$ Or Ho$ H$m`©H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ "H$mobå~mo moOZm' Ho$ VhV maV Ed§ H$ZmS>m _| na_mUw gh`moJ hoVw g_Pm¡Vm hþAm {OgHo$ Ûmam H$ZmS>m H$s ghm`Vm go ^maV _| "gmBag' Zm_H$ na_mUw g`§Ì H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& dht ^maV-A_o[aH$m na_mUw gh`moJ g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ _mÜ`_ go 1963 _| Vmamnwa _| "Aßgam' Zm_H$ na_mUw g`§Ì ñWm{nV hþAm& ^maV Ûmam BZ na_mUw g§`§Ìm| H$s ñWmnZm H$m CX²Xoí` na_mUw D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ em§{VnyU© H$m`m]§ Ho$ {bE H$aZm Wm& 16 AŠQy>~a 1964 H$mo MrZ Zo O~ AnZm nhbm na_mUw narjU {H$`m V~ VËH$mbrZ gyMZm _§Ìr lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm±Yr Zo 22 AŠQy>~a 1964 H$mo EH$ Q>obr{dOZ dmVm© _| H$hm {H$ ^maV 18 _{hZo Ho$ ^rVa na_mUw ~_ ~ZmZo H$s pñW{V _| h¡, gmW hr `h ^r H$hm {H$ ^maV na_mUw D$Om© Ho$ em§{VnyU© Cn`moJ Ho$ CX²Xoí` go ^r Zht hQ>oJm& 1965 _| nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ gmW `wÕ Ed§ X{jU E{e`m VWm BgHo$ Amg-nmg Ho$ joÌm| _| ~XbVo gm_[aH$ Ed§ gwajm n`m©daU H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE `h ~mV ^r _O~yVr

^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{VS>m°. A{Zb Hw$_ma `mXd

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZamOH$s` ñZmVH$moÎma _hm{dÚmb`, H$mbmSo>am, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


go CâH$a gm_Zo AmB© {H$ ^maV AnZo amï´>r` gwajm H$mo Jm¡U Zht g_P gH$Vm& bmb ~hmXþa emñÌr Zohê$ Or H$s VwbZm _|, H$ht A{YH$ `Wm©WdmXr Wo& {Xgå~a 1965 _| emñÌr Or Zo na_mUw D$Om© Am`moJ Ho$ AÜ`j H$mo AmXoe {X`m {H$ na_mUw epŠV Ho$ g¡Ý` Cn`moJ hoVw VwaÝV Amdí`H$ `moOZm ~Zm`r Omò& Xþ^m©½`de 11 OZdar 1966 H$mo emñÌr Or H$s _¥Ë`w hmo J`r Ed§ lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm±Yr Zo àYmZ_§Ìr nX H$s H$_mZ g§^mbr& CZHo$ Ûmam àYmZ_§Ìr H$m nX g§^mbZo Ho$ níMmV ^maVr` na_mUw Zr{V Xmohao nW (Dual track) na Mb n‹S>r& BpÝXam H$mb _| ^maV Zo AnZo na_mUw {dH$ënm| H$mo Iwbm aIZo H$s KmofUm H$s, Bgr Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n 18 _B© 1974 H$mo ^maV Zo amOñWmZ Ho$ nmoIaU _| AnZm nhbm na_mUw narjU {H$`m Am¡a BgHo$ gmW hr ^maV CZ N>: MwqZXm amï´>m| _| em{_b hmo J`m Omo na_mUw j_Vm go gånÝZ Wo& ^maV Zo Bg narjU H$mo em§{VnyU© narjU H$s g§km Xr Ed§ ^maV gaH$ma Zo KmofUm H$s, {H$ ^maV H$m na_mUw H$m`©H«$_ em§{VnyU© H$m`m] Ho$ {bE hmoJm Am¡a `h narjU ^maV H$mo D$Om© Ho$ joÌ _| AmË_{Z^©a ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m h¡& ^maV Ûmam {H$E JE narjU H$s npíM_r Xoem| Zo H$Qw> AmbmoMZm H$s Ed§ Bg narjU H$mo X{jU E{e`m _| eñÌm| H$s hmo‹S> ewê$ H$aZo dmbm ~Vm`m& H$ZmS>m Zo KmofUm H$s, {H$ dh ^{dî` _| ^maV H$mo V~ VH$ àm¡Úmo{JH$s ghm`Vm CnbãY Zht H$amòJm, O~ VH$ {H$ ^maV AnZo na_mUw g§`Ìm| H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` {ZarjU Ed§ {Z`ÝÌU Ho$ {bE Zht Imob XoVm&

A_o[aH$m Zo 30 dfu` g_Pm¡Vm Vmo‹S>H$a Vmamnwa na_mUw g§`Ì H$mo {XE OmZo dmbo BªYZ H$s Amny{V© amoH$ Xr& àYmZ_§Ìr _moamaOr XogmB© Zo A_o[aH$m `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ A_oarH$s g§gX Ed§ A_o[aH$s àemgZ H$mo AmídmgZ {X`m {H$ ^maV na_mUw e{º$ H$m Cn`moJ na_mUw h{W`mam| Ho$ {Z_m©U hoVw H$^r Zht H$aoJm& _moamaOr XogmB© Ho$ AmídmgZ Ho$ \$bñdê$n A_o[aH$m amï´>n{V ""H$mQ>©a Zo A_o[aH$m Ho$ H$mZyZ H$s gr_m Ho$ ^rVa Vmamnwa Ho$ {bE BªYZ H$s gßbmB© Omar aIZo VWm ^maV Ho$ gmW na_mUw gh`moJ H$mo ~Zmò aIZo H$m dMZ {X`m&''3 _moamaOr XogmB© Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd dmbr OZVm nmQ>u H$s gaH$ma _| ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V Ho$ gÝX^© _| Zr{V-{ZX}e Vmo Zht bo{H$Z lr XogmB© Zo EH$ njr` KmofUm H$s Wr {H$ ""^maV H$^r ^r {H$gr ^r hmbV _| na_mUw AñÌ Zht ~ZmòJm&'' 1974 _| {H$E JE narjU Ho$ níMmV 1982-83 _| lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm±Yr Ed§ 1995 _| lr nr.dr. Zaqghamd Ho$ g_` _| ^r na_mUw narjUm| Ho$ {bE à`mg {H$E JE bo{H$Z AÝVam©ï´>r` X~md Ho$ H$maU ò narjU g§^d Zht hmo nmò& lr AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r

Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd dmbr gaH$ma Zo gmh{gH$ H$X_ CR>mVo hþE 11 Ed§ 13 _B© 1998 H$mo nmoIaU _| nm§M narjUm| H$s ûm¥§Ibm H$m ~hþCX²Xoer` na_mUw narjU g\$bVmnyd©H$ {H$E Ed§ Hy$Q> ^mfm _| Bgo "Am°naoeZ e{º$' Zm_ {X`m&

VËH$mbrZ ajm _§Ìr Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ gbmhH$ma E.nr.Oo.AãXþb H$bm_ Ho$ eãXm| _| "" Zm{^H$s` AñÌrH$aU A~ nyam hmo J`m h¡, h_mao nmg Zm{^H$s` AñÌrH$aUHo$ {bE âmogo_ÝX AmH$ma, dOh, {ZînmXZ j_Vm Am¡a n`m©daUr` n[apñW{V`m§ h¡'' Ed§ na_mUw narjUm| H$s ûm¥§Ibm H$m CX²Xoí` H$åß`yQ>arH¥$V na_mUw narjU hoVw Am§H$‹S>o EH${ÌV H$aZm Am¡a VH$ZrH$ H$mo {dH${gV H$aZm h¡&''4 _B© 1998 _| dmOno`r Or Zo amÁ` g^m _| H$hm {H$ ""na_mUw narjU H$m g_` d¡km{ZH$m| H$s gh_{V go V` {H$`m J`m h¡& BZH$s dfm] go V¡`mar Mb ahr Wr, Bg{bE BZH$mo AZ§V H$mb VH$ bQ>H$m hþAm Zht XoIm Om gH$Vm Wm, Bg{bE gaH$ma Zo Bg ~ma H$m`© H$mo nyam H$aZo H$m gmhg {H$`m& dmOno`r ewê$ go hr Bg {dMma Ho$ aho h¡ {H$ `m Vmo g^r Xoem| H$m {Z:eñÌrH$aU H$a {X`m Omò `m g^r Xoem| H$mo ~am~a go gwajm H$m _m¡H$m {X`m Omò&''5 ^maV Ho$ na_mUw narjUm| Ho$ àË`wÎma _| nm{H$ñVmZ Zo ^r M½KmB© (Chaghai) _| N>: na_mUw narjU H$a `h {XImZo H$m à`mg {H$`m {H$ dh ^r gm_[aH$ X¥{ï> go ^maV Ho$ g_H$j hmo J`m h¡& ""nmoIaU narjU Ho$ ~mX nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ na_mUw {dñ\$moQ> Zo EH$ ~mV Vmo {ZíM` hr gm{~V H$a Xr {H$ nmoH$aU {dñ\$moQ> H$amH$a àYmZ_§Ìr lr AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r Zo ghr dŠV na ghr H$X_ CR>m`m Wm& dfm]§ go `h I~a Am ahr Wr {H$ MrZ H$s ghm`Vm go nm{H$ñVmZ Zo na_mUw ~_ ~Zm {b`m h¡& ^maV Zo H$B© ~ma gmao g§gma H$m, ImgH$a A_o[aH$m H$m Ü`mZ Bg Am¡a AmH${f©V {H$`m Wm& naÝVw A_o[aH$m Zo OmZ~yPH$a gË` go _w§h _moS> {b`m&''6

_B© 1998 H$s na_mUw narjUm| H$s KQ>ZmAm| go X{jU E{e`m _| na_mUw h{W`ma gånÝZ amï´>m| ^maV, MrZ Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ H$m {ÌH$moUr` g_yh V¡`ma hþAm& ò Xoe Z {g\©$ {ddm{XV joÌr` gr_mAm| H$mo gmPm H$aVo h¢ ~pëH$ CZHo$ ~rM EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ à{V Eo{Vhm{gH$ eÌwVm ^r h¡& hm§bm{H$ ^maV-nmH$ na_mUw `w½_ H$s VwbZm _|, ^maV-MrZ na_mUw g_rH$aUm| _| H$ht Á`mXm ñWm{`Ëd h§¡& ^maV Am¡a MrZ Zo H$^r ^r EH$-Xÿgao H$mo na_mUw h{W`mam| Ho$ Cn`moJ H$s Y_H$s Zht Xr, dhr Xÿgar Am¡a ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~rM g^r g¡Ý` g§H$Q>m| na na_mUw h{W`mam| H$s N>m`m ahr h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

^maV Ûmam na_mUw narjU H$a boZo Ho$ níMmV² A_o[aH$m g{hV AZoH$ amï´>m| Zo AbJ-AbJ à{V{H«$`m`| ì`ŠV H$s& A_o[aH$m Zo ½boZ g§emoYZ H$mZyZ Ho$ VhV ^maV Ed§ nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ pIbm\$ Am{W©H$ à{V~ÝYm| H$s KmofUm H$s& H$ZmS>m Zo H$hm {H$ h_ ^maV go AnZm na_mUw H$m`©H«$_ N>mo‹S>Zo H$mo H$hVo h¢ Am¡a ^{dî` _| ^maV H$s _XX Zht H$aZo H$s KmofUm H$s& BgHo$ Abmdm OmnmZ, AmñQ´>o{b`m Ed§ Or-8 Ho$ Xoem| Zo ^maV Ho$ na_mUw narjUm| H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE ^maV Ho$ pIbm\$ Am{W©H$ à{V~§Y hoVw OmoaXma Anrb H$s& 12 _B© 1998 H$mo MrZ Ho$ {dXoe _§Ìmb` Zo H$hm ""MrZr gaH$ma J§^raVm go ^maV Ûmam {H$E JE na_mUw narjU Ho$ ~mao _| qM{VV h¡ Am¡a `h narjU dV©_mZ A§Vam©ï´>r` àd¥{V Ho$ {bE Am¡a X{jU E{e`m _| em§{V Am¡a pñWaVm Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b Zht h¡§& nm{H$ñVmZ Zo X{jU E{e`mB© joÌ _| na_mUw h{W`mam| H$s hmo‹S> H$mo ^‹S>H$mZo Ho$ {bE ^maV H$mo Xmof {X`m& nm{H$ñVmZr {dXoe _§Ìr Jm¡ha A`y~ ImZ Zo H$hm {H$ nm{H$ñVmZ ^maV H$s ~am~ar Ho$ {bE V¡`ma h§¡& h_ _| j_Vm h¡, h_ g^r joÌm| _| ^maV Ho$ gmW g§VwbZ ~ZmE aI|Jo&

^maV Ûmam na_mUw narjU H$aZo Ho$ níMmV ^maV Ho$ A{YH$m§e {_Ì ^maV go ZmamO Vmo hmo Jò bo{H$Z ~mdOyX BgHo$ ^maV EH$ na_mUw e{º$ gånÝZ amï´> Ho$ ê$n _| Câm h¡& O¡gm {H$ hoZar {H$qgOa Zo H$hm '"^maV {díd _| CâVr hþB© VmH$V h¡ ^maV {g\©$ joÌr` VmH$V hr Zht h§¡& MrZ H$s Vah ^maV ^r Eogm Xoe h¡ {Ogo A_o[aH$m S>am Y_H$m Zht gH$Vm& {g\©$ X{jU E{e`m hr Zht nyao E{e`m _| empÝV Am¡a pñWaVm Ho$ {bE ^maV EH$ _hËdnyU© Xoe h¡&''7 àYmZ_§Ìr _Z_mohZ qgh Ho$ H$m`©H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ ^maV-A_o[aH$m g§~§Ym| _| ZB© J_m©hQ> _hgyg H$s JB©&

OwbmB© 2005 _| _Z_mohZ qgh H$s A_o[aH$m `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ XmoZm| Xoem| Zo Ag¡Ý` na_mUw D$Om© Ho$ joÌ _| gh`moJ na ~b {X`m Ed§ ^maV Zo AnZo g^r na_mUw g§`§Ìm| H$mo g¡Ý` Ed§ Ag¡Ý` joÌm| _| {d^m{OV H$aZo VWm g^r Ag¡Ý` na_mUw g§`§Ìm| H$mo "AÝVam©ï´>r` na_mUw D$Om© EO|gr' H$s {ZJamZr _| aIZo H$s gh_{V àXmZ H$s& BgH$s EdO _| A_o[aH$m Zo ^maV H$mo dmñV{dH$ na_mUw e{º$ gånÝZ amï´> Ho$ ê$n _| _mÝ`Vm XoZo Ed§ na_mUw Amny{V©H$Vm© g_yh (Nuclear Suppliers Group) Ûmam ^maV H$mo na_mUw gm_J«r H$s Amny{V© H$m AmídmgZ {X`m& `h g_Pm¡Vm gZ² 2008 _| bmJy hþAm& lr ZaoÝÐ _moXr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd dmbr gaH$ma H$s na_mUw Zr{V H$hVr h¡ {H$ ^maV Ho$ na_mUw {gÛmÝV H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmòJm Am¡a g_H$mbrZ MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ gÝX^© _| Cgo AÚVZ {H$`m

OmòJm, gmW hr ~XbVr y-gm_[aH$ dmñV{dH$VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma {dídgZr` Ý`yZV_ g§hmaH$ j_Vm ~Zmò aIr OmòJr&

{Z:eñÌrH$aU na ^maV H$m ê$I

^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V gZ² 1947 go boH$a dV©_mZ VH$ Bg ~mV na {Q>H$s hþB© h¡ {H$ Xþ{Z`m go na_mUw AñÌm| H$m Zm_mo{ZemZ hQ>m {X`m OmE& ^maV H$s "na_mUw eñÌ _wº$ Xþ{Z`m' H$s Anrb Z Ho$db ^maV H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE h¡ A{nVw `h Anrb g_ñV amï´>m| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE ^r h¡§& `hr dOh h¡ {H$ {Z:eñÌrH$aU ^maV H$s {dXoe Zr{V H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© {hñgm h§¡& 1965 _| JwQ>{Zanoj amï´>m| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a ^maV Zo EH$ AÝVam©ï´>r` na_mUw Aàgma g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ àñVmd H$mo Xþ{Z`m Ho$ g_j àñVwV {H$`m {OgHo$ AÝVJ©V na_mUw eñÌ gånÝZ Xoe AnZo na_mUw h{W`mam| H$mo Zï> H$a|Jo§& {Z:eñÌrH$aU Am`moJ Ho$ ^maV g{hV AmR> JwQ> {Zanoj gXñ` amï´>m| Zo Am§{eH$ narjU à{V~§Y g§{Y Ho$ {H«$`mÝdZ _| ^r g{H«$` ^y{_H$m AXm H$s h§¡& BZ JwQ>{Zanoj Xoem| Zo na_mUw epŠV`m| H$mo 16 Aàob 1962 H$mo EH$ g`w§º$ ñ_aU nÌ {X`m, {Og_| na_mUw narjU amoH$Zo Ho$ ~mao _| dmVm© H$aZo Ho$ {bE gwPmd {XE JE& g§`wº$ amï´> _hmg^m Zo Bg ñ_aU nÌ H$m AZw_moXZ {H$`m& Bg nyar à{H«$`m _| ^maV H$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m ahr h§¡& ^maV {ZaÝVa H$hVm ahm h¡ {H$ erV `wÛ g_má hmoZo Ho$ níMmV ^r {díd H$s na_mUw gånÝZVm Á`m| H$s Ë`m| h¡& ^maV Zo AnZr Amoa go na_mUw AmH«$_U H$s nhb Zm H$aZo Am¡a {OZ amï´>m| Ho$ nmg na_mUw e{º$ Zht h¡ CZHo$ {dê$Û AmU{dH$ h{W`mam| H$m BñVo_mb Zm H$aZo H$m AmídmgZ ^r {díd H$mo {X`m h¡, gmW hr ^maV na_mUw AñÌ ~ZmZo H$s Xm¡‹S> _| ^r em{_b Zht h§¡& ^maV H$m na_mUw h{W`mam| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m CX²Xoí` Ho$db Am¡a Ho$db amï´>r` gwajm h¡& Bg àH$ma ^maV Zo `h ~mV ñnï> H$a Xr h¡ {H$ ^maV na_mUw AñÌm| H$mo ~‹T>mZo _| H$^r é{M Zht boZm Am¡a Zm hr na_mUw VH$ZrH$ H$m {Z`m©V H$aoJm&

na_mUw Aàgma g§{Y (NPT) Ed§ ì`mnH$ narjU à{V~§Y g§{Y (CTBT) na ^maV H$m X¥{ï>H$moU

^maV H$m na_mUw B{Vhmg, Zm{^H$s` AñÌm| Ho$ àgma Ho$ Cg H«${_H$ _m°S>b H$mo AñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡, O~ {H$gr {demb Am¡a na_mUw gånÝZ eÌw Xoe Ho$ à{V Agwajm H$s ^mdZm {H$gr AÝ` amï´> H$s Zm{^H$s` h{W`ma àmá H$aZo H$s H$mo{eem| H$m _w»` àoaH$ {gÛmÝV hmoVr h¡§& maV Zo {~ëHw$b ghr T>§J go g_PVo hþE na_mUw àgma Ho$ H«${_H$ _m°S>b H$mo nyU©V`m AñdrH$ma {H$`m& gZ² 1966 _| g§`wº$ amï´> g§K H$s _hmg^m H$s amOZr{VH$ g{_{V Zo na_mUw

ISSN 2348-3857


AñÌm| Ho$ àgma Am¡a {Z_m©U na {Z`ÝÌU (Nuclear Non Proliferation treaty) H$m àñVmd nmg {H$`m& ""1968 _| AUw Aàgma g§{Y H$mo O~ _hmg^m Ho$ g_j {dMmamW© aIm J`m Vmo ^maVr` à{V{Z{Y Zo BgH$m {damoY H$aVo hþE Bgo g§`wº$ amï´> g§K Ho$ {Z:eñÌrH$aU Ho$ {gÛmÝV Ho$ à{VHy$b _mZm Wm, Š`m|{H$ {díd em§{V H$mo na_mUw{dhrZ amÁ`m| _| na_mUw AñÌm| Ho$ àgma go hr IVam Zht h¡§, daZ na_mUw amÁ`m| Ho$ nmg AUw Am`wYm| Ho$ ~Zo ahZo go ^r CVZm hr IVam h§¡&''8 ^maV {ZåZ{bpIV H$maUm| Ho$ AmYma na na_mUw Aàgma g§{Y H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡-

- `h gpÝY ^oX^mdnyU© h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bg gpÝY Ho$ Ûmam ~‹S>r e{º$`m§ AnZo na_mUw g§`Ì AÝVam©ï´>r` {ZarjU Ho$ {bE ImobZo H$mo ~mÜ` Zht h§¡, O~{H$ N>moQ>o amï´>m| Ho$ {bE AÝVam©ï´>r` {ZarjU H$s eV© A{Zdm`© hmoJr&

- `h gpÝY njnmVnyU© h¡ Omo na_mUw AñÌ {dhrZ amï´>m| H$s VwbZm _| na_mUw AñÌ `wº$ amï´>m| H$s CƒVa pñW{V H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go ~Zr h¡§&

- na_mUw Aàgma g§{Y g§`wº$ amÁ` A_o[aH$m, MrZ, ê$g, \«$m§g Am¡a {~«Q>oZ O¡go na_mUw e{º$ gånÝZ amï´>m| Ûmam ^{dî` _| na_mUw {dñ\$moQ> H$aZo na amoH$ Zht bJmVr h¡&

- `h g§{Y {Z:eñÌrH$aU `m eñÌ {Z`ÝÌU Ho$ CX²Xoí` _| ghm`H$ Zht h¡&

""^maV Bg g§{Y na hñVmja H$aZo go nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ Am¡a MrZ H$s pñW{V H$s AZXoIr Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡§& MrZ na_mUw h{W`mam| H$m {Z_m©U ~hþV nhbo hr H$a MwH$m h§¡ Ed§ A~ VH$ Omo VÏ` àH$m{eV hþE h¢, CgHo$ AmYma na Vmo `hr H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ nm{H$ñVmZ Zo na_mUw h{W`ma ~Zm {b`m h¡ Mmho dh BÝH$ma H$aVm aho& ^maV Ho$ {dê$Û MrZ Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ H$m JR>Omo‹S> gd©{d{XV h¡&''9 Eogr n[apñW{V`m| _| ^maV Zo Bg g§{Y na hñVmja H$aZo go gm\$ BÝH$ma H$a {X`m&

ì`mnH$ narjU à{V~§Y g§{Y

OZdar 1994 _| OoZodm _| {Z:eñÌrH$aU hoVw EH$ gå_obZ H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m& Bg gå_obZ H$m CX²Xoí` ì`mnH$ narjU à{V~§Y g§{Y (Comprehensive test Ban treaty) `m gr.Q>r.~r.Q>r. Ho$ àmê$n H$mo V¡`ma H$aZm Wm Vm{H$ AmU{dH$ h{W`mam| Ho$ \¡$bmd H$mo g_J« X¥{ï> go amoH$m Om gHo$& ^maV Zo Bg gå_obZ _| Bg g§{Y Ho$ àmê$n H$m {damoY {H$`m Ed§ H$hm {H$ BgH$m joÌ ~hþV g§H$sU© h¡§& ""11 {gVå~a 1996 H$mo g§`wº$ amï´> g§K H$s _hmg^m _| ^mar ~hþ_V go ~hþM{M©V ì`mnH$ na_mUw

narjU à{V~§Y g§{Y (gr.Q>r.~r.Q>r.) Ho$ àmê$n H$mo nm[aV H$a {X`m& g§{Y Ho$ nj _| 158 _V nSoµ> O~{H$ 3 (VrZ) amï´>m| Zo BgHo$ {damoY _| _V {X`m& {damoY _| _VXmZ H$aZo dmbo amï´>m| _| ^maV, ^yQ>mZ Am¡a br{~`m Wo& ^maV àmê$n H$m Bg AmYma na {damoY H$aVm ahm h¡ {H$ Bg_| nyU© {Z:eñÌrH$aU H$m àmdYmZ Zht h§¡&''10 ^maV Zo {ZåZ H$maU ~VmVo hþE Bg g§{Y na hñVmja H$aZo go _Zm H$a {X`m-

- `h g§{Y XmofnyU© h¡§ Š`mo§{H$ g§{Y bmJy hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Amd{UH$ e{º$ gånÝZ Xoem| Ho$ na_mUw h{W`mam| Ho$ g§dY©Z na H$moB© amoH$ Zht hmoJr&

- `h g§{Y AmU{dH$ h{W`ma aIZo Ho$ _m¡OyXm njnmVnyU© MbZ H$m g_W©Z H$aVr h¡, {Og_| na_mUw e{º$ g§nÝZ Ed§ e{º$embr amï´>m| H$mo AnZr gwajm hoVw na_mUw h{W`ma aIZo H$m A{YH$ma ahoJm, bo{H$Z AÝ` amï´> Bg A{YH$ma go d§{MV ah|Jo&

- ^maV gr.Q>r.~r.Q>r. Ho$ Cg àmdYmZ H$m ^r g»V {damoY H$aVm h¡ {OgHo$ AÝVJ©V `h eV© Wmonr J`r h¡ {H$ O~ VH$ ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ Am¡a BOamBb Bg na hñVmja Zht H$a XoVo V~ VH$ `h gpÝY à^mdr Zht _mZr Om`oJr&

- Bg g§{Y _| AmU{dH$ h{W`mam| H$mo Zï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© {ZpíMV g_` Ad{Y H$m CëboI Zht h§¡&

Bg àH$ma ""npíM_ Ho$ A{YH$ epŠVembr VWm à^mdembr Xoem| Ûmam EH$Va\$m na_mUw VWm A§V[aj àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ g§~§Y _| {ZfoYmË_H$ g§{Y ({_gmBb àm¡Úmo{JH$s {Z`ÝÌU g§{Y `m E_.Q>r.gr.Ama.) ì`dñWmE§ V¡`ma H$s JB© h¡ Am¡a "na_mUw Amny{V© Šb~' g§~§Yr eV] aIr JB© h¡&''11 na_mUw epŠV`m| H$m CX²Xoí` BZ _hËdnyU© joÌm| _| ^maV H$s àm¡Úmo{JH$s g{hV AZwg§YmZ Am¡a {dH$mg H$s j_VmAm| H$m Jbm Km|Q>Zm Wm, Omo h_mar n[a{_{lV AñÌ àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s Yma h¡&

na_mUw AñÌ g§~§Yr ^maV H$s Zr{V

11 Ed§ 13 _B© 1998 Ho$ na_mUw narjUm| Ho$ níMmV 27 _B© H$mo VËH$mbrZ àYmZ_§Ìr dmOno`r Or Zo g§gX _| EH$ KmofUm nÌ àñVwV {H$`m, {Og_| nmoIaU-II Ho$ na_mUw narjUm| Ho$ H$X_ H$mo ghr R>hamVo hþE na_mUw AñÌm| go g§~§{YV ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V H$m {ddaU àñVwV {H$`m, Omo {ZåZmZwgma h¡-

- _B© 1998 _| nmoIaU _| {H$E JE na_mUw narjU ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V H$s {ZaÝVaVm H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

- ""1990 go 1998 VH$ h_mao gwajm dmVmdaU _| ~hþV {JamdQ> AmB© Wr& ^maV H$s XmoZm| gr_mAm| Ho$ nma na_mUw Ed§ {_gmBb ì`dñWmE§ ~‹T> ahr Wr& BgHo$ Abmdm ^maV ~mhar ghm`Vm go hmoZo dmbo AKmo{fV `wÕ H$mo ^r ghZ H$a ahm Wm&''12 AV: amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ _X²XoZOa na_mUw epŠV H$m XOm© hm{gb H$aZm Oê$ar Wm&

- ^maV H$s Zr{V nhbo {H$gr ^r Xoe na na_mUw AñÌm| Ho$ h_bo H$s Zht (No First use of Nuclear Weapons)h¡&

- {díd Ho$ gÝX^© _| XoIo Vmo Aàgma g§{Y na hñVmja H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ^r na_mUw j_Vm dmbo amï´>m| Zo Eogm H$moB© \¡$gbm Zht {H$`m {Oggo `h gm{~V hmoVm h§¡ {H$ h_ bmoJ {Z:eñÌrH$aU Ho$ {gÛmÝVm| H$m {Zð>mnyd©H$ nmbZ H$a aho h¡&

- Eogo dmVmdaU _| {gdm` AnZo amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ _wX²Xo H$mo gm_Zo aIZo Ho$ A{V[aº$ ^maV Ho$ nmg H$moB© Xÿgam {dH$ën Zht h¡§&

- ^maV Ho$ na_mUw AñÌ Ho$db ñd`§ H$s gwajm hoVw H$m_ _| Am`|Jo& BgH$m _Vb~ `h h¡ {H$ h_ {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s na_mUw Y_H$s `m X~md _| Zht Am`|Jo Am¡a Z hr eñÌm| H$s Xm¡‹S> _| em{_b hm|Jo&

- ^maV gaH$ma ha àH$ma Ho$ na_mUw {Z:eñÌrH$aU H$s dmVm© Ho$ {bE V¡`ma h§¡&

- ^maV Zo na_mUw ~_ Ho$ {Z_m©U na ñd¡pÀN>H$ amoH$ bJmZo H$s KmofUm ^r H$s&

Bgr gÝX^© _| dmOno`r gaH$ma Zo OZdar 2003 _| EH$ amï´>r` H$_mZ àm{YH$aU (National Command Authority) Ho$ JR>Z H$s KmofUm H$s, {Og_| àYmZ_§Ìr H$s AÜ`jVm _| EH$ amOZr{VH$ n[afX hmoJr {Ogo àhma H$aZo H$m EH$ _mÌ A{YH$ma hmoJm, gmW hr amï´>r` gwajm gbmhH$ma Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| EH$ H$m`©H$mar n[afX hmoJr Omo amOZr{VH$ n[afX H$mo nam_e© XoJr&

^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V H$s {deofVmE§

- ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V H$m _yb {gÛmÝV No First Use h¡ Omo ^maV H$mo gmar Xþ{Z`m go AbJ Xem©Vm h¡& Bg {gÛmÝV Ho$ AZwgma ^maV {H$gr ^r amï´> na V~ VH$ na_mUw h_bm Zht H$aoJm O~ VH$ {H$ eÌw amï´> ^maV Ho$ D$na h_bm Zht H$a XoVm&

- na_mUw e{º$ {dhrZ amï´> na ^maV H$^r ^r na_mUw h_bm Zht H$aoJm&

- ^maV AnZr na_mUw Zr{V H$mo BVZm _O~yV H$aoJm {H$ eÌw Ho$ _Z _| ^` ~Zm aho&

- Xþí_Z Ho$ pIbm\$ na_mUw h_bo H$s H$m`©dmhr H$m A{YH$ma Xoe Ho$ amOZr{VH$ ZoV¥Ëd H$mo hr hmoJm, hm§bm{H$ Bg_| "amï´>r` H$_mZ àm{YH$aU' H$m gh`moJ ^r Oê$ar hmoJm&

- `{X ^maV `m ^maVr` gwajm ~bm| Ho$ pIbm\$ amgm`{ZH$ `m O¡{dH$ h_bm hmoVm h¡ Vmo ^maV CgHo$ Odm~ _| na_mUw h_bm H$aZo H$m {dH$ën Iwbm aIoJm&

- ^maV {díd H$mo na_mUw h{W`mam| go _wŠV ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {ZaÝVa à`mgaV ahoJm Ed§ na_mUw {Z:eñÌrH$aU H$s _w{h_ H$m h_oem g_W©Z H$aVm ahoJm&

^maVr` na_mUw Zr{V _| ~Xbmd Ho$ g§Ho$V

ZaoÝÐ _moXr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd dmbr gaH$ma Zo ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V _| ~Xbmd Ho$ g§Ho$V {XE h¡& ""bmoH$g^m MwZmd (2019) Ho$ Xm¡amZ amOñWmZ Ho$ ~m‹S>_oa {Obo _| MwZmdr a¡br H$mo gå~mo{YV H$aVo hþE ZaoÝÐ _moXr Zo H$hm {H$ ^maV Zo nm{H$ñVmZ H$s Y_{H$`m| go S>aZo H$s Zr{V H$mo N>mo‹S> {X`m h¡ Am¡a ^maV Zo ^r AnZo Ý`ypŠb`a ~_ Xrnmdbr Ho$ {bE Zht aIo hþE h¡&''13 ^maVr` àYmZ_§Ìr H$m `h dmŠ` maV H$s ~XbVr hþB© na_mUw Zr{V H$m g§Ho$V XoVm h¡& Bggo nyd© _| ^r ZaoÝÐ _moXr gaH$ma _| ajm _§Ìr aho {Xd§JV lr _Zmoha nm{a©H$a Zo ^r AnZr {ZOr am` ì`ŠV H$aVo hþE H$hm Wm {H$ dmo "nhbo BñVo_mb Z H$aZo H$s Zr{V go gh_V Zht h¡ Am¡a dmo Bgo ~XbZm MmhVo h¡&' 16 AJñV 2019 H$mo ^maVr` ajm _§Ìr lr amOZmW qgh Zo ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V _| ~‹S>o ~Xbmd Ho$ g§Ho$V {XE h¡& amOñWmZ Ho$ "epŠV ñWb' nmoIaU _| ajm _§Ìr Zo H$hm {H$ ""{H$gr Ho$ pIbm\$ na_mUw h{W`mam| H$mo nhbo à`moJ Z H$aZm (Zmo \$ñQ>© `yO) h_mar Zr{V h¡ bo{H$Z `h n[apñWV`m| na {Z^©a H$aoJm {H$ AmJo Bg Zr{V _| ~Xbmd hmoJm `m Zhr&''14

H$í_ra _| Ymam 370 hQ>m`o OmZo Ho$ ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ \¡$gbo go ~m¡IbmE nm{H$ñVmZr àYmZ_§Ìr B_amZ ImZ Zo 19 AJñV 2019 H$mo ^maV Ho$ na_mUw h{W`mam| H$mo boH$a ~`mZ {X`m {H$ ""ZaoÝÐ _moXr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd dmbr gaH$ma Ho$ ahVo Xþ{Z`m H$mo ^maV Ho$ na_mUw h{W`mam| H$s gwajm Ho$ ~mao _| {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE&''15 B_amZ ImZ H$m `h ~`mZ ajm _§Ìr amOZmW qgh H$s Cg {Q>ßnUr Ho$ ~mX Am`m h¡ {Og_| CÝhm|Zo g§Ho$V {X`m Wm {H$ {dî` _| maV AnZr na_mUw e{º$ go Ow‹S>r Zr{V _| ~Xbmd H$a gH$Vm h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


{ZîH$f©

em§{VnyU© gh ApñVËd ^maVr` {dXoe Zr{V H$m _yb {gÛm§V ahm h¡ AV: ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V ^r D$Om© Ho$ em§{VnyU© Cn`moJ H$s ahr h¡& AmO ^maV na_mUw _wº$ {díd H$s nhb Ho$ gmW-gmW ôX^md _wŠV na_mUw {Z:eñÌrH$aU Ho$ {bE ^r à{V~Õ h¡ {\$a ^r A§{hgm Ed§ n§Merb Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| na MbZo dmbm ^maV amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ _X²XoZOa AmO na_mUw VmH$V ~ZH$a Câm h¡& ^maV Zo A~ Bg hH$sH$V H$mo g_P {b`m h¡ {H$ Ho$db AmË_g§`{_V hmoZo go hr AÝVam©ï´>r` g_wXm` {deof ê$n go _hmepŠV`m| go `w{º$`wº$ Odm~ àmá Zht hmo gH$Vm& ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V _| dV©_mZ _| O~aXñV ~Xbmd Am`m h¡& dV©_mZ _| ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V Bg {dídmg na AmYm[aV h¡ {H$ `h D$Om© d amï´>r` g¡Ý` e{º$ H$m gmYZ hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW {díd empÝV H$m ^r _mÜ`_ h¡&

nmoIaU-II Ho$ ~mX A_o[aH$m, ê$g, {~«Q>oZ Am¡a \«$m§g Zo ^r _mZm h¡ {H$ ~hþYw«dr` {díd ì`dñWm _| ^maV H$m e{º$ Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ ê$n _| CâH$a gm_Zo AmZm {ZpíMV h§¡ {bhmOm Bg AmYma na g§`wº$ amï´> gwajm n[afX H$s ñWm`r gXñ`Vm hoVw ^maV H$m ñdm^m{dH$ A{YH$ma ~ZVm h¡§& AmO ^maV EH$ g§`{_V Ed§ AZwem{gV na_mUw Zr{V H$s ~Xm¡bV AnZo amï´>r` gwajm Ed§ amï´>r` {hVm| H$s ajm g\$bVmnyd©H$ H$a gH$Vm h¡& CnamoŠV VÏ`m| Ho$ AmYma na h_ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V {Ogo _B© 1974 _| EH$ {Xem àmá hþB© Wr AmO EH$ Eogo _wH$m_ na nhþ§M J`r h¡ {Ogo h_ EH$ g\$b-Zr{V H$s g§km Xo gH$Vo h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. O¡Z, ~r.E_., à_wI Xoem| H$s {dXoe Zr{V`m±, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2000, n¥.g§. 365

2. qgh, amO~mbm, ^maV H$s {dXoe Zr{V, Am{dîH$ma npãbeg©,

{S>ñQ´>rã`yQ>g©, O`nwa, 2005, n¥.g§. 234

3. AmoPm, erbm, g_H$mbrZ ^maVr` {dXoe Zr{V, í`m_ àH$meZ,

O`nwa, 2005, n¥.g§. 94

4. \«§$Q> bmBZ, OyZ 1998, n¥.g§. 26

5. dmOno`r, AQ>b {~hmar, _oar g§gXr` `mÌm, gånmXH$ Zm._m.

KQ>mQ>o, à^mV àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1999, n¥.g§. 117

6. aÎmy, H¥$îU Hw$_ma, ^maVr` na_mUw narjU Am¡a {ZeñÌrH$aU,

nmoBÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 1998, n¥.g§. 69

7. H$mobr, gr.E_., à_wI Xoem| H$s {dXoe Zr{V`m±, gm{hË`mJma,

O`nwa, 2001, n¥.g§. 61

8. \${‹S>`m, ~r.Eb. Ed§ \${‹S>`m, Hw$bXrn, AÝVam©ï´>r` gå~ÝY,

gm{hË` ^dZ npãbHo$eÝg, AmJam, 2018, n¥.g§. 362

9. e_m©, _Wwambmb Ed§ O¡Z, e{e Ho$., AÝVam©ï´>r` amOZr{V,

H$m°boO ~wH$ {S>nmo, O`nwa, 2018, n¥.g§. 340

10. e_m©, _Wwambmb, AÝVam©ï´>r` gå~ÝY, H$m°boO ~wH$ {S>nmo,

O`nwa, 2018, n¥.g§. 303

11. Xr{jV, Oo.EZ., ^maVr` {dXoe Zr{V, à^mV àH$meZ, ZB©

{Xëbr, 1999, n¥.g§. 274

12. n§V, nwînoe, O¡Z, lrnmb Ed§ n§Mm¡bm, amIr, AÝVam©ï´>r` g§~§Y-

{gÛmÝV Am¡a ì`dhma, _rZmjr àH$meZ, _oaR>, 2018, n¥.g§.

422

13. amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, 22 Aàob, 2019

14. amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, 17 AJñV, 2019

15. Q>mBåg Am°\$ BpÊS>`m, 19 AJñV, 2019

àñVmdZm

AÜ`mnH$ {ejm EH$ e¡{jH$ Am`moOZ h¡ {Og_| {d{^ÝZ ñVar` Ed§ dJu` AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo Bg Vah go {e{jV H$aZo Ho$ {bE à`ËZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ A{J«_ àOÝ_ H$mo kmZ Ed§ _yë`m| Ho$ hñVmÝVaU Ho$ gmW hr CZHo$ g_ñV e¡{jH$ Ed§ {dH$mgmË_H$ Xm{`Ëdm| H$mo J«hU Ed§ dhZ H$aZo _| do gj_ hmo gH|$ VWm CZ_| ZdmMma Ho$ gmW gm§ñH¥${VH$ CÔrnZ Ed§ _mZdVm ~moY H$m g_Ýd`mË_H$ {dH$mg H$aZm gå^d hmo gHo$& {ejU H$mo CÚ_ `m àmo\o$eZ Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE `h Amdí`H$ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| CÚ_JV Zr{V ~moY Ed§ g§doJmË_H$ nj _| ^r XmgVm àXmZ H$aZo H$s ì`dñWm hmo& BgHo$ {bE gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Z¡{VH$ Ed§ g_ñV Mm[a{ÌH$ _`m©XmAm| Ho$ gmW hr amï´>r` àOmVm§{ÌH$ _yë`m| H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ {bE g\$b à`mg H$aZm Bg Am`moOZ H$m bú` hmoJm& ñnï> h¡ {H$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _mÌ EH$ CÚ_ H$m`© Zht h¡ ~pëH$ EH$ Eogm {_eZ h¡ {OgHo$ _mÜ`_ go amï´>r` g§X^© _| AmYw{ZH$ Ed§ n[ad{V©V AÜ`mnH$s` ^y{_H$m Ho$ {Zd©hZ Ho$ {bE XjVm VWm Hw$ebVm àm{á hoVw ì`pŠV`m| H$mo {e{jV {H$`m Om gHo$, g§jon _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm, AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ {bE {ejm Am`moOZ h¡& ^maV Eo{Vhm{gH$

emoY gmam§e

àñVwV emoY ""AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V AZwg§YmZm| H$s àd¥{Îm H$m g§~§{YV gm{hË` Ho$ g§X^© _| AÜ``Z'' na {H$`m J`m h¡& àñVwV AÜ``Z Ho$ Ûmam `h OmZZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V AZwg§YmZ {d{^ÝZ e¡{jH$ Amdí`H$VmE± Ed§ àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ VWm CƒVa ñVa H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a {H$ò Jò h¡§ `m Zht& àËòH$ emoY _| {d{^ÝZ emoYm{W©`m| Ho$ Ûmam {d{^ÝZ joÌm| H$mo OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© Ho$ {bE MwZm OmVm h¡ Vmo Š`m AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| OZg§»`m VWm Ý`mXe© Ho$ ê$n _| {d{^ÝZVm XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡? VWm {H$Z-{H$Z emoY CnH$aUm| (àíZmdbr, gmjmËH$ma, AZwgyMr, {ZYm©aU _mnZr Ed§ g_mO{_{V) H$m à`moJ Ed§ H$m¡Zgr gm§p»`H$s` {d{Y`m| H$m à`moJ àñVwV AÜ``Z _| {H$`m J`m h¡& `h OmZZo Ho$ {bE àñVwV emoY AÜ``Z _| àH$aU go g§~§{YV {d{^ÝZ gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … AÜ`mnH$ {ejm, àd¥{Îm, _{hbm g§X{^©V AZwg§YmZ

ê$n go hr {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| AJ«Ur ahm h¡& ^maV _| AÜ`mnH$-{ejm CVZr hr àmMrZ h¡ {OVZr H$s ^maVr` {ejm& `{X g_mO _| {H$gr ^r ê$n _| {ejm H$m ApñVËd h¡ Vmo dhm± na {ejH$ Am¡a N>mÌ H$m ApñVËd ^r Adí` hr hmoJm& gm_mÝ` {ejm ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW AÜ`mnH$-{ejm nyU©V g§b¾ h¡& AÜ`mnH$ {ejm ì`dñWm H$m OÝ_ {ejm Ho$ gmW hr 2500 eVmãXr nyd© hþAm&

AmYw{ZH$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$m`©H«$_ _| n`m©á VÝ_`Vm Ed§ bMrbmnZ H$mo Oê$ar _mZm Om ahm h¡, Š`m|{H$ gm_m{OH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${V n[aX¥í` _| AmO VoOr go n[adV©Z hmo ahm h¡& AV: EH$ ZdmMm[aH$ àUmbr Ho$ ê$n _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$m _hËd AmO AË`{YH$ h¡ {OgHo$ _mÜ`_ go godmnyd© VWm godmH$mbrZ XmoZm| hr ñVa na g¡ÕmpÝVH$ VWm àm`mo{JH$ ZdmMm[aH$ e¡{jH$ n[adV©Zm| H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZm g§^d hmo gHo$& AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$mo A{YH$ à^mdr, gmW©H$ Ed§ g_rMrZ ~ZmZo H$s {Xem _| amï´>r` Ed§ g§ñWmJV ñVa na AZoH$ à`mg {H$ò Jò h¡§, {Oggo AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$m {dH$mg hmo gHo$, amï´>r` AÜ`mnH$ {ejm n[afX (NCTE)Ûmam dV©_mZ nmR²>`H«$_ _| g_mO Ed§ {dÚmb`rZ _m±J Ho$ AZwgma g§emoYZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm AZw^d {H$ò OmZo na ~w{ÕOr{d`m|,

AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V AZwg§YmZm| H$s àd¥{Îm H$m g§~§{YV gm{hË` Ho$ gÝX^© _| AÜ``ZS>m°. AO` gwamUmgh AmMm`©, {ejm {d^mJ, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, Q>m|H$ (amOñWmZ)

Jm¡ad amZremoYmWu, {ejm {d^mJ, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, Q>m|H$ (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


{ejmempñÌ`m| Ed§ joÌ _| H$m`©aV AÜ`mnH$ {ejH$m| Ho$ gh`moJ go nmR²>`H«$_ àmê$n {Z{_©V Ed§ g§emoYZ {H$ò Jò& Bgr H«$_ _| {díd{dÚmb` AZwXmZ Am`moJ (UGC) Zo ^r AÜ`mnH$ {ejm hoVw nmR²>`H«$_ AmH$pënV {H$E& NCTE Ûmam amï´>r` ñVa na nmR²>`H«$_ AmH$ënZ Ed§ g§emoYZ H$m à`mg 1978, 1988 Ed§ 1998 _| {H$`m J`m VWm UGC Ûmam 1990 VWm 2002 _| Bgr Ho$ {bE à`mg {H$ò Jò&

AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$m CÔoí` à{e{jV AÜ`mnH$m| H$s g§»`m _| d¥{Õ, CZHo$ JwUmË_H$ ñVa _| gwYma, ì`mdgm{`H$ j_VmAm| H$m {dH$mg H$aZm, CZH$s à{V~ÕVm H$mo _O~yV H$aZm, H$jmAm|, {dÚmb` d g_mO _| CZHo$ ì`mdgm{`H$ àXe©Z H$mo ~ohVa ~ZmZo Ho$ gmW-gmW EH$ {dH${gV Ed§ ñdñW g_mO H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm ^r AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$m hr CÎmaXm{`Ëd h¡& Š`m|{H$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr EH$ ~ohVa g_mO H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& ^maV _| {ejm Ed§ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo CgH$s JwUdÎmm, j_Vm Ed§ g{H«$`Vm H$s X¥{ï> go XoIm OmE Vmo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ ì`mdhm[aH$ H$m`©H«$_m| Ûmam Cƒ ñVar` à`mg Ho$ ê$n _| bmoJm| H$mo V¡`ma H$aZm AmgmZ H$m`© Zht h¡ {\$a ^r ñdV§Ì ^maV Ed§ CgHo$ àXoem| _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE AZoH$ à`mg {H$ò Om aho h¡§&

àËòH$ Xoe àXoe H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{V Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ed§ AÝ` _mZd{Z{_©V gmYZ gw{dYmAm| H$m à^md OZ-OrdZ na n‹S>Vm h¡& \$bV: {ejm H$m joÌ ^r Bg à^md go ANy>Vm Zht ahVm& ^maV Ho$ ~‹S>o àXoem| _| amOñWmZ H$s pñW{V {d{eï> h¡&

amOñWmZ {nN>bo XeH$m| _| AË`§V {nN>‹S>o amÁ`m| H$s loUr _| ahm h¡& {ejm Ed§ gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg _§Ìmb` (1978) Ho$ à{VdoXZ _| Xem©ò Jò Zm¡ {nN>‹S>o amÁ`m| H$s loUr _| amOñWmZ ^r em{_b Wm& amOñWmZ Xoe H$m gdm©{YH$ joÌ\$b dmbm amÁ` h¡, naÝVw gmjaVm H$s X¥{ï> go amOñWmZ Xÿgam g~go {nN>‹S>m amÁ` h¡& 1957 _| Ohm± amOñWmZ H$s gmjaVm Xa _mÌ 8.02 à{VeV (2.51 à{VeV _{hbm gmjaVm) Wr, Omo 1981 VH$ Ho$db 24.05 à{VeV (11.32) à{VeV _{hbm gmjaVm) hmo nmB©& df© 1981 VH$ amÁ` _| Ho$db 70 à{VeV ~mbH$-~m{bH$mE°§ hr ñHy$bm| _| àdoe bo nmVr Wr, gZ² 1901 _| ñHy$bm| _| Zm_m§{H$V 100 b‹S>H$m| Ho$ _wH$m~bo _| b‹S>{H$`m| H$s g§»`m àmW{_H$ ñVa na 12 Am¡a _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa na 4 Wr, CƒVa {ejm _| b‹S>{H$`m| H$m Hw$b Zm_m§H$Z 264 Wm, {Og_| go 78 b‹S>{H$`m± _o{S>H$b H$m°boOm| _| Am¡a 11 {ejm H$m°boOm| _| Wr& Bg eVmãXr Ho$ àmaå^

H$s ~mV h¡& Bg eVmãXr Ho$ _Ü` AWm©V² 1950-51 _| 100 b‹S>H$m| H$s VwbZm _| àmW{_H$ ñVa na 39, Cƒ àmW{_H$ ñVa na 21, _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa na 15 b‹S>{H$`m± {dÚmb` Om ahr Wr& kmVì` h¡ {H$ "Aga' 2013 [anmoQ>© Ho$ AZwgma ^r amOñWmZ _| 11 go 14 df© H$s 11 à{VeV N>mÌm`| e¡{jH$ gÌ² 2012-2013 _| {dÚmb` hr Zht JB©, 11 go 14 df© H$s N>mÌmAm| H$m {ejm H$m ñVa df© 2007 go bJmVma {JaVm Om ahm h¡& df© 2011 _| Ohm± 9 à{VeV N>mÌmE°§ {dÚmb`m| go Xÿa Wr, dht 2012 _| ~‹T>H$a 11 à{VeV na Om nhw±Mr h¡& {Z:g§Xoh àXoeâ _| N>mÌmAm| Ho$ {ejm go Xÿa hmoZo Ho$ Am°§H$‹S>m| _| ~‹T>moÎmar Ho$ AZwgma amOñWmZ _| _{hbm gmjaVm Xa Ho$db 52.66 à{VeV Wm&

{H$gr ^r amï´> H$s nanam, g§ñH¥${V Ed§ {dH$mg Cg amï´> H$s _{hbmAm| go n[ab{jV hmoVr h¡, Zmar H$s gwX¥‹T> Ed§ gå_mZOZH$ pñW{V Ed§ CÝZV, g_¥Õ Ed§ _O~yV g_mO/amï´> H$s ÚmoVH$ h¡&

Xoe H$m {dH$mg V^r nyU© ê$n go g§^d h¡& O~ Xoe H$m àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$ {ejm àmá H$ao& b‹S>Ho$ Ed§ b‹S>{H$`m± XmoZm| H$mo {ejm Ho$ g_mZ Adga àmá hmo VWm b‹S>H$m| Ho$ gmW-gmW b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo ^r Cƒ {ejm àmá H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma hmo Ed§ ñÌr {ejm _| Anì`` VWm AdamoYZ H$mo H$_ {H$`m Omò Š`m|{H$ b‹S>H$m| H$s Anojm b‹S>{H$`m| _| Anì`` d AdamoYZ A{YH$ nm`m OmVm h¡& {ZY©ZVm, A{e{jV _mVm-{nVm, ê${‹T>dm{XVm b‹S>{H$`m| H$s {ejm Ho$ à{V g§Hw${MV d ZH$mamË_H$ X¥{ï>H$moU, nam_e© d {ZX}eZ H$m A^md, XmofnyU© narjm àUmbr, AÜ`m{nH$mAm| H$s H$_r Am{X b‹S>{H$`m| H$s {ejm _| Anì`` d AdamoYZ Ho$ {bE _w»` ê$n go CÎmaXm`ra hmoVo h¡§& ñÌr {ejm Ho$ àgma Ho$ {bE Anì`` AdamoYZ H$s g_ñ`m H$mo Xÿa H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡& Anì`` VWm AdamoYZ H$s g_ñ`m H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE {d{^ÝZ emoYH$m`© ^r {H$ò Jò h¡§ {Og_| ~m{bH$m Zm_m§H$Z VWm ~m{bH$m embm Ë`mJ H$s pñW{V H$m nVm bJm`m Om gHo$&

{_lm, Cn_m (2009). amOñWmZ amÁ` H$s àmW{_H$ H$jmAm| _| ~m{bH$m n[aË`mJ (S´>m°nAmCQ>) Xa EH$ àd¥Ë`mË_H$ {díbofU (2001-2006), AàH$m{eV emoY. dZñWbr&

PmP{‹S> m, arQ>m. (2011). Cƒ {ejm _| AZwgy{MV Om{V d AZwgy{MV OZOm{V H$s ~m{bH$mAm| H$s Zm_m§H$Z pñW{V AàH$m{eV bKw emoY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, Ed§ {dO`, g§Ord. (2015). amOñWmZ amÁ` _wŠV {ejm _| ~m{bH$m Zm_m§H$Z : EH$ gm§H$m{bH$ AÜ``Z. AàH$m{eV emoY. dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>. Zo ~m{bH$m Zm_m§H$Z Ed§ ~m{bH$m n[aembmË`mJ na emoY AÜ``Z {H$`m&


ISSN 2348-3857

amï´> na g^r ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ {bE {ejm H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡& Eogo _| nwê$fm| Ho$ gmW-gmW _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm ^r A{Zdm`© h¡& _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm H$m _hËd gdm}n[a h¡& h_mao g§gmYZm| Ho$ nyU© {dH$mg, n[adma Ho$ gwYma, g_mO _| gwYma, ~ƒm| Ho$ M[aÌ {Z_m©U, Xoe Ho$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm nwê$fm| H$s {ejm go A{YH$ _hËdnyU© h¡& AZoH$ gaH$mar Ed§ J¡agaH$mar à`mgm| Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r J«m_rU joÌm| _| _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm Ho$ à{V AmO ^r gr{_V X¥{ï>H$moU h¡& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| nwê$fm| VWm pñÌ`m| H$mo nyU©-ê$noU g_mZ XOm© XoVo hþE {ejm Ho$ àgma na ~b {X`m J`m h¡ VWm pñÌ`m| H$s {ejm Ho$ {bE gaH$ma AZoH$ Vah H$s `moOZmE°§ Mbm ahr h¡ O¡go- {Z:ewëH$ ~m{bH$m {ejm, H$ñVya~m Jm±Yr ~m{bH$m {dÚmb` `moOZm, {ejm H$m A{YH$ma, ~oQ>r ~MmAmo ~oQ>r n‹T>mAmo, {Z:ewëH$ gmB{H$b {dVaU `moOZm, amï´>r` AmÜ`mpË_H$ {ejm A{^`mZ Ed§ gd©{ejm A{^`mZ {Ogo A~ g_J« {ejm A{^`mZ H$hm Om ahm h¡ VWm BZ `moOZmAm| H$m _{hbm {ejm na Š`m à^md n‹S> ahm h¡ `h OmZZo Ho$ {bE {d{^ÝZ emoY H$m`© {H$ò Om aho h¡§& O¡go -

AJ«dmb, ^maVr (2009) Zo gd©{ejm A{^`mZ Ho$ VhV² Q>m|H$ {Obo _| e¡{jH$ {dH$mg H$s àd¥{Îm, bKw emoY à~ÝY AÜ``Z {H$`m, lrdmñVd, g¥{ï> (2015) Zo JmJu Ed§ {à`X{e©Zr nwañH$ma àmá N>mÌmAm| H$s àd¥{Îm H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Ed§ O¡Z, Zohm (2011) Zo Q>m|H$ {Obo _| ~m{bH$m {ejm hoVw H$ñVya~m Jm±Yr Amdmgr` ~m{bH$m {dÚmb` H$m `moJXmZ na AÜ``Z {H$`m&

_{hbmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg hoVw {ejU g§ñWmAm| _| {H«$`mpÝdV H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo C{MV ñWmZ XoZo VWm nmR²>`H«$_ H$m Am`moOZ, _{hbmAm| _| AÀN>o JwUm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo X¥{ï>JV aIVo hþE H$aZo na ~b {X`m& AmO ^maV Xoe Zmar OmJaU H$m `wJ ~Z J`m h¡ Am¡a ñÌr {ejm Ho$ g_ñV joÌm| _| {dbjU H«$m§{V AmB© h¡& gZ² 1882 _| ^maV _| Eogr Ho$db 2054 pñÌ`m± Wr Omo Hw$N> n‹T>-{bI gH$Vr Wr, O~{H$ 2001 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma gmja pñÌ`m| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>H$a 2.7 H$amo‹S> go ^r A{YH$ hmo JB©&

gZ² 1883 _| Ohm± nhbr ~ma EH$ ñÌr Zo ~r.E. nmg {H$`m& dht AmO 7.5 bmI go A{YH$ b‹S>{H$`m± {d{^ÝZ {díd{dÚmb`m| _| ñZmVH$ Am¡a ñZmVH$moÎma H$jmAm| _| n‹T> ahr h¡& AZw_m{ZV h¡ {H$ {díd _| {Zajam| H$s g§»`m 850 {_{b`Z h¡ {OgH$m 50 à{VeV ^maV _| {Zdmg H$aVm h¡& `{X _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm H$s ~mV H$a| Vmo Xþ{Z`m± Ho$ àËòH$ VrZ {Zajam| _| go Xmo _{hbm`| h¡§& ^maV _| 20011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma 65.46 à{VeV _{hbmE± gmja nm`r JB©&

dV©_mZ g_` _| pñÌ`m| H$s pñW{V _| gwYma hoVw H$B© à`ËZ {H$ò Om aho h¡§& CZ_| go à_wI h¡§ - pñÌ`m| Ho$ {bE {ejm H$m àËòH$ joÌ Iwbm h¡, CZHo$ {bE ì`mdgm{`H$ Ed§ àm¡Úmo{JH$s {ejU g§ñWmE°§ ^r Iwbr hþB© h¡, {ejm _| àmoËgmhZ XoZo H$s X¥{ï> go AZoH$ gw{dYmE°§ ^r àXmZ H$s Om ahr h¡& _{hbm`| ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejm J«hU H$a AmË_{Z^©a ~Z ahr h¡&

nmarH$, {à`§H$m (2010) Zo N>mÌmÜ`m{nH$mAm| H$s gm_m{OH$ ~w{Õ H$m g§àofU e¡br d A{YJ_ e¡br na à^md, e_m©, amYm (2011) Zo Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa na N>mÌmAm| Ûmam {ejmemñÌ {df` H$m M`Z H$aZo Ho$ {ZYm©aH$ H$maH$m| H$m AÜ``Z Ed§ ~m_mJmoÝX, dr. A{Zb Ed§ EM. (2011) Zo ñQ>S>r Am°\$ àmo\o$eZ EQ²>Q>r`yS> Am°\$ dr_oZ Q>rMg© Am°Z X ~o{gg Am°\$ Xoà ¹$m{b{\$Ho$eZ EÊS> _o[a{Q>`b ñQ>oQ²>g, na AÜ``Z {H$`m& AV: g§jon _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ d¥{VH$ (Professional) {dH$mg na ^r emoY Ho$ à`mg {H$ò Jò h¡§&

naÝVw BZ g~Ho$ hmoVo hþE ^r _{hbmAm| H$mo H$B© àH$ma H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S> ahm h¡& naÝVw g_m`moOZ g§~§Yr g_ñ`mE°§, H$m`©ñWb na gh`mo{J`m|, H$_©Mm[a`m| g§~§Yr g_ñ`mE°§, _{hbmAm| go g§~§{YV AnamYm| H$s g§»`m _| d¥{Õ VWm H$m`©joÌ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo nwê$fm| H$s Anojm Xmoham XOm© àXmZ H$aZm Am{X& _{hbmAm| go g§~§{YV BZ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V VWm à_m{UV OmZH$mar emoYm| Ho$ Ûmam hr nVm bJm`r Om gH$Vr h¡& emoYm{W©`m| Ûmam BZ g_ñ`mAm| go g§~§{YV emoY H$m`© ^r {H$ò Jò h¡§& O¡go - H$m¡{eH$, A_¥Vm (2012) Zo AàH$m{eV _{hbm Ed§ H$m`©erb _{hbm AÜ`mnH$m| H$s d¡dm{hH$ g_m`moOZ g§~§Yr g_ñ`mAm| H$m AÜ``Z. Ý`y Xohbr Ed§ lrdmñVd, gmYZm (2015) Zo H$m`©erb _{hbmAm| H$s H$m`©X~mdJ«ñVVm H$m CZH$s e¡j{UH$ mo½`Vm, H$m`©ñWb Ho$ dmVmdaU Ed§ gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ ñVa Ho$ g§X^© _| AÜ``Z {H$`m&

_{hbm {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ emoY H$m`© {H$ò Om aho h¡§, Vm{H$ _{hbm {ejm go g§~§{YV g_ñ`mAm| H$s à_m{UV OmZH$mar àmá H$s Om gHo$ VWm _{hbm {ejm go g§~§{YV emoY AÜ``Zm| Ho$ {ZîH$fm|© Ho$ AmYma na g_ñ`mAm| H$m {ZamH$aU {H$`m Om gH|$ VWm CZHo$ g§X^© _| gwPmd àñVwV {H$ò Om gHo$&

naÝVw amÁ` gaH$mam| Ûmam e¡{jH$ Adgam| H$s g_mZVm H$m bú` A^r ^r nyam Zht hmo nm ahm h¡, ñÌr {ejm H$m à{VeV A^r ^r H$_ h¡& Aën Am`w _| {ddmh, _mVm-{nVm H$m b‹S>{H$`m| H$s Cƒ {ej Ho$ à{V CXmgrZ X¥{ï>H$moU hmoZm, b‹S>H$m| H$s {ejm H$mo _hËd

ISSN 2348-3857


{X`m OmZm VWm b‹S>H$s H$mo nam`m YZ g_PZm Am{X Hw$N> Eogo H$maU h¡§, {Oggo e¡{jH$ Adgam| H$s g_mZVm H$m Adga nyam Zht hmo nm ahm h¡, {Og H$maU h_mao Xoe _| ñÌr {ejm CVZr Zht ~‹T> nm`r h¡, {OVZr ~‹T>Zr Mm{hE Wr&

AmOH$b _{hbmAm| H$mo {ejm àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE {OVZo Adga {_b aho h¡§, CVZo CÝh| nhbo H$^r Zht {_bo Wo, {\$a ^r CZH$s dV©_mZ {ejm Ho$ _mJ© _| AZoH$ ~mYmE°§ h¡§, pñÌ`m| H$s pñW{V CZHo$ g_mO H$s g_ñ`m Ho$ ñVa H$m à{V{~å~ hmoVr h¡& AWm©V² BVZo à`mgm| Ho$ ~mX ^r b‹S>{H$`m± CVZr {ejm J«hU Zht H$a nm ahr h¡ {OVZo gaH$ma à`mg H$a ahr h¡& b‹S>{H$`m| H$s {ejm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ CZH$s {ejm hoVw `mo½` AÜ`mnH$/AÜ`m{nH$mE°§ CnbãY hm|& _ZmoObVm {g§h (2012) Zo amOñWmZ _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s àd¥{Îm H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m&

AÜ`mnH$ {ejm dmñVd _| {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg H$m Ho$ÝÐ {~ÝXþ h¡& {deofH$a b‹S>{H$`m| H$s {ejm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {bE _{hbm AÜ`mnH$m| H$m _mÌmË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ {dH$mg AË`ÝV Amdí`H$ h¡&

AV: _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm _| gwYma Ho$ {bE AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$m`©H«$_ _| gwYma H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& àmW{_H$ {ejm, _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm Ed§ Cƒ {ejm _| _{hbm AÜ`mnH$ Amdí`H$ ê$n go hmoZo Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ _{hbm AÜ`mnH$m| H$s H$_r ^r _{hbm {ejm _| _w»` AdamoYH$ nm`r JB© h¡& df© 1950-51 _| amOñWmZ amÁ` _| {ejH$ {ejm {dÚmb`m| Eg.Q>r.gr. ñHy$b H$s g§»`m 15 Wr, {Og_| nwê$f d _{hbm g§ñWmZm| H$s g§»`m H«$_e: 12 d 03 Wr& bo{H$Z 1955-56 _| {ejH$-{ejm {dÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m KQ>H$a 13 ah JB© {OZ_| nwê$f H$s 11 d _{hbm H$s 2 Wr& 1960-61 _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm {dÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m 55 hmo JB© {Og_| 51 nwê$f H$s d 4 _{hbm g§ñWmE°§ Wr& {ejH$ {ejm _hm{dÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m 4 hmo JB© {Og_| H$moB© _{hbm _hm{dÚmb` Zht Wm& 1965-66 VH$ {ejH$ {ejm {dÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>H$a 63 hmo JB© VWm _{hbm g§ñWmAm| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>H$a 7 hmo JB©&

AÜ`mnH$ {ejm H$s JwUdÎmm ~Zmò aIZo Ho$ {bE _{hbm Ed§ nwê$f {ejH$m| _| g_mZ AZwnmV hmoZm Mm{hE, Omo gm_mÝ`V: Zht nm`m OmVm h¡& gwamUm, AO` (2005) Ho$ AZwgma, _{hbm VWm nwê$f {ejH$m| H$m AmZwnm{VH$ A§Va 1:6 go ~‹T>H$a 1:4 ah J`m h¡& nwê$f {ejH$m| H$s d¥{Õ Xa _{hbm {ejH$m| go {ZaÝVa A{YH$ ahr h¡&

nwê$f Ed§ _{hbm {ejH$m| Ho$ {ZaÝVa AZwnm{VH$ ~Xbmd H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE àd¥{Îm g§~§{YV emoY {H$ò Om gH$Vo h¡§& àd¥Ë`mË_H$

AÜ``Z à_m{UV Am°§H$‹S>m| Ho$ AZwX¡Ü`© AÜ``Z na AmYm[aV h¡& Bg_| `h g§Ho$V {X`m OmVm h¡ {H$ ^yVH$mb _| Š`m Wm? dV©_mZ n[apñW{V`m± {H$g Amoa B§{JV H$aVr h¡§? VWm BZ Am°§H$‹S>m| go AmJo Š`m ^{dî` hmoJm? AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| {d{^ÝZ àH$aU g§~§Yr àd¥Ë`mË_H$ emoY H$m`© {H$ò Jò h¡§ O¡go - qgh _ZmoObVm (2012) amOñWmZ _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s àd¥{Îm H$m AÜ``Z, gwamUm, AO` (2005) e¡{jH$ {dH$mg H$s àd¥{Îm, Á`moËgZm (2015) CÎma àXoe amÁ` _| Cƒ ì`mdgm{`H$ OZnX H$s àmW{_H$ ñVa na àJ{V _| gd© {ejm A{^`mZ H$s ^y{_H$m H$m àd¥Ë`mË_H$ AÜ``Z Am{X&

emoY EH$ {dH$mg H$s {Xem _| geŠV gmYZ h¡ {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n h_ AnZo {H«$`mH$bmnm| H$mo à^mdr Ed§ AmgmZ ~Zm gH$Vo h¡§& AÜ`mnH$ {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg hoVw {H$g àH$ma Ho$ emoY H$m`© {H$ò Jò h¡§& {deofH$a _{hbm AÜ`mnH$m| go g§~§{YV `h OmZZm AË`§V _hËdnyU© h¡&

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX go hr `h _hgyg {H$`m J`m {H$ AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo g_`-g_` na CZHo$ kmZ _| d¥{Õ H$aZo Ho$ {bE à{ejU MbmE OmZo Mm{hE Am¡a Bgr CÔoí` H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE 1955-58 Ho$ _Ü` ñZmVH$ à{ejU g§ñWmZ ñWm{nV {H$ò Jò Am¡a VËníMmV² {Za§Va BZ à{ejU g§ñWmAm| _| d¥{Õ hmoVr JB©& _wImonmÜ`m`, __©a (2002) Ho$ AZwgma ^maV _| df© 2002 VH$ bJ^J 450 {dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ {bE {dÚmb`m| Ed§ {ejH$m| H$s Oê$aV hmoJr& {ZXoemb` _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm ~rH$mZoa Ho$ 2009-10 Ho$ àJ{V à{VdoXZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ g¡H$ÊS´>r ñVa na 64,304 ~mbH$ Ed§ 22,528 ~m{bH$m {dÚmb` AWm©V² Hw$b 86,832 {dÚmb` Iwb MwHo$ Wo& gr{Zà g¡Ho$ÊS´>ar ñVa na 65,862 ~mbH$ Ed§ 25,874 ~m{bH$m Hw$b 91,736 {dÚmb` Iwb MwHo$ Wo& AWm©V² àmW{_H$ Ed§ _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm H$m VoOr go {dH$mg hþAm h¡& Bg hoVw à{e{jV {ejH$m| H$s Amdí`H$Vm _| {ZaÝVa d¥{Õ hþB© h¡& e_m© (2015) Zo AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| AmB©.gr.Q>r. g§~§{YV emoY H$m àd¥Ë`mË_H$ AÜ`Z {H$`m J`m {Og_| AmB©.gr.Q>r. g§~§{YV emoYm| H$s nhMmZ H$aZm, emoY OZg§»`m, emoY ñWmZ, Ad{Y {ZåZ g§X^m|© _| AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m& Bg àH$ma go {H$gr r joÌ _| {H$ò Jò emoYm| Ho$ g_mH$bZ Ûmam Cg joÌ _| emoY H$m`m] H$s pñW{V Ed§ Amdí`H$Vm H$mo g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡&

amOñWmZ H$s gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo XoIVo hþE _{hbm {ejm H$s AË`ÝV Amdí`H$Vm _hgyg H$s OmVr h¡& amOñWmZ Bg g_` Xoe H$m g~go A{YH$ joÌ\$b dmbm amÁ` h¡& {Og_| EH$


ISSN 2348-3857

Amoa _ê$ñWbr` g§^mJ, Xÿgar Am¡a _¡XmZr Ed§ nhm‹S>r BbmHo$ _m¡OyX h¡ Ohm± e¡{jH$ Amdí`H$VmE°§ Ed§ e¡{jH$ ñVa {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ h¡& àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ Ed§ Cƒ ñVa g^r Ho$ {bE AbJ-AbJ AÜ`mnH$m| H$s ì`dñWm H$s OmVr h¡, CZHo$ {bE AbJ-AbJ H$m`©H«$_ Mbmò OmVo h¡§& Vmo Š`m {d{^ÝZ ñVam| na AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| (àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ) emoY H$m`© {H$ò Jò h¡§? AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ Mam| na AÜ``Z {H$ò OmVo h¡§ O¡go- _{hbm AÜ`mnH$m| H$s H$_r, _{hbm AÜ`mnH$m| H$s g_ñ`mE±, godmnyd© Ed§ godmH$mbrZ _{hbm AÜ`mnH$ Vmo àíZ `h h¡ {H$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V emoY AÜ``Zm| _| {H$Z-{H$Z Mam| Ho$ AmYma na ~hþbVm go Ü`mZ Ho$ÝÐU {H$`m J`m h¡?

amOñWmZ _| {d{^ÝZ {Obm| _| bJ^J 80 à{VeV OZg§»`m J«m_rU joÌ _| {Zdmg H$a ahr h¡& {d{^ÝZ emoYm{W©`m| Ho$ Ûmam {d{^ÝZ joÌm| H$mo OZg§»`m Ed§ Ý`mXe© Ho$ {bE MwZm OmVm h¡ Vmo Š`m amOñWmZ amÁ` _| ^r AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| OZg§»`m VWm Ý`mXe© Ho$ AmYma na H$moB© {^ÝZVm XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡?

AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX AZoH$ Zr{VJV ê$n go n[adV©Z gm_Zo Amò h¡§& AbJ-AbJ amÁ` gaH$mam| Zo AnZo AZwê$n Zr{V`m| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ Am¡a ò Zr{VJV n[adV©Z emoY Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr {H$ò OmVo h¡§ AWm©V² AmOmXr Ho$ ~mXgo A~ VH$ {d{^ÝZ dfm|© _| {Za§Va emoY H$m`© {H$ò Om aho h¡§ Vmo Š`m 2001 go gZ² 2018 _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V emoY AÜ``Zm| _| g_`md{Y Ho$ AmYma na {^ÝZVm XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡?

{d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ emoY AÜ``Zm| _| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ emoY CnH$aUm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡, O¡go- àíZmdbr gmjmËH$ma, AZwgyMr, {ZYm©aU _mnZr Ed§ g_mO{_{V Am{X Vmo amOñWmZ _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V emoY AÜ``Zm| _|§ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go emoY CnH$aUm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡? Bgr àH$ma {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ emoY AÜ``Zm| _| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$s gm§p»H$s` {d{Y`m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& O¡go- gmaUr`Z, aoIm{MÌ, {Zê$nU, à{VeV, H$mB© ñ¹$mà narmU, ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$, àVrnJ_Z {díbofU Ed§ Q>r Q>oñQ> Am{X Vmo `hm± àíZ `h h¡ {H$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V emoY AÜ``Zm| _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Zgr _{hbm g§X{^©V emoY AÜ``Zm| _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr gm§p»H$s` {d{Y`m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡?

AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| gm_mÝ`V: g^r amÁ`m| _| emoY H$m`© {H$ò OmVo h¡§ O¡go- qgh, _ZmoObVm (2012) AàH$m{eV emoY Ho$ AZwgma - Aê$UmMb àXoe, {h_mMb àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$ X_Z Ed§

Ûrd Am{X Ho$ emoY AÜ``Z go `h kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm g§ñWmZm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ed§ {dVaU H$m VwbZmË_H$ ê$n go AÜ``Z H$aZm dV©_mZ g_` _| e¡{jH$ {dH$mg hoVw àmg§{JH$ h¡& CŠV g^r àXoem| _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s pñW{V na emoY H$m`© {H$ò Jò h¡§ bo{H$Z amOñWmZ H$s dV©_mZ AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V AZwg§YmZm| H$s àd¥{Îm OmZZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m emoY H$m`© A~ VH$ Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg{bò emoYH$Ìu Zo AnZo emoY {df` H$m M`Z {H$`m h¡&

{ZîH$f©

e¡{jH$ emoY H$m`© {H$gr e¡{jH$ g_ñ`m go Amaå^ hmoVm h¡&

AV: BgHo$ Ûmam `m {H$gr g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ hmoVm h¡ AWdm

g_ñ`m g_mYmZ hoVw ZdrZ OmZH$mar àmá hmoVr h¡& AV: àñVwV

emoY àemgH$m| H$s X¥{ï> go Cn`moJr h¡, Š`m|{H$ àmá {ZîH$fm}§ go

àemgZ H$mo AÜ`mnH$ {ejm _| _{hbm g§X{^©V AZwg§YmZm| H$s

dmñV{dH$ pñW{V H$mo AmH$bZ H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a _{hbm g§X{^©V

emoY H$m`m]§ na Ü`mZ Ho$pÝÐV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ VWm emoY H$m`©

H$admò Om gH$Vo h¡§& _{hbmAm| H$s X¥{ï> go àñVwV emoY H$m`©

Cn`moJr h¡, Š`m|{H$ _{hbm g§~§Yr emoY H$m`m]§ go _{hbm {ejm

VWm _{hbmAm| go g§~§{YV g_ñ`mAm| H$s OmZH$mar àmá hmoVr h¡&

AV: _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm VWm g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gwYmaZo H$m à`mg

{H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

g_mO H$s X¥{ï> go ^r àñVwV emoY H$m`© AË`ÝV Cn`moJr h¡,

Š`m|{H$ àñVwV emoY AÜ``Z _{hbmAm| H$mo {e{jV VWm CÝh|

ñdmdbå~r ~ZmZo na ~b XoVm h¡& {Oggo _{hbmAm| H$s ñd{Z_m©U

j_Vm, AmË_{dídmg Am{X JwUm| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ Omo {H$

bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$s Ztd h¡ VWm àñVwV emoY

AÜ``Z _| _{hbmAm| H$s g_mO _| pñW{V H$m nVm bJm`m Om

gH$Vm h¡&

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. {dO`. g§Ord, amOñWmZ amÁ` _wŠV {ejm _| ~m{bH$m Zm_m§H$Z

H$m gm§H${bH$ AÜ``Z, AàH$m{eV emoY à~ÝY, dZñWbr

{dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2015

2. gwamUm, AO`, e¡{jH$ {dH$mg H$s àd¥{Îm, nm°nwba ~wH$ {S>nmo,

O`nwa, 2005

3. Hw$_ma, ZaoÝÐ, AÜ`mnH$ {ejm, AOw©Z npãbqeJ hmD$g, {Xëbr,

2016, n¥.g§. 1-3

ISSN 2348-3857


4. qgh, _ZmoObVm, amOñWmZ _| AÜ`mnH$ {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s àd¥{Îm H$m AÜ``Z, AàH$m{eV bKw emoY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2012

5. Á`moËgZm, CÎmaàXoe amÁ` _| Cƒ ì`mdgm{`H$ OZnX H$s àmW{_H$ ñVa na àJ{V _| gd© {ejm A{^`mZ H$s ^y{_H$m H$m àd¥Ë`mË_H$ AÜ``Z, AàH$m{eV bKw emoY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2015

6. O¡Z, Zohm, Q>m|H$ {Obo _| ~m{bH$m {ejm hoVw H$ñVya~m Jm±Yr Amdmgr` ~m{bH$m {dÚmb` H$m `moJXmZ na AÜ``Z, àH$m{eV emoY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2011

7. e_m©, Ama.EZ., AÜ`mnH$ {ejm, BÝQ>aZoeZb npãbqeJ hmD$g, _oaR>, 2005, n¥.g§. 12-13

8. ^Å>mMm`©, Or.gr., AÜ`mnH$ {ejm, {dZmoX nwñVH$ _pÝXa, AmJam, 2012, n¥.g§. 12-13

9. A{¾hmoÌr, adrÝÐ, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` {ejm : g_ñ`mE°§ Am¡a g_mYmZ, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2006

10. H$m¡{eH$, A_¥Vm, dm` {Q>qMJ BO B {à\$S©> H¡$[aà \$m°a dr_oZ? AàH$m{eV bKw emoY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2012

11. ~m_mJmoÝX, dr. A{Zb EÊS> {ham¡br, ñQ>S>r Am°\$ àmo\o$eZb EQ²>Q>rQ²>`yS> Am°\$ {d_oZ Q>rMg© Am°Z X ~o{gg Am°\$ Xoà

¹$m{b{\$Ho$eZ EÊS> _o{Q>[a`b ñQ>oQ²>g, EOy[agM©, dm°ë`y_-2, 2011, n¥.g§. 16-18

12. H$m¡a, Jwa{dÝXa, AH$m`©erb _{hbm Ed§ H$m`©erb _{hbm AÜ`mnH$m| H$s d¡dm{hH$ g_m`moOZ g§~§Yr g_ñ`mAm| H$m AÜ``Z : EOyQ>óŠg, Xrn EÊS> Xrn npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, dm°ë`y_-7, 2007

13. AJ«dmb, ^maVr, gd©{ejm A{^`mZ Ho$ VhV² Q>m|H$ {Obo _| e¡{jH$ {dH$mg H$s àd¥{Îm H$m AÜ``Z, AàH$m{eV bKw emoY à~ÝY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2009

14. nmarH$, {à`§H$, N>mÌmÜ`m{nH$mAm| H$s gm_m{OH$ ~w{Õ H$m g§àofU e¡br d A{YJ_ e¡br na à^md, AàH$m{eV bKw emoY à~ÝY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2009

15. e_m©, amYm, Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa na N>mÌmAm| Ûmam {ejmemñÌ {df` H$m M`Z H$aZo Ho$ {ZYm©aH$ H$maH$, AàH$m{eV bKw emoY à~ÝY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2011

16. PmP{‹S>`m, arQ>m, Cƒ {ejm _| AZwgy{MV Om{V d AZwgy{MV OZOm{V H$s ~m{bH$mAm| H$s Zm_m§H$Z pñW{V, AàH$m{eV emoY à~ÝY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2011

17. lrdmñVd, g¥{ï>, JmJu Ed§ {à`X{e©Zr nwañH$ma àmá N>mÌmAm| H$s àd¥{Îm : EH$ {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``Z, bKw emoY à~ÝY, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, amOñWmZ, 2015

àñVmdZm

Odmhabmb Zohê$ AnZo ñd^md, AÜ``Z Ed§ A{^YmaUmAm| Ho$ H$maU ê${‹T>dmX, g§àXm`dmX VWm H$Å>admX Ho$ {damoYr Wo& Zohê$ ^maV Ho$ àW_ ZoVm Wo {OÝhm|Zo g§àXm`dmX Ho$ gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOZr{VH$ Am`m_m|, CgH$s àH¥${V, bjUm| VWm H$maUm| H$mo R>rH$ àH$ma go g_Pm& Zohê$ H$s maV Ho$ ~mao _| g_P VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZ Zo CÝh| ^maVr` gä`Vm Ho$ CZ {d{eï> bjUm| go n[a{MV H$am`m, Omo ^maV H$mo EH$ n¥WH$ nhMmZ VWm _O~yVr àXmZ H$aVo h¡§& Zohê$ Zo {bIm Wm {H$- h_ Y_©{Zanoj ^maV Ho$ ~mao _| ~mV H$aVo h¡§, Š`m BgH$m VmËn`© Eogo amÁ` go h¡ Omo g^r àH$ma Ho$ _Vm| H$mo g_mZ Adga VWm gå_mZ XoVm h¡, Omo EH$ amÁ` Ho$ ê$n _| IwX H$mo {H$gr ^r Y_© `m {dídmg go gå~Õ Zht aIVm, Bg àH$ma `h EH$ amÁ` Y_© ~Z OmVm h¡...^maV _| Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm H$m bå~m B{Vhmg ahm h¡& `h Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` H$m _mÌ EH$ nhby h¡& g§H$sU© gmoM OZg§»`m H$m A{Zdm`© ê$n go {d^mOZ H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Cg pñW{V _| amï´>dmX ^r AnZo gr{_V AWm|© _| gm_Zo AmVm h¡& Zohê$ H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU

emoY gmam§e

AmOmX ^maV Ho$ nhbo àYmZ_§Ìr n§{S>V Odmha bmb Zohê$, gƒo _m`Zm| _| Y_©{Zanoj, AmYw{ZH$ Am¡a bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ _yë`m| H$mo OrZo dmbo _mZdVmdmXr ZoVm Wo& n§{S>V Zohê$ Zo O~ Xoe H$s H$_mZ g§^mbr Wr V~ CÝhm|Zo Xoe H$s amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWm H$mo EH$ g§`wº$ Odm~Xohr H$m ê$n XoZo H$m à`mg {H$`m Vm{H$ ha {dMma Am¡a {dMmaYmam H$m `moJXmZ Xoe Ho$ {Z_m©U _| {b`m Om gHo$& Zohê$ OmZVo Wo {H$ ^maV "EH$ {dMma', "EH$ g§ñH¥${V', "EH$ Y_©', "EH$ ^mfm' Zht h¡ ~pëH$ ò {d{^ÝZ OrdZe¡{b`m| H$m Xoe h¡, Ohm± "EH$m{YH$ma' {H$gr H$m Zht "gdm©{YH$ma' g^r H$m h¡& dmo _mZVo Wo Am¡a AmO ò gm{~V hmo J`m h¡ {H$ "ò gmar {d{dYVmE§' Ho$db bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWm _| hr EH$ gmW ah gH$Vr h¡§, Ohm± g^r H$mo AmOmXr hmo Am¡a dmo Xoe Ho$ _hËd H$mo IwX hr g_P|& Zohê$ H$s bmoH$V§Ì H$s AdYmaUm ì`pŠV H$s ñdV§ÌVm VWm _mZdr` _yë`m| Ho$ _hÎd H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡& CZH$m àOmV§Ì EH$ Eogr amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m Cnm` h¡, Omo ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$mam| H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW-gmW gm_m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m ^r hb Ty>±T>Vr h¡& Zohê$ Zo àOmV§Ì H$s ì`mnH$ YmaUm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m, Omo ñdV§§ÌVm VWm g_mZVm _| gm_§Oñ` bm gHo$& CZH$m àOmV§Ì ì`pŠVJV ñdV§ÌVm VWm g_mO H$ë`mU XmoZm| Ho$ _ob-{_bmn na AmYm[aV h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … Zohê$ Am¡a amOZr{V, Zohê$ Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì, bmoH$V§Ì Zohê$ H$s XoZ

npíM_r Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ Wm& gmW hr do ^maVr` n[apñW{V`m| H$s O{Q>bVmAm| H$mo ^r g_PVo Wo& CZHo$ AZwgma- H$moB© ^r g§J{R>V Y_© {ZandmX ê$n go EH$ {Z{hV ñdmW© ~Z OmVm h¡, Omo A{Zdm`©V: àJ{V Ed§ n[adV©Z {damoYr à{V{H«$`mdmXr e{º$ Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡&

Zohê$ Am¡a ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì

Zohê$ Ho$ bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {dMmam| _| Om°Z bm°H$ (OZ gh_{V go emgZ) ê$gmo (ì`pŠV ñdV§Ì OÝ_ boVm h¡ naÝVw gd©Ì ~ÝYZm| _| OH$‹S>m ahVm h¡) _m°ÊQ>oñŠ`y (epŠV n¥ÏWH$aU d {Z`§ÌU d g§VwbZ {gÕmÝV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go emgZ {Za§Hw$eVm H$m AdamoY) Ooao_r ~oÝW_ (EH$ ì`pŠV, EH$ dmoQ>) Oo.Eg. {_b (à{V{Z{Y emgZ, ñdV§ÌVm H$s YmaUm, amOZr{VH$ g_mZVm, _{hbm-nwê$f g_mZVm) Am¡a H$mb© _mŠg© Ho$ {dMmam| H$m gm_§Oñ` {dÚ_mZ h¡&

O~ Zohê$ "bmoH$V§Ì' eãX H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Vmo {ZpíMV ê$n go CgH$m AW© Š`m h¡? `h CgHo$ OrdZ H$s {d{^ÝZ AdñWmAm| _| {df`dñVw Ho$ gmW AW© àñVwV H$aVm h¡& ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE

n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ Am¡a ^maVr` bmoH$V§ÌS>m°. ~rZm _hbmdV

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZI§So>bdmb d¡í` _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


g§Kf© Ho$ Ama§{^H$ {XZm| _| `h ñdemgZ Ho$ ZOXrH$ AW© aIVm h¡& bmoH$V§Ì H$m _Vb~ {dXoer emgZ go AmOmXr Am¡a dmñV{dH$ à{V{Z{Y gaH$ma go Wm& Zohê$ Zo ~mX _| g_mOdmXr {dMmam| Ho$ ê$n _| bmoH$V§Ì H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& naÝVw ñdV§Ì ^maV _| bmoH$V§Ì ~hþAm`m_r AW© Xem©Vm h¡ O¡gm {H$ Zohê$ Ho$ Bg dmŠ`m§e go A{^b{jV hmoVm h¡- ""_¡§ H$hZm Mmhÿ±Jm {H$ bmoH$V§Ì Z Ho$db amOZr{VH$ h¡ Am¡a Z Ho$db Am{W©H$ daZ² _mZ{gH$ AdpñW{V h¡ O¡gm {H$ {ZpíMV ê$n go àËòH$ dñVw hr EH$ _mZ{gH$ AdpñW{V hmoVr h¡& Ohm± VH$ g§^d hmo `h Am{W©H$ d amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| g~ bmoJm| H$mo Adga H$s g_Vm CnbãY H$amVm h¡& `h ì`pŠVJV CÝZ{V Ho$ {bE Am¡a AnZr j_VmAm| d `mo½`VmAm| H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm CnbãY H$amVm h¡& Bg_| g{hîUwVm H$m dh {ZpíMV ñVa em{_b h¡ Omo AÝ` bmoJm| Ho$ à{V hr Zht daZ² CZHo$ à{V Omo ñd`§ go {^ÝZ _V aIVo h¢& `h pñWa Z hmoH$a JË`mË_H$ àUmbr h¡ Omo n[adV©Zm| go A{YH$ Am¡a A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ~Z OmVr h¡& AÝVV: {ZpíMV ê$n go h Am{W©H$ d amOZr{VH$ g_ñ`mAm| _| AZwà`wŠV _mZ{gH$ X¥{ï>H$moU h¡&

Zohê$ Ûmam à`wŠV eãX (bmoH$V§Ì) H$m Ü`mZnyd©H$ AÜ``Z H$aZo na BgH$s Mma _hËdnyU© gmW©H$ n[a^mfmE± A{^ì`ŠV hmoVr h¡& CZ_| go VrZ C{ëbpIV H$WZ _| hr AÝV{Z©{hV h¡& ò n[a^mfmE± bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ ~mao _| Zohê$ Ho$ qMVZ Ho$ dmñV{dH$ Ed§ {d{^ÝZ X¥{ï>H$moUm| `m _hËd H$mo n[ab{jV H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> nañna-ì`mnr `m ñdm^m{dH$ Amodab¡qnJ ^r h¡& Mmam| n[a^mfmE± Bg Vah {díbo{fV h¡-

· ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ê$n _| bmoH$V§Ì H$s n[a^mfm {Og_| _mZdr` _yë`m| H$m Ehgmg hmo gHo$&

· {Z`V gaH$mar g§ñWmZm| Am¡a à{H«$`mAm| Ho$ ê$n _| bmoH$V§Ì H$s n[a^mfm&

· g_mO H$s Eogr g§aMZm Ho$ ê$n _| n[a^m{fV bmoH$V§Ì {Og_| H«$_e: Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm H$s àm{á hmoJr&

· ì`pŠVJV Ed§ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ {ZXmZ Ho$ à{V {ZpíMV ì`dhma Am¡a X¥{ï>H$moU Ho$ ê$n _| n[a^m{fV bmoH$V§Ì&

Zohê$ Zo bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ gaH$ma H$s g§ñWmAm| Ed§ {gÕmÝVm| H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVo hþE ñnï> {H$`m {H$ à{V{Z{YËd Ho$ _mÜ`_ go bmoH${à` à^wgÎmm, gmd©^m¡{_H$ d`ñH$ _Vm{YH$ma Ho$ {gÕmÝV na {Z`VH$m{bH$ {Zdm©MZ, ~hþ_V H$m emgZ VWm {Oå_oXma amOZr{VH$ Xb d ZoV¥Ëd hr gƒo bmoH$V§Ì H$mo ñWm{nV H$a gH$Vo

h¢& Zohê$ H$m {dMma Wm {H$ ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ ^maV Ho$ bmoJm| Ûmam hr {Z{_©V hmoZm Mm{hE& `Ú{n VmËH$m{bH$ n[apñW{V`m| _| g§{dYmZ g^m Ho$ {bE `h nyU©V: g§^d Z hmo nm`m (g§{dYmZ g^m AàË`jV: A{YH$m§e ê$n _| {Zdm©{MV d Ae§V: _ZmoZrV Wr) g§{dYmZ H$mo AmJo H$s Amoa ~‹T>Vm hþAm, bMrbm Ed§ n[adV©Zr` ~ZmZo _| {dídmg ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& {Oggo {H$ ~XbVr hþB© n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ gmW Vmb_ob ~¡R>mZm g§^d hmo gHo$& pñWa g§{dYmZ _¥Ë`w Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm h¡&

Zohê$ Zo amOZr{VH$ bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ gmW hr Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| ^r bmoH$V§Ì H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo H$mo AnZm bú` ñdrH$ma {H$`m& Zohê$ Bg H«$_ _| g§gXr` bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ à{V d\$mXma ~Zo& Zò ^maV Ho$ {bE Zohê$ Zo g_mOdmXr d bmoH$V§ÌdmXr XmoZm| hr _yë`m| H$mo {ZYm©aU {H$`m h¡& àËòH$ ì`pŠV H$mo CÝZ{V Ed§ àJ{V Ho$ {bE Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ d amOZr{VH$ VrZm| hr joÌm| _| A{YH$V_ g§^mì` g_mZ Adga {_bZm A{Zdm`© h¡& O¡gm {H$ \$adar, 1962 _| "~§Jbm¡a' Ho$ mfU _| H$h aho Wo {H$- ""dmoQ> H$m A{YH$ma AÀN>m Ed§ Cn`moJr h¡, naÝVw EH$ ^yIo Ed§ Z§Jo ì`pŠV Ho$ {bE BgHo$ H$moB© _m`Zo Zht hmoVo h¡ AV: bmoH$V§Ì Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| ^r ñWm{nV hmo&''

Zohê$ Ho$ AZwgma Am{W©H$ bmoH$V§Ì g_mO _| Am{W©H$ g§aMZm _| g_mZVm Ho$ bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {gÕmÝV H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m g_W©Z H$aVm h¡& g_mO _| {dÚ_mZ Am{W©H$ ôX^md Ed§ {df_VmAm| H$mo Xÿa {H$ò {~Zm bmoH$V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm Zht hmo gH$Vr h¡& CZHo$ Bg {dMma Ho$ nrN>o _ybV: d àË`j ê$n go g_mOdmX H$s YmaUm ahr h¡ {Ogo do "g_VmdmXr g_mO' Ho$ ê$n _| d{U©V H$aVo h¢& CZHo$ Am{W©H$ bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Xmo _yb AmYma (i) g_mZVm na AmYm[aV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ g§ñWmZ& (ii) bm^ àm{á Ho$ Üò` Ho$ ñWmZ na nmañn[aH$ gh`moJ na AmYm[aV Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm& Zohê$ Ho$ AZwgma Ho$db A{YH$ go A{YH$ gån{Îm H$m g§J«hU hr _mZdr` OrdZ H$m CÔoí` ~Zm boZm emofUH$mar ì`dñWm H$mo OÝ_ XoVm h¡& CƒV_ _mZdr` OrdZ ñVa H$s CnbãYVm g~Ho$ {bE hmo `hr Am{W©H$ bmoH$V§Ì h¡& EH$ H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` Ho$ Ûmam Bgo àmá H$aZo _| _hËdnyU© ghm`Vm {_b gH$Vr h¡& Ohm± Ho$db ^m¡{VH$ CÝZ{V hr Zht daZ² _mZdr` J[a_m H$s ^r ñWmnZm hmoVr h¡& Zohê$ Ho$ BZ {dMmam| H$mo H$m§J«og H$m`©H$m[aUr g{_{V Ûmam 1950 _| Kmo{fV Am{W©H$ H$m`©H«$_ _| ñnï> {H$`m J`m&

EH$ H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm H$m _yb Üò` Am{W©H$ bmoH$V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm hr h¡& EH$ Ý`yZV_ amï´>r` OrdZ ñVa Z Ho$db ^m¡{VH$ daZ² gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| ^r ñWm{nV H$aZm Omo bmoJm| Ho$ OrdZ `mnZ Ho$ ñVa H$mo D$na CR>mVm h¡& nyU©


ISSN 2348-3857

amoOJma, emofU H$m AÝV Am¡a Am` d gån{Îm H$s {df_VmAm| _| AÝVa H$_ H$aZm Am¡a g~Ho$ {bE ì`pŠVËd {dH$mg Am¡a AmË_ {dH$mg Ho$ g_mZ Adga CnbãY H$amZm BgHo$ _yb CÔoí` h¡& Bg àH$ma Zohê$ Ho$ AZwgma {Og àH$ma go _mZdr` {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ñdV§ÌVm An[ahm`© h¡ Cgr Vah go Am{W©H$ g_mZVm ^r dm§N>Zr` h¡& g_mOdmXr {MÝVH$ O`àH$me ZmamÙ H$mo {bIo JE nÌm| _| ^r Zohê$ Zo Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡& `Ú{n Jm±Yr H$m X¥{ï>H$moU Bg ~mao _| ì`pŠV go g_mO H$s Amoa ~‹T>Vm h¡ naÝVw Zohê$ Bgo g_mO go ì`pŠV H$s Va\$ bo OmVo h¢&

ì`pŠVJV ñdV§ÌVm VWm gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU Ho$ g_Ýd` ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go Zohê$ Zo {_{lV AW©ì`dñWm na ~b {X`m& {Og_| {ZOr VWm gmd©O{ZH$ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ CÚ_m| H$mo {dH$mg H$m Adga {_boJm& Bg àH$ma Zohê$ H$m g_mOdmX dJ© g§Kf© d qhgm H$m g_W©Z Zht H$aVm, Z hr {ZOr gån{Îm Ho$ g_mnZ H$m njYa h¡, A{nVw gmd©O{ZH$ {hV H$s Ñ{ï> go Cg na gr_m bJmZo H$m g_W©Z H$aVm h¡& gm_mOdmXr Zr{V`m| H$mo bmJy H$aZo hoVw Zohê$ Zo `moOZm~Õ {dH$mg (n§Mdfu` `moOZmAm|), ^y{_-gwYma H$mZyZm| (O_tXmar-CÝ_ybZ) gm_wXm{`H$ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ Ý`yZV_ _OXÿar H$mZyZm| Am{X H$m ghmam {b`m& Cno{jV dJm] Ho$ CËWmZ d H$ë`mU hoVw ^r g_`-g_` na H$mZyZ ~ZmE JE& Zohê$ Ho$ g_mOdmXr qMVZ H$m AÝVam©ï´>r` nj ^r h¡& àOmVm§{ÌH$ g_mOdmX gm_«mÁ`dmX H$m {damoYr VWm namYrZ amï´>m| H$s ñdmYrZVm H$m njYa h¡& Zohê$ Zo AÝVam©ï´>r` em§{V d gwajm _| {dídmg OVmVo hþE g§`wº$ amï´> g§K H$s ñWmnZm H$mo _hÎdnyU© _mZm, {dXoer {Z`§ÌU VWm JwQ>~ÝXr H$m {damoY H$aZo dmbr JwQ>{ZanojVm H$s Zr{V H$s Ztd aIr VWm "n§Merb" _| AmñWm OVmB©&

Zohê$ Zo bmoH$V§Ì H$mo EH$ OrdZ e¡br Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& {OgH$m _yb bú` _mZd Om{V Ho$ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE epŠV H$mo ^r _mZd Ho$ hmWm| _| gm¡§nZm h¡& bmoH$V§Ì H$mo Z Ho$db ^maV Ho$ {bE daZ² nyar Xþ{Z`m Ho$ amï´>m| Ho$ {bE {hVH$mar gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& Bg n{dÌ gmYZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr n{dÌ bú`m|-_mZd H$s J[a_m Ed§ à{Vð>m H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZm; _mZd _mÌ Ho$ ~rM {dÚ_mZ Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm Ho$ ñVa na {dôX H$mo H$_ H$aZm; g_VmdmXr g_mOdmX H$mo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ d empÝVnyU© gmYZm| H$s ghm`Vm go ñWm{nV H$aZm; ~hþg§»`H$m| Ho$ gmW-gmW Aëng§»`H$m| Ho$ {hVm| H$m nyam Ü`mZ aIZm; emgZ gX¡d OZgh_{V go hmo; AÝVam©ï´>r` empÝV d gh`moJ ñWm{nV H$aZm; _mZdr` emofU na AmYm[aV g^r gmYZm| H$m AÝV H$aZm BË`m{X H$mo àmá H$aZm h¡& _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ eãXm| _| - ""npÊS>V

Zohê$ _ybV: EH$ ^maVr` hr Zht h¡, daZ² AÝVam©ï´>dmXr ^r h¡& Bgr {deofVm Zo Cgo àËòH$ dñVw H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` X¥{ï>H$moU Ho$ ZO[aò go XoIZo dmbm ~Zm`m h¡; Am¡a dh EH$ _hmZ² _mZddmXr h¡; dh _mZdVm H$m H$ë`mU H$aZo dmbr {H$gr ^r ~mV H$m {damoY Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡....O~ _¡§ Or{dV Zht ahÿJm± Vmo {ZíM` hr Cgo _mby_ hmoJm {H$ n{dÌ bú`m| H$mo H¡$go àmá {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

_hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ gmpÝZÜ` _| ahH$a Zohê$ Zo "gmÜ` d gmYZ H$s n{dÌVm' Ho$ {gÕmÝV H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m Am¡a qhgm Ho$ àËòH$ ñdê$n go K¥Um H$s h¡& CgHo$ AZwgma bmoH$V§Ì bú` àm{á H$m empÝVnyU© nW h¡ CÝht Ho$ eãXm| _|- ""bmoJ H$mZyZ _| n[adV©Z H$m Ed§ `hm± VH$ {H$ emgZ _| ~Xbmd Ho$ {bE ^r empÝVnyU© d bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ n[adV©Z H$m A{YH$ma aIZm MmhVo h¡ naÝVw Omo bmoJ qhgm Ho$ nW H$mo AnZmVo h¡, do bmoH$V§Ì _| {dídmg Zht aIVo Am¡a CZH$m amñVm à~b hmo Omò Vmo bmoJm| H$s ~war Xem d AamOH$Vm H$m _mhm¡b hmoJm&

Zohê$ Zo bmoH$V§Ì H$mo _mZd Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg Ho$ AÀN>o gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm`m& CZH$s `h YmaUm Wr {H$ _mZd H$m Xþ:I {H$gr dmX `m g_mO ì`dñWm H$m Bg amï> `m Cg amï> go b‹S>Zo go Xÿa Zht hmoJm& dh V~ hr Xÿa hmoJm O~ g§gma _| empÝV ñWm{nV hmoJr, EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ à{V K¥Um g_má hmo Om oJr, N>moQ>o-~‹S>o H$m An_mZ Z hmoJm, a§J, Om{V, Y_© H$m H$moB© oX Z hmoJm Am¡a gdmo©n[a _mZdr` Amdí`H$VmE± nyU© hmoJr& Cg_| hrZ ^mdZm Z hmoJr& Zohê$ Zo JwQ>{ZanojVm, empÝV, {_ÌVm, ghApñVËd, n§Merb O¡gr Zr{V`m± AnZm`r& h gd©{d{XV h¡ {H$ CZHo$ à^md go H$mo[a`m, BÊS>mo-MrZ, H$m§Jmo BË`m{X {díd wÕ H$s qMJmar bJmZo dmbo {ddmX Am§{eH$ ê$n go hb hmo J o d b‹S>mB© ê$H$ J`r& ^maV H$s YaVr na g_`-g_` na _hmZ² bmoJ AdV[aV hmoVo aho h¡& Xoe d Xb Zo Zohê$ H$mo VmZmemh ~ZZo H$s nyU© gw{dYm `m Adga àXmZ {H$ o VWm{n do VmZmemh Zht ~Zo& CÝhm|Zo bmoH$V§Ì H$m nyU© gå_mZ {H$`m Am¡a Eogm H$moB© H$X_ Zht CR>m`m {Ogo bmoH$V§Ì H$m {damoYr H$hm Om gHo$& CÝhm|Zo bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ AZwemgZ H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m d empÝV, Ý`m` Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ gOJ àhar ~Zo aho& Eogr H$m © àUmbr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Zohê$ Zo ^maV _| bmoH$V§Ì H$s g\$bVm Ho$ nyd© AmYmam| H$mo nhbo hr ñWm{nV H$a {X`m& `hr à_wI H$maU h¡ {H$ ^maV _| bmoH$V§Ì H$s g\$bVm Zo AZoH$ npíM_r {dMmaH$m| H$s ^{dî`dm{U`m| H$mo JbV gm{~V H$a {X`m&

""h_Zo g§gXr` bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ àUmbr H$mo gmoM-g_PH$a hr MwZm h¡; h_Zo Bgo Ho$db Bgr H$maU Zht MwZm {H$ h_mam gmoMZo H$m VarH$m Hw$N> hX VH$ Eogm hr ahm ~pëH$ Bg H$maU ^r {H$ `h àUmbr h_mar nwamVZ naånamAm| Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡& ñdm^m{dH$ h¡

ISSN 2348-3857


{H$ àmMrZ naånamAm| H$m nwamVZ ñdê$n _| Zht A{nVw ZB© n[apñW{V`m| Am¡a Zò dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwgma ~XbH$a AZwgaU {H$`m J`m h¡; Bg nÕ{V H$mo MwZZo H$m EH$ H$maU `h ^r h¡ {H$ h_Zo XoIm {H$ AÝ` Xoem| _|, {deof ê$n go `yZmBQ>oS> qH$JS>_ _| `h àUmbr g\$b ahr h¡&

Zohê$ Zo ^maVr` n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwê$n hr bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ g§gXr` àUmbr H$mo AnZm`m h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma ^maV EH$ Abm¡{H$H$ amï´> h¡, Ohm± {d{dY ^mfmAm|, Y_m}§, g§ñH¥${V`m|, àmH¥${VH$ {df_VmAm|, a§J-ê$n BË`m{X go Ow‹S>o hþE bmoJ ahVo h¢& AWm©V² h_mam Xoe "{d{dYVm _| EH$Vm' H$mo g§OmoE hþE h¡& naÝVw BgHo$ gm_Zo ñVd§ÌVm, g_mZVm, Ý`m`, n§W{ZanojVm, gmåàXm{`H$Vm, joÌdmX, ^mfmdmX O¡gr AZoH$ MwZm¡{V`m§ h¡ {OZH$m g_mYmZ Bg àUmbr Ûmam hr {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& g§gXr` àUmbr _| hr `h g§^d h¡, Zohê$ Ho$ eãXm| _| - "" h_mar gånyU© g§gXr` g§ñWmE±, bmoJm| H$s gmoM, CZHo$ Üò` Am¡a M[aÌ H$mo àñVwV H$aVr h¡& do AnZr _O~yVr Ed§ ñWm{`Ëd bmoJm| Ho$ M[aÌ d {MÝVZ Ho$ gmW ~Zmò aIVr h¡ AÝ`Wm do g_má hmo OmVr h¡&''

Zohê$ Ho$ AZwgma bmoH$V§Ì bmoJm| H$mo AnZo emgZ H$m ñdm_r ~ZmVm h¡& Bg_| g~ bmoJm| H$s ^mJrXmar hmoZr Mm{hE& Jm±Yr H$m _mZZm Wm {H$ ^maV H$s AmË_m Jm±dm| _| {Zdmg H$aVr h¡& Zohê$ Zo ^maV H$s Bg AmË_m VH$ bmoH$V§Ì H$m {dñVma H$aZo Ho$ {bE, bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU H$s à{H«$`m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go n§Mm`Vr amO `m ñWmZr` ñdemgZ H$mo AnZo qMVZ H$m AmYma ~Zm`m& do bmoH$V§Ì H$mo Zm_ Ho$ {bE Zht daZ H$m_ Ho$ {bE ng§X H$aVo Wo& AV: CÝhm|Zo Z Ho$db {Xëbr _| daZ² àËòH$ Jm±d _| ^r bmoH$V§Ì ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ à`mg {H$ò& J«m_rU joÌ _| Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$ {bE {g\$m[ae| XoZo hoVw Jm±YrdmXr H$m`©H$Îmm© Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| 1957 _| ~bd§V am` _ohVm H$_oQ>r H$m JR>Z {H$`m J`m, {OgZo bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU Ho$ ê$n _| Bg hoVw "{ÌñVar` n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWm' H$s g§ñVw{V Xr&

Zohê$ Zo _mZm {H$ OZV§Ì V^r g\$b hmo gH$Vm h¡, O~ OZVm Ho$ _Z _| ñdV: `h àoaUm hmo {H$ dh emgZ àUmbr H$m _hËdnyU© A§J h¡ Am¡a Cgo `h _hgyg ^r hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ {dÚ_mZ gaH$ma, CgH$s AnZr hr gaH$ma h¡& Zohê$ Ho$ AZwgma ^maV bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ à{H«$`m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr AmJo ~‹T> gH$Vm h¡ Š`m|{H$ bmoH$V§Ì AnZo _| Hw$N> AmÜ`mpË_H$ à{H«$`m H$mo em{_b H$aVm h¡ Am¡a gË` H$s ImoO _|, A{YH$ma H$s ImoO _| {N>nr hþB© {OkmgmAm| H$m nVm bJmVm h¡& amOrd Jm±Yr Ho$ AZwgma- ""`h bmoH$V§Ì amOZr{VH$ g§dmX _o§ {dídmg H$aVm h¡ Ohm± dmX-{ddmX Ho$ Xm¡amZ ì`pŠVJV {^ÝZVmAm| go Xÿa ahH$a {gÕmÝVm|, {dMmam| Ed§ Zr{V`m|

d H$m`©H«$_m| na g_J«Vm ñWm{nV H$s OmVr h¡& CgH$s gX¡d `hr H$mo{ee ahVr h¡ {H$ Agh_V {dnj go ^r {~Zm {H$gr X~md Ho$ gh_{V àmá H$s OmE& dh nhbo go hr OZVm Ho$ ì`dhma Am¡a X¥{ï>H$moU Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ ahVm h¡ Ohm± bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ _m§Jm| _| n[adV©Z Am OmVm h¡&

Jm±Yr Ho$ amOZr{VH$ CÎmam{YH$mar Zohê$ Ho$ Ûmam CZHo$ {dMmam| H$m AnZo ‹T>§J go AnZmZo H$m ânya à`mg {H$`m& Jm±Yr d Zohê$ Ho$ ~rM AZoH$ _yb^yV AdYmaUmË_H$ ôX {dÚ_mZ Wo VWm{n Jm±Yr H$m Zohê$ na nyU© {dídmg ahm& CÝht Ho$ eãXm| _|- ""npÊS>V Odmhabmb _ybV: EH$ ^maVr` h¡ VWm{n dh EH$ AÝVam©ï´>dmXr ^r h¡, CgHo$ Bgr ZO[aò Zo Cgo àËòH$ ahñ` H$mo AÝVam©îQ´>r` ñdê$n go g_PZo H$s Vmbr_ Xr h¡ Am¡a dh EH$ _mZddmXr h¡ Bg{bE àËòH$ JbV Ho$ à{V à{V{H«$`m H$aZo _|.... O~ _¡§ H$m`© Zht H$a ahm hmoD$Jm± Vmo {ZíM` hr Cgo nVm Mb OmòJm {H$ {H$g àH$ma H$m`© H$aZm h¡&

AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ewê$AmVr ~agm| _| Cn{ZdoedmX H$m {damoY CZH$s {dXoe-Zr{V H$m _yb AmYma Wm, bo{H$Z 1961 Ho$ JwQ>{Zanoj Xoem| Ho$ ~obJ«oS> gå_obZ VH$ Zohê$ Zo à{V Cn{ZdoedmX H$s OJh JwQ>{ZanojVm H$mo gdm}ƒ àmW{_H$Vm XoZm ewê$ H$a {X`m Wm& 1962 _| b§~o dŠV go Mbo Am aho gr_m-{ddmX H$s dOh go MrZ Zo ~«÷nwÌ ZXr KmQ>r na h_bo H$s MoVmdZr Xr& Zohê$ Zo AnZr JwQ>{Zanoj Zr{V H$mo Xa{H$Zma H$a npíM_r Xoem| go _XX H$s _m§J H$s& ZVrOVZ MrZ H$mo nrN>o hQ>Zm n‹S>m& H$í_ra Zohê$ Ho$ àYmZ_§ÌrËd H$mb _| bJmVma EH$ g_ñ`m ~Zm ahm, Š`m|{H$ ^maV Ho$ gmW-gmW nm{H$ñVmZ ^r Bg na AnZm Xmdm H$a ahm Wm& g§Kf© {dam_ aoIm H$mo g_m`mo{OV H$aHo$ Bg {ddmX H$mo {ZnQ>mZo H$s CZH$s ewéAmVr H$mo{ee| ZmH$m_ aht Am¡a 1948 _| nm{H$ñVmZ Zo H$í_ra na H$ãOo H$s H$mo{ee H$s& ^maV _| ~Mo AmpIar Cn{Zdoe nwV©Jmbr Jmodm H$s g_ñ`m H$mo gwbPmZo _| Zohê$ A{YH$ ^m½èmbr aho& hmbm§{H$ {Xg§~a 1961 _| ^maVr` goZmAm| Ûmam Bg na H$ãOm {H$E OmZo go H$B© npíM_r Xoem| _| ZmamOJr n¡Xm hþB©, bo{H$Z Zohê$ H$s H$ma©dmB© ghr Wr& {hÝXr-MrZr ^mB©-^mB© H$m Zmam Cg dŠV ~o_mZr gm{~V hmo J`m, O~ gr_m {ddmX H$mo boH$a 10 AŠQy>~a 1962 H$mo MrZr goZm Zo bÔmI Am¡a Zo\$m _| maVr` Mm¡{H$`m| na H$ãOm H$a {b`m& Zd§~a _| EH$ ~ma {\$a MrZ H$s Amoa go h_bo hþE& MrZ Zo EH$Va\$m `wÕ{dam_ H$m EobmZ H$a {X`m, V~ VH$ 1300 go Á`mXm ^maVr` g¡{ZH$ ehrX hmo MwHo$ Wo& n§{S>V Zohê$ Ho$ {bE `h g~go ~wam Xm¡a gm{~V hþAm& CZH$s gaH$ma Ho$ pIbm\$ g§gX _| nhbr ~ma A{dídmg àñVmd noe {H$`m J`m& MrZ Ho$ gmW hþB© O§J Ho$ Hw$N> dŠV ~mX


ISSN 2348-3857

Zohê$ H$s gohV Iam~ ahZo bJr& CÝh| 1963 _| {Xb H$m hëH$m Xm¡am n‹S>m, {\$a OZdar 1964 _| CÝh| Xm¡am n‹S>m& Hw$N> hr _hrZm| ~mX Vrgao Xm¡ao _| 27 _B© 1964 _| CZH$s _m¡V hmo JB©&

Odmhabmb Zohê$ Zo Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE H$B© _hËdnyU© H$m_ {H$E& CÝhm|Zo Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU H$mo _hËd XoVo hþE ^mar CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m& CÝhm|Zo {dkmZ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE 1947 _| ^maVr` {dkmZ H$m§J«og H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Xoe Ho$ {d{^ÝZ ^mJm| _| ñWm{nV d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ AZwg§YmZ n[afX Ho$ AZoH$ H|$Ð Bg joÌ _| CZH$s XÿaX{e©Vm Ho$ àVrH$ h¡§& Iobm| _| ^r Zohê$ H$s é{M Wr& CÝhm|Zo Iobm| H$mo emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Oê$ar ~Vm`m& CÝhm|Zo 1951 {Xëbr _| àW_ E{e`mB© Iobm| H$m Am`moOZ H$adm`m&

n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ AnZo {dMmam| Am¡a AnZo CëboIZr` H$m`m|© H$s dOh go hr _hmZ ~Zo& {d{^ÝZ _wÔm| na Zohê$ Ho$ {dMma CÝht Ho$ eãXm| _|- maV H$s godm H$m AW© H$amo‹S>m| nr{‹S>Vm| H$s godm h¡& BgH$m AW© X[aÐVm Am¡a AkmZ Am¡a Adga H$s {df_Vm H$m A§V H$aZm h¡& h_mar nr‹T>r Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o AmX_r H$s `h AmH$m§jm ahr h¡ {H$ ha Am§I Ho$ ha Am§gy H$mo nm|N> {X`m OmE& Eogm H$aZm h_mar e{º$ go ~mha hmo gH$Vm h¡, bo{H$Z O~ VH$ Am§gy h¡§ Am¡a nr‹S>m h¡, V~ VH$ h_mam H$m_ nyam Zht hmoJm&

Zohê$ Or Zo H$hm Wm- A§Vam©ï´>r` Ñ{ï> go AmO H$m ~‹S>m gdmb {díd em§{V H$m h¡& AmO h_mao {bE `hr {dH$ën h¡ {H$ h_ Xþ{Z`m H$mo CgHo$ AnZo ê$n _| hr ñdrH$ma H$a|& h_ Xoe H$mo Bg ~mV H$s ñdV§ÌVm XoVo ah| {H$ dh AnZo T>§J go AnZm {dH$mg H$ao Am¡a Xÿgam| go grIo, bo{H$Z Xÿgao Cg na AnZr H$moB© MrO Zht Wmon|& {ZíM` hr BgHo$ {bE EH$ ZB© _mZ{gH$ {dYm Mm{hE& n§Merb `m nm§M {gÕm§V `hr {dYm ~VmVo h¡§& Zohê$ Or Zo H$hm Wm- Amn _| {OVZm A{YH$ AZwemgZ hmoJm, Amn _| CVZr hr AmJo ~‹T>Zo H$s e{º$ hmoJr& H$moB© ^r Xoe, {Og_| Z Vmo Wmonm J`m AZwemgZ h¡, Am¡a Z AmË_m-AZwemgZ-~hþV dŠV VH$ Zht {Q>H$ gH$Vm&

{ZîH$f©

dñVwV… EH$ amOZr{VH$ {dMmaH$ Ho$ ê$n _| lr Zohé Or Ho$ VrZ _w»` AmXe© Wo- bmoH$V§Ì, g_mOdmX Am¡a Y_©-{ZanojVm& Zohé Or g_mOdmXr g_mO Ho$ à~b g_W©H$ Wo, do bmoH$V§Ì H$mo EH$ emgZ àUmbr hr Zht A{nVw OrdZ nÕ{V _mZVo Wo& amï´>r` Am§XmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ hr Zohé Or Zo ~ma-~ma H$hm Wm {H$ ñdV§Ì ^maV bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ^maV hmoJm& do g§gXr` bmoH$V§Ì H$mo A{YH$ _hËd XoVo Wo VWm Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ bmoH$V§Ì _| {dídmg aIVo Wo& Zohé Or Ho$ AZwgma, emgZ Ho$ AÝ` àH$mam| H$s VwbZm _| bmoH$V§Ì OZVm go A{YH$ Cƒ à{V_mZm| H$s Anojm H$aVm h¡&

`{X OZVm Cg _mnXÊS> VH$ Zht nhþ±M nmB© Vmo bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ `ÝÌ Ag\$b hmo Om`oJm& Zohé Or ^maVr` g_ñ`mAm| H$m ^maVr` g_mYmZ MmhVo Wo& dmñVd _| Zohé Or bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ g_mOdmX Ho$ àdV©H$ Wo& JwQ>{ZanojVm Ho$ OZH$ Odmhabmb Zohé Or Zo H$hm Wm {H$, `h ^maV Ho$ ñdm{^_mZ Ho$ {déÕ hmoJm {H$ ^maV BZ_| go {H$gr ^r JwQ> H$m AZw`m`r ~Zo& AV: ^maV Zo {díd amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| JwQ>{ZanojVm H$m _mJ© à{Vnm{XV {H$`m& Zohé Or Zo {díd H$mo JwQ> {ZanojVm Ho$ Ûmam VZmd e¡{Wë` H$m dmVmdaU àXmZ {H$`m VWm gmW hr {Z~©b Xoem| H$mo ~b ^r àXmZ {H$`m&

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr1. bmoH$V§Ì H$mo J§^ra ~Zo ahZm Zohê$ H$s hr XoZ h¡, Xoe~ÝYw g_mMma

nÌ, 26 _B©, 2019

2. pñ_W, S>moZmëS> `wOoZ, Zohê$ EÊS> So>_moH«o$gr, Amo[a`ÊQ> bm|J_¡Ýg àm.{b., H$mobH$Îmm, 1958, n¥.g§. 43-44

3. ZÝXm, ~r.Ama., Odmhabmb Zohê$, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, Am°Šg\$moS©>, Ý`y`mH©$ EÊS> {Xëbr, àW_ g§ñH$aU 1995, n¥.g§. 53

4. ñdr`Q>, n{b©db, Zohê$, _m°S>Z© E{e`Z ñQ>S>rO, H¡$på~«O `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, dm°ë`y_-1, 1967, n¥.g§. 19

5. _moaH$m©, Ama.Ama., X \$mXa Am°\$ nm{b©`m_oÊQ>ar So>_moH«o$gr BZ BpÊS>`m, H$mí`n, gw^mf (gånm{XV), Zohê$ EÊS> nm{b©`m_oÊQ>, bmoH$g^m g{Mdmb`, ZB© {Xëbr, 1986, n¥.g§. 51-53

6. pñ_W, S>moZmëS> `wOoZ, Zohê$ EÊS> So>_moH«o$gr, Amo[a`ÊQ> bm|J_¡Ýg àm.{b., H$mobH$Îmm, 1958, n¥.g§.. 101-115

7. S>r.am_ gwÝXa EÊS> aoS²>S>r E.B©., Odmhabmb Zohê$ EÊS> _m°S>Z© BpÊS>`m; X BpÊS>`Z OZ©b Am°\$ nm°{b{Q>H$b gmB§g, AmB©.nr.Eg.E., dmë`y_-50, Z§. 4, 1989, n¥.g§. 445

8. am_, OJOrdZ, wJ nwê$f Zohê$ Ho$ g§H$ën, {W`oQ>a H$å`y{ZHo$eZ {~pëS§>J, ZB© {Xëbr, 1961, n¥.g§. 68

9. e_m©, AmZÝX e§H$a, {Xì` nwê$f Zohê$, ^JdVr e_m©, ZB© {Xëbr, 1964, n¥.g§. 116

10. H$mí`n, gw^mf, h_mar g§gX, ZoeZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ> BpÊS>`m, {Xëbr, 2005, n¥.g§. 01

11. ZmJa, S>m°. nwê$fmoÎm_, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ {MÝVZ, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«§W AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 201, n¥.g§. 23

12. S>r.am_ gwÝXa EÊS> aoS²>S>r E.B©., nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 454-55

13. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 445

14. AmO ^r Xoedm{g`m| Ho$ {bE AmXe© h¡§ Odmha bmb Zohê$, à^m gmjr, 14 Zdå~a, 2018

àñVmdZm

1857 B©. Ho$ {dÐmoh _| amOñWmZ Ho$ amOmAm| Zo A§J«oOm| H$s

ghm`Vm H$s, AV: {dÐmoh H$mo {Z_©_Vmnyd©H$ Hw$Mb {X`m J`m&

bo{H$Z amOñWmZ _| {~«{Q>e {damoYr mdZmE± Zht Hw$Mbr Om gH$s&

{dßbd Ho$ ~mX amOñWmZ _| emgH$m| Zo Omo gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$

Ed§ Am{W©H$ gwYma {H$`o VWm A§J«oOr {ejm H$m àgma {H$`m,

Cggo amOñWmZ _| amOZr{VH$ MoVZm OmJ«V hþB©& Bg amOZr{VH$

OmJ«{V _| ñdm_r X`mZÝX gañdVr H$m `moJXmZ A{dñ_aUr`

ahm& 1883 _| ñdm_r Or Zo CX`nwa _| namonH$m[aUr g^m H$s

ñWmnZm H$s, erK« hr CgH$m H$m`m©b` AO_oa ñWmZmÝV[aV H$a

{X`m J`m& BgHo$ gXñ`m| _| emhnwam H$m emgH$, CX`nwa Ho$ XrdmZ

í`m_ Or H¥$îU d_m© Am¡a _hmXod Jmo{dÝX amZmSo> Wo& ñdm_r Or

Zo 1865 _| amOñWmZ H$s `mÌm H$s& Bg `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ emgH$m|

go Omo ~mVMrV H$s JB© Cg_| _w»`V: Mma ~mVm| na ~b {X`m-

ñdY_©, ñdamÁ`, ñdXoer Am¡a ñd^mfm& ñdm_r Or H$s {ejmAm|

go amOñWmZ _| amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m {dH$mg hþAm VWm {~«{Q>e

{damoYr ^mdZmE± n¡Xm hþB©&

emoY gmam§e

amOñWmZ _| 1857 B©. Ho$ {dÐmoh H$mo A§J«oOm| Zo amOm-_hmamOmAm| Ho$ gh`moJ go {Z_©_Vmnyd©H$ Hw$Mb Vmo {X`m naÝVw {~«{Q>e {damoYr ^mdZmE± Zht Hw$Mbr Om gH$s& {dßbd Ho$ ~mX nm°{b{Q>H$b EoOoÝQ>m| Zo gwYmam| Ho$ Zm_ na amÁ` Ho$ AmÝV[aH$ _m_bm| _| hñVjon {H$`m, {Oggo amOm d àOm XmoZm| hr Xþ:Ir hþE& {OgHo$ H$maU amOñWmZ _| amOZr{VH$ MoVZm OmJ«V hþB©& 1885 B©. _| amï´>r` H$m§J«og H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Vmo amOñWmZ Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ AmÝXmobZ H$mo Am¡a ~b {_bm& amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ go à^m{dV hmoH$a amOñWmZ Ho$ H$m`©H$Îmm© A~ amOZr{VH$ Ed§ H«$m§{VH$mar J{V{d{Y`m| _| ^mJ boZo bJo& A~ Xoe _| H$moB© ^r amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y hmoVr Vmo CgH$m amOñWmZ na ^r à^md n‹S>Vm& amOñWmZ H$s OZVm H$m A~ amï´>r` ZoVmAm| go gånH©$ ~‹T>Zo bJm, {OgH$m à^md amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ Ho$ g_` XoIZo H$mo {_bm& Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ, g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ Ed§ ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ g_` amOñWmZ ^r ANy>Vm Zht ahm& Bgr H$maU Xoe O~ AmOmX hþAm Vmo `hm± Ho$ àOm_ÊS>bm| Ho$ X~md go amOñWmZ H$m {Z_m©U hþAm VWm [a`mgVm| H$m emgZ g_má hþAm&

g§Ho$Vmja … nm°{b{Q>H$b EOoÝQ>, amï´>r` H$m§J«og, àOm_ÊS>b, ñdXoer, H«$m§{VH$mar

1885 B©. _| ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m§J«og H$s ñWmnZm hþB©, {OgH$m à^md Yrao-Yrao amOñWmZ na ^r n‹S>Zo bJm, 1887 B©. _| amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb` AO_oa Ho$ Hw$N> N>mÌm| Zo {_bH$a EH$ H$m±J«og H$_oQ>r H$s ñWmnZm H$s& 1888 B©. Ho$ H$m±J«og Ho$ Bbmhm~mX A{YdoeZ _| nhbr ~ma AO_oa H$m à{V{Z{YËd JmonrZmW _mWwa Am¡a H¥$îUbmb Zo {H$`m& Cg g_` amOñWmZ _| nÌH$m[aVm ^r Amaå^ hþB©& CX`nwa go "g‚mZ H$s{V© gwYmH$a' Zm_H$ nm{jH$ g_mMma nÌ àH$m{eV hþAm& 1885 B©. _| AO_oa go "amOñWmZ Q>mBåg' Am¡a CgH$m {hÝXr g§ñH$aU "amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m' H$m àH$meZ àmaå^ hþAm& BZ g_mMma nÌm| Zo OZVm _| amï´>r` MoVZm OmJ«V H$aZo _| AÀN>m `moJXmZ {X`m& n[aUm_ñdê$n Xmo df© ~mX hr {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo BZ XmoZm| g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ àH$meZ na à{V~ÝY bJm {X`m Am¡a BgHo$ gånmXH$ ~»er bú_UXmg na _wH$X_m MbmH$a So>T> df© Ho$ H$mamdmg H$s gOm Xr JB©& 1905 B©. _| bmS©> H$O©Z Zo ~§Jmb H$m {d^mOZ H$a {X`m& Bg Ho$ {damoY _| ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ Mbm, Cggo amOñWmZ ^r ANy>Vm Zht ahm& amOñWmZ Ho$ {gamohr, Sy§>Janwa Am¡a _odm‹S> _| ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ Mbm& ñdm_r Jmo{dÝX{Jar Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| {dXoer dñVwAm|

amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| amOñWmZ H$s ^y{_H$mS>m°. g§Ord Hw$_ma

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, B{Vhmggo.Zo._.Q>r.amOH$s` ñZmVH$moÎma _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`, Pw§PwZy§ (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

H$m ~{hîH$ma {H$`m J`m Am¡a ZmJ[aH$m| go eam~ N>mo‹S>Zo Am¡a AnZo amOZr{VH$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$aZo H$m Amh²dmZ {H$`m J`m& 1908 B©. _| Jmo{dÝX{Jar H$s "gån g^m' H$mo J¡a H$mZyZr Kmo{fV H$a {X`m Am¡a amOñWmZr emgH$m| go H$hm J`m {H$ do AnZo-AnZo amÁ` _| ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ H$mo Hw$Mb X|&1

gZ² 1918 B©. _| {Xëbr _| Am`mo{OV H$m§J«og A{YdoeZ _| amOñWmZ Ho$ H$B© ì`pŠV`m| Zo ^mJ {b`m, {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n BZH$m gånH©$ A§J«oOr ^maV Am¡a AÝ` amÁ`m| Ho$ ZoVmAm| go hþAm& Bg A{YdoeZ Ho$ ~mX JUoe e§H$a {dÚmWu, {dO`qgh n{WH$, O_Zmbmb ~OmO, Mm§XH$aU emaXm, {JaYa e_m©, ñdm_r ZaqghXod gañdVr Am{X Ho$ à`ËZm| go amOnyVmZm _Ü` ^maV g^m Zm_H$ EH$ amOZr{VH$ g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm {Xëbr Ho$ Mm§XZr Mm¡H$ pñWV _madm‹S>r nwñVH$mb` _| hþB©&2 Bg g§ñWm H$m _w»` CÔoí` [a`mgVm| _| CÎmaXm`r gaH$ma H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm Am¡a [a`mgV Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo H$m§J«og H$m gXñ` ~ZmZm Wm& g§ñWm H$m _w»`mb` H$mZnwa _| aIm J`m& `hm± go JUoee§H$a {dÚmWu Ûmam gånm{XV "àVmn' Zm_H$ gmám{hH$ nÌ àH$m{eV hmoVm Wm, Omo Bg joÌ H$m à_wI amï´>r` nÌ Wm& Bg nÌ Zo amOñWmZ _| amOZr{VH$ hbMb Ho$ àgma _| Anyd© `moJ {X`m& g^m Ho$ gXñ`m| Zo Bg g^m H$mo H$m§J«og H$s gh`moJr g§ñWm ~ZmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s& AV: H$m§J«og Ho$ ZmJnwa A{YdoeZ (1920) Ho$ g_` `h H$m§J«og H$s gh`moJr g§ñWm _mZ br JB©&3 gZ² 1920 _| ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m§J«og H$m ZoV¥Ëd _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ hmWm| _| Am J`m& CÝhm|Zo 1921 _| Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ Amaå^ {H$`m& {OgH$m à^md amOñWmZ na ^r n‹S>m& OmoYnwa _| EH$ gË`mJ«hr ^±dabmb gam©\$ hmW _| {Va§Jm PÊS>m boH$a eha _| Ky_m& PÊSo> Ho$ EH$ Amoa "_hmË_m Jm±Yr' Am¡a Xÿgar Amoa "ñdamÁ`' {bIm Wm& BgZo ~mOma _| EH$ ^mfU gwZm`m {Ogo OZVm Zo CËgmh go gwZm&4 Q>m|H$ amÁ` H$s OZVm Zo EH$ g^m H$a H$m±J«og Ho$ à{V nyU© ghmZw^y{V ì`ŠV H$s Am¡a Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ H$m AZw_moXZ {H$`m& dhm± Ho$ A§J«oO nw{bg A{YH$mar Zo BZHo$ ZoVm _m¡bdr AãXþb ahr_, g¡æ`X Ow~oa {_`m§, g¡æ`X Bñ_mBb {_`m, H$mOr _h_yX Aæ`y~ Am{X H$mo {JaâVma H$a {b`m& Bg gå~§Y _| bJ^J 70 bmoJ {JaâVma {H$ò Jò&5 O`nwa amÁ` _| O_Zmbmb ~OmO Zo AnZr "am`~hmXþa' H$s Cnm{Y bm¡Q>m Xr Am¡a EH$ bmI énò {VbH$ ñdamÁ` H$mof _| {Xò& CÝhm|Zo ½`mah hOma énò _wpñb_ brJ H$mo {Xò& CÝh| ApIb ^maVr` H$m§J«og H$_oQ>r H$s H$m`©H$m[aUr H$m gXñ` ~Zm`m J`m&6 BgHo$ ~mX do Jm±YrOr Ho$ ~hþV {ZH$Q> Am Jò& ~OmO go ào[aV hmoH$a amOñWmZ Ho$ Xÿgao ì`mnm[a`m| Zo ^r Bg AmÝXmobZ

Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$m§J«og H$mo Am{W©H$ gh`moJ {X`m& 15 _mM© 1921 H$mo AO_oa _| {ÛVr` amOZr{VH$ gå_obZ H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m, {Og_| _moVrbmb Zohê$ CnpñWV Wo& _m¡bmZm em¡H$V Abr Zo gå_obZ H$s AÜ`jVm H$aVo hþò {dXoer dñÌm| Ho$ ~{hîH$ma H$m Amh²dmZ {H$`m& AO_oa _| npÊS>V Jm¡are§H$a Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| {dXoer dñÌm| H$m ~{hîH$ma {H$`m J`m&7 Bg H$m`© _| AOw©Zbmb goR>r, Mm§XH$aU emaXm Am{X Zo ^mJ {b`m&

amOñWmZ Ho$ emgH$ AnZo amÁ`m| _| hmoZo dmbr J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$ à{V gVH©$ hmo Jò& ñd`§ H$mo àJ{Verb _mZZo dmbo ~rH$mZoa _hmamOm J§Jmqgh Or Zo AnZo amÁ` Ho$ {ed_y{V© qgh, gånyUm©ZÝX Am¡a AmZÝX d_m© H$mo gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar go Bg{bE {Zb§{~V H$a {X`m Š`m|{H$ do ñdXoer dñÌ nhZVo Wo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo "{VbH$ ñdamO H$mof' _| M§Xm O_m H$am`m Wm& CX`nwa Ho$ _hmamUm \$Vohqgh Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V aIVo Wo& ^maV gaH$ma Zo CÝh| AmXoe {X`m {H$ do `m Vmo CZHo$ H$ho AZwgma _§Ìr_ÊS>b H$m JR>Z H$a| VWm `wdamO H$mo emgZ Ho$ A{YH$ma gm¡§nH$a ñd`§ amOH$mO go AbJ hmo Omò&8 _hmamUm H$mo {dde hmoH$a emgZm{YH$ma `wdamO H$mo gm¡§nZm n‹S>m& amOñd {d^mJ O¡gm _hËdnyU© {d^mJ A§J«oO A{YH$mar {_ñQ>a Q´>|M H$mo {X`m J`m&

amOñWmZ _| H«$mpÝVH$mar AmÝXmobZ ^r g{H«$` ahm& amOñWmZ _| H«$m§{VH$mar AmÝXmobZ H$s AmYma{ebm í`m_Or H¥$îU d_m© Zo aIr& amOñWmZ _| H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$m ZoV¥Ëd AOw©Zbmb goR>r, Ho$garqgh ~mahR> Am¡a amd Jmonmbqgh Zo {H$`m& goR>r Or Zo 1907 _| bmoJm| H$mo amOZr{VH$ {ejm XoZo hoVw O`nwa _| dÕ©_mZ {dÚmb` H$s ñWmnZm H$s& àË`j ê$n _| `h EH$ Ym{_©H$ {dÚmb` Wm, {H$ÝVw dmñVd _| `hm± H«$mpÝVH$m[a`m| H$mo à{ejU {X`m OmVm Wm& Yrao-Yrao goR>r Or H$m `h ñHy$b amOñWmZ _| H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$m AS²>S>m ~Z J`m& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ goR>r Or Zo _wJbgam` pñWV EH$ YZr _hÝV H$s hË`m H$a YZ àmá H$aZo H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© Wr& BgHo$ Abmdm 23 {Xgå~a, 1912 H$mo ^maV Ho$ Jd©Za OZab hm{Sª>J H$m Owbyg {Xëbr _| O~ Mm§XZr Mm¡H$ go JwOa ahm Wm V~ amOñWmZ Ho$ H«$m§{VH$mar R>mHw$a Omoamda qgh ~mahR> Zo ~wH$m© nhZH$a Mm§XZr Mm¡H$ _| pñWV _madm‹S>r bmB~«oar go ~_ \|$H$m Wm& BgHo$ gmW amOñWmZ Ho$ H«$m§{VH$mar ~mb _wHw$ÝX, _moVrMÝX Am¡a {dîUwXÎm ^r Wo& Bg _wH$X_o Ho$ _wI{~a lr A_raMÝX Zo ~Vm`m {H$ f‹S>`ÝÌ H$s `moOZm AOw©Zbmb goR>r H$s Wr& BZ _wH$X_m| Ho$ {gb{gbo _| goR>r 7 df© VH$ ~¡bya Oob _| aho&

d¡bya Oob go 1920 H$mo O~ Ny>Q>H$a Amò Vmo goR>r Or nyZm go JwOao `hm± ~mb J§JmYa {VbH$ 2000 bmoJm| Ho$ gmW goR>r Or H$m

ISSN 2348-3857


ñdmJV H$aZo ñQ>oeZ na CnpñWV Wo& Bg Adga na CÝhm|Zo H$hm _hmamï´> goR>r Or O¡go Ë`mJr, Xoe^ŠV Am¡a _hmZ² Vnñdr H$m ñdmJV H$aVo hþE AnZo H$mo YÝ` g_PVm h¡& d¡bya Oob go _wŠV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX goR>r Or Zo AO_oa H$mo AnZr H$m`©-^y{_ ~Zm`m& 1930-31 Ho$ g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ _| Oob Jò& do So>T> df© ~mX gmJa Oob go [ahm {H$ò Jò& do nwZ: AO_oa Amò Am¡a H$m§J«og H$m ZoV¥Ëd gå^mbm& Jm±YrOr go Hw$N> Zr{V gå~ÝYr ^mar _VôX hmo Jò naÝVw gZ² 1934 _| Jm±YrOr O~ AO_oa Amò Vmo goR>r go {_bZo CgHo$ _H$mZ na Jò& XmoZm| ZoVm Jbo {_bo Am¡a amo n‹S>o& goR>r Or H$m eof OrdZ {hÝXÿ-_wpñb_ EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo _| ~rVm& do 23 {Xgå~a 1941 H$mo Bg g§gma go {dXm hmo Jò& "^maV _| A§J«oOr amO' Ho$ boIH$ n§. gwÝXabmb Zo goR>r Or Ho$ XohmÝV Ho$ Adga na lÕm§O{b A{n©V H$aVo hþE H$hm, X{Y{M O¡gm Ë`mJ Am¡a X¥‹T>Vm boH$a do OÝ_o Wo Am¡a Cgr X¥‹T>Vm _| CÝhm|Zo _¥Ë`w H$mo Jbo bJm`m&9

Ho$gar qgh ~mahR> na ñdm_r X`mZÝX gañdVr d í`m_Or H¥$îU d_m© H$m à^md Wm& Ho$gar Or H$m ^mB©, nwÌ g^r H«$mpÝVH$mar J{V{d{Y`m| _| {bá ahH$a ñdamÁ` àm{á H$m à`mg {H$`m& OmoYnwa Ho$ Y{ZH$ ß`maobmb gmYw H$s hË`m Ho$ {gb{gbo _| Ho$gar Or H$mo 20 df© H$s Oob H$s gOm hþB© VWm 1919 _| [ahm hþEo& Ho$gar qgh H$m nwÌ àVmnqgh ^r à{gÕ H«$m§{VH$mar Wm& àVmnqgh H$m Zm_^maV gaH$ma Ho$ J¥h gXñ` H«¡$S>moH$ H$s hË`m H$aZo H$s `moOZm _| Wm& Bgo nH$‹S> H$a ~aobr H$s Oob _| S>mb {X`m& Cgo Vah-Vah H$s ^rfU `mVZmE± XoH$a _ma S>mbm naÝVw AnZo {H$gr gmWr H$m Zm_ Zht ~Vm`m& I¡adm {R>H$mZo Ho$ amd Jmonmbqgh, ^ynqgh ({dO` qgh n{WH$) H$s ghm`Vm go amOñWmZ Ho$ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$mo AñÌ-eñÌ H$s ì`dñWm H$aVo Wo& Jmonmbqgh d {dO`qgh n{WH$ H$m Zm_ amOñWmZ _| geñÌ H«$mpÝV H$s `moOZm _| em{_b Wm, `moOZm H$s gyMZm g_` ahVo nw{bg H$mo {_b JB©& XmoZm| H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$mo Q>mS>J‹T> H$s Oob _| ZOa~ÝX H$a {X`m, XmoZm| OrdZâ A§J«oOm| Ho$ pIbm\$ b‹S>Vo aho VWm Oob r Jò& AO_oa Ho$ am_ZmamÙ Mm¡Yar H$m ^r H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| go K{Zð> gå~ÝY Wm& CZH$m Zm_ ^r àVmnqgh ~mahR> Ho$ gmW H«¡$S>moH$ H$s hË`m H$s Ag\$b `moOZm _| Wm& nw{bg bJmVma CgH$m {nN>m H$aVr ahr, bo{H$Z nH$‹S>o Zht Jò& am_ZmamÙ Mm¡Ymar AmOrdZ ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ Ho$ EH$ AmXe© `moÕm Wo&10

Jm±Yr Or Zo O~ g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ àmaå^ {H$`m Vmo amOñWmZ H$s [a`mgVm| go ^r g_W©Z {_bm& 1931 B©. _| O`nwa _| àOm_ÊS>b H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& bo{H$Z amÁ` gaH$ma Zo BgH$mo

_mÝ`Vm Zht Xr VWm npÊS>V hrambmb emñÌr Ed§ goR> O_Zmbmb ~OmO g{hV 500 H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| H$mo {JaâVma H$a {b`m& n[aUm_ñdê$n OZVm Zo g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ àmaå^ {H$`m& 5 Aà¡b 1931 B©. H$mo O`nwa ZJa _| "_moVrbmb {Xdg' _Zm`m J`m& O`nwa gaH$ma Zo X_Z H$m ghmam {b`m n[aUm_ñdê$n gd©Ì AmÝXmobZ \¡$b J`m& àOm_ÊS>b _| ghmZw^y{V aIZo dmbo g^r H$m`©H$Vm© Z_H$ AmÝXmobZ _| em{_b hmo Jò11 OmoYnwa _| ^r g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ Ogd§V H$m°boO Am¡a Xa~ma hmB© ñHy$b Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| Zo h‹S>Vmb H$s, Oybwg {ZH$mbm Am¡a Am_g^m H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m& nw{bg Zo g^m H$mo ^§J H$aZo Ho$ {bò ~b à`moJ {H$`m& O`ZmamÙ ì`mg Zo ã`mda go AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ {b`m& ì`mg Or H$mo {JaâVma H$a {b`m J`m VWm Jm±Yr Ba{dZ g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ ~mX hr [ahm {H$`m J`m&12 _odm‹S> Ho$ Hw$N> Zd`wdH$m| Zo ^r gË`mJ«h _| g{H«$` ^mJ {b`m& CX`nwa Ho$ {M_Zbmb ~mo{X©`m Zo 1930 Ho$ g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ Ho$ g_` JmYam _| gË`mJ«h {H$`m& CÝh| à`mJ _| {dXoer dñÌm| H$m ~{hîH$ma H$aVo g_` {JaâVma {H$`m J`m& H$m§H$amobr Ho$ lrZmamÙ Z_H$ gË`mJ«h Ho$ Xm¡amZ VrZ ~ma Oob Jò& gbyå~a Ho$ KZí`m_ Zo {R>H$mZo Ho$ {déÕ AmÝXmobZ {H$`m& ZmWÛmam Ho$ ZaoÝÐnmb Mm¡Yar H$mo Z_H$ gË`mJ«h _| ^mJ boZo Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>m¡Xm _| ~ÝXr ~Zm`m J`m& ~bdÝV qgh _ohVm AnZo ^mfUm| go àMma H$aVo aho& CX`nwa Ho$ a§Jbmb _madm‹S>r Zo ^r g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ {b`m& OhmOnwa Ho$ _WwamàgmX d¡Ú H$mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$bH$Îmm _| YaZm XoVo hþE {JaâVma {H$`m& _m{UŠ`bmb d_m© H$s nËZr ZmamÙr Xodr d ß`maMÝX {~íZmoB© H$s nËZr JdVr Xodr Zo r ñd`§godH$m| Ho$ gmW amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| AnZm `moJXmZ {X`m&13

1930 go nhbo AO_oa _| H$moB© amOZr{VH$ hbMb Zht hþB©& g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ H$m à^md AO_oa na ^r n‹S>m& OJh-OJh Am_ g^mE± hþB©, {dXoer dñÌm| H$s hmobr ObmB© JB©, eam~ Am¡a A\$s_ H$s XþH$mZm| na YaZm {X`m J`m& AO_oa _hm{dÚmb` Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| Zo Bg AmÝXmobZ _| g{H«$` ^mJ {b`m& BZ_| à_wI Wo, am_ZmamÙ Mm¡Yar, JmoHw$bam_ Agdm, H¥$îUJmonmb JJ©, ~mbH¥$îU H$m¡b, O_mbwÔrZ, MÝÐ^mZ e_m© Am{X& JmonrZmW e_m© H$mo ^r 1932 _| amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb` AO_oa _| {dXoer H$n‹S>m| H$m ~{hîH$ma H$aZo Ho$ H$maU H¡$X H$a {b`m J`m& nw{bg CÝh| à{V{XZ nwîH$a H$s KmQ>r _| N>mo‹S> XoVr, Ohm± go do n¡Xb AO_oa AmH$a AmÝXmobZ _| gpå_{bV hmo OmVo&14 ~rH$mZoa _| 1930 Ho$ g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ Ho$ àMmamW© _hmË_m Jm±Yr,


ISSN 2348-3857

Zohê$ Am{X Ho$ {MÌm| Ho$ Hw$N> J«rqQ>J ZmoQ> N>mno Jò Wo& ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ H$R>moa à{V~§Y Ho$ ~mdOyX ò ZmoQ> ~rH$mZoa _| Xmo-Xmo AmZo _| ~oMo Jò&15 1931 B©. _| H$moQ>m àOm_ÊS>b Zo g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ go à^m{dV hmoH$a H$moQ>m Ho$ ì`mnm[a`m| H$mo {dXoer dñÌm| H$m H«$`-{dH«$` Z H$aZo H$m Amh²dmZ {H$`m& g^r ì`mnm[a`m| Ho$ nmg EH$ {eï> _ÊS>b ôOm J`m& {OZ XþH$mZm| _| {dXoer H$n‹S>o H$s {~H«$s Omar ahr dhm± YaZm XoH$a {~H«$s ê$H$dm Xr JB©&16 26 OZdar 1931 H$mo {~«{Q>e ^maV H$s Vah Abda _| ^r h[aZmamÙ e_m© Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| "ñdVÝÌVm {Xdg' _Zm`m J`m&17 Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ H$mb _| O¡gb_oa Ho$ H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Zo ImXr H$m àMma {H$`m& ImXr ^ÊS>ma H$s ñWmnZm H$s& g{dZ` Adkm AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ O¡gb_oa _| 14 Zdå~a, 1930 H$mo "Odmha {Xdg' _Zm`m& eha _| g^m H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m, {Og_| _hmamdb go {ejm, ñdmñÏ`, g§Mma Ed§ Ý`m` gwYmam| H$s _m§J H$s JB©& Odmha {Xdg _ZmZo na gmJa_b Jmonm, aKwZmW qgh _ohVm Am¡a AmB©XmZ H$mo Oob _| S>mb {X`m J`m&18

1938 B©. Ho$ H$m§J«og Ho$ h[anwam A{YdoeZ Ho$ ~mX amOñWmZ H$s [a`mgVm| _| ^r amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y`m§ Omoa nH$‹S>Zo bJr& {OgH$m Aga ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ {XIm& Jm±Yr Or Ho$ "H$amo `m _amo' Ho$ Amh²dmZ H$m à^md _madm‹S> na ^r n‹S>m& bmoH$ n[afX² Ho$ Omo H$m`©H$Vm© Oob Zht Jò Wo, Jm±Yr Ûmam {XImò Jò _mJ© na MbZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m& Zd`wdH$m| Zo g§J{R>V hmoH$a N>moQ>r \o$[a`m± Am¡a g^mE± H$aZr Amaå^ H$a Xr& BZ g^mAm| _| CÎmaXm`r gaH$ma H$s _m§J H$s VWm amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ H$m g_W©Z H$aZo H$s Anrb H$s JB©&19 H$m§J«og ZoVmAm| H$s {JaâVmar Ho$ {damoY _| H$m°boO d ñHy$b Ho$ N>mÌm| Zo h‹S>Vmb H$s d Oybwg {ZH$mbm& 02 AŠQy>~a go 09 AŠQy>~a 1942 VH$ Jm±Yr O`ÝVr gámh _Zm`m& gmd©O{ZH$ ^dZm|, ñWbm| na {Va§Jm \$ham`m&20 OmoYnwa _| 18 AJñV 1942 H$mo nm±M pñÌ`m| Zo Hw$N> ñHy$br N>mÌm| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a {~«{Q>e {damoYr Zmao bJdmò VWm à^mV \o$[a`m§ {ZH$mbr& Kw‹S>gdma nw{bg H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ CÔoí` go pñÌ`m± g‹S>H$ na boQ> JB©& H«w$Õ OZVm Zo nw{bg H$mo ~wam-^bm H$hm Am¡a Cg na nËWa \|$Ho$&21 22 {gVå~a 1942 H$mo EH$ g^m _| gyaO Xodr _mWwa Am¡a gm{dÌr Xodr _mWwa Zo CÎmaXm`r emgZ gå~ÝYr JrV Jmò&22 g^mAm| Am¡a YaZm| Ho$ Abmdm AmÝXmobZH$Îmm©Am| Zo {dk{á`m| H$m ^r à`moJ {H$`m& "eQ>-An npãb{gQ>r Am°\$sga' Zm_H$ {dk{á _| ApIb ^maVr` N>mÌ g§K Zo N>mÌm| go A§J«oOm| H$mo ~mha {ZH$mbZo H$m Amh²dmZ {H$`m&23 H«$m§{VH$mar J{V{d{Y`m± 17 AŠQy>~a 1942 H$mo AnZr Ma_ gr_m na nhþ±M JB©, O~

ñQ>o{S>`_ {gZo_m _| ~_ {dñ\$moQ> {H$`m J`m& Cg {XZ Xeham Wm Am¡a e{Zdma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ A§J«oO {\$ë_ "50 Jm¡ad_`r df©' H$m àXe©Z hmo ahm Wm& `h {\$ë_ _hmamZr {dŠQ>mo[a`m H$s OrdZr na AmYm[aV Wr& 3 Aà¡b 1943 H$mo {gdm§Mr JoQ> Ho$ {ZH$Q> EH$ Am¡a ~_ {dñ\$moQ> hþAm&24 Bg AmÝXmobZ _| OmoYnwa Ho$ bJ^J 40 ì`pŠV Oob _| JE&

7 AJñV 1942 H$mo ~å~B© _| H$m§J«og _hmg{_{V Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ A{YdoeZ _| ^mJ boH$a lr _m{UŠ`bmb d_m© ~mha Amò Vmo BÝXm¡a Ho$ {_Ì Zo CZgo nyN>m, {H$ ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ _| _odm‹S> àOm_ÊS>b H$s Š`m ^y{_H$m ahoJr Vmo CÝhm|Zo VËjU CÎma {X`m, ^mB© h_ Vmo _odm‹S>r h¡, ha ~ma ha-ha _hmXod ~mobVo Amò h¡§, Bg ~ma ^r ~mob|Jo&25 ñnï> Wm {H$gr ^r ApIb ^maVr` amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ go _odm‹S> `m {H$gr ^r [a`mgV H$s OZVm H¡$go AbJ ah gH$Vr Wr& d_m© Or Ho$ CX`nwa nhþ±MZo Ho$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX _odm‹S> Ho$ g^r à_wI ZoVmAm| g{hV d_m© Or H$mo {JaâVma H$a {b`m& d_m© Or H$s nËZr ZmamÙr Xodr AnZo 6 _mh Ho$ nwÌ XrZ~ÝYw Ho$ gmW Oob JB©& d_m© Or H$s nwÌr gwerbm d lr ß`maMÝX {díZmoB© H$s nËZr ^JdVr Xodr ^r Oob J`r&26

AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ _hmamUm H$m°boO Ho$ N>mÌm| Zo CX`nwa H$s g^r {ejU g§ñWmAm| H$mo ~§X H$adm {X`m& bJ^J 600-700 N>mÌm| Zo gË`mJ«h _| ^mJ {b`m& ~hþV go N>mÌ {JaâVma hþE&27 _odm‹S> _| g§Kf© H$m Xÿgam _hËdnyU© Ho$ÝÐ ZmWÛmam Wm& CX`nwa _| d_m© Or d gwIm{‹S>`m Or H$s {JaâVmar Ho$ gmW hr gmW ZmWÛmam _| ^r h‹S>Vmbm| d Oybwgm| H$s Yy_ _M JB©& gwà{gÕ H«$mpÝVH$mar `moÕm lr a_oeMÝÐ ì`mg {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Ûmam AmÝXmobZ {N>‹S>Vo hr {JaâVma H$a AO_oa goÝQ>a Oob _| ZOa ~ÝX H$a {X`m J`m&

^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ O`nwa àOm_ÊS>b H$s ^y{_H$m {ddmXmñnX ahr& n§. hrambmb emñÌr Zo O`nwa Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr {_Om© Bñ_mBb go EH$ OoÝQ>b_oÝg g_Pm¡Vm {H$`m VWm àOm_ÊS>b H$mo AmÝXmobZ go AbJ aIZo H$m {ZU©` {H$`m&28

naÝVw àOm_ÊS>b _| EH$ Eogm dJ© Wm, Omo {H$gr ^r H$s_V na O`nwa H$mo AmÝXmobZ go AbJ Zht aIZm MmhVm Wm& Bg dJ© Ho$ ZoVm Wo- ~m~m h[aeMÝÐ, lr am_H$aU Omoer, lr Xm¡bV_b ^ÊS>mar Am¡a lr h§g-S>r-am`& BÝhm|Zo "AmOmX _moMm©' ~ZmH$a AmÝXmobZ N>o‹S> {X`m& amOñWmZ MaIm g§K Ho$ H$_©Mm[a`m| Zo AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ {b`m& BZH$mo gaH$ma Zo {JaâVma H$a {b`m&29

O`nwa _| AmÝXmobZ H$m Á`mXm à^md Zht ahm& `Ú{n AmOmX _moM} Zo So>T> df© VH$ Bg AmÝXmobZ H$mo Mbm`m& emñÌrOr Ho$ Bg

ISSN 2348-3857


H$X_ H$s amOZ¡{VH$ joÌm| _| ~‹S>r AmbmoMZm hþB©& emñÌrOr Ho$ {_Ì Q>rH$mam_ nmbrdmb Zo EH$ _wbmH$mV _| ~Vm`m {H$ CÝhm|Zo "^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ' _| ^mJ Z boH$a ^yb H$s Wr&

Jm±YrOr Ho$ "^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ' H$m ~rH$mZoa na ~hþV H$_Aga n‹S>m& Ho$db EH$ `m Xmo ñHy$bm| Ho$ N>mÌm| Zo H$jmAm| H$m ~{hîH$ma {H$`m& 08 AJñV 1942 H$mo Jm±YrOr H$s {JaâVmar Ho$ {damoY _| Myê$ hmB© ñHy$b Ho$ N>mÌm| Zo H$jmAm| H$m ~{hîH$ma {H$`m&30 BgHo$ Abmdm Myê$ Ho$ VrZ N>mÌ Jmo{dÝXam_, amYoí`m_Am¡a am_Jmonmb "^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ' _| ^mJ boZo {Xëbr Jò& naÝVw ~rH$mZoa Ho$ _hmamOm J§Jmqgh H$s gV©H$Vm Ho$ MbVo AmÝXmobZ Zo Omoa Zht nH$‹S>m& âVnwa _| 10 AJñV 1942 H$mo h‹S>Vmb aIH$a AmÝXmobZ H$m g_W©Z {H$`m& gaH$ma Zo Cgr {XZ H$m`©H$Vm©Am| H$mo {JaâVma H$aZm àmaå^ H$a {X`m&31 AmÝXmobZ àmaå^ hmoVo hr ZJanm{bH$m àOmn[afX² Ho$ VrZm| gXñ`m| Zo BñVr\$m Xo {X`m& AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ âVnwa eha _| à{V{XZ hr Oybwg {ZH$mbo OmVo, {Og_| pñÌ`m± gañdVr ~moham Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| g{H«$` ^mJ boVr& âVnwa _| ~Zmò Jò Z_H$ H$s W¡{b`m± EH$ n¡go à{V W¡br Ho$ {hgm~ go ~oMH$a H$mZyZ Vmo‹S>Vo Wo& CÝhr {XZm| Xmo `wdH$ lr {JaYmar qgh n¡WZm Am¡a amoeZ Am`© Zo S>mH$ImZm| Am¡a aobdo ñQ>oeZm| H$s Vmo‹S>\$mo‹S> H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© naÝVw nH$‹S>o Jò& CÝh| 6-6 _mh H$s Oob H$s gOm hþB©& AmÝXmobZ Mb hr ahm Wm {H$ amÁ` _| ^`§H$a ~m‹T> Am JB©& {Oggo AmÝXmobZ g_má H$aZm n‹S>m&

^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ H$s à{VÜd{Z H$moQ>m _| ^r gwZmB© Xr& 9 AJñV 1942 H$mo amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb` Am¡a {gQ>r ñHy$b Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| Zo amï´>r` ZoVmAm| H$s {JaâVmar Ho$ {damoY _| h‹S>Vmb H$a Xr&32 A~ amoO eha _| Oybwg {ZH$bVm {Og_| N>mÌm| d àOm_ÊS>b H$m`©H$Vm©Am| H$s ^mJrXmar ahVr& Oybwg AÝV _| g^m _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVo& BZ àXe©Z H$m`©H«$_m| _| H¥$îUJmonmb Jwám d Hw$gw_ Jwám H$m `moJXmZ CëboIZr` ahm& gaH$ma Zo V_m_ZoVmAm| H$mo {JaâVma H$aZm àmaå^ {H$`m VWm 13 AJñV 1942 H$mo H$moQ>m _| Ymam 144 bJm Xr& naÝVw OZVm H$moVdmbr Ho$ gm_Zo {Va§Jo PÊSo> boH$a àXe©Z H$aZo bJr& nw{bg Zo ^r‹S> na Jmobr Mbm Xr, {Oggo í`m_ZmamÙ gŠgoZm d ~w{ÕàH$me Jwá Km`b hmo Jò&33 Bggo OZVm ^‹S>H$ JB© VWm ZJa àemgZ H$mo AnZo hmW _| bo {b`m& Xmo gámh ~mX _hmamd Ho$ Bg AmídmgZ na {H$ gaH$ma X_Z H$m ghmam Zht boJr, emgZ nwZ: _hmamd H$mo gm¡§nm& ~yÝXr _| AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ G${fXÎm _ohVm d ~«OgwÝXa e_m© Zo gË`mJ«h ewê$ {H$`m& OJh-OJh g^mE± H$s JB© Am¡a YaZo

{Xò Jò, {Og_| hOmam| bmoJm| Zo ^mJ {b`m& _ohVm H$mo H¡$X H$a AO_oa ôO {X`m& gaH$ma Zo àOm_ÊS>b H$mo Ad¡Y Kmo{fV H$a {X`m&34

^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ ewê$ hmoZo Ho$ gmW Abda Am¡a amÁ` Ho$ AÝ` H$ñ~m| _| h‹S>Vmbm| d Owbygm| H$m Xm¡a ewê$ hþAm& lr Hw§$O {~hmarbmb _moXr H$mo amÁ` Zo ZOa ~ÝX H$a {X`m& na amÁ` Zo X_Z H$m ghmam Zht {b`m& AV: AmÝXmobZ Zo {deof Omoa Zht nH$‹S>m&35 ~rH$mZoa d O¡gb_oa _| amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo H$^r nZnZo hr Zht {X`m J`m& _hmamOm J§Jmqgh d O¡gb_oa _hmamdb Zo amOZr{VH$ H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| H$mo `m Vmo {JaâVma H$a aIm Wm `m amÁ` go {Zdm©{gV H$a aIm Wm& AV: ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ H$m `hm± à^md Zht ahm& AO_oa {Zdm©{gV ZoVmAm| H$s eaU ñWbr ~Zm hþAm Wm& Aà¡b 1943 _| {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo 63 ì`pŠV`m| H$mo {JaâVma {H$`m& BZ_| à_wI Wo ~mbH¥$îU H$m¡b, h[a^mD$ CnmÜ`m`, am_ZmamÙ Mm¡Yar, ñdm_r Hw$_mamZÝX, _m¡bmZm AãXþb eHy$a d emo^mbmb Jwá Am{X& àH$meMÝÐ Zo Bg AmÝXmobZ _| AZoH$ JrVm| H$m g¥OZ H$a àOm H$mo Z¡{VH$ ~b àXmZ {H$`m& Oobm| _| Hw$à~ÝY Ho$ {damoY _| ~mbH¥$îU H$mob ^yI h‹S>Vmb na ~¡R> Jò& CÝhm|Zo Jm±YrOr Ho$ H$hZo na hr AnZm Cndmg Vmo‹S>m&36 Sy±>Janwa _| lr ^moJrbmb nÊS>`m Zo 5 {Xgå~a, 1942 H$mo EH$ gmd©O{ZH$ g^m H$a Xoe _| A§J«oOr emgZ H$m {damoY {H$`m& AJbo {XZ Owbyg {ZH$mbm, ñHy$b VWm ~mOmam| _| h‹S>Vmb ahr& ~m±gdm‹S>m, àVmnJ‹T>, {gamohr d Pmbmdm‹S> _| ^r Jm±YrOr d H$m§J«og ZoVmAm| H$s {JaâVmar Ho$ {damoY _| h‹S>Vmb hþB© Ed§ Owbyg {ZH$mbo Jò naÝVw H$moB© {JaâVmar Zht hþB©& H$am¡br _| EH$ H$m`©H$Vm© lr H$ë`mU àgmX Jwám H$mo ZOa~ÝX H$a {X`m J`m& do VrZ _mh ~mX Oob go N>mo‹S>o Jò&

{ZîH$f©

{ZîH$f© Ho$ Vm¡a na `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {Og g_` {~«{Q>e ^maV _| amOZr{VH$ OmJ«{V AmB©, bJ^J Cgr g_` amOñWmZ H$s [a`mgVm| _| ^r amOZr{VH$ OmJ¥{V AmB©& `hm± amOZr{VH$ OmJ¥{V Ho$ nrN>o g_mO gwYma g§JR>Zm| H$s n¥ð>^y{_ Wr& 1918 _| ñWm{nV "amOnyVmZm _Ü`^maV g^m' amOñWmZ H$s nhbr amOZr{VH$ g§ñWm Wr, {Ogo H§$mJ«og Zo AnZm gh`moJr _mZ {b`m Wm& 1919 _| Jm±Yr Or H$mo amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ H$m ZoV¥Ëd àmá hþAm Vmo amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ OZ AmÝXmobZ ~Z J`m& O~ Jm±Yr Or Zo Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ àmaå^ {H$`m Vmo Bggo amOñWmZ ^r ANy>Vm Zht ahm& [a`mgVm| Ho$ emgH$ `Ú{n gVH©$ hmo Jò


ISSN 2348-3857

VWm BZ AmÝXmobZm| H$mo e¡edH$mb _| hr X~mZo H$m à`mg {H$`m naÝVw X~m Zht gHo$& 1938 _| H$m§J«og Ho$ h[anwam A{YdoeZ Ho$ ~mX amOñWmZ H$s ha [a`mgV _| àOm_ÊS>b H$s ñWmnZm hmoZo bJr& ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ ~mX amOñWmZ H$s [a`mgVm| _| àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ BVZo g{H«$` hmo Jò {H$ {~«{Q>e ^maV H$s {H$gr ^r amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y H$m Aga amOñWmZ na n‹S>Vm& Hw$N> amOmAm| Zo {~«{Q>e gÎmm H$s g_m{á _| AnZr [a`mgV H$s ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ ñdßZ XoIZo bJo& Hw$N> Zo n[adV©Zm| H$mo g_Pm Am¡a g_` Ho$ gmW àemgZ _| Amdí`H$ gwYma {H$ò& Hw$N> Eogo ^r Wo Omo qH$H$V©ì`{d_yT> hmo Jò& [a`mgVm| H$s OZVm H$s amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| ^y{_H$m BVZr ~‹T> JB© {H$ emgH$m| Ho$ {bE Cgo amoH$ nmZm H${R>Z hmo J`m& Xoe _| O~ ^r H$moB© ~‹S>m AmÝXmobZ d KQ>Zm hmoVr Vmo CgH$m Aga amOñWmZ na n‹S>Vm& O~ Xoe AmOmX hþAm Vmo EH$-EH$ [a`mgV Zo ^maV g§K _| {_bZm ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m VWm amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| amOñWmZ H$m g\$a nyU© hþAm&

g§X^© gyMr

1. ZmJm¡ar Eg.Eb. Ed§ H$mÝVm, amOñWmZ H$m ñdVÝÌVm g§J«m_, _{bH$ EÊS> H$ånZr, O`nwa, 2012, n¥.g§. 37

2. amOnyVmZm, _Ü` ^maV g^m H$m dm{f©H$ {ddaU, 1924, n¥.g§. 1

3. _ohVm, n¥Ïdrqgh, h_mam amOñWmZ, {hÝXr ^dZ, Omb§Ya d Bbmhm~mX, 1950, n¥.g§. 323

4. ~å~B© H«$m°{ZH$b, 25 _mM©, 1931

5. JhbmoV, OJXre qgh, Q>m|H$ amÁ` H$m B{Vhmg (AàH$m{eV) OJXre qgh JhbmoV emoY g§ñWmZ, OmoYnwa (O.emo.g§.)

6. grVma_¡`m, nÅ>m{^, H$m§J«og H$m B{Vhmg, gñVm gm{hË` àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1958, n¥.g§. 222

7. gŠgoZm, Ho$. Eg., Xr nm°{b{Q>H$b _yd_oÝQ²>g EÊS> AdoH$qZJ BZ amOñWmZ (1857-1947), Eg.MmÝX EÊS> H$ånZr, am_ZJa, ZB© {Xëbr, 1971, n¥.g§. 148

8. _ohVm, n¥Ïdrqgh, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 323

9. amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, 19 {gVå~a, 1976 ({dídZmW H$mbo)

10. ZmJm¡ar, Eg.Eb. Ed§ H$mÝVm, amOñWmZ H$m ñdVÝÌVm g§J«m_, _{bH$ EÊS> H$ånZr O`nwa, 2012, n¥.g§. 41-42

11. Ë`mJ^y{_, {XZmH$ 6 _B© 1931 Am¡a 8 _B© 1931

12. {hÝXþñVmZ Q>mBåg, 24 Aà¡b 1930

13. e_m©, JmonrZmW, amOñWmZ H$m ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_, amOñWmZ amÁ` A{^boImJma, ~rH$mZoa, 1991, n¥.g§. 255

14. gŠgoZm, Ho$. Eg., nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 334

15. _wX²Jb, MoVZm, ~rH$mZoa _| OZ AmÝXmobZ, aMZm àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1996, n¥.g§. 35

16. H$moQ>m amÁ` H$mopÝ\$So>pÝe`b \$mBb Z§. 12/33, _hH$_m Img (A.~r.), 1931

17. \$mBb Z§. 43/3 ^mJ-àW_, 33, nmo{b{Q>H$b 1993 J¥h {d^mJ, (21,A)

18. ì`mg, Ama. nr., AmYw{ZH$ amOñWmZ H$m d¥hX² B{Vhmg- ^mJ 2, am.{h.J«.A., O`nwa, 1998, n¥.g§. 321

19. Jwá nÌ Z§. Eg.~r./108/{XZm§H$ 10.10.1942 AmB©.Or. nw{bg go àYmZ_§Ìr (O.J.emo.g§.)

20. nÌ g§»`m Eg.~r./108 Cn`w©ŠV

21. OmoYnwa H$mopÝ\$So>pÝe`b \$mBb, AmB©.Or. nr.gr.~r. ~ñVm Z§.-1 H«$_m§H$-2, 1942

22. dra AOw©Z, 22.09.1942

23. nÌ H«$_m§H$ Eg.Ama.gr./108 Cn`w©ŠV (A.~r.)

24. _mWwa, gmo^mJ, ñQ´>Jb \$m°a [añnmopñg~b JdZ©_oÝQ> BZ _madm‹S>, emaXm npãbqeJ hmD$g, OmoYnwa, 1982, n¥.g§. 120-124

25. gŠgoZm, àmo. e§H$aghm`, Omo Xoe Ho$ {bò {Oò, _wŠVdmUr àH$meZ, ~rH$mZoa, 1971, n¥.g§. 140-141

26. nZJ{‹S>`m, ~r.Eb., amOñWmZ _| ñdVÝÌVm g§J«m_ (18dm§ g§ñH$aU) am.{h.J«.A. O`nwa, 1988, n¥.g§. 67

27. gŠgoZm, Eg.Eg., nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 143

28. emñÌr, lr hrambmb, àË`j OrdZ emñÌ, AZwn_m àH$meZ _§{Xa, O`nwa, 1970, n¥.g§. 71

29. {hÝXþñVmZ Q>mBåg, 05.02.1943

30. hmo_ {S>nmQ>©_|Q> ~rH$mZoa, \$mBb Z§. Eb.EZ. {ÛVr`, 1942, n¥.g§. 1-3

31. âVnwa àOm_ÊS>b, \$mBb Z§. 28, H«$_m§H$ 30, 1942, n¥.g§. 3 (A.~r.)

32. H$moQ>m àOm_ÊS>b, n{ÌH$m Z§. 23 AJñV 1943 (A.~r.)

33. H$moQ>m amOnÌ, AJñV 1942 ({deofm§H$) (A.~r.)

34. ~yÝXr aoH$mS©>, \$mBb Z§. 243, 1942-43 n¥.g§. 50 (A.~r.)

35. amOnwVmZm nm{jH$ [anmoQ>©, AŠQy>~a 1943, (A.~r.)

36. amOñWmZ {S>pñQ´>ŠQ> JOo{Q>à, AO_oa,1943, n¥.g§. 92-93

àñVmdZm

^maVr` g_mO àmapå^H$ ê$n go J«m_rU g_mO hr h¡& hmbm§{H$ `hm± eharH$aU ~‹T> ahm h¡& ^maV Ho$ ~hþg§»`H$ bmoJ Jm±d _| hr ahVo h¡§ (68.8 à{VeV, 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma) CZH$m OrdZ H¥${f AWdm Cggo g§~§{YV ì`dgm`m| go MbVm h¡& `hm± ~hþV go ^maVr`m| Ho$ {bE ^y{_ CËnmXZ H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© gmYZ h¡& ^y{_ CËnmXZ, g§n{Îm Am¡a Z Ho$db H¥${f H$m gmYZ h¡ ~pëH$ Or{dH$m H$m EH$ àH$ma h¡& `h OrZo H$m EH$ VarH$m ^r h¡& h_mar ~hþV gr gm§ñH¥${VH$ añ_m| Ho$ nrN>o H¥${f H$s n¥ð>^y{_ hmoVr h¡& maV Ho$ {d{^ÝZ joÌm| _| Zddf© Ho$ Ë`mohma O¡go V{_bZmSw> _| nm|Jb, Amgm_ _| ~rhÿ, n§Om~ _| ~¡emIr, H$Zm©Q>H$ _| CJm‹S>r `o g~ _w»` ê$n go \$gb H$mQ>Zo Ho$ g_` _ZmE OmVo h¡ Am¡a ZE H¥${f _m¡g_ Ho$ AmZo H$s KmofUm H$aVo h¡§&

H¥${f Ed§ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ~rM EH$ K{Zð> g§~§Y h¡& J«m_rU ^maV H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm XmoZm| H¥${f Am¡a H¥${f

emoY gmam§e

^maVr` g_mO àmapå^H$ ê$n go J«m_rU g_mO h¡& ^maVr`m| Ho$ {bE ^y{_, CËnmXZ H$m _hËdnyU© gmYZ h¡& h_mar ~hþV gr gm§ñH¥${VH$ añ_m| Ho$ nrN>o H¥${f H$s n¥ð>^y{_ hmoVr h¡& J«m_rU ^maV _| ì`dgm`m| H$s {^ÝZVm `hm± H$s Om{V ì`dñWm _| à{Vq~{~V hmoVr h¡& J«m_rU ZJar` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ nañna A§V: gå~ÝY go H$B© ì`dgm` Jm±dm| _| Am aho h¡§& ANy>V AWdm X{bV Om{V Ho$ bmoJ A{YH$m§eV: à~b Om{V Ho$ ^yñdm_r g_yhm| Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ `hm± H¥${f _OXÿa ahVo Wo& {~«{Q>e H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ O_tXmar ì`dñWm na EH$ n[aUm_ `h hþAm {H$ H¥${f CËnmXZ H$_ hmoZo bJm& {~«{Q>e emgZ Ho$ AYrZ ^y-à~§Y a¡`Vdm‹S>r ì`dñWm Ho$ Ûmam hmoVm Wm& ^maV Ho$ ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX {Z`mo{OV {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m| H$s Va\$ Ü`mZ Ho$pÝÐV {H$`m& h[aV H«$m§{V Ho$ Ûmam nhbr ~ma ^maV ImÚmÝZ CËnmXZ _| ñdmdbå~r ~ZZo _| gj_ hþAm& n`m©daU VWm g_mO na H¥${f Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ VarH$m| Ho$ ZH$mamË_H$ à^md H$mo XoIVo hþE ~hþV go d¡km{ZH$ VWm H¥$fH$ Am§XmobZ A~ H¥${f Ho$ nmaån[aH$ VarH$m| H$s Amoa bm¡Q>Zo H$s gbmh Xo aho h¡§& àdgZ VWm H$m_ H$s gwajm Ho$ A^md _| BZ _OXÿam| Ho$ H$m`© VWm OrdZ XemE± Iam~ hmo OmVr h¡§& CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V H$m H¥${f VWm J«_rU g_mO na ~hþV _hËdnyU© à^md n‹S>m& Ohm± g§{dXm IoVr {H$gmZm| H$mo {dÎmr` gwajm àXmZ H$aVr h¡ dht `h {H$gmZm| Ho$ {bE A{YH$ Agwajm ^r ~Z OmVr h¡& H¥${f Ho$ _wX²Xo A~ gmd©O{ZH$ _wX²Xo Zht aho h¡§ VWm J{VerbVm Ho$ A^md Ho$ H$maU H¥$fH$ epŠVembr X~md g_yh ~ZmZo _| Ag_W© h¡ Omo Zr{V {ZYm©aU AnZo nj _| H$adm gHo$&

g§Ho$Vmja … à{Vq~{~V, à~b, {Z`mo{OV {dH$mg, àdgZ, g§{dXm

g§~§Yr OrdZ nÕ{V go ~hþV {ZH$Q>Vm go Ow‹S>r hþB© h¡& ~hþV go Eogo {H«$`mH$bmn h¡ Omo H¥${f Am¡a J«må` OrdZ H$s _XX Ho$ {bE h¡ Am¡a do J«m_rU ^maV _| bmoJm| Ho$ Or{dH$m Ho$ g«moV h¡& ~hþV go H$marJa, XñVH$ma O¡go Hw$åhma, ImVr, Owbmhoo, bwhma Ed§ gwZma ^r J«m_rU joÌm| _| ahVo h¡§ do J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm H$m EH$ A§J h¡ Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ H$mb go hr CZH$s g§»`m _| H$_r Am ahr h¡& _erZm| go ~Zo gm_mZm| Zo CZHo$ hmW go ~Zr hþB© dñVwAm| H$m ñWmZ bo {b`m h¡& J«m_rU ^maV _| ì`dgm`m| H$s {^ÝZVm `hm± H$s Om{V ì`dñWm _| à{Vq~{~V hmoVr h¡, Ohm± {H$ Hw$N> joÌm| _| {deofk Am¡a AnZr godmE§ XoZo dmbo Ymo~r, Hw$åhma Ed§ gwZma BË`m{X gpå_{bV hmoVo h¡§& BZ_| go Hw$N> na§namJV ì`dgm` AmO Qy>Q> aho h¡§& bo{H$Z J«m_rU ZJar` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ nañna A§V: gå~ÝY go H$B© ì`dgm` Jm±dm| _| Am aho h¡§& Jm±d _| ahZo dmbo bmoJ gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar O¡go S>mH$ImZo _|, {ejm {d^mJ _|, H$maImZo _| H$m_Jma

J«m_rU g_mO _| n[adV©Z{XZoe Hw$_ma

emoYmWu, dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

`m goZm H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aVo h¡§, CZH$s Or{dH$m AH¥${f {H«$`mH$bmnm| go MbVr h¡&

^maV Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJm| _| A{YH$m§e bmoJm| Ho$ nmg Hw$N> Z Hw$N> ^y{_hmoVr h¡ Am_Vm¡a na O_rZ H$m N>moQ>m Qw>H$‹S>m hmoVm h¡& Hw$N> Xÿgao ^mJm| _| 40 go 50 à{VeV n[admam| Ho$ nmg H$moB© ^y{_ Zht hmoVr h¡& CZH$s Or{dH$m `m Vmo H¥${f _OXÿar `m AÝ` àH$ma Ho$ H$m`m] go MbVr h¡& BgH$m AW© `h hþAm {H$ ~‹S>r g§»`m _| bmoJ Jar~r H$s aoIm Ho$ D$na `m ZrMo hmoVo h¡§&

_Ü`_ Am¡a ~‹S>r O_rZm| Ho$ _m{bH$ gmYmaUV: H¥${f go n`m©á AO©Z hr Zht ~pëH$ AÀN>r Am_XZr ^r H$a boVo h¡§ bo{H$Z H¥${f _OXÿam| H$mo AŠga {ZåZV_ {ZYm©[aV _yë` go H$_ {X`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a do ~hþV H$_ H$_mVo h¡§& g_mZ ê$n go H$míVH$ma `m nÅ>oYmar H$s Am_XZr _m{bH$ H¥$fH$m| go H$_ hmoVr h¡&

h_ àm`: `h gmoMVo h¡§ {H$ D$±Mr Om{Vdmbo Ho$ nmg A{YH$ ^y{_ Am¡a Am_XZr hmoVr h¡ Am¡a `h {H$ Om{V Am¡a dJ© _| nmañn[aH$Vm h¡, CZH$m g§ñVaU ZrMo H$s Amoa hmoVm h¡& Hw$N> joÌm| _| `h _moQ>o Vm¡a na ghr h¡ bo{H$Z nyU© gË` Zht h¡& ^maV Ho$ A{YH$m§e joÌm| _| ^yñdm{_Ëd dmbo g_yh Ho$ bmoJ "eyÐ' `m "j{Ì`' dJ© Ho$ h¡& g_mOemñÌr E_.EZ.lr {Zdmg Zo Eogo bmoJm| H$mo à~b Om{V H$m Zm_ {X`m, àË`oH$ joÌ _|, à~b Om{V g_yh H$m\$s epŠVembr hmoVm h¡& Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ ê$n go dh ñWmZr` bmoJm| na à^wËd ~ZmE aIVm h¡& ^maV Ho$ H$B© ^mJm| _| nhbo "ANy>V' AWdm X{bV Om{V Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo ^y{_ aIZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm, do A{YH$m§eV: à~b Om{V Ho$ ^yñdm_r g_yhm| Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ `hm± H¥${f _OXÿa ahVo Wo& Bg_| EH$ _OXÿa goZm ~Zr {Oggo ^yñdm{_`m| Zo IoV OwVdmH$a H¥${f H$admB© Am¡a Á`mXm bm^ H$_m`m&

Xoe Ho$ A{YH$Va joÌm| _| EH$ ñdËdm{YH$mar Om{V Ho$ nmg g^r _hËdnyU© gmYZ h¡§ Am¡a g^r _OXÿam| na CZH$m {Z`§ÌU h¡ Vm{H$ do CZHo$ {bE H$m_ H$a|& CÎmar ^maV Ho$ H$B© ^mJm| _| A^r ^r "~oJma' Am¡a _wâV _OXÿar O¡gr nÕ{V àMbZ _| h¡& JwOamV _| Bg ì`dñWm H$mo hbn{V Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& hmbm§{H$ H$mZyZZ Bg Vah H$s ì`dñWmE± g_má hmo JB© h¡, bo{H$Z do H$B© joÌm| _| A^r ^r Mb ahr h¡§& CÎmar {~hma _| EH$ Jm±d _| A{YH$Va ^yñdm_r ^y{_hma h¡§, `h ^r EH$ à~b J{V h¡&

H¥${f g§~§Yr g§aMZm nyd© Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ go Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ níMmV² d¥hX² ê$n _| n[ad{V©V hmoVr ahr& O~{H$ dht à~b Om{V nyd© Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ H$mb _| ^r H¥$fH$ Om{V Wr, do

àË`j ê$n _| O_rZ Ho$ _m{bH$ Zht Wo& BZHo$ ñWmZ na, emgZ H$aZo dmbo g_yh O¡go {H$ ñWmZr` amOm `m O_tXma ^y{_ na {Z`§ÌU aIVo Wo& {H$gmZ AWdm H¥$fH$ Omo {H$ Cg ^y{_ na H$m`© H$aVm Wm dh \$gb H$m n`m©á ^mJ CÝh| XoVm Wm& O~ {~«{Q>e Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ ^maV _| AmJo AmE, Vmo CÝhm|Zo H$B© joÌm| _| BZ ñWmZr` O_rXmam| Ûmam hr H$m_ Mbdm`m& CÝhm|Zo O_rXmam| H$mo g§n{Îm Ho$ A{YH$ma ^r Xo {XE& {~«{Q>e bmoJm| Ho$ {bE H$m_H$aVo hþE CÝh| O_rZ na nhbo go Á`mXm {Z`§ÌU {_bm& hmbm±{H$ Am¡n{Zdo{eH$m| Zo H¥${f ^y{_ na ~hþV ~‹S>m Q>¡Šg bJm {X`m Wm, O_rXma H¥$fH$ go Q>¡Šg Ho$ ê$n _| {OVZr Á`mXm CnO Am¡a n¡gm bo gH$Vo Wo, bo boVo Wo& O_tXmar ì`dñWm na EH$ n[aUm_`h hþAm {H$ {~«{Q>eH$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ H¥${f CËnmXZ H$_ hmoZo bJm& O_rXmam| Zo {H$gmZm| H$m emofU {H$`m gmW hr ~ma-~ma n‹S>Zo dmbo AH$mb Am¡a `wÕ Zo OZVm H$mo EH$ Vah go _ma S>mbm&

Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ ^maV _| ~hþV go {Obm| H$m àemgZ O_rXmar ì`dñWm Ûmam MbVm Wm& AÝ` joÌm| _| `h grYm {~«{Q>e emgZ Ho$ AYrZ Wm, {Og_| ^y à~§Y a¡`Vdm‹S>r ì`dñWm Ho$ Ûmam hmoVm Wm& Bg ì`dñWm _| O_rXma Ho$ ñWmZ na dmñV{dH$ H¥$fH$ hr Q>¡Šg MwH$mZo Ho$ {bE {Oå_oXma hmoVo Wo& Bg_| Q>¡Šg H$m ^ma H$_hmoVm Wm Am¡a H¥$fH$m| H$mo ^y{_ _| {Zdoe Ho$ {bE A{YH$ àmoËgmhZ {_bVm Wm&

^maV Ho$ ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Zohê$ Am¡a CZHo$ Zr{V gbmhH$mam| Zo {Z`mo{OV {dH$mg Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$s Va\$ Ü`mZ Ho$pÝÐV {H$`m H¥${f gwYmam| Ho$ gmW hr gmW Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU r Bg_| em{_b Wm& nhbm g~go _hËdnyU© n[adV©Z Wm O_tXmar ì`dñWm H$mo g_má H$aZm Bggo CZ {~Mm¡{b`m| H$s \$m¡O g_má hmo J`r Omo {H$ H¥$fH$ Am¡a amÁ` Ho$ ~rM _| Wr& hmbm§{H$ O_rXmar CÝ_ybZ Zo ^ygm_§VdmX `m nÅ>oXmar `m gmPmH¥${f ì`dñWm H$mo nyar Vah gm\$ Zht {H$`m J`m, `h H$B© joÌm| _| MbVm ahm& `h ^y{_ gm_§VdmX Ho$db g~go D$nadmbr naVm| _| hr g_má hþAm&

^y-gwYma Ho$ H$mZyZm| Ho$ AÝVJ©V AÝ` _w»` H$mZyZ Wm nÅ>oXmar H$m CÝ_ybZ Am¡a {Z`§ÌU `m {Z`_Z A{Y{Z`_& A{YH$Va amÁ`m| _| `h H$mZyZ H$^r ^r à^mdembr VarHo$ go bmJy Zht {H$`m J`m& ^y{_ gwYma H$s Vrgar _w»` loUr _| ^y{_ H$s hX~§Xr A{Y{Z`_Wo& BZ H$mZyZm| Ho$ VhV EH$ {d{eï> n[adma Ho$ {bE O_rZ aIZo H$s CƒV_ gr_m V` H$s JB© àË`oH$ joÌ _| hX~§Xr ^y{_ Ho$ àH$ma, CnO Am¡a AÝ` Bgr àH$ma Ho$ H$maH$m| na {Z^©a Wr& ~hþV A{YH$ CnOmD$, {~Zm nmZr dmbr O_rZ H$s hX~§Xr A{YH$ gr_m VH$ Wr& `h g§^dV: amÁ`m| H$m H$m`© Wm {H$ A{V[aŠV

ISSN 2348-3857


^y{_ (hX>~§Xr gr_m go Á`mXm) H$mo dh A{YJ¥hrV H$a V` H$s JB© loUr Ho$ AZwgma AZwgy{MV Om{V Am¡a AZwgy{MV OZOm{V _| {dV[aV H$a Xo naÝVw A{YH$m§e amÁ`m| _| ò A{Y{Z`_ X§V{dhrZ gm{~V hþE& Bg_| ~hþV go ~Mmd Ho$ amñVo Am¡a `wpŠV`m± Wr {Og_| n[admam| Am¡a KamZm| Zo AnZr O_rZ H$mo amÁ`m| H$mo XoZo go ~Mm {b`m Wm& hmbm±{H$ Hw$N> ~‹S>r OmJram| H$mo Vmo‹S> {X`m J`m, bo{H$Z A{YH$Va _m_bm| _| ^yñdm{_`m| Zo AnZr ^y{_ [aíVoXmam| `m AÝ` bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM {d^m{OV H$a Xr& _moQ>o Vm¡a na H$h| Vmo `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ hmbm±{H$ Bg| Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ H$mb go A~ VH$ dmñVd _| n[adV©Z Am`m, bo{H$Z A^r ^r ~hþV Ag_mZVm ~Mr hþB© h¡& Bg g§aMZm Zo H¥${f g§~§Yr CnO na Ü`mZ ItMm& ^y{_ gwYma Z Ho$db H¥${f CnO H$mo A{YH$ ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE ~pëH$ J«m_rU joÌm| go Jar~r hQ>mZo Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {XbmZo Ho$ {bE ^r Amdí`H$ h¡&

h¡qS>J ^ygwYma H$m J«m_rU g_mO VWm H¥${fH$ g§aMZm na EH$ gr{_V à^md n‹S>m& BgHo$ {dnarV 1960-70 Ho$ XeH$m| H$s h[aVH«$m§{V Ûmam CZ joÌm| _| Ohm± `h à^mdembr ahr _hËdnyU© n[adV©Z hþE& h[aVH«$m§{V H¥${f AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$m EH$ gaH$mar H$m`©H«$_ Wm& `h H$m`©H«$_ _w»` ê$n go Jhÿ± VWm Mmdb CËnmX H$aZo dmbo joÌm| na hr b{jV Wm& BZ joÌm| _| Ëd[aV gm_m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$ n[adV©Zm| Zo g_mOempñÌ`m| Ûmam h[aV H«$m§{V Ho$ ~mao _| l¥§Ibm~Õ AÜ``Zm| VWm OmoaXma dmX{ddmXm| H$s ~m‹T> bm Xr& XeH$m| ~mX nhbr ~ma ^maV ImÚmÝZ CËnmXZ _| ñdmdb§~r ~ZZo _| gj_ hþAm& hmbm±{H$ BgHo$ Hw$N> ZH$mamË_H$ gm_m{OH$ VWm n`m©daU Ho$ {dnarV à^mdm| H$s Amoa h[aV H«$m§{V Ho$ joÌm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo dmbo g_mOempñÌ`m| Zo g§Ho$V {H$`m h¡& h[aV H«$m§{V Am¡a BgHo$ ~mX hmoZo dmbo H¥${f ì`mnmarH$aU H$m _w»` bm^ CZ {H$gmZm| H$mo {_bm Omo ~mOma Ho$ {bE A{V[aŠV CËnmXZ H$aZo _| gj_ Wo&

Bg àH$ma h[aV H«$m§{V Ho$ àW_ MaU, 1960 VWm 1970 Ho$ XeH$m| _| ZB© VH$ZrH$ Ho$ bmJy hmoZo go J«m_rU g_mO _| gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVmE± ~‹T>Zo H$m Am^mg hþAm& AÀN>r Am{W©H$ pñW{V dmbo {H$gmZ bm^mpÝdV hþE VWm nÅ>oXma H¥$fH$ ~oXIb hþE Š`m|{H$ A~ grYo H¥${f H$m`© H$aZm A{YH$ bm^Xm`H$ Wm& Bggo YZr {H$gmZ Am¡a A{YH$ gånÝZ hmo Jò VWm ^y{_hrZ VWm gr_m§V ^y-YmaH$m| H$s Xem Am¡a {~J‹S> JB©& H¥${f CnH$aUm| Ho$ à`moJ Zo godm àXmZ H$aZo dmbr Om{V`m| Ho$ CZ g_yhm| H$mo ^r ~oXIb H$a {X`m Omo BZ H¥${f g§~§Yr {H«$`mH$bmnm| H$mo H$aVo Wo& Bg ~oXIbr H$s à{H«$`m Zo J«m_rU joÌm| go ZJar` joÌm| H$s Amoa

àdgZ H$s J{V H$mo Am¡a ~‹T>m {X`m& h[aVH«$m§{V H$s aUZr{V H$s EH$ ZH$mamË_H$ n[aU{V jo{Ì` Ag_mZVmAm| _| d¥{Õ Wr& do joÌ Ohm± `h VH$ZrH$s n[adV©Z hþAm A{YH$ {dH${gV hmo Jò O~{H$ AÝ` joÌ nyd©dV aho& Om{V VWm dJ© H$s VrúU Ag_mZVmAm| VWm emofUH$mar _OXÿa g§~§Ym| Zo BZ joÌm| _| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$s qhgm {Og_| A§VOm©Vr` qhgm gpå_{bV h¡ H$mo hmb Ho$ dfm]§ _| ~‹T>mdm {X`m h¡&

Eogr ~hþV gr OmZH$mar O¡go ~rOm| H$s ~hþV gr nma§n[aH$ {H$ñ_| {OÝh| {H$gmZm| Zo g{X`m| go CÝZV {H$`m Wm, bwá hmoVr Om ahr h¡, Š`m|{H$ g§H$a VWm O¡{dH$ gwYma dmbo ~rOm| H$s {H$ñ_m| H$mo A{YH$ CËnmXH$Vm dmbo VWm "d¡km{ZH$' ~rOm| Ho$ ê$n _| àmoËgm{hV {H$`m Om ahm h¡& n`m©daU VWm g_mO na H¥${f Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ VarH$m| Ho$ ZH$mamË_H$ à^md H$mo XoIVo hþE, ~hþV go d¡km{ZH$ VWm H¥$fH$ AmÝXmobZ A~ H¥${f Ho$ nma§n[aH$ VarH$m| VWm A{YH$ gmd`dr ~rOm| Ho$ à`moJ H$s Amoa bm¡Q>Zo H$s gbmh Xo aho h¡§& h¡qS>J ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb _| J«m_rU joÌm| _| gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym| H$s àH¥${V _| AZoH$ à^mdembr ê$nm§VaU hþE, {deofV: CZ joÌm| _| Ohm± h[aVH«$m§{V bmJy hþB©& ò ~Xbmd Wo :-

· JhZ H¥${f Ho$ H$maU H¥${f _OXÿam| H$s ~‹T>moVar

· ^wJVmZ _| AZmO Ho$ ñWmZ na ZH$X ^wJVmZ

· na§n[aH$ ~§YZm| _| {e{WbVm AWdm ^yñdm_r Ed§ {H$gmZ `m H¥${f _OXÿam| Ho$ _Ü` nwíV¡Zr g§~§Ym| _| H$_r hmoZm

· "_wŠV' {Xhm‹S>r _OXÿam| Ho$ dJ© H$m CX`

Eogo n[adV©Z CZ V_m_ joÌm| _| hþE Ohm± H¥${f H$m ì`mnmarH$aU A{YH$ hþAm& _OXÿa g§~§Ym| H$m `h ~Xbmd Hw$N> {dÛmZm| Ûmam ny±OrdmXr H¥${f H$s Amoa EH$ ~Xbmd Ho$ ê$n _| XoIm J`m& g_mOemñÌr OmZ~«o_Z Zo Bgo "g§ajU go emofU' H$s Amoa ~Xbmd Ho$ ê$n _| H$hm h¡& Bg à{H«$`m go _wÐm H$m Jm±dm| H$s Amoa ~hmd ~‹T>m VWm ì`mnma Ho$ Adgam| d amoOJma _| {dñVma hþAm& à~b Om{V`m| Ho$ g§nÝZ {H$gmZm| Zo H¥${f go hmoZo dmbo bm^ H$mo AÝ` ì`mnmam| _| {Zdoe H$aZm àmaå^ H$a {X`m& {d{dYVm H$s Bg à{H«$`m go ZE CÚ_r g_yhm| H$m CX` hþAm {OÝhm|Zo J«m_rU joÌm| _| BZ {dH$mgerb joÌm| Ho$ ~‹T>Vo H$ñ~m| H$s Amoa nbm`Z {H$`m, {Oggo ZE joÌr` A{ÔmV dJm] H$m CX` hþAm Omo Am{W©H$ VWm amOZr{VH$ ê$n go à~b hmo Jò& dJ© g§aMZm Ho$ Bg n[adV©Z Ûmam J«m_rU A{ÔmV dJ© AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo {e{jV H$aZm g§^d hþAm& {OÝhm|Zo ñd`§ H$mo EH$ J{V_mZ CÚ_r, J«m_rU ZJar` à~b dJ© Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V H$a {b`m&


ISSN 2348-3857

h[aV H«$m§{V Ho$ g§nÝZ joÌm| _| H¥${f _OXÿam| H$s _m§J ~‹T>Zo go _m¡g_r nbm`Z H$m EH$ à{V_mZ Câm& OrdZ ì`mnma H$s aUZr{V Ho$ Vm¡a na nwê$f g_`-g_` na H$m_ VWm AÀN>r _OXÿar H$s ImoO _| nbm`Z H$a OmVo h¢& nbm`Z H$aZo dmbo _OXÿam| H$mo OmZ ~«o_Z Zo "Kw_ŠH$‹S> _OXÿa' (\y$Q>byO bo~a) H$hm h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV ~«o_Z (1982) H$m AÜ``Z ~VmVm h¡ {H$ ^y{_hrZ _OXÿam| Ho$ nmg ~hþV go A{YH$ma Zht hmoVo, YZr {H$gmZ AŠga \$gb H$mQ>Zo VWm Bgr àH$ma H$s AÝ` JhZ H¥${f {H«$`mAm| Ho$ {bE ñWmZr` H$m_H$mOr dJ© Ho$ ñWmZ na, àdgZ H$aZo dmbo _OXÿam| H$mo àmW{_H$Vm XoVo h¡§, Š`m|{H$ àdgZ H$aZo dmbo _OXÿam| H$m AmgmZr go emofU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& àdgZ VWm H$m_ H$s gwajm Ho$ A^md _| BZ _OXÿam| Ho$ H$m`© VWm OrdZ XemE± Iam~ hmo OmVr h¡§&

Ohm± n[adma Ho$ nwê$f gXñ` df© H$m A{YH$Va {hñgm Jm±dm| Ho$ ~mha H$m_ H$aZo _| {~VmVo h¡§, H¥${f _ybê$n go _{hbmAm| H$m H$m`© ~Z J`m h¡& {Oggo H¥${f _OXÿam| H$m _{hbmH$aU hmo ahm h¡& A^r hmb VH$ gaH$mar Am±H$‹S>m| _| H$_mZo dmbm| VWm _OXÿam| Ho$ ê$n _| _{hbmE± _wpíH$b go ZOa AmVr Wr O~{H$ _{hbm`| ^y{_ na ^y{_hrZ _OXÿa VWm H¥$fH$ Ho$ ê$n _| l_ H$aVr h¡&

CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V {OgH$m AZwgaU ^maV 1980 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ CÎmamÕ© go H$a ahm h¡, H$m H¥${f VWm J«m_rU g_mO na ~hþV _hËdnyU© à^md n‹S>m h¡& XeH$m| VH$ gaH$mar gh`moJ Am¡a g§a{jV ~mOmam| Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` {H$gmZ A§Vam©ï´>r` ~mOma go à{Vñn©Ym hoVw àñVwV h¡& {H$gmZm| Zo ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| go Hw$N> {ZpíMV \$gbo (O¡go-Q>_mQ>a Am¡a Amby) CJmZo H$s g§{dXm Xr JB© h¡, {OÝh| ò H§$n{Z`m± CZgo àg§ñH$aU AWdm {Z`m©V hoVw IarX boVr h¡& Eogr "g§{dXm IoVr' nÕ{V _| H§$n{Z`m± CJmB© OmZo dmbr \$gbm| H$s nhMmZ H$aVr h¡§, ~rO VWm AÝ` dñVwE± {Zdoem| Ho$ ê$n _| CnbãY H$admVr h¡& gmW hr OmZH$mar VWm AŠga H$m`©H$mar ny±Or ^r XoVr h¡& ~Xbo _| {H$gmZ ~mOma H$s Amoa go AmídñV ahVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ H$ånZr nyd© {ZYm©[aV V` _yë` na CnO Ho$ H«$_ H$m AmídmgZ XoVr h¡& Ohm± "g§{dXm IoVr' {H$gmZm| H$mo {dÎmr` gwajm àXmZ H$aVr h¡ dht `h {H$gmZm| Ho$ {bE A{YH$ Agwajm ^r ~Z OmVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ do AnZo OrdZ ì`mnma Ho$ {bE BZ H$ån{Z`m| na {Z^©a hmo OmVo h¡§& "g§{dXm IoVr' H$m g_mOemñÌr` _hËd `h h¡ {H$ `h ~hþV go ì`pŠV`m| H$mo CËnmXZ à{H«$`m go AbJ H$a XoVr h¡ VWm CZHo$ AnZo Xoer` H¥${f kmZ H$mo {ZaW©H$ ~Zm XoVr h¡& "g§{dXm IoVr' _| AŠga ImX VWm

H$sQ>ZmeH$ H$m Cƒ _mÌm _| à`moJ H$aVo h¡§, Bg{bE `h ~hþYm n`m©daUr` X¥{ï> go gwa{jV Zht hmoVr&

H¥${f Ho$ ^y_§S>brH$aU H$m EH$ AÝ` nj "H¥${f {dñVma' EO|Q>m| H$m ñWmZ Jm±d Ho$ ~rO, ImX VWm H$sQ>ZmeH$ H$ån{Z`m| Ho$ EO|Q>m| Zo bo {b`m h¡& ò EOoÝQ> AŠga {H$gmZm| Ho$ {bE Zò ~rOm| VWm H¥${f H$m`© hoVw OmZH$mar H$m EH$ _mÌ g«moV hmoVo h¡§ Am¡a {Z:g§Xoh do AnZo CËnmX ~oMZo Ho$ BÀNw>H$ hmoVo h¡§& Bggo {H$gmZm| H$s _h§Jr ImX Am¡a H$sQ>ZmeH$m| na {Z^©aVm ~‹T>r h¡, {Oggo CZH$m bm^ H$_ hþAm h¡, ~hþV go {H$gmZ G$Ur hmo Jò h¡§ VWm J«m_rU joÌm| _| n`m©daU g§H$Q> ^r n¡Xm hþAm h¡&

{ZîH$f©

dñVwV… ^maV _| {H$gmZ g{X`m| go g_`-g_` na gyIo, \$gb Z hmoZo AWdm G$U Ho$ H$maU naoemZr H$m gm_Zm H$aVo aho h¡§& {H$gmZm| Ûmam AmË_ hË`m H$s àKQ>Zm Z`r OmZ n‹S>Vr h¡& Bg àKQ>Zm H$s ì`m»`m g_mOemñÌr`mo§ Zo H¥${f VWm H¥${fH$ g_mO _| hmoZo dmbo g§aMZmË_H$ VWm gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zm| Ho$ n[aàoú` _| H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& AmË_ hË`m H$aZo dmbo ~hþV go {H$gmZ "gr_m§V {H$gmZ' Wo& Omo _yb ê$n go h[aVH«$m§{V Ho$ VarH$m| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ AnZr CËnmXH$Vm ~‹T>mZo H$m à`mg H$a aho Wo& {H$gmZ AnZm CËnmXZ ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE _h±Jo _Xm| _| {Zdoe H$aZo hoVw AË`{YH$ CYma boVo h¡§& IoVr H$m Z hmoZm VWm Hw$N> _m_bm| _| C{MV AmYma AWdm ~mOma _yë` Ho$ A^md Ho$ H$maU {H$gmZ H$O© H$m ~moP CR>mZo AWdm AnZo n[admam| H$mo MbmZo _| Ag_W© hmoVo h¡§& J«m_rU joÌm| H$s n[ad{V©V hmoZo dmbr g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {bE A{YH$ Am` H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ {Oggo Eogr naoem{Z`m| H$s Vrd«Vm ~‹T> OmVr h¡&

H¥${f Ho$ _wÔo A~ _w»` gmd©O{ZH$ _wÔo Zht aho h¡§, VWm J{VerbVm Ho$ A^md Ho$ H$maU H¥$fH$ epŠVembr X~md g_yh ~ZmZo _| Ag_W© h¡ Omo Zr{V {ZYm©aU AnZo nj _| H$adm gHo$ AWdm Zr{V H$mo à^m{dV H$a gHo$&

g§ÝX^© J«§W gyMr1. AJ«dmb, ~rZm, A {\$ëS> Am°µ\$ dZ²g AmZ : O|S>a E§S> b¡§S>

amBQ²>g BZ gmD$W E{e`m, H¡$på~«O `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, Z`r {Xëbr, 1994

2. ~«o_Z, Om°Z, noQ´>mooZoO E§S> EŠgßbm°`Q>oeZ : MoqOJ AJ«o[a`Z [aboeÝg BZ gmCW JwOamV, `y{Zd{g©Q>r Am°\$ H¡${b\$m°a{Z`m àog, ~H©$bo, 1974

3. ~«o_Z, Om°Z, Am°\$ nrO|Q²>g, _mB©J«|Q²>g E§S> nm°ng© : ê$ab bo~a gaHw$boeZ E§S> Ho${nQ>{bñQ> àmoS>ŠeZ BZ doñQ> B§{S>`m, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 1985

ISSN 2348-3857


4. ~«o_Z, Om°Z, Am¡a gwXrámo, _wSo>b (g§), ê$ab Q´>m§g\$m°a_|eZ BZ E{e`m, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 1991

5. Xmg, amOy Oo., Á`moJ«m°{\$H$b AZBdZZog Am°\$ B§{S>`mµO J«rZ [admoë`yeZ, OZab Am°\$ H§$Q>onmoaoar E{e`m, 29(2), 1999

6. Jwám, ApIb, nmoñQ>H$m°bmo{Z`b So>dbn_|Q²>g : EJ«rH$ëMa BZ X _oqH$J Am°\$ _mS©>Z B§{S>`m, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 1998

7. Hw$_ma, Y_©, H$m°bmo{Z`{bµÁ_, àm°nQ>u E§S> X ñQ>oQ>, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 1998

8. ê$Q²>Q>Z, _m[a`mo, \$m_©²g E§S> \¡$ŠQ>g : gmoeb àmo\$mBb Am°\$ bmO© \$ma_g© E§S> ê$ab B§S>pñQ´>`{bñQ> BZ doñQ> B§{S>`m, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 1995

9. lr{Zdmg, E_.EZ. X S>mo{_ZoÝQ> H$mñQ> E§S> AXa EogoO, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 1987

10. gwar, Ho$.gr., nm°{b{Q>H$b BH$moZm°_r Am°\$ EJao[a`Z {S>ñQ´>og, BH$moZm°{_H$ E§S> nm°{b{Q>H$b drH$br 41 : 1523-29, 2006

11. Wm°Z©a, E{bg, go_r-â`yS>a Am¡a Ho${nQ>{bÁ_ H§$Q>onmoaoar {S>~oQ> Am°Z ŠbmgoO E§S> _moS²>g Am°\$ àmoS>ŠeZ BZ B§{S>`m, BH$moZm°{_H$ E§S> nm°{b{Q>H$b drH$br 17:1961-68, 1993-99, 2061-66, 1982

12. Wm°Z©a, So>{Z`b, EJ«r[a`Z ñQ´>ŠMa, Xrne§H$a Jwám (g§K), gmoeb ñQ´>mQ>r{\$Ho$eZ, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 1991

13. ~gdr, E.Ama. hmB{~S> Q>mBåg, hmB{~S> nrnb : H$ëMa E§S> EJ«rH$ëMa BZ gmCW B§{S>`m, _oZ, OZab Am°\$ X am°`b E§W«moßbm°Or gmogmBQ>r, (29) 21, 1994

14. dmgdr, E.Ama., EJ«r[a`b {S>ñQ>og BZ {~hma : ñQ>oQ>, _mH}$Q> E§S> gwgmBS²>g, BH$moZm°{_H$ E§S> nm°{b{Q>H$b drH$br, 34:2263-68, 1999

15. dmgdr, E.Ama., haq~«Jg© Am°\$ aoZ : b|S> E§S> bmB\$ BZ gmCW B§{S>`m, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, {Xëbr, 1999

àñVmdZmam_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m OÝ_ 23 _mM© 1910 H$mo AH$~anwam, {Obm \¡$Om~mX (CÎma àXoe) _| hþAm& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ hram bmb Wm Omo {H$ EH$ _hmZ Xoe^ŠV d Jm±YrdmXr Wo& BZH$m ñnï> à^md am_ _Zmoha na ^r Wm& BZH$s _mVm H$m Zm_ MÝXm Xodr Wm Omo {H$ BZHo$ OÝ_ Ho$ T>mB© dfm]§namÝV hr H$mb Ho$ AmJmoe _| g_m JB©& ~MnZ go hr bmo{h`m Hw$emJ« ~w{Õ Ho$ YZr Wo& e¡j{UH$ AÜ``Z Ho$ Xm¡amZ àW_ loUr go CÎmrU© hmoVo aho Wo& gZ² 1925 B©. _| ~å~B© Ho$ _madm‹S>r {dÚmb` go _¡{Q´>H$ H$s narjm àW_ loUr go nmg H$s& gZ² 1927 B©. _| B§Q>a H$s narjm {hÝXy {díd{dÚmb` ~Zmag go CÎmrU© H$s& gZ² 1929 _| ~r.E. H$s narjm H$bH$Îmm Ho$ {dÚmgmJa _hm{dÚmb` go CVrU© H$s& Bgr g_` bmo{h`m Zo "ApIb ~§J {dÚmWu gå_obZ' H$s AÜ`jVm ^r H$s& gZ² 1932 _| "Z_H$ Am¡a gË`mJ«h' {df` na S>m°ŠQ>aoQ> H$s Cnm{Y ~{b©Z {díd{dÚmb`, O_©Zr go àmá H$s&

emoY gmam§e

AmO Xþ{Z`m _mZd H$ë`mU d {dH$mg Am¡a e§m{V H$s Vbme _| Jm±YrdmXr _yë` Xe©Zm| H$s Amoa VmH$ ahr h¡& R>rH$ Cgr Ho$ gpÝZH$Q> hr am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m Ho$ g_mOdmXr {dMma ^r h¡ {OgH$m àoaUmñÌmoV _hmË_m Jm±Yr ^r h¡& am__Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m Zm_ AmVo hr h_mao AÝV: _Z _| EH$ Eogr gmXJrnyU© ì`pŠVËd H$s Vñdra CâVr h¡ Omo dmñVd _| g_mO Ho$ A§{V_ N>moa na I‹S>o ì`pŠV H$m _wIa à{V{Z{YËd H$aVr h¡& am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m EH$ Eogm _grhm Omo ì`dñWm H$s VÝXþê$ñVr Ho$ {bE AÝV g_` VH$ gÎmmê$nr ì`dñWm go b‹S>Vm ahm& am__Zmoha bmo{h`m EH$ Eogm {damQ> ~hþAm`m_r ì`pŠVËd {OgHo$ qMVZ _| ny±OrdmX H$m EH$ {dH$ën g_mOdmXr {dMmaYmam Hy$Q>-Hy$Q> H$a âr hþB© h¡& g_mOdmXr {dMmaYmam {OgHo$ Ho$ÝÐ _| _mZd g_mO H$m gdmªJrU {dH$mg h¡ AWm©V Xÿgao eãXm| _| `h {H$ EH$ Eogr {dMmaYmam {Og_| CËnmXZ d {dVaU H$m gwg§JV d Ý`m`mo{MV à~ÝY hmo VWm gm_m{OH$ ôX^md H$m ^r gånyU© {ZnQ>mam hmo& gånyU© g_mO H$m VmZm ~mZm g_agVmnyd©H$ ^mB©Mmao H$m hmo VWm emofU go _wpŠV hmo& gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg _| g_mO Ho$ _yë`m| H$m CËWmZ d gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Ý`m` H$s àm{á hmo {OgHo$ _mÜ`_ go ì`pŠV Ho$ ì`pŠVËd H$m gdm©qJU {dH$mg Adí`å^mdr hmo& Bgr g~ Ho$ à{V{Z{YËdH$Vm© am__Zmoha bmo{h`m Ho$ g_mOdmXr {MÝVZ ñdê$n H$m {díbofU H$m à`mg Bg emoY boI Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$aZo H$m EH$ bKw à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& Bgr H«$_ _| bmo{h`m Ho$ OrdZ H$s gm_m{OH$ d amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$mo X¥{ï>JV aIVo hE CZHo$ g_mOdmXr {dMmam| H$m {díbofU H$m EH$ g§{já à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg àJ{Verb {dMmaYmam H$m {deX² d ì`mnH$ {díbofU H$aZm Bg{bE ^r Oê$ar hmo OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ AmO {díd nQ>b Mhþ±Amoa {dMmaYmamË_H$ g§Kf© H$m Xm¡a h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … g_mOdmXr {dMmaYmam, gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u, gdm©qJU {dH$mg, am__Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmX

S>m°. am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$s gm_m{OH$ d amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$mo h_ Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$a gH$Vo h¡§& (1) ñdV§ÌVmnyd© amOZ¡{VH$ AmÝXmobZ Am¡a S>m°. bmo{h`m& (2) ñdmVÝÍ`moÎma amOZ¡{VH$ MoVZm Amoa S>m°. bmo{h`m H$m `WmW©dmXr {MÝVZ&

ñdV§ÌVmnyd©H$ amOZ¡{VH$ AmÝXmobZ Am¡a bmo{h`m

àW_ ^mJ Ho$ ê$n _| S>m°. am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m amOZ¡{VH$ OrdZ {dÚmWu OrdZ _| àmaå^ hmoVm h¡& AJñV 1920 H$mo bmoH$_mÝ` ~mb J§JmYa H$s _¥Ë`w H$mo CÝhm|Zo _hm_¥Ë`w _mZm Am¡a ~å~B© Ho$ _madm‹S>r {dÚmb` Ho$ AnZo N>mÌ gm{W`m| H$mo h‹S>Vmb H$m g§Ho$V H$a CZH$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& Bgr g_` Jm±YrOr Ho$ Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ go à^m{dV hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo {dÚmb` H$mo Ë`mJ H$a {X`m Am¡a AnZo H$mo ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ H$s _hm{¾ _| Pm|H$ {X`m& `ht

am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmX{dZmoX Hw$_ma àOmnV

emoYmWu, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJ, amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


go CZH$m g§Kf© H$m OrdZ àma§^ hmoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo {dXoer ~gm| H$mo ObmZo, Q´>m_ Jm{‹S>`m| Ho$ Vma H$mQ>Zo Am¡a {dXoer dñÌm| H$s hmobr ObmZo _| CJ« Xb H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ g_` CZHo$ {nVm hrambmb, S>m°. bmo{h`m H$mo boH$a Jm±YrOr go {_bZo Jò& Bg Xm¡amZ Jm±YrOr Zo bmo{h`m H$s nrR> WnWnmB©& gZ² 1924 B©. _| bmo{h`m EH$ à{V{Z{Y Ho$ ê$n _| J`m _| hþE H$m§J«og Ho$ A{YdoeZ _| gpå_{bV hþE& IX²Xa nhZZm Am¡a Cgr H$m àMma H$aZm CZH$m à_wI CX²Xoí` Wm& 1928 _| "gmB©_Z dmng OmAmo' Ho$ {bE H$bH$Îmm _| bmo{h`m Zo {dÚm{W©`m| H$mo H$_reZ Ho$ Bg ~{hîH$ma Ho$ {bE V¡`ma {H$`m Am¡a CZH$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& O_©Zr Ho$ ^maVr` {dÚm{W©`m| Ûmam {Z{_©V "_Ü`-`yamon {hÝXþñVmZr g§K' Zm_H$ g§ñWm Ho$ bmo{h`m _§Ìr ~Zo& Bg g§ñWm Zo ^maV Ho$ ^maVr` amï´>r`Vm H$m àMma H$m`© {H$`m&1 gZ² 1934 _| "H$m§J«og gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u' H$m {Z_m©U hþAm Wm V^r "H$m§J«og gmoe{bñQ>' Zm_H$ gmám{hH$ _w»` nÌ Amaå^ hþAm {OgHo$ gånmXH$ S>m°. bmo{h`m ~Zo& gZ² 1935 B©. _| npÊS>V Zohê$ H$s AÜ`jVm _| hþE H$m§J«og A{YdoeZ _| H$m§J«og Zo AnZr ApIb ^maVr` g{_{V Ho$ AÝVJ©V EH$ na amï´> {d^mJ Imobm Am¡a S>m°. bmo{h`m Cg na amï´> {d^mJ Ho$ _ÝÌr hþE& gZ² 1938 B©. _| naamï´> {d^mJ Ho$ _§Ìr nX go Ë`mJnÌ {X`m& gZ² 1939 _| {ÛVr` {díd`wÕ Ho$ g_` S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo ^maV Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ H$mo Z`m Ed§ epŠVembr _mo‹S> {X`m Am¡a MmagyÌr H$m`©H«$_ V¡`ma {H$`m& (1) `wÕ.... H$m {damoY (2) Xoer [a`mgVm| _| AmÝXmobZ (3) {~«{Q>e _mV OhmOm| go _mb CVmaZo d bmXZo go B§H$ma H$aZo dmbo _OXÿam| H$m g§JR>Z (4) `wÕ H$a d `wÕ H$O© H$mo _§Oya Z H$aZm Am¡a AXm Z H$aZm& 24 _B© 1939 _| H$bH$Îmm H$m§J«og H$_oQ>r (X{jU joÌ) H$s EH$ g^m _| S>m°. bmo{h`m ^mfU XoZo Ho$ {bE Am_§{ÌV {H$ò Jò& dhm± CÝhm|Zo `wÕ Zr{V H$m {damoY {H$`m&2 Bg àH$ma Ho$ àMma go do 24 _B© 1939 H$mo {JaâVma {H$ò Jò Am¡a 14 AJñV 1939 H$mo _wŠV {H$ò Jò& emofU Am¡a XmgVm H$s Ztd na AmYm[aV A§J«oOr gm_«mÁ` Ho$ {demb ^dZ H$mo Yamem`r H$aZo Ho$ {bE bmo{h`m VwaÝV gË`mJ«h N>o‹S>Zo Ho$ nj _| Wo& bmo{h`m Zo Jm±YrOr Ho$ nÌ "h[aOZ' Ho$ 01 OyZ Ho$ A§H$ _| "gË`mJ«h VwaÝV' Zm_H$ boI {bIm& 11 _B© 1940 H$mo XmoñVnwa _| {XE Jò ^mfU Ho$ g§X^© _| do OyZ 1940 H$mo H¡$X {H$ò Jò Am¡a _wH$X_o Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n 01 OwbmB© 1940 H$mo Xmo df© H$s g»V H¡$X H$s gOm CÝh| Xr J`r& 04 {Xgå~a 1941 H$mo bmo{h`m [ahm {H$ò Jò& ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ _| ^r CZH$s {d{eï> ^y{_H$m ahr& S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo _hmË_m Jm±Yr d OZ_V V¡`ma H$aZo hoVw EH$ boI {dídmgKmVr

OmnmZ `m AmË_ g§Vwï> {~«Q>oZ' {bIm& 09 AJñV 1942 H$mo Jm±YrOr H$s {JaâVmar Ho$ ~mX "Ho$ÝÐr` g§MmbZ _ÊS>b' _| Zr{V {ZYm©aU H$a _mJ©Xe©Z àXmZ {H$`m& Bgr H«$_ _| ^y{_JV ahVo hþE Vma `§Ì Vmo‹S>Zm, h{W`ma T>moZo dmbr \$m¡Or aobJm{S>`m± ~mê$X go C‹S>mZm, `mVm`mV H$mo ~oH$ma H$aZm, gaH$mar H$mamo~ma H$s OJhm| na H$ãOm H$aZm `m CÝh| Zï> H$aZm Am{X H$mo ~Iy~r A§Om_{X`m& Bg g_` H$B© ~wbo{Q>Z d nwñVH|$ {bIr "O§J Oy AmJo ~‹T>o', H«$mpÝV H$s V¡`mar H$amo' AmOmX amO H¡$go ~Zo& Jwá ao{S>`mo Ho$ÝÐm| go ^mfUm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AmÝXmobZ H$mo Or{dV aIm Zm_ nmofmH$ Am¡a mfm ~XbZo _| _m{ha bmo{h`m CZ {XZm| H$bH$Îmm _| "~m±{R>`m Or' Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ hþE& AÝV _| 20 _B© 1944 H$mo ~å~B© _| {JaâVma {H$E Jò& à{gÕ `m ~XZm_ bmhm¡a {H$bo H$s EH$ A§Yoar H$moR>ar _| ~ÝX H$a AZoH$mZoH$ emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ `mVZmE± Xr J`r& 11 Aàob 1946 H$mo _wpŠV {_br& 10 OyZ 1946 H$mo AnZo {_Ì Oy{b`mo _¡Zo{Og Ho$ Am_§ÌU na Jmodm nhþ±Mo d nyV©Jm{b`m| Ho$ {déÕ {dÐmoh H$s AmJ gwbJmB©& 18 OyZ 1946 Jmodm Ho$ _§S>Jm±d ñWmZ na AnZo ^mfU H$s à{V`m± ~±Q>dm`t, Š`m|{H$ nw{bg H${_íZa Zo ^mfU Ho$ {bE I‹S>o {demb OZg_yh _| S>m°. bmo{h`m H$mo {JaâVma H$a {b`m& 19 OyZ H$mo bmo{h`m AMmZH$ [ahm H$a {Xò Jò& Bgr AmÝXmobZ \$bñdê$n OZVm H$mo {~Zm gaH$mar AmXoe Ho$ g^m Am¡a ^mfU H$s ñdV§ÌVm àmá hþB©& do ^maV bm¡Q> Amò& Jm±YrOr Zo Jmodm Ho$ JdZ©a H$mo 14 AJñV 1946 Ho$ "h[aOZ' _| EH$ nÌ {bIm {Og_| bmo{h`m H$s àe§gm H$aVo hþE {bIm, ""Amn Am¡a Jmodm Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ XmoZm| H$mo hr S>m°. bmo{h`m H$mo ~YmB© XoZr Mm{hE {H$ CÝhm|Zo `h _emb Obm`r...&'' 29 {gVå~a 1946 H$mo bmo{h`m Jmodm Ho$ {bE nwZ: Mb {Xò naÝVw H$mo{b_ ñQ>oeZ na hr CÝh| {JaâVma H$a AJdmX Ho$ {H$bo _| ~ÝX H$a {X`m J`m& Jm±YrOr Ho$ à`mgm| go 9 AŠQy>~a 1946 H$mo CÝh| [ahm H$a ^maVr` gr_m na N>mo‹S> {X`m J`m& bmo{h`m H$s bmoH${à`Vm VoOr go ~‹T>r& Jmodm H$s pñÌ`m| Zo AnZo bmoH$ JrVm| _| bmo{h`m H$m Zm_ Omo‹S>m& ""nhbr _mPr Amo~r, nhbo _mP \y$b, ^pŠV Zo A{n©Z bmo{h`m Zm&''

g§{dYmZ g^m, Xoe {d^mOZ Am{X àíZm| na ZoVmAm| _| Amngr _Z_wQ>md n‹S>m& n[aUm_ñdê$n H$mZnwa _| 26, 27, 28 \$adar 1947 H$mo H$m§J«og gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u H$m gå_obZ S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m H$s AÜ`jVm _| hþAm, {Og_| Xoe Ho$ g^r gmoe{bñQ> gpå_bV hþE Am¡a {OgHo$ {ZU©` Ûmam "H$m§J«og' eãX hQ>mH$a Xb H$m Zm_ Ho$db gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u aIm J`m& \$adar 1947 _| {~«{Q>e àYmZ_§Ìr EQ>br H$s KmofUm {H$ do OyZ 1947 _| Xoe


ISSN 2348-3857

N>mo‹S>H$a Mbo Om`|Jo& nX bmobwn ZoVmJU ^maV-nmH$ Xmo amï´>m| Ho$ {bE Bg g_` AYra hmo aho Wo& bmo{h`m Zo {hÝXþ-_wpñb_ EH$Vm H$m _hËdnyU© H$m`© VZ, _Z, YZ go H$aZo H$m Ag\$b à`mg {H$`m&3

ñdmVÝÌ`moÎma amOZr{VH$ MoVZm Am¡a bmo{h`m H$m `WmW©dmXr qMVZ

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ nyd© Am¡a níMmV² XmoZm| g_`m| _|o S>m°. bmo{h`m H$m OrdZ {dÐmohr ahm& `{X EH$ _| {dXoer gÎmm Ho$ à{V H$‹S>r pIbm\$V ahr Vmo Xÿgao _| Xoer gÎmm Ho$ à{V Ý`m` Ho$ {bE à~b Am¡a gVV² {damoY& {díd Ho$ B{Vhmg _| gå^dV: H$ht ^r Xmo {damoYr Zm_Bg Vah Zht Ow‹S>o {Og Vah Zohê$ d bmo{h`m Ho$ Zm_ Ow‹S>o h¡§& S>m°. bmo{h`m {hÝXþ-nmH$ _hmg§K H$m {Z_m©U MmhVo Wo& do A§J«oOr ^mfm H$m {ZaÝVa {damoY H$aVo aho& gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u Zo _mM© 1948 Ho$ Zm{gH$ gå_obZ _| H$m§J«og go AbJ hmoZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m& S>m°. bmo{h`m H$s àoaUm Zo Bgr gå_obZ _| EH$ àñVmd ñdrH¥$V {H$`m J`m, {Oggo ^maV H$s 650 [a`mgVm| H$s hñVr H$mo Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE hm{ZH$maH$ ~Vm`m J`m&

S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo {Vã~V na MrZ Ho$ AmH«$_U H$mo "{eew-hË`m' ~Vm`m Am¡a gaH$ma H$mo {h_mb` àXoem| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE MoVmdZr XoVo hþE "{h_mb` Zr{V' à«ñVwV H$s, {Og_| CÝhm|Zo CÎmar gr_m na bJZo dmbo n‹S>mogr amï´>m| _| OZV§Ì H$s ñWmnZm na ~b {X`m Wm& S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo H$í_ra g_ñ`m H$mo n§. Zohê$ Ûmam g§`wŠV amï´> g§K _| bo OmZm EH$ _hmZ ^yb _mZm& _mM© 1949 _| gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u H$m Xÿgam amï´>r` gå_obZ hþAm, {Og_| S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo "AmJo ~‹T>mo' Ho$ ê$n _| EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar {dMma {X`m& Bgr g_` BÝhm|Zo "Mm¡Iå~m amO' H$s `moOZm àñVwV H$s&

26 \$adar 1950 H$mo ardm _| {hÝX {H$gmZ n§Mm`V H$m nhbm amï´>r` gå_obZ S>m°. bmo{h`m H$s AÜ`jVm _| hþAm, {Og_| CÝhm|Zo Xoe Ho$ gå_wI H¥$fH$m| H$s _m§Jo aIr Am¡a "Jar~r {_Q>mAm|' Zm_H$ à{gÕ H$m`©H«$_ aIm& _B©, 1950 _| MånmaZ Om§M g{_{V Ho$ AÜ`j Ho$ ê$n _| S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo MånmaZ H$m Xm¡am {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo Bg aMZmË_H$ H$m`©H«$_ H$m AmYma \$md‹S>m Wm, Jm±Yr H$m MaIm Zht& CÝhm|Zo EopÀN>H$ Am¡a gm_wXm{`H$ l_ H$s Amdí`H$Vm na ^r ~b {X`m& CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ aMZmË_H$ H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ {~Zm gË`mJ«h EH$ {H«$`m a{hV dmŠ` Ho$ g_mZ h¡& Bggo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ CZH$s amOZr{VH$ {OVZr Üd§gmË_H$ Wr CVZr hr aMZmË_H$& `h H$hZo H$s H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡§ {H$ aMZmË_H$ H$m`©H«$_ go ^r A{YH$ CÝh| Jar~m| H$s amoOr, amoQ>r Am¡a H$n‹S>o H$m

Ü`mZ Wm Bg hoVw CZH$s AÜ`jVm _| {Xëbr _| 3 OyZ 1951 H$mo "OZdmUr {Xdg' _Zm`m J`m& 13, 14 _B© 1954 go OyZ 1954 VH$ bmo{h`m VWm CZHo$ AZw`m{``m| Zo CÎma àXoe Ho$ Voah {Obm| _| Zha aoQ> d¥{Õ Ho$ {damoY _| g{dZ` Adkm H$s Am¡a Oob ^moJr&

nXX{bVm| Ho$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo g_mOdmXr Xbm| H$mo g§J{R>V H$aZo Am¡a CÝh| Hw$eb _mJ©Xe©Z àXmZ H$aZo H$m AmOrdZ à`mg {H$`m& CZHo$ à`mgm| Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n hr gZ² 1953 _| "{H$gmZ _OXÿa àOmnmQ>u Am¡a gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u {_bH$a EH$ "àOm gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u' Ho$ ê$n _| g§J{R>V hmo J`r& 29 OZdar 1965 H$mo nwZ: g_mOdmXr Xb Am¡a àOm g_mOdmXr Xb EH$ hmoH$a g§`wŠV g_mOdmXr Xb Ho$ ê$n _| g§J{R>V hþE& AeV: g¡ÕmpÝVH$ Am¡a ì`¡pŠVH$ _VôX Ho$ H$maU g§`wŠV g_mOdmXr Xb go àOm g_mOdmXr Xb n¥WH$ hmo J`m& Bg àH$ma S>m°. bmo{h`m H$mo g_mOdmXr EH$Vm Ho$ H$m`© _| Ho$db Am§{eH$ d AñWm`r g\$bVmE± hr àmá hþB©&

gZ² 1950 Ho$ Am_ MwZmd _| S>m°. bmo{h`m CÎma àXoe Ho$ M{H$`m MÝXmobr MwZmd joÌ go bmoH$g^m MwZmd _| Ag\$b ah| V~ CÝhm|Zo g§gX Ho$ ~mha H$s amOZr{V Vrd« H$s & gZ² 1962 Ho$ Vrgao Am_MwZmd _| \y$bnwa joÌ _| bmo{h`m Zohê$ Ho$ {déÕ bmoH$g^m Ho$ {bE I‹S>o hþE& MwZmd n[aUm_ CZHo$ {dnj _| J`m& A_amohm {Zdm©MZ joÌ _| CnMwZmd _| {dO`r hmoH$a 1963 _| S>m°. bmo{h`m bmoH$g^m Ho$ gXñ` ~Zo& 15 A«nob 1964 go {díd^«_U nwZ: àmaå^ {H$`m nydu Xoem| _| hmoVo hþE do _B© _| A_o[aH$m nhþ§Mo Ohm± CÝhm|Zo a§JôX Zr{V H$m {damoY {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo dhm± Ho$ ZrJ«mo H$mo a§JôX Ho$ {déÕ gË`mJ«h H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`m& A_o[aH$m go dmng AmZo Ho$ níMmV² OyZ 1965 _| S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo O_©Zr, ê$g, A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Am{X Xoem| H$s `mÌm H$s& {dXoe `mÌm go bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX nwZ: emgZ Ho$ {damoY Am¡a H$ï>m| Ho$ {damoY _| bJ Jò& 1967 Ho$ Am_ MwZmdm| _| CÝhm|Zo "H$m§J«og' hQ>mAm| Xoe ~MmAm| H$m Zmam {X`m& S>m°. bmo{h`m H$ÝZm¡O {Zdm©MZ joÌ go bmoH$g^m H$s gXñ`Vm Ho$ {bE MwZo Jò& H$B© amÁ`m| _| CZH$s H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma g§{dXm gaH$ma| ~Zr& 30 {gVå~a 1967 H$mo Z`r {Xëbr Ho$ {dqb½Q>Z AñnVmb _| S>m°. bmo{h`m H$s nm¡ê$f-J«pÝW H$m Am°naoeZ hþAm Am¡a Jar~m| H$m _grhm 12 AŠQy>~a 1967 H$mo 1 ~OH$a 05 {_ZQ> na CZH$s _¥Ë`w hmo J`r&4

am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmX

S>m°. am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmX Š`m h¡, Bgo OmZZo go nhbo g_mOdmX H$s nhMmZ Oê$ar h¡& g_mOdmX Ho$ ~mao _| àm`:

ISSN 2348-3857


`h gmoM ~ZVr h¡ {H$ `h amÁ` `m AW© AWdm XmoZm| H$m Xe©Z h¡& dmñV{dH$Vm `h h¡ {H$ Eogr gmoM _| AmYr gƒmB© h¡ Š`m|{H$ g_mOdmX EH$ g_J« OrdZ Xe©Z h¡ Am¡a OrdZe¡br Ho$ g^r Am`m_m| H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡&

g_mOdmX Ho$ Am{d^m©d Ho$ {df` _| Eogm g_Pm OmVm h¡ {H$ BgH$m OÝ_ npíM_r `yamon _| hþAm Am¡a CÝZrgdt eVmãXr Ho$ A§{V_ dfm]§ _| EH$ geŠV amOZr{VH$ epŠV Ho$ ê$n _| Câm& g_mOdmX "gmoe{bÁ_' eãX H$m {hÝXr AZwdmX h¡& XaAgb _| `h EH$ H«$mpÝVH$mar VWm geŠV OrdZXe©Z h¡ Omo gm_«mÁ`dmXr, {dkmZdmXr, Cn{ZdoedmXr, ny±OrdmXr, Zdgm_«mÁ`dmXr Am{X H$s ~o_Vb~ A{Zdm`©VmAm| Am¡a Xþ~©bVmAm| H$m nXm©\$me H$aVm h¡&

aoåOo_`ya Zo g_mOdmX H$mo {Ja{JQ> H$s Vah ~XbZo dmbm ~Vm`m Am¡a {H$gr Zo CgH$m gå~Y H$bH$maImZm| Am¡a J§Xr Zm{b`m| go ~Vm`m& S>mZ {J«{\$W Am¡a {b{\$Jmoam _| H«$_e: g_mOdmX H$s 263 Ed§ 600 n[a^mfmE± àñVwV {H$`m& àËòH$ n[a^mfm EH$ Xÿgao go AbJ Wr& bo{H$Z CZ n[a^mfmAm| go EH$ VÎd gm_Zo `h Am`m {H$ g_mOdmX g_mO H$m EH$ Xe©Z h¡, Omo X{bV Ed§ nr{‹S>V _mZdVm Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$aZm MmhVm h¡& OmO© ~Zm©S>©em° g_mOdmX H$mo gmd©O{ZH$ gån{Îm H$mo gånyU© OZVm _| ~am~a Ed§ ôX a{hV {d^mOZ _mZVo h¡§& OrS>r EM H$m¡b Cgo {gÕm§V H$s Cnojm {Zð>mË_H$ _mZVo hþE H$hVo h¡§ {H$ g_mOdmX EH$ Eogo Q>mon Ho$ g_mZ h¡, {OgH$s eŠb AË`{YH$ YmaU {H$E OmZo Ho$ H$maU {~J‹S> JB© h¡& dhr {gS>Zr ~o~ Zo _mZm h¡ {H$ bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {dMma H$m Am{W©H$ nj hr g_mOdmX h¡& dQ>}>ÝS> agob Ho$ {dMma _| g_mOdmX EH$ Eogo bmoH$V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm H$m {dMma h¡ {Og_| ^y{_ Ed§ ny±Or na gmd©O{ZH$ A{YH$ma hmo&5

AmYw{ZH$ g_` _| g_mOdmX H$s CËn{Îm ny±OrdmX Ho$ {dê$Û à{V{H«$`m Ho$ ê$n _| _mZm OmVm h¡ dñVwV: `h BgH$m EH$ hr nj h¡& g_mOdmXr AmÝXmobZ H$m CX²Xoí` g_mO _| ny±OrdmX go CËnÝZ ~wamB`m| H$mo g_má H$aZm Wm& g_mOdmX _mZd g_Vm H$m {dMma h¡ {OgH$m g§~§Y OrdZ Xe©Z go h¡& h EH$ ì`mnH$ {dMma h¡ {Ogo {H$gr EH$ {dMma _| ~m±Ym Zht Om gH$Vm& S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m Zo Eogo _VdmXm| H$mo AñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE g_mOdmX H$mo g_mZVm Amoa gånÝZVm H$m àVrH$ ~Vm`m h¡& g_mOdmX Ho$ AÝVJ©V Omo à_wI MrO| CâH$a gm_Zo AmB© Wt O¡go g_gm_{`H$ amOZ¡{VH$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$mo Im[aO H$aZm, dV©_mZ Aì`dñWm amOZ¡{VH$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ «ï> g§ñWmAm| H$s XoZ _mZVo hþE {dH$ën _| Z¡{VH$, _mZdr` JwUm| VWm {d{eîQ>VmAm| na AmYm[aV ZdrZ ì`dñWm H$s ewéAmV H$aZm, ZE OrdZ _yë`m| Ho$ {bE H«$m§{VH$mar

_mJ© AnZmZm Am{X S>m°. bmo{h`m H$s {dMmaUm _| AmË_gmV h¡§ {Ogo CÝhm|Zo n¡Zo T>±J Am¡a ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m Wm& CZH$m {dMma Wm {H$ bmoJm| H$m bmoJm| _| {dídmg n¡Xm hmo {H$ A§Xa go ^r amÁ` ~Xbm Om gH$Vm h¡& dh AnZo Xoe ^maV H$mo H$hVo Wo {H$ Xoe O_m hþAm h¡& dh dfm]§ ~mX ~XbVm h¡ Am¡a ~XbZm MmhVm h¡& CZH$s CËH¥$ï> BÀN>m Wr {H$ Eogm H«$m§{VH$mar amOZ¡{VH$ gJ§R>Z ~Zo, Omo emofU ^mfm a§JôX, _yë` {ZYm©aU, O_mImoar, Mm[a{ÌH$, ^«ï´>mMma, {nN>‹S>mnZ, _w\${bgr BË`m{X g_ñ`mAm| H$m {ZXmZ H$a gHo$ Am¡a àËòH$ _Zwî` _| OrZo H$m {dídmg n¡Xm H$a gHo$& AmO Ho$ {dkmZdmX na {dídmg Zht H$aVo Wo& XaAgb g_mOdmX emofU_wŠV g_mO H$s Eogr ì`dñWm h¡ {Og_| XmgVm, A_mZdr`Vm, Ag{hîUwVm, M[aÌhrZVm, ôXmË_H$Vm O¡go Xmofm| go _mZd OrdZ H$mo ~MmZo H$m AmídmgZ XoZm h¡& Bg_| dU©hrZ Am¡a Om{VhrZ g_mO Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE amÁ` m g_mO H$mo A{YH$ _hËd XoZo H$s `moOZm h¡& BgHo$ gmW hr ì`pŠVJV OmopI_ Ed§ à{VñnYm© H$m A§V H$aZm ^r BgH$m CX²Xoí` h¡& `h {díd H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE _hËdnyU© {dMma h¡&

ê$g _| gZ² 1917 _| ~moëeo{dH$ H«§$m{V hþB© Wr& H«§$m{V Ho$ ~mX ì`pŠVJV gån{Îm Ho$ A{YH$ma H$mo IË_ H$a {X`m J`m Wm& gZ² 1920 _| `hm± Ho$ dm_n§{W`m| H$mo bJZo bJm Wm {H$ {~Zm Am{W©H$ Am¡a g_Vm amOZ¡{VH$ ñdV§ÌVm H$m H$moB© AW© Zht h¡& Cgr g_` _hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo H$ZgoßQ> Am°\$ Q´>ñQ>r{en H$s KmofUm H$a Xr& Bggo dm_n§Wr {dMmaYmam dmbm| _| Ag§Vmof n¡Xm hþAm& O` àH$me ZmamÙ Zo AmZr à{V{H«$`m àH$Q> H$aVo hþE {bIm Jm±YrOr Ûmam X[aÐVm H$s àe§gm {H$E OmZo go dm_n§Wr {dMmaYmam Ho$ bmoJ Am¡a ^r CÎmo{OV hmo CR>o& Jm±YrOr Ûmam O_tXmar àWm H$m ~Mmd {H$`m OmZm _oao {bE gdm©{YH$ qMVm H$m {df` h¡& Jm±YrOr Cgo amï´>r` Ed§ J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm H$m _hËdnyU© A§J _mZVo hþE Am¡a `h _oao {bE ~hþV hr AmíM`© hr ~mV h¡, Š`m|{H$ AmO H$moB© ^r ~‹S>r-~‹S>r O_tXm[a`m| Ed§ VmëbþH$m| H$m g_W©Z H$aVm hþAm Zht nm`m OmVm& Jm±YrOr Ho$ Q´>ñQ>r{en H$m {gÕm§V dm_n§Wr {dMmaYmam dmbm| H$mo ng§X Zht Am`m& gZ² 1933 _| ~å~B© àogrS|>gr H$m§J«og gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& ñdmJV g{_{V Ho$ AÜ`j nX go ~mobVo hþE AãXþb~mar Zo H$hm Wm, ^maV H$s OZVm Ho$db amOZr{VH$ ñdV§ÌVm go g§Vwï> Zht hmoJr& Oê$aV h¡ amOZ¡{VH$ ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ gmW-gmW g_mO H$s Am{W©H$ Ztd H$m nwZ{Z©_m©U H$aZo H$s {Og nwZ{Z©_m©U _| AmX_r Ûmam AmX_r H$m emofU g_má hmo Am¡a {Og_| ^m¡{VH$ gm§gm[aH$ CÝZ{V Ho$ g~ gmYZm| H$m Cn`moJ bmoJ ~am~ar go H$a gH|$&


ISSN 2348-3857

Bggo EH$ ZB© hbMb n¡Xm hþB©& AmJo MbH$a H$m`©H«$_ V¡`ma {H$`m J`m& H$m`©H«$_ V¡`ma H$aZo _| S>m° am__Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m nyam-nyam gh`moJ Wm& CÝhm|Zo O`àH$me ZmamÙ, AÀ`wV nQ>dY©Z, _rZy _gmZr, lr_Vr H$_bm MÅ>moßnmÜ`m` H$mo nyam-nyam gh`moJ {H$`m& nÝÐh {~ÝXþAm| na gh_{V ~Zr {Og_| _OXÿam| Am¡a {H$gmZm| H$mo ñdV§ÌVm Ed§ g_mOdmX H$s CnbpãY Ho$ {bE epŠVembr OZ Am§XmobZ H$m lrJUoe V_m_ gm_«mÁ`dmXr `wÕm| H$m OmoaXma {damoY H$aZm, YZ Ho$ dmñV{dH$ n¡Xm H$aZo dmbm| Ho$ hmWm| _| gÎmm aho& bmoJm| Ho$ Am{W©H$ OrdZ Ho$ Eogo joÌm| na {OZH$m gm_mOrH$aU Zht hþAm h¡, ghH$mar g§Km| H$m {Z`§ÌU, {~Zm _wAmdOm {XE amOmAm| - _hmamOmAm| O_tXmar àWm Am¡a emofU H$Îmm©Am| H$mo IË_ H$a {X`m OmE, {H$gmZm| _| ^y{_ H$m nwZ{d©VaU, Y_©-Om{V Am{X na AmYm[aV {deofVmAm| H$mo _mÝ`Vm Z XoZm, qbJ Ho$ AmYma na ôX^md Z {H$`m OmZm BË`m{X _wX²Xo Wo&

S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m gm_m{OH$ _yë`m| _| JUZmË_H$Vm H$s Anojm JwUmË_H$ ê$n _| XoIZm ng§X H$aVo Wo& dh `h _mZVo Wo {H$ g_mOdmX n[anyU© Am¡a A§{V_ H$m`©H«$_ Zht h¡& Eogm _mZ boZo go {dMmam| Ho$ àdmh _| ê$H$mdQ> Am OmVr h¡& g_mOdmXr Xb H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ g_` VrZ àd¥{Îm`m± (_mŠg©dmXr {OgH$m ZoV¥Ëd O`àH$me ZmamÙ H$a aho Wo, A§J«oOr _OXÿa Xb garIo gm_m{OH$ bmoH$V§ÌdmXr {OgH$m ZoV¥Ëd AemoH$ _ohVm H$a aho Wo Am¡a Vrgam bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ g_mOdmX {OgH$m ZoV¥Ëd S>m°. bmo{h`m H$a aho Wo) AbJ-AbJ H$m`© H$a ahr Wt& BgHo$ ~mdOyX BZ VrZm| àd¥{V`m| _| g_Pm¡Vm Wm& `hm± `h `mX H$aZo `mo½` h¡ {H$ ^maV O¡gm Jar~ Xoe Cg g_` ê$g H$s Amoa VoOr go CÝ_wI hmo ahm Wm& g_mOdmX H$mo EH$ n[a^mfm _| ~m±Y H$a CgH$m {díbofU Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& Cg_| ^r _mŠg©dmX, bo{ZZdmX, g_mOdmX, \o${~`ZdmX, AamOH$VmdmX, loUr g_mOdmX, g_{ï>dmX, l_g§KdmX BË`m{X AZoH$ {dMmaYmamAm| H$m g_mdoe h¡ bo{H$Z CgHo$ H$m`m©Ýd`Z _| EH$Vm Zht h¡& g^r emofU go _wpŠV Ho$ {bE à`ËZerb h¡ bo{H$Z H$m`©H«$_m| Am¡a CZHo$ {H«$`mÝd`Z _| A§Va h¡ Bggo `h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ g_mOdmXr {dMmaYmam J§^ra h¡ Am¡a AÝ` OrdZ Xe©Zm| H$s ^m±{V noMrXm Am¡a _VôX nyU© h¡&6

S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m Zo g_mOdmX H$m JhamB© go AÜ``Z {H$`m Wm Am¡a CgHo$ {H«$`mÝd`Z H$mo XoIm Wm Bg AZw^y{V Ho$ AmYma na CZH$s _mÝ`Vm Wr {H$ g_mOdmX H$m AJa EH$ A§J {b`m OmVm h¡ O¡go dm_n§Wr amï´>r`Vm `m CJ«n§Wr Am{W©H$Vm, CJ«n§Wr Ym{_©H$Vm, CJ«n§Wr gm_m{OH$Vm, Am¡a CJ«n§Wr amOZ¡{VH$Vm&

_Vb~ `h h¡ {H$ g_mOdmX g_J« OrdZ qMVZ _| §Am_yb Myb n[adV©Z, dh ^r H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z _| ^r H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z H$m n[adV©Z H$m ñda hmo& dh AnZo OrdZ Ho$ gm_m{OH$ {df_VmAm| Ho$ Omb H$mo H$mQ> XoZo Ho$ {bE à`ËZerb Wo& dh Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, ^mfmB© g§ñH¥${V BË`m{X _| n[adV©Z H$s A{Zdm`©Vm g_PVo Wo Am¡a dJ©{dhrZ g_mO H$s ñWmnZm na Omoa XoVo Wo& dh A§Xa go AmZo dmbo n[adV©Zm| na {deof ~b XoVo Wo& Bgr go gÎmm {d_wI AZ¡{VH$Vm H$m _m`m Omb hQ> gHo$Jm Am¡a godm{^_wI OrdZ OrZo Ho$ Am§ZX H$s AZw^y{V H$aoJm&

g_mOdmX _| Am{W©H$ H$maH$m| H$m {deof _hËd hmoVo hþE ^r J¡a Am{W©H$ H$maH$m| H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo ^r _hËd {X`m Om ahm h¡& S>m° am__Zmoha bmo{h`m _mZVo Wo {H$ _mŠg©dmXr {dMmaYmam dJm] H$mo g_má H$aHo$ dUm}§ H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¡ {Oggo amï´> nÎmZmo_wIr hmo OmVm h¡& CZH$s _mÝ`Vm Wr {H$ gmåàXm{`H$Vm H$mo {_Q>m`m OmE Amoa CgHo$ {_Q>mZo _| qhgm H$m Adb§~ Z {b`m OmE& dh Ym{_©H$ A§Va§JVm H$mo amOZr{V Ho$ {bE A{Zdm`© _mZVo hþE Bg ~mV na Omoa XoVo Wo {H$ amOZr{V gÎmm Zr{V ~ZH$a Z ah OmE& OrdZ go AbJ hmoH$a gÎmm{d_wI amOZr{V g_mO Am¡a ì`pŠV XmoZm| Ho$ {bE g_mZ ê$n go KmVH$ h¡& dh `h MmhVo Wo {H$ g_mO d amÁ` Ho$ àËòH$ nj H$mo boH$a EH$ gmW H$m`© hmo Vm{H$ Mmam| Am¡a ì`má A§YH$ma N>±Q> gHo$ Am¡a OrdZ H$s AZw^y{V hmo gHo$& bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmX CZH$m ñd`§ H$m {Z{_©VdmX Wm, {OgH$s O‹S>| Z¡{VH$Vm H$s JhamB`m| _| h¡& CÝhm|Zo g_mO d ì`pŠV H$mo naånam~Õ _mZm h¡& Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` `h h¡ {H$ bmo{h`m H$m g_mOXe©Z g_mO Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$s EH$ Eogr gmd©^m¡{_H$ g§ñWm h¡ {Ogo {díd _mZdVmdmX go Am~mX ê$n go g§~Õ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& AWmV© bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmX ^r Jm±Yr Am¡a O`àH$me H$s ^m±{V AamOH$VmdmX H$s Amoa OmVm h¡&

S>m°. bmo{h`m YwZ Ho$ nŠHo$ Wo& gZ² 1956 _| CZH$s AÜ`jVm _| nwZ: gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u ~Zr {OgH$m àW_ gå_obZ {ghmoa _| hþAm& Bg gå_obZ _| CÝhm|Zo gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u _| ZB© OmZ \y±$H$Vo hþE H$hm AmJo AmZo dmbo 7 dfm]§ _| dh H$m§J«og nmQ>r« H$mo gÎmm go hQ>m X|Jo& `h CZH$s KmofUm Wr Am¡a AnZr KmofUm H$mo _yV© ê$n XoZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo ZE H$m`©H«$_m| H$s ê$naoIm V¡`ma H$s& S>m°. bmo{h`m Zo g~go nhbo gmd©O{ZH$ ñWmZm| go A§J«oO emgH$m| H$s _y{V©`m| H$mo hQ>mZo H$m g\$b AmÝXmobZ Mbm`m& H$m§J«og gaH$ma na Bg AmÝXmobZ H$m BVZm O~X©ñV Aga hþAm {H$ CgZo gmd©O{ZH$ ñWmZm| go A§J«oO emgH$m| H$s _y{V©`m± hQ>dm {b`m& BgHo$ ~mX bmo{h`m Zo

ISSN 2348-3857


A§J«oOr hQ>mAmo, Xm_ ~m±Ymo, Om{V Vmo‹S>mo, {h_mb` ~MmAmo Am¡a {~Zm bm^ dmbo ì`dgm`m| na go bmoH${à` AmÝXmobZ H$s ewéAmV H$s&7

am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmXr qMVZ EH$ ì`mnH$ AdYmaUm h¡& bmo{h`m na _mŠg© d Jm±Yr H$m à^md Wm& bo{H$Z Z do nyao _mŠg©dmXr Wo Am¡a Z hr nyao Jm±YrdmXr _mŠg© d bo{ZZ Ho$ {dnarV bmo{h`m Zo Jm±YrdmXr VH$ZrH$m| go g_mOdmX bmZo H$s {h_m`V H$s VWm g_mOdmX H$mo Eo{e`mB© X¥{ï>H$moU go naIZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s& {OgHo$ {bE Jm±YrOr H$m g_mOdmXr Xe©Z CZHo$ qMVZ H$m ì`mnH$ AmYma ~Zm&

bmo{h`m Zo g_mOdmX H$mo AnZo Xoe H$s pñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma T>mbZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m Wm& O_©Zr _| CÝhm|Zo g_mOdmX H$s VoO bha Am¡a {hQ>ba Ho$ ZmOrdmX H$mo CR>Vo hþE XoIm Wm& ^maV AmH$a CÝhm|Zo Jm±YrOr Ho$ gånH©$ _| g_mOdmX H$mo ZE {gao go {díbo{fV H$aZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m& bmo{h`m Zo g_mOdmX H$mo ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V go Omo‹S>H$a AqhgmË_H$ ê$n _| _m¡OyXm g_mO H$mo ~XbZm MmhVo Wo& bmo{h`m Zo g_mOdmX H$mo "g_mZVm VWm gånÝZVm' H$m àVrH$ ~Vm`m& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ Jar~r Ho$ g_mZ ~Q>±dmao H$m Zm_ g_mOdmX Zht h¡, ~pëH$ g_¥{Õ H$m A{YH$ go A{YH$ g_mZ {dVaU g_mOdmX H$hbmVm h¡& bmo{h`m Ho$ AZwgma g_mOdmX Ho$ VrZ _w»`V: VËd h¡ - g^r CÚmoJm|o VWm ~r_m H$ån{Z`m| H$m amï´>r`H$aU, g_yMo g§gma _| OrdZ ñVa H$m gwYma VWm EH$ {díd g§gX H$s ñWmnZm&

bmo{h`m Zo g_mOdmX Ho$ Am{W©H$ CX²Xoí`m| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE Jm±YrOr H$s gË`mJ«h H$s VH$ZrH$m| H$mo AnZmZo H$s gbmh Xr& gmW hr g_mOdmX H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ, Am{W©H$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ {dHo$ÝXrH$aU VWm J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| H$s ñWmnZm H$mo g_mOdmXr bú`m| Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m& g_mOdmX Ho$ bú`m| H$mo bmo{h`m Zo B{Vhmg H$s nwZì`m©»`m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Xe©Zm| H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo J«§W "ìhrb Am°\ {hñQ´>r' (1955) _| VH©$ {X`m {H$ B{Vhmg EH$ MH«$ Ho$ g_mZ Ky_Vm h¡& CÝhm|Zo MVw`w©J Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^maV Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ MH«$ {gÕm§V H$mo g_Pm`m h¡ O¡go, nhbm gV`wJ, Xÿgam ÌoVm wJ, Vrgam Ûmna wJ VWm Mm¡Wm H$b`wJ h¡& gV`wJ go H$b`wJ VH$ B{Vhmg _| CËWmZ VWm nVZ H$m MH«$ ~am~a Ky_Vm h¡&8

H$mb© _mŠg© Ho$ {dnarV bmo{h`m H$m _mZZm Wm {H$ Om{V Am¡a dJ© Eo{Vhm{gH$ MH«$ H$s Xmo _w»` epŠV`m± h¡, BZHo$ Q>H$amd go hr B{Vhmg AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡& Om{V é{‹T>dmXr epŠV H$m àVrH$ h¡ Am¡a

dJ© JË`mË_H$ epŠV H$m& AmO VH$ H$m gmam _mZd B{Vhmg Om{V`m| Am¡a dJm] Ho$ CËWmZ Am¡a nVZ H$m B{Vhmg h¡& Om{V`m± {e{Wb hmoH$a dJm] _| ~Xb OmVr h¡§ Am¡a dJ© gwJ{R>V hmoH$a Om{V`m| _| ~Xb OmVo h¡§&

bmo{h`m Ho$ g_mOdmX Ho$ ñdnZ _| dJ© g§Kf© Ho$ h{W`ma Ho$ ê$n _| qhgm Ho$ {bE H$moB© OJh Zht Wr&9 bmo{h`m Zo _mŠg© Ho$ ny±OrdmXr {díbofU Ed§ ÛÝÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m, qH$Vw do ÛÝÛdmX _| Ho$db ^m¡{VH$ VËd Ho$ ApñVËd _| ahZo H$s AdYmaUm H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo Wo& Bg X¥{ï> go CZH$s YmaUmE± gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg _| ^m¡{VH$ VWm AÜ`mpË_H$ XmoZm| VËdm| H$m gpå_lU Xem©Vr h¡& bmo{h`m Zo _mŠg© Ho$ loUr {gÕm§V H$mo AnyU© _mZm& bmo{h`m H$m `h AmJ«h Wm {H$ E{e`mB© Xoem|, {deofH$a ^maV Ho$ g_mOdm{X`m| H$mo `hm± H$s n[apñW{V Ho$ g§X^© _| hr g_mOdmX H$s CnbpãY`m| Ho$ g§§~§Y _| ^m¡{VH$ {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE& do npíM_r Xoem| _| àM{bV naånamJV g_mOdmX H$mo AZwn`wŠV g_PVo Wo&

am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m Eogo AW©emñÌr Wo {OZH$m X¥{ï>H$moU g_mOdmXr Wm& do gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg Ho$ H|$Ð _| AW© H$s y{_H$m H$mo r H|$Ð {~ÝXþ _mZVo h¡§ VWm gmW _| AÝ` VËdm| H$mo ^r ñWmZ XoVo h¡§& bmo{h`m H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ Am{W©H$ {df_VmE§ {_Q>mZo Ho$ {bE Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ VWm ~m¡{ÕH$ {df_VmE± VWm {dg§J{V`m± H$mo {_Q>mZm ^r Amdí`H$ h¡& Am{W©H$ {df_VmAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo {ZåZ gwPmd {Xò Wo-

1. CËnmXZ _yë` d {dH«$` _yë` _| EH$ AmZwnm{VH$ g§~§Y hmoZm Mm{hE& dh So>‹T> JwUm go A{YH$ Z hmo&

2. Am¡gV Am` _| {Za§Va d¥{Õ hmoVr ahZr Mm{hE&

3. H¥${f Ho$ joÌ _| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z {H$ò OmZo Mm{hE& A{YH$m{YH$ ^y{_ H¥${f `mo½` ~Zm`m OmE§& qgMmB© H$s gw{dYm ~‹T>mB© OmE& H¥${f _| ZdrZ d¡km{ZH$ emoY H$mo ~‹T>mdm& ^y-AÝZ goZm moOZm {Og_| goZm ~oH$ma n‹S>r y{_ H$mo goZm H¥${f `mo½` ~ZmòJr Am¡a IoVr H$aoJr `m H$admòJr&

4. CËnmXZ Ho$ gmW {dVaU H$s ì`dñWm H$m g§Vw{bV hmoZo na ~b&

5. ^maVr` n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU H$mo AnZmZo H$s gbmh CZH$s X¥{ï> _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJ{V Ho$ÝÐrH$aU go Adê««$Õ hmoVr h¡§ Cggo {H$gr EH$ ì`pŠV `m ì`pŠV g_yh H$mo hr bm^ hmoVm h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

6. AH$mb d ^wI_ar Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE bmo{h`m Zo "AÝZ ~m§Q>m| AmÝXmobZ' VWm "{Kamd' O¡go VarH$m| H$mo AnZmZo na Omoa {X`m& CÝhm|Zo amÁ` H$s Amoa go _wâV agmoB©Ka ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s gbmh Xr&

7. bmo{h`m Zo AZmO Ho$ ì`mnma H$m gm_mOrH$aU H$aZo H$m gwPmd {X`m & Bggo AZmO Ho$ _yë` pñWa ah|Jo Am¡a Xÿgao AZmO na ì`pŠV {deof H$m A{YH$ma Zht hmoJm& Bggo {H$gmZ H$mo AZmO H$m C{MV _yë` {_b gHo$Jm&

8. bmo{h`m Zo Jar~m| H$m emofU amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE Xoe H$s Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwê$n ~‹S>r-2 _erZm| H$s ~Om` N>moQ>r _erZm| Ûmam Mm{bV CÚmoJm| H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s gbmh Xr& bmo{h`m MmhVo Wo {H$ epŠV Mm{bV N>moQ>r _erZm| H$m h_mao Xoe Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ Am{dîH$ma H$a| VWm Xoe H$mo AnZr Amdí`H$Vm H$mo nyam H$aZo _| gh^mJr ~Zo& bmo{h`m MmhVo Wo {H$ Xoe Ho$ d¡km{ZH$m| H$mo ~oH$ma Ho$ emoY H$m`© H$s AZw_{V Zht Xr OmZr Mm{hE& AV: d¡km{ZH$ {dH$mg H$mo EH$ MaU~Õ VarH$m go Xoe _| bmJy H$aZm hmoJm, Vm{H$ Xoe Ho$ gmYZ d gån{V H$m Xþê$n`moJ Z hmo gHo$& N>moQ>r _erZm| Ho$ njYa Ho$ ê$n _| bmo{h`m ~‹S>o CÚmoJm| H$mo Zï> H$aZo Ho$ nj _| Zht Wo& bmo{h`m MmhVo Wo {H$ _hËdnyU© ~‹S>o CÚmoJ MbVo ah|& bo{H$Z CZ na amÁ` H$m {Z`§ÌU hmoZm Mm{hE& AV: dh ~‹S>o CÚmoJm| Ho$ amï´>rH$aU Ho$ nj _| Wo&

Cn`w©ŠV {~ÝXþAm| go `h ~mV ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ bmo{h`m H$m Am{W©H$ qMVZ h_mao Xoe H$s n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡& bmo{h`m _| g_mOdmX H$s H$ënZm H$mo Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$mo Xÿa H$aHo$, _yë` d¥{Õ na amoH$ bJmH$a, bmoJm| Ho$ Z¡{VH$ AmMaU H$mo D$±Mm CR>mH$a ^y{_ H$m nwZ{d©VaU H$aHo$, ^y{_hrZm| H$mo A{V[aŠV ^y{_XoH$a, N>moQ>r _erZm| Ûmam Mm{bV CÚmoJm| H$mo ñWm{nV H$aHo$ Vm{H$ IM© H$s gr_m H$mo ~m§YH$a gmH$ma H$aZo H$m VarH$m gwPm`m h¡&10

am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m H$s g_mOdmXr AdYmaUm {dñV¥V d ì`mnH$ h¡§ Bgr AZwH«$_ _| bmo{h`m _| "Mm¡Iå~m `moOZm' àñVwV H$s Omo

{H$ gÎmm {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU H$m ñdê$n àñVwV H$aVr h¡§ Bg `moOZm H$m {dñV¥V {ddaU CÝhm|Zo AnZr H¥${V "Amñn¡ŠQ>g Am°\$ gmoe{bñQ> nmo{bgr' _| {X`m h¡&

{ZîH$f©

bmo{h`m àOmV§Ì na AmYm[aV g_mOdmX Ho$ à{V{Z{Y Wo& bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmX {dMma Am¡a VH©$ H$s Xþ{Z`m _| àOmV§Ì H$m g_W©Z H$aVm h¡& Bgr {dMma H$s d¥h²X ê$n aoIm bmo{h`m Zo gáH«$m§{V H$s AdYmaUm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go noe H$s h¡§& gma ê$n _| H$h gH$Vo h¡§ {H$ g_mOdmX Ho$ ~mao _| bmo{h`m Zo AnZr nwñVH$ "_mŠg©, Jm±Yr VWm g_mOdmX' _| H$hm h¡ {H$ g_mOdmX H$mo ñd`§ Jm±YrdmX `m _mŠg©dmX H$hZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡ Amoa Z hr Cgo Jm±Yr `m _mŠg© {damoYr H$hm OmZm Mm{hE& Eogm H$aZm qMVZ H$mo ^wbmH$a gwÝXa eãXm| H$mo AnZmZm h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. Xr{jV, VmamMÝX, am__Zmoha bmo{h`m H$m g_mOdmXr Xe©Z, bmoH$^maVr àH$meZ, Bbmhm~mX, 2013, n¥.g§. 13

2. S>m°. OmoJr, gwZrb, {díd g_mOdmX Ho$ nmofH$ bmo{h`m, S>m`_ÊS> ~wŠg npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2014, n¥.g§. 43

3. Xr{jV, VmamMÝX, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 15

4. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 18

5. àgmX, JwOoídar, S>m°. am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m, amï´>r` nwñVH$ Ý`mg ^maV, ZB© {Xëbr, nwZ_w©ÐU, 2016, n¥.g§. 177

6. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 179

7. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 180

8. Ë`mJr, é{M, AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$m amOZr{VH$ qMVZ EH$ {d_e©, {hÝXr _mÜ`_ H$m`©Ýd`Z {ZXoemb`, {Xëbr {díd{dÚmb`, {Xëbr, 2015, n¥.g§. 401

9. Hw$_ma, _wHw$b, S>m°. am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m, à^mV nona ~¡Šg àH$meZ, 2013, n¥.g§. 22

10. Ë`mJr, é{M, nydm}ŠV, n¥.g§. 404

àñVmdZmMrZ H$mo {\$a EH$ ~ma {damoY àXe©Z H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S> ahm h¡& hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _| {nN>bo VrZ _mh go ~‹S>r g§»`m _| bmoJ {damoY àXe©Z H$a aho h¡& Bg {damoY H$m à_wI H$maU hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ àË`n©U H$mZyZ _| bmE Om aho ~Xbmd h¡& hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ EH$ ñdm`Îm joÌ h¡, BgH$s emgZ ì`dñWm MrZ go {^ÝZ h¡§& `hm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ Bg àH$ma Ho$ ~Xbmd Bg joÌ H$s ñdm`ÎVm Ed§ "EH$ Xoe Xmo ì`dñWm" Ho$ {gÛmÝV H$mo IVao _| S>mb gH$Vo h¡§&1

hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ n¥ð>^y{_hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ {~«Q>oZ H$m Cn{Zdoe Wm& df© 1842 Ho$ àW_ A\$s_ wÕ Ho$ ~mX A§J«Om| Zo hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ na A{YH$ma H$a {b`m Wm& {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Am¡a MrZ Ho$ qH$J amOd§e Zo n|{H$J Ho$ Xÿgao H$Ýd|eZ na df© 1898 _| hñVmja {H$E, {OgHo$ AZwgma hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$mo 99 dfm] Ho$ {bE MrZ Zo brO na {~«Q>oZ H$mo Xo {X`m&

^m¡Jmo{bH$ AdpñW{V`h MrZ Ho$ X. nydu VQ> na pñWV, nb© ZXr So>ëQ>m Am¡a X. MrZ gmJa na pñWV h¡, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{V H$s aUZr{VH$ {deofVm Ho$ H$maU h Xþ{Z`m Ho$ g~go gånÝZ _hmgmJar` eham| _| go EH$ h¡&

emoY gmam§e

hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ {~«Q>oZ H$m Cn{Zdoe Wm, noqH$J Ho$ Xÿgao H$Ýd|eZ Ûmam hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$mo 99 dfm] Ho$ {bE MrZ Zo brO na {~«Q>oZ H$mo Xo {X`m& S|>J {e`mAmoqnJ Zo 1980 Ho$ XeH$ _| hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$m hñVm§VaU MrZ H$mo H$aZo Ho$ {bE {~«Q>oZ go ~mVMrV ewê$ H$s& {Xgå~a 1984 _| ~rqOJ _| MrZ- {~«Q>oZ Zo g§`wŠV KmofUm na hñVmja {H$ò {Og_| MrZ Zo EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbr Ho$ VhV Bg joÌ H$s ñdm`ËVm H$m gå_mZ H$aZo H$m dmXm {H$`m Wm& OwbmB© 1997 H$mo hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$mo MrZ Zo {deof àemg{ZH$ joÌ Kmo{fV H$a {X`m {OgHo$ VhV _wÐm, Am{W©H$ Am¡a H$mZyZr àUm{b`m§ Bg joÌ H$s hmoJr bo{H$Z ajm VWm {dXoer Hy$Q>Zr{V MrZ Ûmam V` H$s OmEJr, hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$m 50 dfm] Ho$ {bE 2047 VH$ d¡Y {_{Z g§{dYmZ ~Zm`m J`m& BgHo$ ~mX H$s g§d¡Ym{ZH$ pñW{V H$mo ñnï> Zht {H$`m J`m h¡§& àñVwV emoY-nÌ _| MrZ H$s {dñVmadmXr Zr{V Ho$ VhV {H$ò Om aho ~Xbmdm| H$mo {Og_| MrZ EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbr Ho$ {dMma H$mo ZH$ma H$a hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ nyU© {db` Ho$ à`mg H$a ahm h¡§, VWm hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ûmam AnZr ñdm`ËVVm ~aH$ama aIZo Ho$ {bE {H$ò Om aho {damoY àXe©Zm| (A§~«obm _yd_|Q>, àmo-So>_moH«o$gr _wd_|Q>)VWm A_o[aH$m MrZ Q´>oS>dma go MrZ Ho$ H$_Omoa Am{W©H$ nj Ho$ gmW-gmW ^maV Ho$ hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ g§H$Q> na CXmgrZ ad¡`m H$m {díbofU {H$`m J`m h¡§&

g§Ho$Vmja … A\$s_ `wØ, EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbr, A§~«obm _yd_|Q>, àË`n©U H$mZyZ, àmo-So>_moH«o$gr _yd_|Q>

EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbrS|>J {e`mAmoqnJ Ûmam df©© 1970 Ho$ Amgnmg Xoe Ho$ emgZ H$s ~mJS>moa g§^mbZo Ho$ ~mX ""EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbr'' H$s Zr{V àñVm{dV H$s JB© Wr&S|>J {e`mAmoqnJ Zo 1980 Ho$ XeH$ _| hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$m hñVm§VaU MrZ H$mo H$aZo Ho$ {bò {~«Q>oZ go ~mVMrV ewê$ H$s& Bg ~mVMrV Ho$ Xm¡amZ hr MrZ Zo EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbr Ho$ VhV Bg joÌ H$s ñdm`ÎVm H$m gå_mZ H$aZo H$m dmXm {H$`m Wm&MrZ Am¡a {~«Q>oZ Ho$ ~rM 19 {Xgå~a 1984 H$mo ~rqOJ _| MrZ-{~«{Q>e g§`wŠV KmofUm na hñVmja {H$ò JE Wo, {OgHo$ VhV hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ hoVw df© 1997 go H$mZyZr, Am{W©H$ Am¡a gaH$mar àUm{b`m| _| ñdm`ÎVm H$m {ZYm©aU {H$`m J`m Wm& Bg àH$ma EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbr H$s Zr{V H$mo ì`mdhm[aH$ ñVa na bmJy {H$`m J`m Wm&

1 OwbmB©,1997 H$mo hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$mo MrZ Zo {deof àemg{ZH$ joÌ Kmo{fV {H$`m& BgHo$ VhV Bg joÌ H$s AnZr _wÐmE°§, Am{W©H$ Am¡a H$mZyZr àUm{b`m§ hmoJr, bo{H$Z ajm VWm {dXoer Hy$Q>Zr{V MrZ

hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ àmo- So>_moH«o$gr _yd_|§Q> Am¡a MrZ H$s EH$ Xoe Xmo àUmbr H$s Zr{VS>m°. ~~rVm Mm¡Yar

{ZXoeH$, Jy±O EÁ`yHo$eZ ßdm°B§Q>, lrJ§JmZJa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

Ûmam V` H$s OmEJr, 50 dfm] Ho$ {bE EH$ {_Zr g§{dYmZ ~Zm`m J`m Omo hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ hoVw df© 2047 VH$ d¡Y hmoJm& Bg g_`md{Y Ho$ ~mX H$s g§d¡Ym{ZH$ pñW{V H$mo ñnï> Zht {H$`m J`m h¡&2

hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ g§H$Q>

MrZ EH$Xbr` ì`dñWm dmbm Xoe h¡§ {Og_| hmb hr _| EH$ ~Xbmd {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg ~Xbmd Ho$ AZwgma MrZ H$m amï´>n{V OrdZn`©ÝV Bg nX na ahoJm& O~{H$ hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$m {nN>br EH$ eVmãXr H$m B{Vhmg MrZ go n¥WH$ ahm h¡§& {~«Q>oZ H$m Cn{Zdoe hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _| bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {dMmam| H$m AmJ_Z hþAm VWm hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$s g§ñH¥${V Ed§ npíM_r g§ñH¥${V Zo {_bH$a Hw$N> ZE {dMmam| H$mo OÝ_ {X`m, Omo MrZ go ~hþV AbJ h¡& hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ na MrZ Ho$ Am{YnË` Ho$ A^r 20 df© hr nyU© hþE h¡ Am¡a MrZ EH$ Xoe Xmo ì`dñWm Ho$ {dMma H$mo {_Q>m XoZm MmhVm h¡& MrZ Ho$ _m¡OyXm amï´>n{V H$m {dñVmadmXr ad¡`m "EH$ Xoe Xmo ì`dñWm" H$mo ZH$ma ahm h¡ VWm hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ MrZ _| nyU© {db` Ho$ {bò {H$gr ^r gr_m VH$ OmZo Ho$ {bò V¡`ma h¡&3

A§~«obm _yd_|Q>

hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ na MrZ Ho$ {Z`§ÌU Ho$ ~mX go A~ VH$ H$B© ~ma MrZ H$mo {damoY àXe©Z H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m h¡& df© 2009 _| amï´>r` gwajm H$mZyZ H$mo boH$a {damoY hþAm n[aUm_ñdê$n `h H$mZyZ dmng bo {b`m J`m& df© 2014 _§o§ ^r hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _o§ ~‹S>o ñVa na {damoY àXe©Z {H$`m J`m& Bg {damoY H$mo A§~«obm _yd_|Q> H$s g§km Xr OmVr h¡& hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$s OZVm H$mo `h âmogm {Xbm`m J`m Wm {H$ df© 2017 go hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ AnZo _w»` H$m`©H$mar H$m {Zdm©MZ ñd`§ H$a gH|$Jo qH$Vw MrZ Zo {g\©$ CÝht bmoJm| H$mo Bg nX Ho$ {bò MwZmd b‹S>Zo H$s AZw_{V Xr {OÝh| MrZ H$s gmå`dmXr nmQ>u H$m g_W©Z hm{gb hmo& Bggo hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo AË`{YH$ {Zamem hþB©& BgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n bmIm| bmoJm| Zo _hrZo go ^r A{YH$ g_` VH$ {damoY àXe©Z {H$`m& nw{bg H$ma©dmB© go ~MZo Ho$ {bò bmoJm| Zo N>mVo "A§~«obm' H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m Bgr H$maU BgH$mo "A§~«obm _yd_|Q>" Ho$ Zm_ go nwH$mam OmVm h¡§&4

hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ àmo.-So>_moH«o$gr _yd_|Q>

`h {ddmX àË`n©U H$mZyZ _| bmE JE ~Xbmd H$mo boH$a CËnÝZ hþAm& àñVm{dV {dYo`H$ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ go bmoJm| H$m àË`n©U MrZ H$mo {H$`m Om gHo$Jm& hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ {díd _o§ Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$m H|$ÝÐ h¡ VWm {díd Ho$ {d{^ÝZ Xoem| Ho$ Am{W©H$ {hV hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ go Ow‹S>o hþE h¡§& `{X H$moB© ì`pŠV AWdm g§ñWm ì`dgm` go g§~§{YV {ddmX _| Xmofr nmE OmVo h¡§ Vmo BZH$m àË`n©U MrZ _| {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& O~{H$ A^r VH$ hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ {~«{Q>eH$mbrZ H$m°_Z bm° {gñQ>_ go H$m_ H$a ahm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s 1997 go nhbo A_o[aH$m, {~«Q>oZ, qgJmnwa Ho$ gmW hr

àË`n©U g§{Y Wr& Bg àË`n©U {dYo`H$ go hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ bmoJm| _| `h ^` nZnZo bJm h¡§ {H$ MrZ Bg H$mZyZ Ho$ O[aò {H$gr ^r Eogo bmoJm| H$mo, Omo hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ amOZr{VH$ Am§XmobZ go OwSoµ> h¡§, {Z`§{ÌV H$a boJm& Bggo hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ dm{g`m| Ho$ amOZr{VH$ A{YH$ma g_má hmo OmE±Jo&

àË`n©U {dYo`H$ Ho$ {damoY Ho$ níMmV² Bg {dYo`H$ H$mo {Zb§{~V H$a {X`m J`m Wm bo{H$Z àXe©ZH$m[a`mo| H$s _m§J h¡ {H$ Bg {dYo`H$ H$mo nyU©V: g_má Kmo{fV {H$`m OmE& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$s _m¡OyXm _w»` H$m`©H$mar H¡$ar bo_ H$s ~Im©ñVJr VWm CZ g^r àXe©ZH$m[a`m| H$s [ahmB© H$s _m§J H$s Om ahr h¡ {OÝho| {damoY àXe©Z Ho$ Xm¡amZ {JaâVma {H$`m J`m h¡ VWm MwZmd àUmbr _| gwYma hoVw A^r àXe©Z Omar h¡§&

Cn`w©ŠV _§mJm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ bmoJ MrZ Ho$ à{V ge§{H$V X¥{ï>H$moU aIVo h¡§ VWm Eogm _mZVo h¡§ {H$ MrZ {d{^ÝZ _mÜ`_m| Ho$ O[aò hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$s {deof pñW{V H$mo g_má H$aZm MmhVm ho¡§& O¡go - hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$s EH$ ñWmZr` nmQ>u hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ ZoeZb nmQ>u H$mo df© 2018 _| J¡a H$mZyZr Kmo{fV H$a {X`m J`m Wm& hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ bmoJ b§~o g_` VH$ {~«Q>oZ Ho$ Cn{Zdoe hmoZo Ho$ H$maU bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {dMmam| VWm npíM_r gä`Vm Ho$ H$ar~ aho h¡§, gmW hr ò ñd`§ ^r AnZr g§ñH¥${V VWm {d{eï> nhMmZ H$mo g§a{jV aIZm MmhVo h¡§& bmoJm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ MrZ Yrao-Yrao AnZo à^md Ho$ O[aò hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$s {d{eï> nhMmZ H$mo g_má H$aZm MmhVm h¡§ Bg{bò bmoJ {damoY àXe©Z X²dmam MrZ H$s hR>Y{_©Vm Ho$ {damoY _| CVa AmVo h¢&5

MrZ H$s pñW{V

_m¡OyXm g_` _| MrZ Am{W©H$ _moM©o na J§^ra g_ñ`m H$m gm_Zm H$a ahm h¡& A_o[aH$m Zo MrZ Ho$ gmW ì`mnma `wX²Y N>o‹S> {X`m h¡§& BgHo$ Odm~ _| MrZ Zo ^r A_o[aH$s gm_mZm| na ewëH$ _| d¥X{Y H$a Xr h¡§§§& MrZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm _w»` ê$n go {Z`m©V na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡ n[aUm_V: MrZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm {nN>bo 27 dfm] Ho$ Ý`yZV_ d¥X{Y Xa na nhþ±M MwH$s h¡& Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ A{V[aŠV hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _| hmo aho {damoY àXe©Z Zo ^r MrZ Ho$ g_j MwZm¡Vr àñVwV H$s h¡§& Bg {damoY àXe©Z H$mo {d{^ÝZ npíM_r Xoem|, Wm- A_o[aH$m, {~«Q>oZ Am{X VWm OmnmZ H$m ^r g_W©Z àmá h¡§& MrZ Zo ^r àXe©ZH$m[a`m| H$mo MoVmdZr Xr h¡ {H$ `{X {damoY àXe©Z H$mo Zht amoH$m J`m Vmo dh g¡{ZH$ H$ma©dmB© H$mo ^r AnZo {dH$ënm| _| em{_b H$a gH$Vm h¡§& MrZ Ho$ D$na df© 1989 Ho$ Ï`mZ_Z Am§XmobZ Ho$ Z¥§eg X_Z H$m H$b§H$ h¡ {OgH$mo boH$a {díd _| MrZ H$s AmbmoMZm hmoVr ahr h¡ bo{H$Z 1989 H$s KQ>Zm MrZ H$s g¡{ZH$ H$ma©dmB© H$s MoVmdZr H$mo _O~yV AmYma àXmZ H$aVr h¡, gmW hr hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ _Z _| ^` ^r CËnÝZ H$aVr

ISSN 2348-3857


h¡§& `h ^` hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _| VoOr go ~‹T> ahr g¡Ý` ~bm| H$s g§»`m go Am¡a ^r Vrd« hþAm h¡§& hmbm§{H$ MrZ na AÝVaamîQ´>r` g_wXm` H$m X~md h¡ VWm CgH$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V ^r H$_Omoa hþB©, Eogo _o| g¡{ZH$ H$ma©dmB© MrZ Ho$ {bò AÝ` g_ñ`mE°§ CËnÝZ H$a gH$Vr h¡§&

hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _| nhbo ^r H$B© {damoY àXe©Z hmoVo aho h¡§& ò {damoY àXe©Z df© 2003, 2009, 2014 _| hþE h¡§& Hw$N> ^y-gm_[aH$ {díbofH$ BZ àXe©Zm| H$mo {damoYm| H$s n§M dfu` `moOZm H$s g§km ^r XoVo h¡§ AV: MrZ Ho$ {bò o {damoY àXe©Z ZE Zht h¡§, gmW hr {damoY H$s Ad{Y {OVZr A{YH$ hmoJr, hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$m Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ ^r CVZm hr A{YH$ hmoJm& Hw$N> {díbofH$m| H$m _mZZm h¡§ {H$ hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ eoà ~mOma H$mo {nN>bo Xmo _mh _| 500 {~{b`Z S>m°ba H$s hm{Z hþB© h¡§&6

Ï`mZ_Z Am§XmobZ Ed§ X_Z

Aà¡b 1989 _| 10 bmI go A{YH$ àXe©ZH$mar amOZr{VH$ AmOmXr H$s _m§J H$mo boH$a Ï`mZ_Z Mm¡H$ na BH$Q²>R>m hþE Wo& MrZ Ho$ dm_n§Wr emgZ Ho$ B{Vhmg _| Bgo g~go ~‹S>m amOZr{VH$ àXe©Z H$hm OmVm h¡ Omo So>‹T> _hrZo VH$ Mbm& `h àXe©Z H$B© eham| Am¡a {díd{dX²`mb`m| VH$ \¡$b J`m Wm& àXe©ZH$mar VmZmemhr g_má H$aZo Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm VWm bmoH$V§Ì H$s _m§J H$a aho Wo& BgHo$ Abmdm ~T>Vr _h±JmB©, H$_ doVZ Am{X H$mo boH$a r bmoJm| _| amof ì`má Wm& 30 df© nhbo MrZ _| Am{W©H$ ~Xbmd Ho$ ~mX amOZr{VH$ ~Xbmd H$s _m§J H$mo boH$a df© 1989 _| N>mÌm| Zo {damoY àXe©Z {H$`m Wm& MrZ _| bmoH$V§Ì g_W©H$ N>mÌm| Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| {H$ò JE {damoY àXe©Zm| H$m _w»` Ho$ÝÐ Ï`mZ_Z Mm¡H$ hr Wm& N>mÌm| Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| hþE Bg àXe©Z _| MrZ Ho$ bJ^J 400 eham|-H$ñ~m| Ho$ bmoJ em{_b hþE Wo, Omo H$å`y{ZñQ> ZoVmAm| go BñVr\$m MmhVo Wo& gmW hr Xoe _| bmoH$V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm, gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm, àog Am¡a ~mobZo H$s AmOmXr {XbmZm ^r Bg àXe©Z Ho$ CX²Xoí`m| _| em{_b Wm& Bg Xm¡amZ AZ{JZV àXe©ZH$m[a`m| H$s _m¡V hmo JB© Wr VWm 10 hOma H$mo {JaâVma ^r {H$`m J`m Wm&7

^maV VWm MrZ

^maV H$m ê$I MrZ H$s hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Zr{V Ho$ {bò CXmgrZ ahm h¡§& ^maV Zo H$^r ^r àXe©ZH$m[a`m| H$m g_W©Z Zht {H$`m h¡§ O~{H$ AÝ` Xoe IwbH$a hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ bmoJm| H$m g_W©Z H$aVo aho h¡§& MrZ Ho$ gmW ^maV nhbo go CnpñWV _VôXm| H$m ~‹T>mZm Zht MmhVm h¡§ qH$Vw MrZ H$m ê$I H$í_ra O¡go {d{^ÝZ _wX²Xm| na ^maV {damoYr hr ahm h¡§ VWm dh h_oem nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ g_W©Z _|

I‹S>m ahm h¡§& EH$ Amoa MrZ H$í_ra _wX²Xo H$m A§Vam©ï´>r`H$aU H$aZm MmhVm h¡ dht ñd`§ CB©Ja VWm hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ Ho$ _m_bo _| A_mZdr` ê$I Ap»V`ma H$aVm h¡§& ^maV H$mo ^r MrZ Ho$ ê$I Ho$ AZwgma hr AnZr Zr{V H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm Mm{hò& `{X MrZ H$í_ra _wX²Xo na nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ gmW I‹S>m hmoVm h¡ Vmo ^maV H$mo ^r hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$m IwbH$a g_W©Z H$aZm Mm{hò&8

{ZîH$f©

bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {díd _| {H$gr ^r Xoe H$s ñdm`ËVVm H$mo {_Q>mZo H$m à`mg EH$ {KZm¡Zr haH$V h¡& hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _| ñdV§ÌVm, VmZmemhr g_m{á d bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ {bE {H$ò Om aho {damoY àXe©Z nyao {díd Ho$ {bE qMVZr` {df` h¡§& {díd Ho$ g^r Xoem| H$mo bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ A{YH$mam| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE EH$OwQ> hmoZm Mm{hE& {Og àH$ma npíM_r Xoem| Zo hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ H$m g_W©Z {H$`m, maV H$mo r AnZo ad¡ò _| n[adV©Z H$a hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _| {Z{hV AnZo Am{W©H$ {hVm| H$s ajm H$aZr Mm{hE& ^maV H$m S>m`ñnmoam hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _| Am{W©H$ ê$n go _hËdnyU© ñWmZ aIVm h¡§&

BgHo$ A{V[aŠV hm°ÝJH$m°ÝJ _wX²Xm ^maV Ho$ {bE MrZ go H$í_ra _wX²Xo H$mo g§Vw{bV H$aZo H$m ^r EH$ O[a`m ~Z gH$Vm h¡§& `{X MrZ H$í_ra _wXXo na nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ gmW I‹S>m hmoVm h¡ Vmo ^maV H$mo ^r hm°ÝJH$m°°ÝJ H$m IwbH$a g_W©Z H$aZm Mm{hE, ^maV H$mo ^r MrZ Ho$ ê$I Ho$ AZwgma hr AnZr Zr{V H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm Mm{hE&

gÝX^© gyMr1. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.{S>ñH$dahm°JH$m|J.H$m°_

2. M|J, Omogo\$ `y-eoH$, MmBZmO² \$m°aoZ nm°{bgr M¡boÝOoO EÊS> àmoñnoŠQ´>g, {gQ>r `y{Zd{g©{Q>O² Am°d hm°JH$m±J, hm°JH$m|J, 2016, nr. 3

3. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.X {hÝXÿ.H$m°_

4. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.EZS>rQ>rdr.H$m°_

5. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.EZS>rQ>rdr.H$m°_/Bb~Q>© Bb`Zmoa, S>o_moH«o$gr BZ hm°JH$m|J.H$m¢{gb Am°Z \$m°aoZ [aboeÝg, goßQ>oå~a 2019

6. EMQ>rQ>rnr//AmaEgQ>rdr.EZAmBgr.BZ/dëS>© noZmoa_m, X {~J {nŠMa gmamOhm± EÊS> Xoe-XoemÝVa

7. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.EZS>rQ>rdr.H$m°_/EpÝS´>`y Oo., hm°C MmBZm gr X hm°JH$m|J H«$mB{gg, \$m°aoZ A\o$`g©, Am°JñQ>, 2019

8. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.~r~rgr.H$m°_

àñVmdZm

^mmaV EH$ àmMrZ Jm¡ad_`r Xoe h¡ {Ogo g{X`m| VH$ {dídJwê$ ahZo H$m gm¡^m½` àmá ahm h¡& gy`© gX¡d nyd© _| CX` hmoVm h¡, kmZ H$m gy`© ^r nyd© go hr CX` hþAm Wm& AZ}ñQ> dmH©$a H$m `h Amamon ghr Zht h¡ {H$ ^maV H$m àmMrZ H$mb amOZr{VH$ {MÝVZ H$s X¥{ï> go _ê$^y{_ h¡ Am¡a àmMrZ ^maV Zo {díd H$mo Ho$db AÜ`mË_Xe©Z {X`m h¡& H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ AW©emñÌ Zo `h {gÕ H$a {X`m {H$ àmMrZ ^maV Ho$db AÜ`mË_ _| hr Zht A{nVw g_mO Xe©Z _| ^r {H$gr go nrN>o Zht Wm&

àmMrZ ^maV Ho$ amOempñÌ`m| _| H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m ñWmZ ~hþV D$±Mm h¡ Cgo Hy$Q>Zr{V VWm emgZ H$bm H$m g~go _hmZ à{VnmXH$ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& gmboQ>moa Ho$ AZwgma, àmMrZ ^maV H$s amOZr{VH$ {dMmaYmamAm| _| g~go A{YH$ Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` H$m¡{Q>ë` H$s

emoY gmam§e

àmMrZ ^maV Ho$ amOempñÌ`m| _| H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m ñWmZ ~hþV D$±Mm h¡ Cgo Hy$Q>Zr{V VWm emgZ H$bm H$m g~go _hmZ à{VnmXH$ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& gmboQ>moa Ho$ AZwgma, àmMrZ ^maV H$s amOZr{VH$ {dMmaYmamAm| _| g~go A{YH$ Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` H$m¡{Q>ë` H$s {dMmaYmam h¡& H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m amOZr{V emñÌ Ho$ {Z_m©U d {dH$mg _| _hËdnyU© ñWmZ ahm h¡& AW©emñÌ Ho$ AnZo go nyd© Ho$ boIH$m| Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE CÝhm|Zo amOZr{V {dkmZ H$m bJ^J nwZ{Z©_mU {H$`m& H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AW©emñÌ amÁ` gå~ÝYr gyMZmAm| H$m ^ÊS>ma h¡ VWm Cg_| amOZr{V Ho$ bJ^J g^r _m¡{bH$ VWm Jm¡U {gÕmÝVm| H$m dU©Z {_bVm h¡& S>m°. amYmH¥$îU Mm¡Yar Ho$ _VmZwgma gmo_Xod gyar, _Zw, `mkdëŠ` VWm H$mË`m`Z O¡go AZoH$ nmíMmË` ^maVr` {dMmaH$m| H$mo H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ Bg J«ÝW Zo à^m{dV {H$`m& S>m°. Kmofmb Ho$ AZwgma, _hm^maV _| Omo amOY_© Ho$ _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ h¡ CgH$m ^r Am^mf H$amVo h¡§& ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ {MÝVZ _| Ì`r, AmÝdrjH$s, dmVm© VWm XÊS>Zr{V Ho$ naånamJV {gÕmÝVm| H$m Omo _hËdnyU© ñWmZ àmá h¡ CgH$m lo` ^r H$m¡{Q>ë` H$mo OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma h_ XoIVo h¡§ {H$ BZ g~ Z¡{VH$-amOZr{VH$ AmXem], `moOZmAm| VWm aUZr{V`m| H$m {dñVma go dU©Z H$aVo hþE H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo Z Ho$db Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| d AnZo g_` H$s _m¡`©H$mbrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo gm_Zo aIm ~pëH$ ~XcVo hþE gÝX^m], n[apñW{V`m| d ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ _hËd VWm A{Zdm`©VmAm| H$mo r nhMmZm, Vm{H$ CZHo$ Ûmam à{Vnm{XV {gÕmÝV AmXe©-ì`dñWmE§, g§ñWmE§, moOZmE± VWm aUZr{V`m± CZHo$ AnZo g_` Am¡a n[apñW{V Ho$ ~§YZ go _wŠV hmoH$a gmd©H$m{bH$ ~Z gHo$, {Oggo _mZd Om{V H$s AmZo dmbr nr{‹T>`m§ Cgr àH$ma bm^mpÝdV hmoVr aho {Og àH$ma CZH$s AnZo g_` H$s _m¡`©H$mbrZ ì`dñWm à^m{dV VWm bm^mpÝdV hþB© Wr&

g§Ho$Vmja … amOH$s` g_mOdmXr, _ÊS>b {gÕmÝV, amîQ´>r` gwajm

{dMmaYmam h¡& ^maV Ho$ _hmZV_ Hy$Q>Zr{Vk H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ gå~ÝY _| àm_m{UH$ gm_J«r H$m ~‹S>m emoMZr` A^md h¡& CgHo$ ~{h_w©Ir ì`pŠVËd Ho$ g_mZ hr CgHo$ AZoH$ Zm_ aho h¡§& {OZ_| VrZ A{YH$ à{gÕ h¡ - {dîUwJwá, H$m¡{Q>ë` Am¡a MmUŠ`& CgH$m dmñV{dH$ Zm_ {dîUwJwá Wm, Cgo H$m¡{Q>ë` Bg{bE H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ CgH$m OÝ_ "Hw${Q>b" Zm_H$ ~«m÷U d§e _| hþAm Wm& CgHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ MmUŠ` Wm Bg{bE Cgo MmUŠ` ^r H$hVo h¡§& dV©_mZ g_` _| {dÛVOJV _| Cgo H$m¡{Q>ë` VWm gm_mÝ` OJV _| MmUŠ` Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡&1

H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m amOZr{V emñÌ Ho$ {Z_m©U d {dH$mg _| _hËdnyU© ñWmZ ahm h¡& AW©emñÌ Ho$ AnZo go nyd© Ho$ boIH$m| Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE CÝhm|Zo amOZr{V {dkmZ H$m bJ^J nwZ{Z©_mU {H$`m& H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AW©emñÌ amÁ` gå~ÝYr gyMZmAm| H$m

AmMm`© {dîUwJwá H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {dMmam| H$m ^maVr` amOZr{V na à^md : EH$ _yë`m§H$ZS>m°. amOoe amdV

{d^mJmÜ`j, amOZr{V {dkmZ, Eg.Eg.O¡Z gw~moY nr.Or. H$m°boO, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


^ÊS>ma h¡ VWm Cg_| amOZr{V Ho$ bJ^J g^r _m¡{bH$ VWm Jm¡U {gÕmÝVm| H$m dU©Z {_bVm h¡& S>m°. amYmH¥$îU Mm¡Yar Ho$ _VmZwgma gmo_Xod gyar, _Zw, `mkdëŠ` VWm H$mË`m`Z O¡go AZoH$ nmíMmË` ^maVr` {dMmaH$m| H$mo H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ Bg J«ÝW Zo à^m{dV {H$`m& S>m°. Kmofmb Ho$ AZwgma, _hm^maV _| Omo amOY_© Ho$ _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ h¡ CgH$m ^r Am^mg H$amVo h¡§& ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ {MÝVZ _| Ì`r, AmÝdrjH$s, dmVm© VWm XÊS>Zr{V Ho$ naånamJV {gÕmÝVm| H$m Omo _hËdnyU© ñWmZ àmá h¡ CgH$m lo` ^r H$m¡{Q>ë` H$mo OmVm h¡& ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ {MÝVZ _| {dXoe Zr{V Ho$ 6 naånamJV ê$nm|, emgH$ H$s XÊS>Zr{V Am¡a {OZ n[apñW{V`m| _| CZH$m à`moJ {H$`m Omò CZH$m dU©Z VWm amÁ` Ho$ gmV AmYma^yV VËdm| H$m Omo {ddaU {_bVm h¡ `h ^r H$m¡{Q>ë` H$s EH$ XoZ ahr h¡&

H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {dMma H$s Cn`mo{JVm Z Ho$db ^maVr` {MÝVH$ daZ² nmíMmË` {MÝVH$ ^r ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§& _¡{H$`mdbr BQ>br Ho$ gwà{gÕ amOZr{VH$ Xme©{ZH$ Wo, naÝVw dh ^r H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {dMmam| go AË`ÝV à^m{dV Wo& _¡{H$`mdbr H$mo Vmo BQ>br H$m MmUŠ` H$hm J`m h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV amOm Ed§ amÁ` H$s à^wgÎmm gå~ÝYr {dMma H$mo hm°ãg Zo ^r ñdrH$mam h¡, `h ^r H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ {dMmamo§ H$m AZwH$aU àVrV hmoVm h¡&2

H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {dMmam| H$s àm{á _wÐmamjg, H$m_ÝXH$ Ho$ Zr{VemñÌ, XÊS>r Ho$ XeHw$_ma M[aV Am{X J«ÝWm| go hmoVr h¡& H$m_ÝXH$ Zo H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ _hmZ AmXe©dmXr g_mO Ed§ amÁ` H$mo AZwemgZ _| aIZo dmbm VWm gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`VmAm| H$m à{Vð>mnaH$ ~Vbm`m h¡& _hmH${d XÊS>r Zo amOV§Ì Ed§ _hmnwê$fmo§ Ho$ _wI H$mo hr H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m ê$n H$hm h¡, _¥ÀN>H${Q>H$ _| H$m¡{Q>ë` H$mo _hmZ Xme©{ZH$, amOZoVm, {dMmaH$ VWm boIH$ H$hm J`m h¡& {demIXÎm Zo H$m¡{Q>ë` H$mo _hmZ Hw${Q>b JwUm| na AmYm[aV amOZr{V H$m gyÌ, gånyU© àemgZ VÝÌ H$mo EH$ hr ì`pŠV H$mo gm¡§n XoZo dmbm amOZoVm H$hm h¡& dV©_mZ amOZr{V emñÌ Ho$ {dÛmZm| Zo ^r H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {dMma Ho$ g§X^© _| ^r Cn`w©ŠV X¥{ï>H$moU H$mo hr J«hU {H$`m h¡&

H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AW©emñÌ, amOV§Ì VWm amOZ` Ho$ kmZ H$m Agr_^ÊS>ma h¡& `h H$hZm AZw{MV Zht hmoJm {H$ `{X H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$db dUm©l_-Y_© H$s àmMrZ naånam _mÌ go Ow‹S>o ahVo Vmo CZHo$ AW©emñÌ H$m BVZm ì`mnH$ à^md Zht hmoVm, {OVZm AmO h¡& dmñVd _| AmO AmXe© V^r Am¡a Cgr gr_m VH$ àoaUmË_H$ hmoVo h¡§ Ohm± VH$ dh gm_m{OH$ OrdZ H$s ~Xbr hþB© Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma T>mb {bE OmE& dmñVd _|, Y_© OrdZ H$m gdm©oƒ _yë` h¡,

bo{H$Z Y_© Ho$ gmW-gmW OrdZ _| AW© Am¡a H$m_ H$m _hËd ^r H$_ Zht h¡ Am¡a `{X Y_© H$mo AW© Am¡a H$m_ H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma Zht T>mbm OmVm Vmo CgH$m CVZm dmñV{dH$ _hËd Zht hmoJm {OVZm H$s hmoZm Mm{hE Am¡a dh _mÌ EH$ {gÕmÝV Ho$ ê$n _| {g_Q> H$a ah Om oJm& `{X Y_© H$mo OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$VmAm| go AbJ H$a {X`m Om` Vmo `h EH$ Eogo _hb Ho$ ê$n _| hmoJm, Omo {demb VWm gwÝXa Vmo hmoJm bo{H$Z {Og_| ahZm Am¡a {OgH$m ^moJ H$aZm {H$gr Ho$ {bE ^r Ag§ d hmo&2 CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ {gÕmÝV ê$n _| dU© ì`dñWm H$mo XoIVo hþE {_{lV Om{V`m| _| {_{lV {ddmhm| go CËnÝZ hþB© gÝVmZm| H$mo ^r AnZr ZB© gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm _| Cn wŠV ñWmZ àXmZ {H$`m&

Ohm± H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo g¡ÕmpÝVH$ ê$n go h ñdrH$ma {H$`m {H$ Am_Vm¡a na amOm H$mo AnZr àOm VWm AÝ` amÁ`m| Ho$ gmW Y_© VWm Z¡{VH$Vm H$m nmbZ H$aZm Mm{hE dhm± CÝhm|Zo AndmX Ho$ ê$n _| amOm H$mo Bg ~mV H$s Ny>Q> ^r Xr {H$ amOZr{VH$ AmMaUm| _| Ý`m` VWm Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ {Z`_m| Ho$ gmW g_Pm¡Vm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ VWm CZH$s ~XbVo hþE g_` VWm n[apñW{V`m| H$mo nhMmZm dhm± CÝhm|§Zo amOm Ho$ XÊS> H$s AgmYmaU Vrd«Vm VWm H$R>moaVm Ho$ n[aUm_m| Ho$ à{V gOJ ^r {H$`m& H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo amOm Ed§ amOnX H$mo X¡dr` _mZm h¡& CÝhm|Zo `h ^r H$hm h¡ {H$ amOm Ho$ AmXoe H$mo àËòH$ n[apñW{V _| _mZZm Mm{hE& H$^r ^r CgH$s AdhobZm Zht H$aZr Mm{hE& naÝVw H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo amOm H$mo gå~mo{YV {H$`m h¡ {H$ Cgo ^r Y_©JV Zr{V-{Z`_m| Ûmam àOm nmbZ H$aZm Mm{hE& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ed§ amOZr{V Ho$ {bE ^r AmO `hr `wpŠV M[aVmW© hmo, BgH$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& `Ú{n AmO amOV§Ì Zht h¡, naÝVw Cƒ nXñW amOZoVm Ed§ àemgZ amOnX H$m hr H$m`© H$a aho h¡&

H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo MH«$dVu amOm H$s AdYmaUm H$mo g¡ÕmpÝVH$ ê$n go ñdrH$m`© {H$`m bo{H$Z gmW hr gmW CÝhm|Zo Bg ~mV na ^r ~b {X`m {H$ Cgo Ho$db Bg ~mV go g§Vwï> hmo OmZm Mm{hE {H$ Cgo H$_ _hËd Ho$ amÁ`m| VWm amOmAm| Zo BgH$s à^wVm H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m h¡ Am¡a Eogm H$a boZo na Cgo CZHo$ amÁ` joÌm| H$mo h{W`mH$a AnZo amÁ` Ho$ {dñVma H$m ñdßZ Zht XoIZm Mm{hE& Bg g~go `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo A{VdmX Ho$ _mJ© H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a _Ü`_mJ© H$mo AnZm`m&3 AW©emñÌ H$mo amOmAm|, _§{Ì`m| VWm àemgH$m| Ho$ {bE EH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ H$m ê$n XoVo g_` H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo g~H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo {Og gabVm Am¡a gmdYmZr go XoIm Am¡a naIm dh Z Ho$db CgH$s XÿaX{e©Vm Ho$ ê$n _| àH$Q> hþB© ~pëH$ Omo gwPmd CÝhm|Zo àñVwV {H$ò CZgo amOZr{VH$ kmZ Ho$ ^ÊS>ma H$m _hËdnyU© {dH$mg H$m {dñVma hþAm&


ISSN 2348-3857

H$m¡{Q>ë` EH$ amOH$s` g_mOdmXr Wo CÝhm|Zo Z Ho$db amOgÎmm H$mo g§Omoò aIm ~pëH$ CgHo$ H$m`m|© H$m {dñVma ^r {H$`m Am¡a Eogm H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo gaH$ma d gaH$mar g§ñWmAm| H$mo CIm‹S> \|$H$Zo H$s ~mV Z H$hH$a EH$ g_mOdmXr amÁ` H$s g§ñWmnZm H$s ~mV H$s& CÝhm|Zo Bg ~mV na ~b {X`m {H$ AÀN>r emgZ-àemgZ ì`dñWm H$mo g_mO H$ë`mU Ho$ AnZo H$Îm©ì`m| H$mo bJmVma B©_mZXmar go {Z^mZm Mm{hE& Bgr CÔoí` H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE CÝhm|Zo dm{UÁ` ImZm| VWm AÝ` CËnmXZm| Ho$ g_w{MV g§MmbZ H$s ~mV H$hr& CÝhm|Zo `h ^r H$hm {H$ {epën`m| d l{_H$m| H$s lo{U`m| H$mo amÁ` H$s ajm H$aZr Mm{hE& Bg àH$ma H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ {dMma Z Ho$db kmZ Ho$ gH$mamË_H$ ^ÊS>ma H$m Am¡Úmo{JH$ aUZr{V Ho$ g§MmbZ Ho$ {bE à`moJ H$aVo h¡§& ~pëH$ EH$ Eogr g_J« gm_m{OH$ `moOZm ^r àñVwV H$aVo h¡§& {OgH$m CÔoí` AW© Ho$ Ûmam Y_© H$s CnbpãY h¡& {Og ì`dñWm H$mo MmUŠ` Zo AnZo nyd©Om| go J«hU {H$`m Am¡a g§OmoE aIm VWm {Ogo CÝhm|Zo n[an¹$Vm Ho$ {eIa VH$ nhþ±Mm`m, Cgo _m¡`©H$mb Ho$ emgH$m| VWm CgHo$ ~mX Ho$ {hÝXÿ amOmAm| Zo {deofH$a AnZr H$a ì`dñWm, ì`dñWm{nH$m VWm nw{bg H$mo g§J{R>V H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m& {hÝXÿ amOmAm| H$s ì`dñWm H$mo _wpñb_ emgH$m| VWm {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Zo J«hU {H$`m& `{X ^maVr` emgZ àemgZ H$m {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``Z {H$`m Omò Vmo Cggo `h {d{XV hmoJm {H$ MmUŠ` Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| VWm Zr{V`m| H$mo {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| gXm AnZm`m J`m VWm AmO ^r AnZm`m OmVm h¡&

amÁ` VWm AÝVam©ï´>r` gå~ÝYm| H$m AmO {Og àH$ma g§MmbZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ dh H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ amOV§Ì Ho$ {gÕmÝV go ào[aV h¡& CZH$m `moJXmZ Z Ho$db _ÊS>b-{gÕmÝV H$s AdYmaUm VWm gÎmm H$m empÝV Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ Ho$ joÌ _| Wm, ~pëH$ CÝhm|Zo Y_©{dO` H$s AdYmaUm H$mo ^r _hËdnyU© ñWmZ àXmZ {H$`m& H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AZyR>m `moJXmZ Wm {H$ CÝhmo§Zo gÎmm, empÝV d g_` H$mo ~am~a H$m _hËd {X`m& ñd`§ AnZo OrdZ-H$mb _|, Bg g§V-amOZ{`H$ Zo MÝÐJwá Ho$ gm_«mÁ` VWm {~ÝXþgma Ho$ gm_«mÁ` Ho$ Agr{_V VWm {Za§Va {dñVma H$mo XoIm&

~mX _|, MÝÐJwá Ho$ nmoVo AemoH$ Zo AnZo gm_«mÁ` H$s ñWmnZm AW©emñÌ _| C{ëbpIV àemg{ZH$ ‹T>m§Mo Ho$ AmYma na H$s& g_«mQ> AemoH$ Zo B{Vhmg H$mo Omo Z¡{VH$ ì`dñWm àXmZ H$s dh àËòH$ gä` g_mO H$s AmYma{ebm h¡& AemoH$ MH«$ AmO ^maVr` JUVÝÌ H$m amO{MÝh h¡&5 ~m¡Õ dm¶` Ho$ ñdrH¥$V à^md Ho$ gmW-gmW, H$m¡{Q>ë` ^r g_«mQ> AemoH$ Ho$ Y_©amÁ` Ho$ _grhm Wo& H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo amOV§Ì VWm amOZ` Ho$ ~mao _| ~hþV Hw$N> {bIm, bo{H$Z Cg_| g~go _hËdnyU© ~mV bmoJm| H$s ~m¡{ÕH$ ñdV§ÌVm H$s

àm{á, Y_© AWdm Z¡{VH$Vm na amÁ` Ho$ Ûmam hmoZr Wr Z {H$ Y_© àYmZ amÁ` Ho$ Ûmam&

H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AW©emñÌ EH$_mÌ Eogm J«ÝW h¡ {Og_| g¡Ý` g§JR>Z, goZmAm| Ho$ àH$ma, ^Vu ì`dñWm, à{ejU, doVZ ì`dñWm, AñÌ-eñÌ, JwáMa ì`dñWm, XþJ© ì`dñWm, `wÕ {e{da, eÌw Ho$ àH$ma, `wÕ Ho$ H$maU Ed§ àH$ma Am{X amÁ` H$s g¡Ý` Ed§ gwajm ì`dñWm na {dñV¥V ì`m»`m H$s JB© h¡& {Ogo g_J« ê$n _| Cg_| d{U©V {gÕmÝVm| H$mo h_ H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ `wÕ Ed§ g¡Ý` Xe©Z Ho$ ê$n _| Xem©Vo h¡§& H$m¡{Q>ë` Ûmam à{Vnm{XV _ÊS>b {gÕmÝV H$m _yb CÔoí` amÁ`m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ gå~ÝYm| H$m gyú_ Ed§ `WmW© dU©Z VWm epŠV g§VwbZ ~Zmò aIZo Am¡a amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ {Z{_Îm ì`mdhm[aH$ gå~ÝYm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm h¡&6 {dXoe Zr{V Am¡a gwajm Zr{V EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ nyaH$ h¡§& {dXoe Zr{V Ho$ N>: A§J gpÝY, {dJ«h, AmgZ, `mZ, g§l` Am¡a Û¡Yr ^md ~VmE JE h¡§ Am¡a BZ Zr{V`m| Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z H$aZo hoVw gm_, Xm_, oX Am¡a XÊS> Zm_H$ Mma Cnm` gwPmE h¡§&

AmMm`© H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo amOm Ho$ à{V amÁ` Ho$ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ H$mon ~Vmò h¡§- Amä`mÝVa Am¡a ~mø& BZHo$ AZwgma Amä`mÝVa H$mon Ka _| ahZo dmbo gm§n H$s Vah h¡ Omo ~mø H$mon go A{YH$ AZW©H$mar hmoVm h¡& AW©emñÌ _| amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ {bò CËnÝZ hmoZo dmbo IVam| Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V MMm© H$s h¡&7 {dXoer amï´> à_wI VWm {dXoe goZmn{V Am{X bmoJm| Ûmam CËnÝZ Am¡a AnZo Xoe Ho$ _§Ìr, goZmn{V, nwamo{hV Am{X Ûmam àmoËgm{hV amï´>r` {dnpËV& ~mø bmoJm| Ûmam CËnÝZ Am¡a CÝht Ho$ Ûmam àmoËgm{hV& ñd`§ Ho$ bmoJm| Ûmam CËnÝZ Ed§ ~mø bmoJm| Ûmam àñVm{dV {dn{Îm& AmÝV[aH$ ê$n go CËnÝZ Am¡a CÝht Ho$ Ûmam àmoËgmhZ&

amï´>m| Ho$ OrdZ _| {dn{Îm EH$ ñWmB© VËd h¡& Xoe, H$mb Ed§ n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwê$n CgHo$ àmê$n, àH¥${V Ed§ ñd^md _| H$_-A{YH$ n[adV©Z hmo OmVm h¡& H$m¡{Q>ë` Ûmam àmMrZ `wJ _| d{U©V Cn`w©ŠV IVam| H$mo `{X dV©_mZ g§X^© _| Am§H${bV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmVm h¡ Vmo `h ~mV hmñ`mñnX bJ gH$Vr h¡ {H$ÝVw grYm Ed§ gnmQ> gË` `h h¡ {H$ Xoe H$s gwajm Ho$ IVam| H$m ñdê$n ^bo hr ~Xb J`m hmo, {H$ÝVw CgH$s àd¥{Îm _| boe_mÌ ^r n[adV©Z Zht hþAm h¡&

ajm gm¡Xm| _| ì`má «ï>mMma _| {Og Vah go AnZo hr Xoe _| {Oå_oXma nXm| na nXñW _§Ìr, A{YH$mar Ed§ {dXoer EO|Q> {Og_| h{W`mam| Ho$ Xbmb, Amny{VH$Vm© H$ånZr `m dhm§ na Cƒ nX na H$m{~O ì`pŠV {bá nm o Om aho h¡§, dh Z Ho$db Xoe H$s ajm j_Vm H$mo H$_Omoa H$aZo daZ amï> H$mo gm_[aH$ X¥{ï> go EH$ ~‹S>m à{VKmV h¡& My§{H$ ^maV AnZr ajm Oê$aVm| H$m 70 \$sgXr go A{YH$ ajm

ISSN 2348-3857


gm_mZ {dXoe go IarXVm h¡ Bg{bE `hm± «ï>mMma H$s g~go A{YH$ gå^mdZmE§ h¡§& Bggo Xoe H$s goZm H$m _Zmo~b {JaVm h¡ VWm wÕ Ho$ _moM} na ajm CnH$aUm| na g§e` ^r ~Zm ahVm h¡& {Og Vah go ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ajm IarX _| Xbmbr, OmbgmOr BË`m{X Ho$ àH$aU Am o h¡§ dh BgH$s ñdV: nw{ï> H$aVo h¡§&

H$m¡{Q>ë` Ûmam ~Vm`o J`o gwajm IVao Ho$ AÝVJ©V gr_mnma AmV§H$dmX VWm eaUmWu g_ñ`m H$mo {b`m Om gH$Vm h¡& H$í_ra H$mo àmá H$aZo H$s _§em g§OmoE nm{H$ñVmZ, ^maV go {nN>bo Mma `wÕ gZ² 1947-48, 1965, 1971 Ed§ 1999 _| àË`j `wÕ _| nam{OV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX AàË`j ê$n go ^maV H$mo ApñWa H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmV§H$dmX H$m ghmam bo ahm h¡& AmV§{H$`m| H$mo AnZr gaO_t _| nyU© à{ejUmonamÝV AñÌ-eñÌ XoH$a H$^r Oå_y-H$í_ra Ho$ amñVoo Vmo H$^r Zonmb, ~m§½bmXoe gr_m Ho$ amñVo ^maV _| Kwgn¡R> H$amVm h¡& amÁ` ào[aV AmV§H$dmX H$m g~go Á`mXm {eH$ma ^maV ahm h¡ AmV§H$dmX ^maVr` amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ {bE Jå^ra IVam ~Zm hþAm h¡&

dV©_mZ n[aàoú` _| Bg loUr Ho$ AÝVJ©V ZŠgbdmX, ZH$br _wÐm, Ad¡Y h{W`ma d _mXH$ nXmWm}§ H$m ì`mnma, _mZd VñH$ar BË`m{X H$mo em{_b {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& AmO Xoe H$m bJ^J 40 à{VeV ^y-^mJ, 13 ~‹S>o amÁ`, 270 {Obo Ed§ bJ^J 35 à{VeV OZg§»`m ZŠgbdmX H$s MnoQ> _| h¡& ZŠg{b`m| Ho$ nmg AmYw{ZH$ h{W`ma d Jmobm-~mê$X Ed§ AÝ` gmOm|-gm_mZ H$s gVV² Amny{V© Zonmb d ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ amñVo hmoVr h¡& ^maV _| Ombr ZmoQ>m| H$m g§MmbZ n‹S>mogr Xoem| go hmoVm h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV AmÝV[aH$ gwajm Ho$ g^r IVao - Om{VdmX, joÌr`Vm AWdm àmXo{eH$Vm, ^mfmdmX, OZOmVr` {dÐmoh, gmåàXm{`H$Vm, {ZY©ZVm, ~oamoOJmar H$s g_ñ`m, l_ {ddmX, ZŠgbr qhgm, CJ«dmX, ^«ï>mMma BË`m{X amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ g_j J§^ra Ed§ qMVZr` g_ñ`m h¡&8

amï´>r` gwajm Ho$ g§X^© _| AmMm`© H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo JhZ AÜ``Z, _ZZ d XÿaXeu qMVZ VWm AnZo AZw^dm| Ho$ AmYma na AnZr H¥${V AW©emñÌ _| {Og àH$ma Ho$ {dn{Îm AWdm IVao H$m {OH«$ {H$`m h¡ dhr IVao g{X`m| ~mX ^r AmO ^maV Ho$ g_j _m¡OyX h¡§, ~g CZH$s àH¥${V, ñd^md Ed§ àmê$n _| AÝVa Am J`m h¡ Omo ñdm^m{dH$ h¡& àmMrZ ^maV Ho$ _hmZ ñdßZÐï>m H$m¡{Q>ë` H$s amï´>r` gwajm Zr{V g§~§Yr {gÕmÝV AmYw{ZH$ g_` _| ^r àmg§{JH$ h¡§&

Xþ^m©½` h¡ {H$ 8dt eVmãXr Ho$ Amaå^ go Am¡a CgHo$ níMmV² H$m¡{Q>ë` Ûmam à{Vnm{XV gwajm {gÕm§ÝVm| H$mo EH$ {gao go ^wbm

{X`m J`m {OgHo$ H$maU ^maV na EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ bJmVma H$B© {dXoer AmV§H$dmXr h_bo hþE&

{ZîH$f©

Bg àH$ma h_ XoIVo h¡§ {H$ BZ g~ Z¡{VH$-amOZr{VH$ AmXem|©, `moOZmAm| VWm aUZr{V`m| H$m {dñVma go dU©Z H$aVo hþE H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo Z Ho$db Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| d AnZo g_` H$s _m¡`©H$mbrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo gm_Zo aIm ~pëH$ ~XbVo hþE gÝX^m}§, n[apñW{V`m| d ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ _hËd VWm A{Zdm`©VmAm| H$mo ^r nhMmZm, Vm{H$ CZHo$ Ûmam à{Vnm{XV {gÕmÝV AmXe©-ì`dñWmE§, g§ñWmE§, `moOZmE± VWm aUZr{V`m± CZHo$ AnZo g_` Am¡a n[apñW{V Ho$ ~§YZ go _wŠV hmoH$a gmd©H$m{bH$ ~Z gHo$, {Oggo _mZd Om{V H$s AmZo dmbr nr{‹T>`m§ Cgr àH$ma bm^mpÝdV hmoVr aho {Og àmH$a CZH$s AnZo g_` H$s _m¡`©H$mbrZ ì`dñWm à^m{dV VWm bm^mpÝdV hþB© Wr& Bgr{bE `h gd©gå_V ê$n go _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ H$m¡{Q>ë` Am¡a CZHo$ AW©emñÌ H$m _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ AmOrdZ ahoJm&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. Jm~m, Amo.nr., ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ {dMmaH$, ZoeZb nona~¡½g, ZB© {Xëbr, 2019, n¥.g§. 54

2. O¡Z, nwIamO, à{V{Z{Y ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ {dMmaH$, gm{hË` ^dZ npãbHo$eZ, AmJam, 2019 n¥.g§. 30

3. BÝÐ, H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AW©emñÌ, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2003, n¥.g§. 16

4. AJ«dmb, H$_boe, H$m¡{Q>ë` AW©emñÌ Ed§ ewH«$Zr{V H$s amÁ` ì`dñWmE±, amYm npãbHo$e§g, ZB© {Xëbr, 2001, n¥.g§. 19

5. {dÚmb§H$ma, gË`Ho$Vw, AmMm`© {dîUwJwá MmUŠ`, lr gañdVr gXZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1984, n¥.g§. 52

6. g§O`, AmV§[aH$ gwajm Ho$ Jå^ra IVao, VyUra, A§H$ 13, ajm AÜ``Z emoY g{_{V, JmoaInwa, n¥.g§. 16-17

7. {ZJ_, amOoÝÐ Hw$_ma, ^maVr` AmÝV[aH$ gwajm na Am{W©H$ AmH«$_U : ZH$br ZmoQ>, VyUra, A§H$ 14, ajm AÜ``Z emoY g{_{V, JmoaInwa, n¥.g§. 973

8. qgh, gaXma, gm_mÝ` AÜ``Z, ^maVr` B{Vhmg, gm{hË` ^dZ npãbHo$eÝg, AmJam, 2000, n¥.g§. 119

9. Om`gdmb, am_H¥$îU, ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ {dMmaH$, eoIa àH$meZ, Bbmhm~mX, 2007, n¥.g§. 69

10. Jwám, _oOa YZnmb, gab g¡Ý` AÜ``Z, añVmoJr npãbHo$eÝg, _oaR>, 1976-77, n¥.g§. 36

àñVmdZm

àmMrZ g_` go _Zwî` ñdVÝÌ ê$n go {dMaU H$aVm Wm VWm AnZr Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© hoVw ào[aV hmoH$a hr H$m`© H$aVm Wm& BÀN>mny{V© `m CXany{V© hoVw {H$`m J`m CgH$m à`mg hr A{YH$ma Wm& H$mbmV§a _| {dH$mg Ho$ H«$_ _| Cgo amoQ>r, H$n‹S>m, d _H$mZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm _hgyg hþB© CZH$s ny{V© hoVw dh g_mO Ho$ ~§YZm| _| ~§Y J`m Am¡a {Za§Hw$e gËVm Ho$ AYrZ hmo J`m& BÝht {Za§Hw$eVmAm| Ho$ {déÕ _mZdr` g§Kf© Zo _mZdm{YH$ma H$s ajm H$s Ztd aIr& AVrV _| g^r g_mOm| Am¡a g§ñH¥${V`m| Zo Hw$N> Eogo A{YH$mam| Am¡a {gÕmÝVm| H$s AdYmaUm H$m {dH$mg {H$`m h¡, {OgH$s ajm H$s Anojm aIZo H$m hH$ àËòH$ gm_m{OH$ àmUr H$mo h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| `h _mZm OmZo bJm {H$ AÝVam©ï´>r` em§{V Am¡a gwI -g_¥{Õ _mZd A{YH$mam| H$s CnbpãY Am¡a Cn^moJ na AmYm[aV h¡& _mZdm{YH$ma H$s AdYmaUm gÎmm Ho$ ñdoÀN>mMmar à`moJ H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ Cnm` Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV hþB©&

_mZd A{YH$ma H$m AW© CZ A{YH$mam| go bJm`m OmVm h¡ Omo _mZd Om{V Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE _yb^yV h¡& ò A{YH$ma _Zwî` H$mo OÝ_ go hr àmá hmoVo h¡§ Am¡a BZH$s àm{á _| Om{V, qbJ,

emoY gmam§e

àmaå^ _| hr _mZd ñdVÝÌ ê$n go {dMaU H$aVm ahm h¡ VWm AnZr Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© hoVw à`mgaV ahm h¡& O¡dH$s` Ed§ gm_m{OH$ Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© hoVw {Za§Va {dH$mg H$mo AnZmVm ahm h¡ Am¡a ZdrZ gm_m{OH$ _mZXÊS>m| d _yë`m| H$s ñWmnZm H$aVm J`m h¡& àñVwV emoY _| àmMrZ H$mb go _mZdm{YH$mam| H$m CX^d Ed§ _mZdr` Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© hoVw {Z`_mH$s` V§Ì Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo AmYma nmZm dh G$½d¡{XH$H$mb, CÎmad¡{XH$H$mb, Y_©emñÌ H$mb, _Ü`H$mb, {~«{Q>eH$mb Ed§ àmMrZ Y_© J«ÝWm| _| _mZdm{YH$ma, _o¾mH$mQ>m©, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$mpÝV, \«$m§grgr H«$mpÝV, gZ² 1946 H$m _mZdm{YH$ma KmofUm nÌ, g§`wŠV amï´> g§K d _{hbm _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ {dH$mg àgma gwajm _| g§`wŠV amï´> g§K H$s ^y{_H$m 1975 H$m AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm gå_obZ, 1975 go 1984 VH$ _{hbm XeH$ _Zm`m OmZm, `y{Zgo\$ H$s [anmoQ>©g, ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| _{hbm _mZdm{YH$mam| H$m g§ajU g§d¡Ym{ZH$ àmdYmZm| {Z`_m| A{Y{Z`_m|, gm_m{OH$ OmJê$H$Vm Ho$ à`mgm| H$m dU©Z {díbofU {H$`m J`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … _yb A{YH$ma, _mZdm{YH$ma, `y.EZ. H$Ýd|eZ, _{hbm _mZdm{YH$ma

Y_©, ^mfm, a§J VWm amï´>r`Vm ~mYH$ Zht hmoVr& _mZd A{YH$ma H$mo _ybm{YH$ma, AmYma^yV A{YH$ma AWdm Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& ò A{YH$ma _mZd H$mo Ho$db Bg AYma na {_bZo Mm{hE {H$ dh _mZd h¡& g^r _mZd A{YH$ma gmd©^m¡{_H$, A{d^mÁ` Am¡a nañna {Z^©a d g§~§{YV h¡& g^r _Zwî` OÝ_ go g_mZ h¡ Ed§ BÝh| B©ída Zo Hw$N> Eogo A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$ò h¡§, {OÝh| N>rZm Zht Om gH$Vm h¡& {díd Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ {bE ò _mZd A{YH$ma CZHo$ AnZo OrdZ OrZo Ho$ {bE A{V Amdí`H$ h¡& _mZdm{YH$ma OrdZ H$s dh ì`dñWm h¡ {OÝh| gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ _mÝ`Vm {_br hmoVr h¡& Am¡a {OZH$m à`moJ H$aHo$ _mZd AnZo OrdZ _| loð>Vm H$mo àmá H$aVm h¡&

B{Vhmg VWm àmMrZ Y_©J«ÝWm| _| _yb _mZd A{YH$mam| H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& AmYw{ZH$ B{VhmgH$ma _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m lo _¡¾mH$mQ>m© H$mo XoVo h¡§& A§J«oO gm_§Vm| Zo 15 OyZ, 1215 H$mo B§½b¡ÊS> Ho$ amOm Om°Z H$mo EH$ MmQ>©a na hñVmja H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` {H$`m& _¡¾mH$mQ>m© Ho$ Ûmam hr OZVm H$mo Hw$N> A{YH$ma hñVmÝV[aV hþE& `h _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE g§Kf© Ho$ B{Vhmg _| gå^dV: nhbr g~go ~‹S>r Ed§ _hËdnyU© n[aKQ>Zm h¡§& gZ² 1628 d 1689

^maV _| _mZdm{YH$ma Ed§ _{hbmE±S>m°. am_\y$b OmQ>

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, g_mOemñÌ, amOH$s` H$bm _hm{dÚmb`, Xm¡gm (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


Ho$ A{YH$ma nÌm| _| g_«mQ> Ho$ hñVmja g§gX Zo H$adm o Am¡a o A{YH$ma hr ~mX _| _mZd A{YH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV hþE& gZ² 1679 _| ~§Xr àË`jrH$aU A{Y{Z`_ nm[aV hþAm, {OgHo$ Ûmam àË oH$ ì`pŠV H$s d¡ pŠVH$ ñdVÝÌVm ñdrH$ma H$s JB©& {Og_| AhaUr` _mZdm{YH$mam| H$mo em{_b {H$`m J`m& BZ_| OrdZ, ñdVÝÌVm Am¡a Iwer H$s Vbme Ho$ A{YH$ma gpå_{bV Wo&

gZ² 1789 _| \«$m§grgr H«$m§{V Ho$ Xm¡amZ _Zwî` VWm ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ A{YH$mam| go gå~pÝYV KmofUmnÌ V¡`ma {H$`m J`m& gZ² 1833 _| {~«{Q>e A{YH¥$V joÌ _| Xmg àWm H$s g_m{á Ho$ {bE {~«{Q>e g§gX Zo EH$ {dYo`H$ nm[aV {H$`m Am¡a Xmg ì`mnma H$s g_m{á Ho$ {bE AÝVam©ï´>r` g_Pm¡Vo hþE& gZ² 1917 Ho$ ê$gr H«$m§{V Ho$ níMmV² hr gd©hmamAm| Ûmam _m¡{bH$, A{YH$ma àmá {H$E Jò& gZ² 1929 _| AÝVam©ï´>r` {d{Y g§ñWmZ, Ý`y`mH©$, g§`wŠV amÁ` A_o[aH$m Zo _mZd A{YH$mam| VWm H$ËV©ì`m| H$m EH$ KmofUmnÌ V¡`ma {H$`m& gZ² 1945 _| B§Q>a A_o[aH$s H$m§J«og Zo _mZd Om{V Ho$ A{YH$ma H$s g§H$ënZm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {bE AÝVam©ï´>r` \$moa_ V¡`ma H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m&

gZ² 1946 _| {d{YdV² _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ Ûmam _mZdm{YH$ma KmofUmnÌ H$m àmê$n V¡`ma {H$`m J`m VWm g§`wŠV amï´> _hmg^m H$mo gm¡§nm J`m& àmê$n _| Hw$N> g§emoYZm| Ho$ níMmV² _hmg^m Zo 10 {Xgå~a, 1948 Ho$ _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ {díd KmofUmnÌ H$s KmofUm H$s& àmaå^ _| _mZdm{YH$ma àmH¥${VH$ {Z`_ Ho$ ê$n _| {dÚ_mZ Wo, naÝVw 10 {Xgå~a 1948 Ho$ ~mX Bgo ì`mdhm[aH$ XOm© àmá hþAm& g§`wŠV amï´> _mZd A{YH$ma KmofUm nÌ _mZd gä`Vm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| nhbm XñVmdoO h¡ {Og_| A{YH$mam| H$s Z {g\©$ {dñV¥V ì`m»`m H$s JB© h¡, A{nVw Bgo ZB© {díd ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE AmXe© d AÝVam©ï´>r` _mÝ`Vm àmá _yë` ê$n _| ñWm{nV r {H$`m J`m& _mZd A{YH$mam| H$s gmd©^m¡_ KmofUm _| Vrg YmamE± h¡§ {OZ_| ZmJ[aH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ gmW hr Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma ^r em{_b h¡§& Bg KmofUm _| `h ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ _Zwî` ñdVÝÌ OÝ_ boVm h¡§ VWm J[a_m,gå_mZ Am¡a {dMmam| _| g_mZ hmoVo h¡§& _Zwî` H$mo g_mO Ed§ amï´> H$m gXñ` hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo _mZdm{YH$ma Cgo AÝV©amï´>r` Ý`m` ì`dñWm Ûmam _mÝ` hmoVo h¡§& BZ A{YH$mam| H$m amï´>r` ñVa hZZ hmoZo na AÝVam©ï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ g§ñWmAm| _| Anrb H$aZo H$m ^r àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡&

_mZdm{YH$ma KmofUm nÌ _| {d{dY ZmJ[aH$ Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ A{YH$mam| H$m g_mdoe h¡, {OZ_| à_wI h¡ :- OrdZ ñdVÝÌVm

Am¡a gwajm H$m A{YH$ma, AË`mMma Am¡a CËnr‹S>Z go ajm H$m A{YH$ma, H$mZyZ Ho$ g_j g_Vm H$m A{YH$ma, _Z_mZo ê$n go ~§X ~ZmE OmZo Am¡a Xoe go {ZH$mbo OmZo go ajm H$m A{YH$ma, gmd©O{ZH$ Ed§ _hËdnyU© _wH$X_m| gå~ÝYr A{YH$ma, à_m{UV Z hmoZo VH$ {ZXm}f g_Po OmZo H$m A{YH$ma, amÁ` Ho$ ~mha AmZo-OmZo H$m A{YH$ma, {ddoH$ Am¡a Y_© H$s ñdVÝÌVm H$m A{YH$ma, amï´>r`Vm H$m A{YH$ma, n[adma H$s gwajm H$m A{YH$ma, n{V-nËZr H$m A{YH$ma, gh_{V Ho$ AmYma {ddmh H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma, gånpËV na A{YH$ma, em§{Vnyd©H$ T>§J go EH$Ì hmoZo Am¡a g§K ~ZmZo H$m A{YH$ma, BÀN>mZwgma gaH$ma ~ZmZo H$m A{YH$ma, gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`m]§ Am¡a amOZr{V _| ^mJ boZo H$m A{YH$ma, gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma, BË`m{X&

BgHo$ gmW hr g_`-g_` na _mZd Ho$ MVw_w©Ir {dH$mg Ho$ {bE _mZdm{YH$mam| gå~ÝYr AZoH$ KmofUmE± H$s JB©, {Og_| - {Xgå~a 1948 H$mo Om{V g§hma Ho$ {déÕ H$m`©dmhr H$m A{YH$ma, Zdå~a 1959 H$mo ~mb A{YH$ma, Zdå~a 1963 H$mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma, {Xgå~a 1966 H$mo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma VWm ZmJ[aH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ A{YH$ma, Zdå~a 1967 H$mo _{hbmAm| go ôX^md Ho$ {déÕ H$m`©dmhr H$m A{YH$ma, \$adar 1991 H$mo Aëng§»`H$m| Ho$ A{YH$ma BË`m{X à_wI h¡&

g§`wŠV amï´> g§K d _{hbm _mZdm{YH$ma

AÝVam©ï´>r` ñVa na 1945 go àmaå^ _mZdm{YH$ma Ed§ _{hbm AmÝXmobZm| Zo qbJ oX^md Ed§ Ag_mZVm Ho$ àíZm| H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` Ed§ amï´>r` _§Mm| na amOZ¡{VH$ _wX²Xm| Ho$ ê$n _| àñWm{nV {H$`m& g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Zo em§{V ñWmnZm Ed§ {dH$mg `mÌm _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m Ho$ _hËd H$mo ^r ñnï> {H$`m h¡& g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Zo AZoH$ AÝVam©ï´>r` g§JR>Z ~ZmE, {OZ_| _{hbmAmoo§ H$mo nwê$f Ho$ g_mZ CËWmZ H$m A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡& Bg à{H«$`m _| g§`wŠV amï´> _mZdm{YH$ma KmofUm go nyd© 1946 _| _{hbm àpñW{V Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE J{R>V g{_{V H$s KmofUm _hËdnyU© ahr {OgH$mo H$_reZ Am°Z X ñQ>oQ²>g dy_oZ H$m Zm_ {X`m J`m&

gZ² 1967 _| g§`wŠV amï´> g§K _hmg^m Ûmam _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V ôX^md g_má H$aZo gå~ÝYr àñVmd nm[aV {H$`m J`m& Bg_| `h àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ _{hbmAm| H$mo Mmho do {ddm{hV hmo `m A{ddm{hV, nwê$fm| Ho$ gmW Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| g^r g_mZ A{YH$ma àXÎm {H$ò OmZo Ho$ {bE g_w{MV ì`dñWm H$s OmEJr Am¡a {H$gr r àH$ma H$m oX^md Zht hmoJm& _{hbmAm|


ISSN 2348-3857

Ho$ CËWmZ Ho$ g§X^© _| gånyU© {díd _| _{hbm CËWmZ d {dH$mg Ho$ à{V MoVZm OJmZo Ho$ {bE g§`wŠV amï´> H$s _hmg^m _| 1975 H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm df© Kmo{fV H$aZo H$m {ZU©` {b`m& g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ûmam _{hbm gh`moJ H$s Anojm H$aVo hþE AÝVam©ï´>r` ñVa na _{hbm `moJXmZ d _{hbm gH$mamË_H$ d aMZmË_H$ ^y{_H$m Ho$ _hËd H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE _{hbmAm| Ho$ CËWmZ Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ ~Zmò&

gZ² 1975 _| àW_ AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm gå_obZ _| g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Zo _{hbm H$ë`mU hoVw 1975 go 1984 VH$ Ho$ XeH$ H$mo _{hbm XeH$ Kmo{fV {H$`m {Og_| _{hbm {ejm, amoOJma, qbJ, ôX^md {_Q>mZo, Zr{V {ZYm©aU _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^mJrXmar Ed§ g_mZ amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$ma XoZo Am{X H$s KmofUmE§ H$s JB©& gZ² 1978 _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V g^r àH$ma Ho$ ôX^md g_má H$aZo Ho$ {bE g{_{V Ho$ JR>Z H$m àñVmd {H$`m J`m Ed§ _{hbmAm| Ho$ {déÕ qhgm H$mo g_má H$aZo Ho$ Ame` go ZdrZ KmofUm Omar H$s JB©&

{Xgå~a 1993 H$mo g§`wŠV amï´> H$s gmYmaU g^m _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V qhgm {ZîH$mgZ H$s KmofUm H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m Ed§ _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V qhgm H$mo gmV ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m-

1. g_wXm` VWm n[adma _| emar[aH$, O¡{dH$ VWm _Zmod¡km{ZH$ qhgm {O_g| nËZr H$mo nrQ>Zm, b‹S>H$s H$m AZ¡{VH$ emofU, XhoO gå~ÝYr qhgm, d¡dm{hH$ ~bmËH$ma, _{hbm OZZm§Jm| H$s H$m§Q>-N>m§Q> VWm AÝ` _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V KmVH$ nmaån[aH$ {H«$`mE±&

2. Ad¡dm{hH$ qhgm&

3. AgÝVmof AmYm[aV qhgm&

4. e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmAm| Ed§ AÝ` ñWmZm| _| H$m`©ñWb na Y_H$s VWm `m¡{ZH$ CËnr‹S>Z&

5. _{hbm H$mo ~oMZm VWm ì`mnmarH¥$V H$aZm&

6. d¡í`md¥{Îm hoVw X~md S>mbZm&

7. amÁ` Ûmam j_mXmZ VWm AnamYr qhgm&

gånyU© {díd B{Vhmg Ho$ Ag§»` n¥ð> _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V öX`hrZ AË`mMmam| Am¡a A{YH$ma dO©Zm go âo h¡§& g^r _{hbmAm| H$mo EH$ g_yh _| XoIo Vmo g§gma Ho$ bJ^J g^r Xoem| _| do g_mO H$m H$_Omoa {hñgm ahr h¡§& _mZd Om{V H$m gånyU© B{Vhmg BgH$s Jdmhr XoVm h¡&

^maV d _{hbm _mZdm{YH$ma

àmMrZ g_` go hr _{hbmAm| H$mo nwê$fm| H$s g_mZVm H$m XOm© XoZm AñdrH$ma {H$`m OmVm ahm h¡& G$½d¡{XH$ H$mb _| _{hbmAm| H$mo ~am~ar H$m XOm© {X`m OmVm ahm h¡& nwÌ Am¡a nwÌr XmoZm| Ho$ {bE CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma A{Zdm`© Wm& {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r _{hbmAm| H$mo nwê$fm| Ho$ g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá Wo& Bg `wJ _| ~mb {ddmh H$m àMbZ Zht Wm Ed§ _{hbmAm| H$mo AnZr BÀN>mZwgma OrdZgmWr MwZZo H$m A{YH$ma Wm& nXm© àWm H$m àMbZ Zht Wm VWm _{hbmAm| Ho$ An_mZ H$mo nmn g_Pm OmVm Wm& Bg `wJ _| _{hbmAm| H$s àpñW{V g^r joÌm| _| gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$, amOZ¡{VH$ _| g_mZVm na AmYm[aV Wr& doXm| H$s aMZm _| bJ^J 200 íbmooH$m| H$m `moJXmZ _{hbmAm| H$m _mZm J`m h¡&

CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mb _| ^r _{hbmAm| H$s àpñW{V AÀN>r Wr naÝVw Bg H$mb _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE Ym{_©H$ H$m`m]§ _| ^mJ boZm g§^d Zht ahm, BZHo$ doXm| Ho$ AÜ``Z _| ^r amoH$ bJm Xr J`r& Bg `wJ _| ~mb{ddmh Ed§ ~hþnËZr {ddmh H$m àMbZ ~‹T> J`m, {dYdm {ddmh na r à{V~ÝY bJo Ed§ AÝ` ñdVÝÌVmAm| na r à{V~§Y bJm {Xò Jò&

Y_©emñÌ H$mb gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ g§H$sU©Vm H$m `wJ Wm& Bg `wJ _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V _| H$m\$s {JamdQ> AmB©& Bg `wJ _| _{hbmE§ J¥hbú_r go `mMH$ Ho$ ê$n _| {XImB© XoZo bJr Ed§ AË`ÝV {Z~©b, Aghm` VWm namYrZ hmo JB©& _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE EH$_mÌ {ddmh g§ñH$ma hr ah J`m h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ gån{Îm Ho$ A{YH$ma H$mo ^r A{YH$ma N>rZm J`m Ed§ nwê$f ~hþnËZr {ddmh H$aZo bJo& Bg `wJ _| _{hbmAm| H$s àpñW{V ~hþV hr {ZåZ pñW{V _| nhþ±M JB© Wr&

_Ü`H$mb _| {hÝXÿ Y_© d g§ñH¥${V H$s ajm Ho$ Zm_ na _{hbmAm| na H$B© àH$ma Ho$ à{V~§Y bJm {XE Jò {Oggo pñW{V _| Am¡a A{YH$ {JamdQ> AmB©& gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm _| O{Q>bVm, H$R>moaVm, g§H$sU©Vm, AnmaXeu ì`dñWmAm| H$m CX²^d hþAm Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$s ñdVÝÌVm H$m Yrao-Yrao hZZ² àmaå^ hþAm& _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo àOZZ Ed§ nm[adm[aH$Vm VH$ gr{_V {H$`m OmZo bJm& Bg `wJ _| nXm©àWm, ~mb{ddmh, Y_© n[adV©Z, {dYdm CËnr‹S>Z, gVr àWm, XhoO àWm Am{X Hw$ar{V`m| H$m àMbZ ~‹T>m& BZ g^r Ho$ {bE `{X {Oå_oXma nwê$f Wo Vmo ñd`§ _{hbmE§ hr Wr Omo à{VÛÝÛr ~ZH$a Xÿgar _{hbm Ho$ XmohZ Am¡a emofU H$m H$maU ~Zr& Bg àH$ma _Ü`H$mb _{hbmAm| Ho$ nVZ H$m `wJ Wm Ed§ CZH$s {ZåZ Xem H$s Ma_ gr_m Wr&

ISSN 2348-3857


{~«{Q>e emgZ H$mb _| ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm na ~mhar à^mdm| H$m gyÌnmV Ed§ XIb àmaå^ hþAm, {OgZo _{hbm àpñW{V Ho$ àíZm| H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$`m& Bg H$mb _| _{hbmAm| H$s àpñW{V _| Hw$N> gwYma hþAm Am¡a CÝh| Am{W©H$ joÌ _| g_mZ A{YH$ma {Xò Jò, {dYdm-nwZ{d©dmh H$mZyZ Ed§ {ddmh {dÀN>oX hoVw H$mZyZ bmJy {H$ò Jò& ~mb {ddmh Am¡a gVr àWm H$mo amoH$Zo hoVw H$mZyZ ~Zmò Jò& nXm©àWm ^r H$_ hmoZo bJr& _{hbmAm| H$mo CZHo$ A{YH$ma {XbmZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ _hmnwê$fm| Zo g§Kf© àmaå^ {H$`m& amOm am__mohZ am`, ñdm_r X`mZÝX gañdVr, B©ídaMÝÐ {dÚmgmJa Ed§ _hmË_m Jm±Yr Am{X Zo nyar epŠV go _{hbmAm| H$s g_mZVm H$m àMma {H$`m, {Oggo _{hbmAm| H$mo ~hþV gr gm_m{OH$ Am¡a naånamJV XmgVmAm| Am¡a ~ÝYZm| go Nw>Q>H$mam {_bm&

ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ níMmV² d¡Ym{ZH$ àmdYmZm| go _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V _| H$m\$s gwYma hþAm h¡& npíM_rH$aU, bm¡{H$H$sH$aU VWm OmVr` J{VerbVm Zo _{hbmAm| H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$mo CÝZV H$aZo _| H$m\$s `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& n[aUm_ñdê$n A{YH$m{YH$ naånamJV {Z`m}½`VmE§ Yrao-Yrao g_m{á H$s Amoa AJ«ga hmoVr Mbr JB© Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$mo {ddmh, gån{Îm, g§ajVm Am¡a {ddmh {dÀN>oX Ho$ joÌ _| nwê$fm| Ho$ g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá hmoZo VWm gm_m{OH$ ê${‹T>`m| go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo H$m Adga {_bm&

dV©_mZ n[aX¥í`

_{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V emofU, AË`mMma VWm CËnr‹S>Z dV©_mZ n[anoú` _| EH$ gmd©^m¡{_H$ VÏ` h¡ AmO gmd©^m¡{_H$ _mZdm{YH$ma KmofUmnÌ H$mo bJ^J 65 df© nyao hmoZo H$mo h¡§, {\$a ^r _mZdm{YH$mam| H$m Cëb§KZ g_mO _| à{V{XZ {XImB© XoVm h¡, {deof Vm¡a na _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V& _{hbmAm| H$mo gXm hr gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, {d{YH$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ _| Cnojm ghZr n‹S>r Ed§ CÝh| g_mO _| gX¡d Xmo`_ XOm© hr àmá hþAm& emar[aH$ ê$n go H$_Omoa Am¡a Am{W©H$ ê$n go nwê$fm| na {Z^©a hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g{X`m| go _{hbmAm| Ho$ gmW Xþì`©dhma, emofU Am¡a `m¡Z CËnr‹S>Z hmoVm ahm h¡ Am¡a `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CÝh| AnZo _mZd{YH$mam| H$s ajm Ho$ {bE A{YH$ g§Kf© H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

g§d¡Ym{ZH$ àmdYmZm| Am¡a H$mZyZm| Ho$ ~mdOyX _{hbmAm| Ho$ CËnr‹S>Z H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$s g§»`m {XZ à{V{XZ ~T> ahr h¡& dh AnZo Amn H$mo nhbo go ^r H$hr Á`mXm Agwa{jV _hgyg H$aVr h¡& _{hbmAm| _| {ejm àm{á Ho$ A{YH$ma ^r nwê$fm| H$s Anojm

H$_ h¡& hmbm§{H$ eham| _| Vmo pñW{V gwYa ahr h¡ naÝVw Jm±dm| _| A^r ^r _{hbm {ejm _| ôX^md {H$`m OmVm h¡& _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V {eï>Vm H$m hZZ AmYw{ZH$ g_mO _| IwboAm_ hmo ahm h¡, {\$ë_m| Am¡a {dkmnZm| _| _{hbmAm| H$s Xoh H$mo Cn^moJ H$s gm_J«r H$s Vah ~oMm Om ahm h¡&

AmO dV©_mZ _| Ka Ho$ ~mha Ed§ AÝXa _{hbmAm| H$s emofU VWm X_Z H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Ka H$s MmaXrdmar Ho$ AÝXa X_Z A{YH$Va Jwá hmoVm h¡§ VWm n[adma Ho$ A§Xa _{hbmAm| H$s g_ñ`mE§ ~T> OmVr h¡& _{hbmAm| Ed§ nwê$fm| Ho$ ~rM Ag_mZ epŠV gå~ÝYm| H$s A{^ì`pŠV OrdZ Ho$ AZoH$ joÌm| _| à{V{~på~V hmoVr h¡ Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$mo qhgm, ^«yU hË`m, {eew hË`m, XhoO àVm‹S>Zm, _manrQ>, `m¡Z emofU, emar[aH$ Ed§ ^mdZmË_H$ emofU H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

`yZrgo\$ Ho$ EH$ AZw_mZ Ho$ AZwgma ^maV _| à{Vdf© bJ^J 50 bmI ^«yU hË`mE± hmoVr h¡§ {OZ_| A{YH$m§e _mXm ^y«U hË`m h¡§& _{hbmAm| H$s Am{W©H$ J{V{dY Hw$b Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y H$m bJ^J 60 à{VeV h¡, {H$ÝVw Am` _| CZH$m {hñgm 34 à{VeV go A{YH$ Zht h¡& Ag_mZVm Ho$ Am§H$‹S>o g^r joÌm| _| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¡§& _{hbmAm| na ~T>Vr qhgm Am¡a ^r A{YH$ emoMZr` h¡& {ejm Ho$ Adga {ZaÝV ~‹T>o aho h¡§ {H$ÝVw ~hþg§»`H$ ~m{bH$mAm| H$mo bm^ Zht {_b nm`m h¡& {dS>å~Zm h¡ {H$ {dH$mg H$s J{V Ho$ ~mdOyX _{hbmAm| H$s àpñW{V _| AmemZwHy$b gwYma Zht hþAm h¡, ~pëH$ Hw$N> joÌm| _| Vmo pñW{V Am¡a ~XVa hþB h¡& _{hbmE± Omo {díd H$s Am~mXr H$m AmYm {hñgm h¡§ Am¡a {OZH$m g_mO {Z_m©U _| `moJXmZ nwê$fm| go {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$_ Zht h¡, nwê$f àYmZ g_mO _| H$^r ^r AnZm Ý`m`mo{MV ñWmZ àmá Zht H$a nmB©&

^maVr` _{hbmAm| Ho$ g§d¡Ym{ZH$ d {d{YH$ A{YH$ma

^maV _| _mZd{YH$mam| H$mo g§{dYmZ Ho$ Vrgao Am¡a Mm¡Wo AZwÀN>oX _| g§d¡Ym{ZH$ pñW{V àmá h¡& g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ gmW hmoZo dmbo AÝ`m`m| Am¡a {deofVmAm| H$mo g_má H$aZo H$m bú` aIm J`m h¡& _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo g§ajU àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE amï´>r` Ed AÝVam©ï´>r` ñVa na Ag§»` àmdYmZ H$a aIo h¡§& g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo nwê$fm| Ho$ g_mZ hr A{YH$ma {XE h¡§, AË`mMmam| go X~r CZH$s X`Zr` OrdZ pñW{V`m| H$mo ê$nm§V[aV H$aZo Am¡a gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ VWm {d{YH$ nhMmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE H$B© H$ë`mUH$mar _mÝ`VmE± Xr h¡§ bo{H$Z CZH$s {dH$mg H$s pñW{V Am¡a Xem AmO ^r qMVZr` h¡& AV: _{hbmAm| H$s A^md, AË`mMma, KwQ>Z, Hw$ar{V`m| VWm newAm| go ^r ~XVa


ISSN 2348-3857

OrdZ-pñW{V`m| H$mo AmOmXr àm{á Ho$ ~mX ~XbZo H$m {gb{gbm àmaå^ Adí` hþAm h¡&

^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo nwê$fm| Ho$ g_mZ gwajm àXmZ H$s JB© h¡ Ed§ gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ VWm amOZr{VH$ Ý`m` XoZo H$mo AmídmgZ {X`m J`m h¡& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ H$s àñVmdZm _| hr gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`, g_mZ Adga VWm g_mZ loUr XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr JB© h¡&

g§{dYmZ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ AZwÀN>oXm| _| _{hbm A{YH$mam| H$mo Aàm{d{YH$ {H$`m J`m h¡, CZ_| go _w»` àm{d{YV A{YH$ma Bg àH$ma h¡:-AZwÀN>oX 14 _| H$mZyZ Ho$ g_j ~am~ar H$m àmdYmZ h¡, AZwÀN>oX 15 _| qbJ, Om{V, Y_© d OÝ_ ñWmZ Am{X {H$gr ^r AmYma na ôX^md na amoH$, AZwÀN>oX 16 _| bmoH$godmAm| _| {~Zm ôX^md Adga H$s g_mZVm, AZwÀN>oX 19 _| g_mZ ê$n go A{^ì`pŠV H$s ñdVÝÌVm, AZwÀN>oX 21 _| OrdZ Ed§ ì`pŠVJV ñdVÝÌVm H$s gwajm, AZwÀN>oX 23-24 _| emofU Ho$ {déÕ A{YH$ma, AZwÀN>oX 25 _| {dMma, A§V:H$aU Ed§ Y_© H$s g_mZVm, AZwÀN>oX 29 _| Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma, AZwÀN>oX 30 _| {ejm gå~pÝYV A{YH$ma, AZwÀN>oX 31 _| gånpËV aIZo H$m A{YH$ma, AZwÀN>oX 39 _| H$m_ H$m A{YH$ma, g_mZ H$m`©, g_mZ doVZ g§K ~ZmZo H$m A{YH$ma, AZwÀN>oX 40 _| n§Mm`Vr amO Ed§ ñWmZr` g§ñWmAm| _| 73d| 74d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AmajU, AZwÀN>oX 41-42-43 _| Zr{V {ZX}eH$ VËd Ho$ VhV _{hbmAm| H$mo {deof gm_m{OH$ gwajm, AZwÀN>oX 41 _| _{hbmAm| H$mo H$m_ H$m A{YH$ma, {ejm H$m A{YH$ma, ~oamOJmar d Anm{hO hmoZo na gwajm, AZwÀN>oX 42 _| _{hbmAm| H$mo àgy{V ghm`Vm H$s ì`dñWm, AZwÀN>oX 43 _| H$m_H$mOr _{hbm Ho$ OrZo Ho$ {bE AÀN>m doVZ VWm OrdZ OrZo H$s ì`dñWm, AZwÀN>oX 44 _| gaH$ma Ûmam g^r H$mo g_mZ ê$n go ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$ma, AZwÀN>oX 47 _| nmofmhma OrdZ ñVa d bmoH$ ñdmñW` _| gwYma H$aZm gaH$ma H$m Xm{`Ëd, AZwÀN>oX 330 _| àñVm{dV 84d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ Ho$ O[aò bmoH$g^m Ed§ AZwÀN>oX 332 _| àñVm{dV 84d| g§{dYmZ Ho$ O[aò amÁ`m| H$s {dYmZg^mAm| _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE AmajU H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡ bo{H$Z `h g§emoYZ A^r VH$ g§gX Ûmam nm[aV Zht hmo nm`m h¡&

Cn`w©ŠV g§d¡Ym{ZH$ àmdYmZm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV g§{dYmZ àXËV {d{Y`m| Ûmam ^r _{hbm A{YH$mam| H$mo g§ajU àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& ~mJmZ l_ A{Y{Z`_ 1951, ImZ A{Y{Z`_ 1952,

H$_©Mmar amÁ` ~r_m {d{Z`_Z A{Y{Z`_ 1952, {deof {ddmh A{Y{Z`_ 1954, {hÝXÿ {ddmh A{Y{Z`_ 1955, {hÝXÿ CËVam{YH$mar A{Y{Z`_ 1956, ñÌr Am¡a ~mbH$ g§ñWm (AZwkmnZ) A{Y{Z`_ 1956, AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnma {ZdmaU A{Y{Z`_ 1956, {hÝXÿ Zm~m{bJ g§ajVm A{Y{Z`_ 1956, àgy{V àgw{dYm A{Y{Z`_ 1961, XhoO {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_ 1961 (g§gmoYZ 1986), ~rS>r Ed§ {gJma H$_©H$ma A{Y{Z`_ 1966, R>oH$m l_ A{Y{Z`_ 1970, Amnam{YH$ {d{Y, g§emoYZ A{Y{Z`_ 1983, Hw$Qw>å~ Ý`m`mb` A{Y{Z`_ 1984, _wpñb_ ñÌr ({ddmh {dÀN>oX na A{YH$ma g§ajU) A{Y{Z`_ 1986, ñÌr A{eï> {Zê$nU {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_ 1986, gVr {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_ 1987, àgd nyd© {ZXmZ VH$ZrH$s A{Y{Z`_ 1994 Am{X&

{ZíM` hr Cn`w©ŠV A{Y{Z`_m| Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z go _{hbmAm| H$s d¡Ym{ZH$ pñW{V AnojmH¥$V _O~yV hþB© h¡§& `Ú{n H$mZyZ Zo _{hbmAm| H$mo AZoH$ àH$ma H$s gwajmË_H$ ì`dñWmE± Xr h¡§, {H$ÝVw ghr n[anoú` _| à^mdr {H«$`mÝd`Z Ho$ dm§{N>V n[aUm_ g_mO _| {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vo h¡§& dñVwV: maVr` g§{dYmZ _| H$mZyZ Ho$ emgZ H$s ~w{Z`mXr à{V~ÕVm _{hbm nwê$f g_mZVm AÝV{Z©{hV h¡ Omo _{hbmAm| Ho$ bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ A{YH$mam| H$mo g§a{jV H$aVr h¡§& Bggo _{hbm A{YH$mam| H$s pñW{V _| JwUmË_H$ n[adV©Z H$s ewê$AmV XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡§ Omo Adí` hr _hËËdnyU© h¡§& g§d¡Ym{ZH$ Ed§ d¡Ym{ZH$ b¡§qJJ-g_mZVm Zo _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE gwÑ‹T> AmYma àXmZ {H$`m h¡ Am¡a {ZíM` hr ò ñdmJV `mo½` à`mg h¡§ {H$ÝVw _{hbmAm| Ho$ ~‹S>o V~Ho$ Ho$ {bE AmO ^r BZH$s {H«$`mpÝd{V `WmW© go Xÿa h¡§& o à`mg _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$manyU© gepŠVH$aU _| {H$VZo g\$b hmo nmE§Jo BgH$m Odm~ ^{dî` H$s J^© _| h¡&

_mZdm{YH$ma kmZ go gå~pÝYV gwPmd

_{hbmAm| Ho$ _mZd A{YH$mam| Ho$ hZZ H$mo amoH$Zo hoVw {ZåZ{bpIV gwPmd {Xò Om gH$Vo h¡§-

· _{hbmE§ A{e{jV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _mZd A{YH$mam| H$s OmZH$mar go AZ{^k h¡§ Ed§ CËnrS>Z H$m {eH$ma hmo ahr h¡§& AV: h_mam H$V©ì` h¡ {H$ g_` ahVo b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo {ejm {Xbdm`|&

· _mZd A{YH$mam| H$mo h_ H$mJOm| Ed§ Jmo{ð>`m| VH$ hr gr{_V Z aI H$a Hw$N> `WmW©dmXr ~ZmE§& _{hbmAm| _| _mZd A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V MoVZm OmJ«V H$a H$mZyZr A{YH$mam| H$s OmZH$mar Xr OmE&

ISSN 2348-3857


· g§{dYmZ _| Zmar àXËV A{YH$mam|, H$mZyZm|, A{Y{Z`_m| H$s gyMZm, {dkmnZm|, nwñVH$m|, Q>o{b{dOZ, nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm|, nwñVH$mb`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go OZ-OZ H$mo nhþMmB© OmE&

· J«m_ n§Mm`V ñVa na Zmar _wpŠV Ho$ÝÐ H$s ñWmnZm H$s OmE Ohm± Zmar go Ow‹S>r g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ {H$`m Om gHo$ gmW hr Zmar H$mo AnZo A{YH$mam| H$s, H$mZyZm| H$s OmZH$mar àmá hmo gHo$&

· _mZd A{YH$mam| _| à_mU-nÌ nmR²`>H«$_, {S>ßbmo_m nmR²>`H«$_ Am{X dV©_mZ _| {d{^ÝZ {díd{dÚmb`m| Ûmam Mbmò Om aho h¡§& bo{H$Z _{hbm _mZd A{YH$ma go gå~§{YV n¥WH$ go H$moB© nmR²>H«$_ Zht h¡& AV: Eogo A{YH$mam| H$mo ZdrZ nmR²>H«$_ Ho$ ê$n _| Omo‹S>m OmZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

· _{hbm A{YH$mam| H$m hZZ amoH$Zo, CÝh| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {XbmZo VWm ñdm^m{dH$ hH$ {XbmZo Ho$ {bE AÝVam©ï´>r` Ed§ amï´>r` _mZd A{YH$ma Am`moJ Ho$ H$m`©dmhr joÌ H$mo A{YH$ {dñV¥V {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE VWm BZH$m gVV² _yë`m§H$Z hmo&

· nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm|, Q>o{b{dOZ M¡Zb d AÝ` _r{S>`m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Eogo H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m OmE, Omo Amnam{YH$ àd¥pËV`m| H$mo amoH$Zo _| ghm`H$ hmoZm Mm{hE&

· _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V ~T>Vo AnamY H$m H$maU CZH$s H$mo_b Xoh h¡ {Ogo {XImH$a CZH$s N>{d H$mo Yy{_b {H$`m Om ahm h¡ AV: _r{S>`m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Zmar H$m Cn^moJdmXr M[aÌ àñVwV Z H$a gƒ[aÌ àñVwV {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&

~rgdt eVmãXr _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ joÌ _| gmoM-{dMma H$mo ZdrZ Am`m_ àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE B{Vhmg _| EH$ {d{eï> ñWmZ aIVr h¡& `Ú{n `h EH$ H$Qw> gË` h¡ {H$ AmO ^r {díd Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo nyU© _mZd A{YH$ma àmá Zht hmo gHo$ h¡§& _{hbm OZg§»`m Ho$ A{YH$m§e mJ Ho$ {bE maV _| hr Zht daZ² gånyU© {díd _| _mZdm{YH$ma AmO ^r {_WH$ h¡& AmOmXr Ho$ gmR> dfm] H$s {dH$mg `mÌm _| Xoe _| _{hbmAm| CZH$s {ejm, ñdmñÏ`, Am{W©H$ pñW{V Am¡a gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ à{V X¥{ï>H$moU _| n[adV©Z H$s gwJ~wJmhQ> Adí` b{jV h¡§ bo{H$Z Bg {demb Am¡a AZ{JZV {d{dYVmAm| dmbo Xoe _| Bg n[adV©Z H$m A§e ZJÊ` hr h¡& bo{H$Z `h EH$X_ gË` Am¡a àm_m{UH$ VÏ` h¡ {H$ Xoe _| _{hbmAm| na AË`mMmam| H$s {d{dYVm VWm J§^raVm ^r ~T>r h¡& _{hbmAm| go gå~pÝYV AnamYm| Ho$ Zò-Zò {dH¥$V ê$n gm_Zo AmE h¢ Omo `h à_m{UV H$aVm h¡ {H$ {ejm, g§{dYmZ, gm_m{OH$ _`m©Xm Am¡a Zmar _hËd Ho$ gmao àJ{Verb H$m`m]§ Ho$ ~mdOyX CZ na hmo aho AË`mMmam| _| d¥{Õ hmoVr Om ahr h¡& _{hbmAm| H$s

pñW{V H$mo gwYmaZo Ed§ CgHo$ {dH$mg hoVw CÝh| g_mO d g§{dYmZ Zo H$B© A{YH$ma Vmo Xo {XE h¡§, Vm{H$ dh AnZo hH$ H$mo nm gHo$ {H$ÝVw Š`m BZ A{YH$mam| Ho$ ~ZZo go hr CZH$s pñW{V gwYa OmòJr, Š`m|{H$ Omo A{YH$ma CÝh| {_bZo Mm{hE Wo, AmO ^r do CZ A{YH$mam| go d§{MV h¡§& CZHo$ OrdZ _| V^r àgÝZVm AmòJr O~ CÝh| g_mO _| g_mZVm H$m A{YH$ma àmá hmoJm, Bggo EH$ Hw$eb g_mO H$m {Z_m©U hmoJm&

g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ûmam àH$m{eV Xr øy_Z S>dbn_oÝQ> [anmoQ>© _| ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V Ho$ ~mao _| AmemdmXr {dî`dm{U`m§ H$s JB© h¡§ Am¡a Bg pñW{V _| gwYma ~Vm`m h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm Xr `y.EZ. \$ÊS> \$m°a S>dbn_oÝQ> [anmoQ>© Ho$ AZwgma maVr` _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V _| {ejm, {Z`moOZ, à{V _{hbm Am` Xa Ho$ joÌ _| Hw$N> gwYma hþAm h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm _mZdm{YH$ma Ho$ ~ohVa g§ajU Ho$ {bE amï´>r` _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ Ho$ JR>Z Ho$ {bE ^maV H$s g§gX Zo 1993 _| _mZdm{YH$ma g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ nm[aV {H$`m&

{ZîH$f©

dñVwV: _{hbm A{YH$mam| H$m àíZ {OVZm H$mZyZr Ed§ amOZ¡{VH$ h¡ CVZm hr gm_m{OH$ n[adoe, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adoe, gm§ñH¥${VH$ naånamAm| VWm Am{W©H$ g§aMZmAm| Ûmam {ZYm©[aV Ed§ à^m{dV h¡&

_{hbmAm| H$s AnZr ñd`§ H$s _Zmod¥pËV`m| _| ^r n[adV©Z Ano{jV h¡& `h n[adV©Z {ejm Ed§ Am{W©H$ ñdm`ÎmVm, MoVZ Ed§ g§JR>ZmË_H$ à`mgm| Ûmam gå^d h¡& AV: {díd g_mO _| _{hbm MoVZm d CgHo$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V Omo CËgmh OmJm h¡ CgH$m bm^ gmar {df_mVmAm| d Ag_mZVmAm| Ho$ ahVo hÿE ^r ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$mo H«${_H$ ê$n go eZ¡:eZ¡: {_b gH$Vm h¡& _{hbmAm| H$mo Omo A{YH$ma {_bo, gm{YH$ma {_bo Bgr _| CZH$s d g_mO H$s àgÝZVm h¡&

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. AmhÿOm, am_, ^maV _| gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mE§, amdV npãbHo$eZ, O`nwa, 1994

2. A§gmar, E_.E., _{hbm Am¡a _mZdm{YH$ma, Á`mo{V àH$meZ, O`nwa 2003

3. nyaU_b, _mZdm{YH$ma, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Am¡a ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ, nmoBÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2003

4. amOHw$_ma, Zmar Ho$ ~XbVo Am`m_, AOw©Z npãbqeJ hmCg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2005

5. OmI‹S>, {Xbrn, _mZdm{YH$ma, `w{Zd{g©Q>r ~wH$ hmCg àm. {b., O`nwa 2001


ISSN 2348-3857

6. H$m¡{eH$, Amem, Zmar gepŠVH$aU : {d_e© Ed§ `WmW©, nmoBÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2004

7. H$m¡{eH$, Amem, _mZdm{YH$ma Am¡a amÁ` : ~XbVo g§X^©, C^aVo Am`m_, nmoB§Q>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2004

8. ZmQ>mUr, àH$me Zmam`U, _mZdm{YH$ma Am¡a H$V©ì`, Am{dîH$ma npãbeg© EÊS> {S>ñQ´>rã`yQ>g©, O`nwa, 2003

9. amdV, h[aH¥$îU, g_mOemñÌ {dídH$mof, amdV npãbHo$eÝg, O`nwa, 1998

10. gmañdV, AjoÝÐZmW, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`, _mZdm{YH$ma Am¡a nw{bg, amYm npãbHo$eÝg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2002

11. e_m©, a_m d {_lm, E_.Ho$., ^maVr` g_mO _| Zmar, AO©Z npãbqeJ hmCg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2010

12. e_m©, àkm, _{hbm {dH$mg Am¡a gepŠVH$aU, Am{dîH$ma npãbeg© EÊS> {S>ñQ´>rã`yQ>g©, O`nwa, 2001

13. qgh, amO~mbm, _mZdm{YH$ma Am¡a _{hbmE§, Am{dîH$ma npãbeg© EÊS> {S>ñQ´>rã`yQ>g©, O`nwa, 2006

àñVmdZm

^maVr` g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Vm EH$ Eogr ì`dñWm MmhVo Wo Omo {ZaÝVa OZ_V Ho$ àH$me _| H$m`© H$a| VWm {Ogo OZ_V Ho$ à{VHy$b hmoZo na AnXñW {H$`m Om gH|$& Xoe Ho$ AmH$ma-àH$ma H$mo XoIVo hþE CÝhm|Zo {bpIV g§{dYmZ VWm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW Ho$ÝÐ Ed§ amÁ`mo§ Ho$ _Ü` epŠV H$m ñnï> {d^mOZ {H$`m, OZVm Ho$ _m¡{bH$ A{YH$mam| H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s Amoa XoIm&1 Ý`m`nm{bH$m g§{dYmZ H$s g§ajH$ Am¡a ì`m»`m H$aZo dmbm EH$ _hÎdnyU© AmYma ñVå^ Ho$ ê$n _| à{VñWm{nV hþAm& ^maVr` amO ì`dñWm Ho$ VrZ _hÎdnyU© A§Jmo Ho$ _Ü` epŠV`m| Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ gmW hr g§{dYmZ g^m- gXñ`m| H$m {dMma Wm {H$ Ý`m`nm{bH$m Ed§ ì`dñWm{nH$m Ho$ ~rM g_Ýd` ñWm{nV hmo VWm Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$mo H$m`©nm{bH$m Ed§ {dYmZnm{bH$m go ñdVÝÌ aIm OmZm Mm{hE&2

emoY gmam§e

àñVwV emoY nÌ _| ^maVr` Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m Ho$ _hÎdnyU© nhbwAm| H$mo COmJa {H$`m J`m h¡& àñVwV AÜ``Z H$s àH¥${V dU©ZmË_H$ h¡& `h AÜ``Z gÝX^© nwñVH$m|, àH$meZm|, boIm|, g_mMma nÌm|, do~ ãbm°Jm| Ed§ gå^mfUm| go EH$Ì {H$E JE {ÛVr`H$ VÏ`m| na AmYm[aV h¡ {Og_| Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV`m| hoVw nmaX{e©VmnyU© à{H«$`m AnZmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s ñdVÝÌVm d {ZînjVm H$mo AjwÊU ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ àmdYmZ {H$E JE bo{H$Z gmW hr Ý`m`mYrem| H$s {Z`wpŠV _| H$m`©nm{bH$m H$s ^y{_H$m ñnï> ê$n go CëbpIV h¡& Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV _| {ZînjVm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ed§ Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$mo H$m`©nm{bH$m Ho$ AZw{MV hñVjon go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr ApñVËd _| Am`r& H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr _| AÝV{Z©{hV H${_`m| Ho$ H$maU `h AmbmoMZm H$m {df` ahr Am¡a Bgr{bE df© 2014 _| amï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV Am`moJ ~Zm`m J`m bo{H$Z Ý`m`nm{bH$m _| amOZr{VH$ hñVjon H$s gå^mdZm H$mo XoIVo hþE df© 2015 _| gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Zo amï´>r` {Z`wpŠV Am`moJ H$mo Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ Kmo{fV H$aVo hþE H$m°bo{O`_ ì`dñWm H$mo nwZ: ~hmb {H$`m& Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s {ZînjVm d ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ {bE Bg_| {Z`wpŠV`m| H$mo H$m`©nm{bH$m Ho$ AZw{MV hñVjon go ~MmE aIZm ~hþV Oê$ar h¡& Bg{bE H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr _| Amdí`H$ g§emoYZ Ho$ gmW hr Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m _| nmaX{e©Vm An[ahm`© h¡& àñVwV emoYnÌ _| Ý`m`nm{bH$m _| nmaX{e©Vm d {ZînjVm hoVw d[að> Ý`m`{dX²m| Ûmam {XE JE Hw$N> gwPmdm| H$mo àñVwV H$aZo H$m {dZ_« à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV, nmaX{e©Vm, {ZînjVm, H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr

g§{dYmZ {Z_m©VmAm§o§ H$mo Bg ~mV H$m kmZ Wm {H$ Ý`m`nm{bH$m Ho$ àH$me ñVå^ H$mo àH$me_mZ aIZm h¡ Vmo Amdí`H$Vm Bg ~mV H$s h¡ {H$ Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$mo g_ñV ^Ëg©Zm, AdnrS>Z VWm amOZr{VH$ à^md go _wŠV aIZm hmoJm&3 Bg hoVw ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| AZoH$ `wpŠV`m| d àmdYmZm| H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB©& enW `m à{VkmZ H$m nmbZ, H$m`©H$mb H$s gwajm, Ý`m`Yre nX go {deof à{H«$`m Ûmam nXÀ`w{V, Ad_mZZm hoVw XÊS>, Ý`m`mYrem| Ho$ AmMaU Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {dYmZ_ÊS>b _| MMm© H$m {ZfoY Am{X àmdYmZ Ý`m{`H$ {ZînjVm Ed§ ñdVÝÌVm hoVw ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ûmam nmo{fV {H$E JE&

^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| àmdYmZ h¡ {H$ Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s gbmh go H$m`©nm{bH$m Ý`m`mYrem| H$s {Z`wpŠV H$aoJr& Bg gå~ÝY _| Ý`m`mYrem| _| AZwÀN>oX 124 gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Ý`m`mYrem| Ed§ AZwÀN>oX 217 Cƒ Ý`m`mb`m| Ho$ Ý`m`mYrem| H$s {Z`wpŠV hoVw

Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m _| nmaX{e©Vm: Ý`m{`H$ {ZînjVm Ed§ ñdVÝÌVm hoVw EH$ _hÎdnyU© Amdí`H$Vm{dO` bú_r

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ, Jm¡ar Xodr amOH$s` _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`, Abda (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

àmg§{JH$ àmdYmZ h¡& AZwÀN>oX 124 _| CëbopIV h¡ {H$ ""CƒV_Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Am¡a amÁ`m| Ho$ Cƒ Ý`m`mb`m| Ho$ Eogo Ý`m`mYrem| go nam_e© H$aZo Ho$ níMmV, {OZ_o§ amï´>n{V Bg à`moOZ Ho$ {bE nam_e© H$aZm Amdí`H$ g_Po§, amï´>n{V AnZo hñVmja Am¡a _wÐm g{hV A{YnÌ Ûmam CƒV_ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ àËòH$ Ý`m`mYre H$mo {Z`wŠV H$aoJm ....... naÝVw _w»` Ý`m`mYre go {^ÝZ {H$gr Ý`m`mYre H$s {Z`wpŠV H$s Xem _| ^maV Ho$ _w»` Ý`m`_y{V© go gX¡d nam_e© {H$`m OmEJm&''

ì`dhma _| _w»` Ý`m`_y{V© H$m nam_e© {_bZo Ho$ níMmV² _pÝÌ_ÊS>b _m_bo na {dMma H$aVm h¡ Am¡a amï´>n{V H$mo gbmh XoVm h¡ {H$ Am`wŠV ì`pŠV H$mo {Z`wŠV {H$`m OmE& amï´>n{V _pÝÌ_ÊS>b H$s gbmh na H$m`© H$aVm h¡& g§{dYmZ Ho$ 42d| g§emoYZ Ûmam amï´>n{V Ho$ {bE _pÝÌ_ÊS>b Ho$ nam_e© H$mo _mZZm Amdí`H$ R>ham`m J`m&4 AV: ì`dhm[aH$ ê$n go àYmZ_§Ìr H$s ^y{_H$m à^mdr hmo OmVr h¡&

h_mar amOZr{VH$ Ed§ g§gXr` ì`dñWm _o§ `Ú{n g§d¡Ym{ZH$ àmdYmZ Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s ñdVÝÌVm H$s ñWmnZm H$aVo h¡§ VWm{n Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s ^y{_H$m ì`dñWm{nH$m Ed§ H$m`©nm{bH$m Ho$ AÝVg©å~ÝYm| na {Z^©a ahr h¡& H$m`©nm{bH$m {deofV: àYmZ_§Ìr à^mdembr pñW{V _| hmoJm V~ dh {Z`wpŠV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo Xme©{ZH$ Xe©Z Ho$ AZwHy$b Ý`m`mYrem| H$mo bmZo H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡ VWm g§gX _| AnZr _O~yV pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na g§{dYmZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s epŠV`m| H$mo à{V~pÝYV H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡&5

gm_mÝ`V: gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ d[að>V_ Ý`m`mYrem| H$mo _w»` Ý`m`_y{V© {Z`wŠV {H$`m OmVm h¡& bo{H$Z gmVd| XeH$ _| Bg A{^g_` H$s Cnojm H$s JB©& g§{dYmZ H$m {N>ÐmÝdofU H$a CgH$s AmË_m Ho$ {dnarV H$m`© {H$E JE& gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ _w»` Ý`m`m{Yn{V H$s {Z`wpŠV _| dar`Vm H«$_ H$m Cëb§KZ {H$`m J`m Am¡a dh ^r Eogo dmVmdaU _| Bg àH$ma {H$`m J`m Omo `h Am^mg XoVm h¡ {H$ gaH$ma Ho$ {déÕ {ZU©` XoZo dmbo Ý`m`m{Yn{V nXmoÝZ{V H$s ~mV Zht gmoM gH$Vo& Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ d[að>V_ Ý`m`m{Yn{V H$mo _w»` Ý`m`mYre H$m Adga Z XoZo Ho$ CÔoí` go ~mhar Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Ý`m`m{Yn{V Ho$ ê$n _| {Z`wpŠV, A{V[aŠV Ý`m`mYrem| H$mo dmXm| H$m ~moP hmoZo na ^r ñWm`r Z ~Zm`m OmZm, Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Ý`m`mYrem| H$m {gÕmÝV{dhrZ ñWmZmÝVaU6 Eogo à`mg Wo {Oggo Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s ñdVÝÌVm Ed§ {ZînjVm H$s ^mdZm AmhV hþB©& Bgr g_`

à{V~Û Ý`m`mnm{bH$m H$s ~mV gm_Zo Am`r& AmnmVH$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s Jm¡adnyU© ^y{_H$m H$mo AmKmV nhþ±Mm& Bg{bE CgHo$ ~mX nyar H$mo{ee H$s JB© {H$ Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$mo amOZr{VH$ hñVjon go _wŠV {H$`m OmE Am¡a OOm| H$s {Z`wpŠV _| gaH$mar ^y{_H$m H$mo g_má {H$`m OmE&

Ý`m`mYrem| H$s {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m Ho$ gå~ÝY _| gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ VrZ _hÎdnyU© _m_bm| _| {XE JE {ZU©`m| H$s _hÎdnyU© y{_H$m h¡ {OgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ \$bñdê$n H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr ApñVËd _| Am`r& Eg.nr. Jwám ~Zm_ maV g§K (1982) _m_bo _| CƒV_Ý`m`mb` Zo {ZU©` {X`m {H$ amï´>n{V C{MV H$maUm| Ho$ AmYma na àYmZ Ý`m`mYre Ûmam gwPmE JE Zm_m| H$mo Im[aO H$a gH$Vm h¡& Bggo {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m _| H$m`©nm{bH$m H$s VmH$V ~‹T> J`r& Xÿgao Ý`m`mYrem| Ho$ _m_bo (gwàr_ H$moQ>© ES>dmoHo$Q²>g Am°Z [aH$mS©> Egmo{gEeZ ~Zm_ ^maV g§K E AmB© Ama 1994, Eg.nr. 264) _| Zm¡ Ý`m`Yrem| H$s Ý`m`nrR> Zo ~hþ_V go Eg.nr. Jwám _m_bo _| {XE JE {ZU©` H$mo H$S>r Am¡a {ZÝXmË_H$ ^mfm _| AZmXanyd©H$ CbQ> {X`m& Bg _m_bo Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ZU©` Zo amOZr{VH$ H$m`©nm{bH$m Ho$ n§I H$Va {XE Am¡a CgH$s epŠV`m| H$mo AdéÕ H$a {X`m& Bg go Ý`m`nm{bH$m {Z`wpŠVH$Vm© àm{YH$aU ~Z J`r& bo{H$Z Bg nrR> _o§ àYmZ Ý`m`Yre H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo boH$a VrZ OOm| H$s Agh_{V Ho$ H$maU H$B© gmbm| VH$ {Z`wpŠV`m| Am¡a ñWmZmÝVaU H$mo boH$a ^«_ H$s pñW{V ~Zr ahr& Bg H$S>r _| Vrgam {ZU©` gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Zo V~ {X`m O~ 1998 _| amï´>n{V Zo {Z`wpŠV`m| Ho$ gå~ÝY _| pñW{V ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` go nam_e© _m±Jm& 28 AŠQy>~a 1998 H$mo Zm¡ Ý`m`Yrem| H$s Ý`m`nrR> Zo amï´>n{V H$mo AnZr am` ôOr {Og_| Ý`m`Yrem| H$s {Z`wpŠV Ho$ gå~ÝY _§| Zm¡ {Xem-{ZX}e Wo&7

1998 _| gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ûmam {Z`wpŠV`m| Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {XE JE {Xem-{ZX}em| go ApñVËd _| Am`r H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr go {Z`wpŠV`m| _| Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$m à^md Ed§ ^y{_H$m A{YH$ _hÎdnyU© hmo J`r& H$m°bo{O`_ nm±M bmoJm| H$m g_yh h¡ {Og_| ^maV Ho$ _w»` Ý`m`Yre g{hV gwàr_ H$moQ>© Ho$ Mma d[að> Ý`m`mYre gpå_{bV hmoVo h¡§& H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr Zo amï´>n{V H$mo EH$ Am¡nMm[aH$ AZw_moXH$ _mÌ ~Zm H$a aI {X`m& H$m°bo{O`_{H$gr ì`pŠV Ho$ JwU H$m¡eb Ho$ AnZo _yë`m§H$Z Ho$ AmYma na {Z`wpŠV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a gaH$ma Cg {Z`wpŠV H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡& AndmX _| dh {H$gr AZw_moXZ H$mo bm¡Q>m gH$Vr h¡ bo{H$Z Xþ~mam H$m°bo{O`_ Ûmam ôOo OmZo na {Z`wpŠV Q>mbZm _wpíH$b h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


H$m°bo{O_` ì`dñWm _| AÝV{Z©{hV H${_`m| Ho$ H$maU `h AmbmoMZm H$m Ho$ÝÐ ahr& `h ì`dñWm _ybV: g§{dYmZ Ho$ àmdYmZm| Ho$ AZwHy$b Zht h¡& _yb g§{dYmZ Am¡a g§d¡Ym{ZH$ g§emoYZm| _| Ý`m`mYrem| H$s {Z`wpŠV Ho$ gå~ÝY _| H$ht ^r H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr H$m CëboI Zht {_bVm& g§{dYmZ g^m _|o ^r Bg ì`dñWm H$m {OH«$ hþAm Wm bo{H$Z Bgo ñd`§ S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo AñdrH$ma H$a {X`m& Bg{bE `h àUmbr g§{dYmZ H$s _yb YmaUm Ho$ AZwHy$b Zht h¡& Bggo Ý`m`nm{bH$m dh ^y{_H$m {Z^m ahr h¡ Omo g§{dYmZ Zo Cgo Xr hr Zhr& BgHo$ Abmdm `h àUmbr nmaXeu Zht h¡ Bg{bE BgHo$ Ûmam hmoZo dmbr {Z`wpŠV`m± h_oem gÝXoh Ho$ Koao _| ahVr h¡& gmW hr BgH$s {ZînjVm na r gÝXoh {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ H$m°bo{O`_ gXñ`m| Ho$ njnmVnyU© ad¡ò Ho$ H$maU H$B© ~ma `mo½` OOm| H$s AdhobZm ^r H$s J`r&

H$m°bo{O`_ ì`dñWm _| AÝV{Z©{hV Im{_`m| Ho$ H$maU df© 2014 _o§ Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Zo g§{dYmZ _| 99dm± g§emoYZ {H$`m Am¡a amï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV Am`moJ {dYo`H$ nm[aV {H$`m& EZ.Oo.E.gr. Ho$ JR>Z Ho$ {bE g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ H$mo g§gX Ho$ XmoZm| gXZm| Zo nm[aV {H$`m Am¡a 20 amÁ` {dYm{`H$mAm| Zo BgH$m AZw_moXZ {H$`m& Bg Am`moJ _| AÜ`j ^maV Ho$ _w»` Ý`m`Yre Wo BgHo$ Abmdm gwàr_ H$moQ>© Ho$ Xmo d[að> Ý`m`mYre, H$mZyZ _§Ìr Am¡a Xmo à{V{ð>V ì`pŠV gpå_{bV Wo& Xmo à{V{ð>V ì`pŠV`m| H$m M`Z VrZ gXñ`r` g{_{V H$mo H$aZm Wm {Og_| àYmZ_§Ìr, _w»` Ý`m`Yre Am¡a bmoH$g^m Ho$ ZoVm {dnj em{_b Wo& Bg EZ.O.oE.gr EŠQ> H$s Ymam Ho$ VhV AJa Am`moJ Ho$ Xmo gXñ` {H$gr {Z`wpŠV na gh_V Zht hþE Vmo Am`moJ Cg ì`pŠV H$s {Z`wpŠV H$s {g\$m[ae Zht H$aoJm& Bg Vah {H$Ýht ^r Xmo gXñ`m| H$mo drQ>m| H$m A{YH$ma Wm Am¡a J¡a Ý`m{`H$ n¥ð>^y{_ Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s {_br ^JV H$s gyaV _| H$mZyZ XmofnyU© gm{~V hmoVm Am¡a gmW hr à{V{ð>V ì`pŠV H$m¡Z hm|Jo Bgo nm[a^m{fV Zht {H$`m J`m& BZHo$ M`Z _| amOZr{VH$ hñVjon H$s gå^mdZm go BÝH$ma Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& Bgr AmYma na Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s ñdVÝÌVm H$mo ~w{Z`mXr {gÕmÝV _mZVo hþE gwàr_ H$moQ>© Zo 16 AŠQy>~a, 2015 H$mo 99d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ Am¡a EZ.Oo E.gr.H$mo Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ Kmo{fV {H$`m VWm H$m°bo{O`_ ì`dñWm H$mo {\$a go ~hmb {H$`m& gwàr_ H$moQ>© Zo H$m°bo{O`_ ì`dñWm H$mo nmaXeu Am¡a ~ohVa ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE g^r njm| go gbmh _m§Jr& `h EH$ bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ ew^ H$X_ h¡& d[að> Ý`m`{dXm|, A{YdŠVmAm|, {deofkmo§ g{hV Am_OZVm Zo Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m _| gwYma hoVw gwPmd

àñVwV {H$E& H$mZyZ _§Ìmb` H$mo H$ar~ gmT>o VrZ hOma gwPmd àmá hþE& 23 {Xgå~a 2015 VH$ H$moQ>© Ho$ g_j bJ^J 15000 noO Ho$ gwPmd AmE&8

OpñQ>g ~r.EZ.Iao (nyd© àYmZ Ý`m`_y{V©) Zo H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr H$mo à^mdr ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE d[að> Ý`m`{dX²m| H$mo M`Z à{H«$`m go OmoS>Zo Am¡a Cgo nmaXeu ~ZmZo H$s ~mV H$hr& ~r.EZ. Iao Ho$ AZwgma H$m°bo{O`_ àUmbr Ho$ ~ohVa T>§J go H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` H$mo EH$ gbmhH$ma _ÊS>b ~ZmZm Mm{hE& Bg_| Xoe Ho$ à_wI Ý`m`{dX²m|, gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`, Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ godm{Zd¥V Ý`m`Yrem|, gmo{b{gQ>a OZab O¡go Zm_r hpñV`m| H$mo aIm OmZm Mm{hE& BZ bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo CZH$s gh_{V go M`Z à{H«$`m nyar hmoZr Mm{hE& M`Z à{H«$`m _| g{H«$` ^mJrXmar hmoZr Mm{hE& Bggo OOm| H$s {Z`wpŠV H$m gmam _gbm, EH$ ~§X H$moQ>a H$m _gbm Zht ahoJm& Bg na ~hg H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xoe H$m erf© Ý`m{`H$ {X_mJ CnbãY hmoJm& gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ nmg B§Q>o{bO|g ã`yamo (AmB©.~r.) O¡gr EH$ ñdVÝÌ Om±M EOoÝgr hmoZr Mm{hE& `h Ý`m`Yrem| Ho$ ~mao _| Jwá Om±M H$a Ý`m`mb` H$mo gy{MV H$ao& Eogm hmoZo na «ï> ì`pŠV H$s OO Ho$ Vm¡a na {Z`wpŠV amoH$s Om gHo$Jr& Bg_| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^maVr` nw{bg godm Ho$ A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo So>ß`yQ>oeZ na ôOm OmE&

gm°{b{gQ>a OZab _wHw$b amohVJr Zo VrZ _hÎdnyU© gwPmd àñVwV {H$E& nhbm H$m°bo{O`_ _| nyU© H$m{bH$ g{Mdmb` hmo, Omo {Z`wpŠV gå~pÝYV ha ~mV {bpIV ê$n go g§H${bV H$ao, Xÿgam {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m _| H$moB© MyH$ hmoZo na Om±M H$m B§VOm_ hmo Am¡a Vrgam ha ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ nmg {Z`wpŠV na gdmb CR>mZo H$m A{YH$ma hmo&

Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Zo {Z`wpŠV ì`dñWm _| gwYma na gwPmd {X`m {H$ {Z`wpŠV Ho$ {bE AmdoXZ Am¡a Zm_m§H$Z à{H«$`m AnZmH$a ì`dñWm _| nmaX{e©Vm bmB© Om gH$Vr h¡& Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Ho$ d[að> A{YdŠVm àem§V ^yfU Zo OOm| H$s {Z`wpŠV _| nmaX{e©Vm bmZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ñdVÝÌ Am`moJ ~ZmZo H$m gwPmd {X`m Omo gaH$ma Am¡a OOm| Ho$ à^md go nyar Vah _wŠV hmo& OOm| H$s {Z`wpŠV H$mo nmaXeu ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE _mZH$ V` {H$E OmZo Mm{hE Am¡a {Z`wpŠV Ho$ {bE Iwbm AmdoXZ _±Jm`m OmZm Mm{hE&

d[að> A{YdŠVm \$br Zar_Z Zo H$m°bo{O`_ H$s _XX Ho$ {bò ñdÌ§V g{Mdmb` ~ZmZo Am¡a {Z`wpŠV `mo½` Ý`m{`H$ Cå_rXdmam| H$m So>Q>m~og ~ZmZo H$m gwPmd {X`m& Bg_| Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV`m| _o§ _oYm{d`m| H$m Xmàm ~T>oJm Am¡a H$m°b{O`_ H$s hmo ahr AmbmoMZm IË_ hmoJr&


ISSN 2348-3857

gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ AmË_ {ZarjU Am¡a AmË_ narjU Ho$ gmW-gmW ì`mnH$ n¡_mZo na gwPmdm| H$mo Am_pÝÌV H$a `h gw{ZpíMV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m {H$ ^maVr` bmoH$VÝÌ Ho$ VrZm| AmYmañVå^m| H$s ñdVÝÌVm ~aH$ama aho Am¡a VrZm| Ho$ ~rM ~am~ar H$m gå~ÝY ~Zm aho& ^maVr` amO ì`dñWm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| `h nhbr ~ma hþAm& AJa Ý`m`nm{bH$m ~ohVarZ gwPmdm| H$mo em{_b H$aVr h¡ Vmo Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s gmI _| BOm\$m hmoJm&

AmO H$m Xm¡a nmaX{e©Vm H$m h¡& OOm§| H$s {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m {OVZr nmaXeu hmoJr, CVZm hr Ý`m`nm{bH$m _| Am_ OZ H$m {dídmg Am¡a gå_mZ _| d¥{Õ hmoJr& nyd© amï´>n{V àUd _wIOu Ho$ AZwgma ''Ý`m`Yrem| H$s {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m H$mo Adí` hr ew{MVm Ho$ CƒV_ _mZXÊS>m| H$s nw{ï> H$aZr Mm{hE& Mmho h_ {Z`wpŠV H$s {H$gr ^r à{H«$`m H$m nmbZ Š`mo§ Z H$a|, `h Adí` hr gd©loð> H$mo MwZZo H$s gwñWm{nV Am¡a nmaXeu {gÕmÝVm| na AmYm[aV hmoZr Mm{hE& {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m _| H$moB© ^r hñVjon Zht H$a gH$Vm& EH$ ñdm`Îm Ý`m`nm{bH$m bmoH$V§Ì H$s à_wI {deofVm h¡& bmoH$VÝÌ H$m Ah_² ñVå^ hmoVo hþE Bgo Adí` hr AmË_mdbmoH$Z Am¡a AmË_gwYma Ho$ O[aE IwX _| Z`mnZ bmZm hmoJm&9

AŠQy>~a, 2017 H$mo Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV`m| _| nmaX{e©Vm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _hÎdnyU© \¡$gbm {b`m J`m {Og_| `h V` {H$`m J`m {H$ H$m°bo{O`_ Ho$ \¡$gbm| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$ {H$`m OmEJm& gwàr_ H$moQ>© H$s H$m°bo{O`_ H$s H$m`©dmhr _| nmaX{e©Vm gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go OOm| Ho$ à_moeZ, Q´>m§g\$a Am¡a H$Ý\$_}eZ g{hV CgHo$ \¡$gbm§| H$mo erf© AXmbV H$s do~gmBQ> na AnbmoS> H$aZo H$m \¡$gbm {ZpíMV hr àe§gZr` H$X_ h¡& H$m°bo{O`_ {gñQ>_ _| nmaX{e©Vm gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ed§ BgHo$ ~mX ^r JmonZr`Vm ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ BamXo go H$m°bo{O`_ _| Hw$N> \¡$gbo {H$E JE& hmB© H$moQ>© Ho$ {bE OOm| H$m àmapå^H$ à_moeZ, CÝh| ñWm`r H$aZo H$s nw{ï>, hmB© H$moQ>© Ho$ Mr\$ OpñQ>g Ho$ nX na à_moeZ, Mr\$ OpñQ>g d OOm| Ho$ V~mXbo Am¡a gwàr_ H$moQ>© Ho$ à_moeZ go gå~pÝYV _m_bm| _| gaH$ma Ho$ nmg {g\$m[ae ^oOo OmZo Ho$ ~mao _| {bE JE \¡$gbm| H$mo BZHo$ H$maU ~VmVo hþE BÝh| gwàr_ H$moQ>© H$s do~gmBQ> na AnbmoS> {H$`m OmEJm, Š`m|{H$ àË`oH$ _m_bo _o§ H$m°bo{O`_ Ûmam {dMma H$s JB© gm_J«r AbJ hmoVr h¡&10

`h {ZñgÝXoh EH$ _hÎdnyU© H$X_ h¡ {Oggo Ý`m{`nm{bH$m H$s {ZînjVm Am¡a {dídgZr`Vm _| BOm\$m hmoJm& Bggo H$m°bo{O`_ d gaH$ma XmoZm| H$s Odm~Xo`Vm ^r V` hmoJr bo{H$Z BgHo$ {bE `h ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ H$m°bo{O`_ _| Iwbm {dMma {d{Z_` hmo VWm {ZU©` H$s à{H«$`m go gå~pÝYV {ZU©` Ho$ AmYma VWm

{ddaU H$mo ^r gmd©O{ZH$ {H$`m OmE Ho$db à_moeZ Am°S©>a `m Q´>mÝg\$a Am°S©>a H$mo do~gmBQ> na S>mbZo _mÌ go n[aX¥í` _| ~Xbmd Zht AmEJm&

{ZîH$f©

dñVwV: Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s ñdVÝÌVm Am¡a {ZînjVm hoVw Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m H$mo AmbmoMZmAm| Ed§ dmX-{ddmX go nao hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡& {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m {OVZr nmaXeu {gÕmÝVm| Am¡a _mZH$m| na AmYm[aV hmoJr& Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$mo CVZm hr Jm¡ad_` ñWmZ àmá hmoJm& {Z:g§Xoh Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s {ZînjVm Am¡a ñdVÝÌVm na Am_OZ H$m {dídmg Am¡a AmñWm ~Zr ahZr Mm{hE& `h H$m`©nm{bH$m Am¡a Ý`m`nm{bH$m XmoZm| Ho$ {hV _| h¡ {H$ do gwñWm{nV AmXem}§ d {gÕmÝVm| H$s ajm H$a|& ^maVr` bmoH$VÝÌ Ho$ g\$b g§MmbZ hoVw Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s J[a_m AjwÊU ~ZmE aIZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ {bE Ý`m{`H$ {Z`wpŠV à{H«$`m H$mo nmaXeu ~ZmZm Oê$ar h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. J§Jb, Eg.Or., àmB_ {_{ZñQ>a EÊS> X Ho$~rZoQ> BZ BpÊS>`m, ZdMoVZ àH$meZ, {Xëbr, 1975

2. g§{dYmZ g^m ~hg, ^mJ 8

3. AmpñQ>Z, Or, X BpÊS>`m H$m°ÝgQ>rQ²>`yeZ H$moZ©a ñQ>moZ Am°\$ E Zoe§g, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, b§XZ, 1966

4. _hbm, AemoH$ Hw$_ma Am¡a nrH$m°H$, Am°{bd, ^maVr` amO ì`dñWm, A[ahÝV npãbqeJ hmCg, O`nwa, 2004-05

5. MVwd}Xr, Aê$U Am¡a _rUm, gmohZbmb, amOZr{V Ho$ {d{dY Am`m_, _| boI, ~obm ^ZmoV- ^maV _| g§gXr` ì`dñWm _| Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$s ^y{_H$m, {àÝQ>dob àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1996

6. {gadB©, EM.E_., H$m°ÝñQ>rQ²>`yeZ bm° Am°\$ BpÊS>`m, dm°ë`y_-III, EZ.E_. {ÌnmR>r, ~å~B©

7. H$mí`n, gw^mf Am¡a Jwá, {díd àH$me, ^maVr` amOZr{V {gÕmÝV g_ñ`mE± Am¡a gwYma, amYm npãbHo$eÝg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2006

8. AmCQ>bwH$, 16-30 Zåd~a, ZB© {Xëbr, 2015

9. 30 AŠQy>~a, 2015 H$mo {dkmZ ^dZ _| {Xëbr Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ ñdU© O`ÝVr g_mamoh _| {XE JE g§^mfU H$m A§e

10. EMQ>rQ>rnrEg…//E_.Zd^maVQ>mB_.BpÊS>`mQ>mBåg.H$m °_/BpÊS>`m/Eggr-H$m°bmo{O`_-{S>gmBS´ >g-Qy >-AnbmoS>-BQ² >g {S>{gOZ-Am°Z-do~gmBQ>, Am°ŠQ>. 2017

àñVmdZm

pñH$b So>dbn_|Q> `m H$m¡eb {dH$mg `m CÚ{_Vm {dH$mg H$h|& BgH$s ^maV _| _hVr Amdí`H$Vm h¡& Xoe H$m g§Vw{bV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$ {bE pñH$b So>dbn_|Q> H$mo H|$Ð q~Xþ _| aIZm hmoJm& dV©_mZ _| Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$s ~mV MbVr h¡& Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ àJ{V H$mo {dH$mg Xa Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _mnm OmVm h¡& {dH$mg Xa ~‹T> ahr h¡ Vmo Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmo ahm h¡, bo{H$Z `h hr H$m\$s Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ Xoe Ho$ Xg ~rg ì`pŠV`m| H$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmoZo go ^r {dH$mg Xa _| d¥{Õ hmo OmEJr& bo{H$Z dh ghr _m`Z| _| {dH$mg Zht h¡& Š`m|{H$ Hw$N> ~‹S>o CÚmoJn{V`m| Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$mo Xoe H$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg _mZZm JbV h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bggo Jar~ Am¡a A_ra Ho$ ~rM H$s ImBª Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T>oJr& Jar~ A{YH$ Jar~ hmoJm Am¡a A_ra A{YH$ A_ra hmoJm&

Hw$N> Am¡Úmo{JH$ n[admam| H$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Xoe H$s {dH$mg Xa H$mo Vmo ~‹T>mEJm bo{H$Z {df_Vm H$mo ^r ~‹T>m`oJm& Bg{bE h_| {dH$mg Xa _mÌ Zht g§Vw{bV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$s Zr{V AnZmZr hmoJr& g§Vw{bV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hr Xoe H$m ghr Am{W©H$

emoY gmam§e

H$m¡eb {dH$mg `m pñH$b So>dbn_oÝQ> ^maV H$s dV©_mZ _| _hËdnyU© Amdí`H$Vm h¡& Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, {dH$mg H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ed§ Jar~r, ~oamoOJmar, A{ejm, Ag_mZVm, _{hbm Ag_mZVm H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$m¡eb {dH$mg H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& _hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo {dHo$pÝÐV AW©ì`dñWm H$s MMm© H$s h¡§& _O~yV J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm ~ZmZo H$s ~mV H$s h¡& àmMrZ g_` _| àM{bV naånamJV Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ Y§Ym| go `mo½`Vm Am OmVr Wr& {H$gr H$mo H$hr grIZo OmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr Wr& _hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo BgHo$ {bE naånamJV H$marJam| H$mo àmoËgm{hV {H$`m& Jm±Yr Or Zo h[aOZ godH$ g§K Ho$ àm±JU _| h[aOZ CÚmoJembm àmaå^ H$s {Og_| J¡a-naånamJV H$marJam| H$mo à{e{jV H$aZo H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB©& Jm±Yr Or H$a H$m¡eb {dH$mg H$m `h V[aH$m Wm& àmaå^ go hr H$m¡eb {dH$mg H$s Amdí`H$Vm _hgyg H$s OmVr ahr h¡& H$m¡eb {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ny±Or, à{ejU Am¡a _mH}$qQ>J H$s ì`dñWm H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& àñVwV boI _| H$m¡eb {dH$mg Ho$ g§X^© _| Jm±Yr Or H$m `moJXmZ H$m {díbofU Ed§ dV©_mZ g_` _| H$m¡eb {dH$mg _| Am ahr g_ñ`mAm|, {H«$`mÝd`Z Ho$ VarH$m| Ed§ àYmZ_§Ìr H$m¡eb {dH$mg `moOZm Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z H$m {díbofU {H$`m J`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … H$m¡eb {dH$mg, CÚ{_Vm, {dHo$pÝÐV AW©ì`dñWm, nrEgS>rdmB©

{dH$mg h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ {bE pñH$b So>dbn_|Q> Zr{V H$m {H«$`mÝd`Z AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡& pñH$b So>dbn_|Q> ha hmW H$mo H$m_ CnbãY H$admEJm Am¡a O~ ha hmW H$mo H$m_ {_boJm Vmo ~oamoOJmar H$_hmoJr Am¡a g§Vw{bV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ~‹T>oJm& Bg_| EH$ H$m Zht g^r OZ H$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmoJm& _hmË_m Jm±Yr H$m EH$ à{gÕ H$WZ h¡-_¡§ Eogo ^maV Ho$ {bE H$mo{ee H$ê$§Jm {Og_| Jar~ go Jar~ AmX_r ^r `h _hgyg H$ao {H$ `h CgH$m Xoe h¡, {OgHo$ {Z_m©U _| CgH$s AmdmO H$m _hËd h¡&

_hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo {dHo$pÝÐV AW©ì`dñWm H$s ~mV H$s, _O~yV J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm H$s ~mV H$s& Cg g~Ho$ _yb _| H$m¡eb {dH$mg hr h¡& _hmË_m Jm±Yr na h_ Amamon bJmVo aho h¡§ {H$ dh àmoÚmo{JH$s {dH$mg Ho$ pIbm\$ Wo, dh {hÝXþñVmZ H$mo ~hþV nrN>o bo OmE§Jo bo{H$Z Eogm H$moB© boI `m CXmhaU Zht {_bVm h¡ {Og_| _hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo àmoÚmo{JH$s {dH$mg H$m {damoY {H$`m hmo& BgHo$ {dnarV CÝhm|Zo AnZo g_` _| KmofUm H$s Wr {H$ `{X H$moB© d¡km{ZH$ MaIo _| Amdí`H$ gwYma H$a Xo, {Oggo MaIm MbmZo _| epŠV H$_ bJo Am¡a CËnmXZ A{YH$ hmo {Oggo H$mVZo dmbo

_hmË_m Jm±Yr Ed§ H$m¡eb {dH$mgS>m°. {daoÝÐ qgh Mm¡Yar

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, B{Vhmg, amOH$s` H$bm _hm{dÚmb`, Xm¡gm (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

H$s Am` ~‹T> gHo$ Vmo _¡§ Cg ì`pŠV H$mo EH$ bmI énò BZm_Xÿ±Jm& Cg g_` Aå~a MaIm Zht Wm& gmYmaU {H$gmZ noQ>r MaIo _| ^r Eogr Q>oŠZmobm°Or MmhVo Wo {Oggo H$mVZo dmbo H$m l_ H$_ hmo gHo$ Am¡a CËnmXZ ~‹T> gHo$& Omo ì`pŠV MaIo _| ^r AmYw{ZH$V_ àm¡Úmo{JH$s bmZm MmhVm Wm Cg ì`pŠV Ho$ ~mao _| `h H$hm OmE {H$ dh àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ pIbm\$ Wo, `h CZHo$ gmW AÝ`m` hmoJm& Xÿgao hmW H$m H$m_ {N>ZZm Zht Mm{hE& `hr h¡ ha hmW H$mo H$m_ XoZo H$m VarH$m& BgHo$ {bE H$m¡eb {dH$mg Mm{hE&

h_mao Xoe _| Jm±dm| _| na§namJV Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ Y§Yo MbVo Wo& bmoJm| Ho$ nmg nr‹T>r Xa nr‹T>r ñdV: `mo½`Vm Am OmVr Wr& {H$gr H$mo H$m_ grIZo Ho$ {bE H$ht OmZm Zht n‹S>Vm Wm bo{H$Z Om{V ì`dgm` Ho$ AmYma na OmZr OmVr Wr Am¡a Cgr H$maU Cg ì`pŠV, Cg n[adma H$mo ANy>V _mZm OmVm Wm Am¡a CgHo$ gmW Cgr ê$n _o| ì`dhma {H$`m OmVm Wm& _hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo BgHo$ {bE J¡a-na§namJV H$marJam| H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m& J¡a-na§namJV H$marJam| H$mo à{ejU H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr Vmo CZHo$ {bE à{ejU H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB©& _hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo h[aOZ godH$ g§K Ho$ àm±JU _| h[aOZ CÚmoJembm àmaå^ H$s Am¡a Cg_| J¡a-na§namJV H$marJam| H$mo à{e{jV H$aZo H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB©& Bg CÚmoJembm H$m nhbm ~¡M V¡`ma hmoH$a {ZH$bm, {OgH$m nhbm H$ÝdmoHo$eZ ESó>g _hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo ñd`§ {H$`m& H$m¡eb {dH$mg H$m `h EH$ VarH$m Wm& H$m¡eb {dH$mg H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo _hgyg {H$`m OmVm ahm& na§Vw O~ VH$ Bg Zr{V Ho$ amñVo _| AmZo dmbr H${R>ZmB`m| na Jm¡a Zht {H$`m OmEJm V~ VH$ BgH$s Oê$aV hmoVo hþE ^r, BgHo$ {bE g{H«$` à`mg {H$ò OmZo na ^r `h Zr{V bmoH${à` Zht hmo nmEJr&

H$m¡eb {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Š`m Mm{hE? à{ejU Mm{hE, ny±Or Mm{hE Am¡a _mH}$qQ>J H$s ì`dñWm Mm{hE& AmO H$B© OJh à{ejU H$s ì`dñWm h¡& g§^m{dV CÚ_r à{ejU àmá H$a aho h¡§ hmbm±{H$ Bg à{ejU ì`dñWm _| EH$ ~‹S>m Xmof h¡ {H$ ~hþV gmao à{ejUmWu Bg{bE à{ejU bo aho h¡§ Vm{H$ CZHo$ nmg g{Q©>{\$Ho$Q> hmo OmE Am¡a H$ht Zm¡H$ar H$m OwJm‹S> ~Z gHo$& à{ejH$ ^r AnZr Zm¡H$ar H$s EH$ {Oå_oXmar _mZH$a à{ejU Xo aho h¡§& O~{H$ ghr AWm}§ _| à{ejU Vmo H$m¡eb {dH$mg hmoZm Mm{hE& Omo ì`pŠV à{ejU boZo Am`m h¡ dh à{ejU nyam hmoVo-hmoVo BVZm gj_ hmo OmE {H$ à{ejU Ho$ Vwa§V ~mX dh AnZm H$m_ ewê$ H$a gHo$& h_| AnZr à{ejU ì`dñWm _| Am_yb Myb n[adV©Z H$aZm hmoJm& AmO H$s ì`dñWm _| O¡go-V¡go Zm¡H$ar àmá H$a br {\$a O¡go-V¡go à{ejU H$s {df` gyMr nyar H$a br& narjm bo br Am¡a à_mU nÌ Xo

{X`m& à{ejU H$s Bg ì`dñWm H$mo ~XbZm hmoJm& à{ejU H$m AW© hmoJm H$m¡eb {dH$mg& à{ejUmWu H$m¡eb nyU© hmo OmE Am¡a AnZm ì`dgm` ewê$ H$aZo H$s pñW{V _| Am OmE& à{ejU H$m `hr _mnX§S> hmoJm&

à{ejU hmo J`m Vmo ny±Or Mm{hE& ny±Or H$s Amdí`H$ ì`dñWm Oê$ar h¡& `{X {H$gr ì`dgm` Ho$ {bE EH$ bmI én`m Mm{hE Vmo Cgo EH$ bmI énò H$s hr ì`dñWm H$aZr Mm{hE& `{X EH$ bmI go H$_ {H$`m Vmo CÚmoJ bJoJm Zht Am¡a EH$ bmI go A{YH$ {X`m Vmo H$Om© dm{ng hmoJm Zht& Amdí`H$VmZwgma ny±Or CnbãY H$admB© OmE Am¡a dh G$U Ho$ ê$n _| hmo bo{H$Z gñVr ã`mO Xam| na& gñVr Xam| na, àËòH$ CÚ_r H$mo CgHo$ CÚ_ Ho$ AZwgma ny±Or CnbãY H$admB© OmE Bggo ny±Or H$m gXþn`moJ hmoJm Am¡a CÚ_r H$mo CÚ_ bJmZo _| H${R>ZmB© Zht hmoJr& ny±Or Ho$ ~mX CËnmXZ H$m àíZ AmVm h¡& CËnmXZ JwUdÎmm`wŠV hmo V^r dh {~Ho$Jm& `hm± H${R>ZmB© AmVr h¡ hmW go {H$`m J`m H$m_ Am¡a ñdMm{bV _erZm| go {H$ò JE CËnmXZ _| Adí` hr ~‹S>m \$H©$ hmoJm& `ht go CgH$s Ag\$bVm ewê$ hmo OmVr h¡& AJbm H$m`© h¡ _mH}$qQ>J&

AmO H$s Bg {dkmnZ H$s Xþ{Z`m _|, n¡Ho$qOJ H$s Xþ{Z`m _|, N>moQ>m CÚ_r {Q>H$ Zht nm ahm h¡& `{X CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE H$moB© {deof ì`dñWm H$aVo h¡§ Vmo CgH$m Xþê$n`moJ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bg CËnmX H$mo H$moB© gwajm CnbãY Zht hmoVr h¡ Vmo dh ~mOma H$s à{VñnYm© _| {Q>H$ Zht nmEJm&

CËnmXZ V^r g§^d h¡ `m C{MV h¡ O~ dh ~mOma _| {~H$ OmE AÝ`Wm CËnmXZ O_m hmo OmEJm Vmo ^r ny±Or Sy>~ JB© Am¡a CËnmXZ Zht {H$`m Vmo ^r ny±Or Sy>~ JB©& N>moQ>m CÚ_r `ht AmH$a Ag\$b hmoVm h¡& `ht dh H$O©Xma ~ZVm h¡& `ht ny±Or Sy>~Vr h¡ Am¡a H$m¡eb {dH$mg Ag\$b hmo OmVm h¡& ~‹S>m CÚmoJn{V Ohm± {d{^ÝZ H$m`m]§ Ho$ {bE AbJ-AbJ {d^mJ ~ZmVm h¡ dhm± `h N>moQ>m CÚ_r gmao H$m`© ñd`§ H$aZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya h¡& _hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo BgH$m amñVm gwPm`m Wm {H$ Jm±d H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$m CËnmXZ Jm±d _| hmo Am¡a Jm±d _| hr CgH$s InV hmo bo{H$Z AmO H$m `wJ Vmo d¡ídrH$aU H$m h¡& N>moQ>m-~‹S>m H$moB© ^r, Cgo ~mOma H$s à{VñnYm© _| {Q>H$Zm h¡& N>moQ>m CÚ_r ~mOma H$s à{VñnYm© _| {Q>H$ Zht gH$Vm& `hm± amÁ` H$mo XIb XoZm hmoJm& amÁ` H$mo Bg N>moQ>o CÚ_r H$s _XX H$aZr hmoJr& Bgo gwajm XoZr hmoJr& Bgo H¡$go gwajm XoZr h¡, BgH$m ~Zm ~Zm`m H$moB© T>m±Mm Zht h¡& ha CÚ_ H$s AbJ-AbJ g_ñ`m h¡& ha g_ñ`m H$m AbJ g_mYmZ Ty>±T>Zm n‹S>oJm& gwPmd Ho$ Vm¡a na CËnmXZ Vmo ì`pŠVJV hmo bo{H$Z CgH$s

ISSN 2348-3857


Hw$N> ì`dñWm H$aZr hmoJr `m Zr{V {ZYm©aH$ Bg {Xem _| Hw$N> ~ohVa gmoM gH|$ Vmo d¡gr ì`dñWm H$aZr hmoJr& bo{H$Z A~ VH$ H$m AZw^d `h H$hVm h¡ {H$ O~ VH$ CÚ_r Ho$ {bE _mH}$qQ>J H$s C{MV ì`dñWm Zht hmoJr& O~ VH$ CgH$s JwUdÎmm, n¡Ho$qOJ, _mH}$qQ>J H$s ghr ì`dñWm Zht hmoJr V~ VH$ Z Vmo CÚ_ H$m {dH$mg hmoJm, Z CÚ{_Vm H$m {dH$mg hmoJm, Z ny±Or ~MoJr Am¡a Z ^{dî` Ho$ {bE ny±Or {_b nmEJr&

H$m¡eb {dH$mg _| `h EH$ Eogr g_ñ`m h¡ {OgH$m g_mYmZ ImoOo {~Zm CÚ{_Vm H$m {dH$mg Zht hmo nmEJm& H$ht-H$ht Hw$N> g\$b H$hm{Z`m± ~Z|Jr& H$ht-H$ht Hw$N> Amem H$s {H$aU| {XImB© X|Jr bo{H$Z àmá gyMZmZwgma Xoe _| T>mB© H$amo‹S> H$marJa h¡§, CÝh| g_W© ~ZmZm hmoJm& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV ZE J¡a na§namJV CÚ{_`m| H$mo à{ejU XoZm hmoJm& Am¡a CÝh| Y§Yo na bJmZm hmoJm& `h EH$ nhm‹S> O¡gm H$m`©H«$_ h¡& Bg_| {Zamem H$s ~mV Zht h¡§& `h g§å^d h¡, {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ bo{H$Z BgHo$ {bE d¡gr hr H$m`© `moOZm ~ZmZr hmoJr d¡go hr H$m`©H«$_ ~ZmZo hm|Jo O¡go H$m¡eb H$s Oê$aV h¡& AÝ`Wm EH$ ì`pŠV H$mo AHo$bo ZXr _| V¡aZo Ho$ {bE N>mo‹S> X|Jo Vmo dh V¡a ^r gH$Vm h¡ Sy>~ ^r gH$Vm h¡& `hm± Vmo {H$gr EH$ Xmo ì`pŠV`m| H$m àíZ Zht h¡& `h Vmo H$amo‹S>m| dV©_mZ CÚ{_`m| Am¡a g§^m{dV CÚ{_`m| Ho$ ^{dî` H$m àíZ h¡& CZHo$ n[adma H$m àíZ h¡& BgHo$ {bE nyar ì`dñWm ~ZmZr hmoJr& EH$ Eogm AZwHy$b dmVmdaU ~ZmZm hmoJm& {Og_| CÚ{_Vm H$m {dH$mg hmo gHo$& CÚ_ \$b-\y$b gHo$& CÚ_ Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg _| {hñgoXma ~Z gHo$& Xoe H$m g§Vw{bV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmo gHo$& gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmo gHo$&

Xoe _| H$m_Jma h¡§, Zd`wdH$, Zd`wd{V`m| H$s ~‹S>r O_mV H$m¡eb {dH$mg _|, CÚ{_Vm H$mo AnZo OrdZ`mnZ H$m gmYZ ~ZmZo H$mo V¡`ma h¡& Xoe H$s Amdí`H$Vm ^r h¡ Am¡a Zd`wdH$ Zd`wd{V`m± BgHo$ {bE V¡`ma ^r h¡§& bo{H$Z EH$ Ag\$bVm hOmam| bmoJm| H$mo {Zame H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$m\$s h¡& H$m¡eb {dH$mg bJo hþE `m bJZo dmbm| H$m CËgmh ~Zm aho& BgH$s ì`dñWm Zr{V {ZYm©aH$m| H$mo, amÁ` H$mo H$aZr hmoJr& `{X Eogr H$moB© ì`dñWm ~Z gHo$ V^r bm^ hmoJm& {Og àH$ma gaH$ma H$s Zm¡H$ar EH$ AmH$f©H$ ì`dñWm h¡ Cgr àH$ma `{X H$m¡eb {dH$mg ^r EH$ AmH$f©H$ `moOZm ~Z gHo$ Vmo bmoJ Zm¡H$ar Ho$ nrN>o ^mJZm N>moS> X|Jo& ì`mnma Am¡a Zm¡H$ar _|, Zm¡H$ar H$mo g~go ZrMo aIm J`m h¡& dV©_mZ _| IoVr bm^ H$s ì`dñWm Zht ahr& N>moQ>m ì`mnma ^m½` Ho$ ghmao h¡ Zm¡H$ar {_bVr Zht& Bg{bE AnamY ~‹T> aho h¡§, AZwemgZhrZVm ~‹T> ahr h¡&

H$moB© {H$gr H$s nadmh Zht H$aVm& ha ì`pŠV, ha ì`pŠV go AmJo ~‹T>Zm MmhVm h¡& Zm¡H$ar H$s gr{_V g§^mdZmAm| Ho$ {bE _mam_mar h¡& H$moB© AmajU H$m PÊS>m ~wbÝX H$a ahm h¡, H$moB© {ZOr joÌ _| AmajU H$s _m§J H$a ahm h¡& Zm¡H$[a`m| _| Omo Wmo‹S>r-~hþV g§^mdZmE§ h¡§ Cgr na X~md ~‹T> ahm h¡& `{X `hr pñWV ahr Vmo Xoe _| Ow_© Am¡a ~‹T>|Jo& AamOH$Vm ~‹T>oJr Am¡a g»V H$mZyZ ~ZmZo n‹S>|Jo& CZHo$ IM} ~‹T>|Jo& BZ g~ g_ñ`mAm| H$m hb h¡ H$m¡eb {dH$mg, CÚ{_Vm {dH$mg& Bg{bE H$m¡eb {dH$mg H$mo bmoH${à` Ed§ H$maJa ~ZZm hmoJm& BgHo$ amñVo _| AmZo dmbr H${R>ZmB`m| H$m g_mYmZ hb H$aZm hmoJm&

_hmË_m Jm±Yr Zo ImXr J«m_moÚmoJm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go EH$ amñVm ImoOZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& CgHo$ AÀN>o n[aUm_ AmE& Xoe H$m CËnmXZ ^r ~‹T>m Am¡a amoOJma ^r ~‹T>m Yrao-Yrao `h ì`dñWm Jm±Yr {dMma go Xÿa hmoVr JB© Am¡a n[aUm_ ZH$mamË_H$ {XImB© XoVm h¡& Bg_| Xmof Jm±Yr {dMma H$m Zht h¡, Bg_| Xmof ImXr Am¡a J«m_moÚmoJ H$m Zht h¡& ~pëH$ O¡go-O¡go `h ì`dñWm Jm±Yr H$s gmoM go Xÿa OmVm J`m d¡go-d¡go Bg H$m`© {ZînmXZ _| {dH¥${V`m± AmVr JBª& _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ g_` _| {~Zm gaH$mar _XX Ho$ ~pëH$ gaH$ma Ho$ {damoY Ho$ ~mdOyX ImXr Am¡a J«m_moÚmoJm| H$m H$m`© AmJo ~‹T>m Z Ho$db AmJo ~‹T>m ~pëH$ ImXr Vmo ñdVÝÌVm goZm{Z`m| H$s nmoemH$ hr ~Z JB©& {dMmaYmam ~Z JB© AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX ImXr Am¡a J«m_moÚmoJ H$m`© _| VoO J{V go d¥{Õ hþB©& bo{H$Z O¡go-O¡go Jm±Yr H$m à^md H$_ hmoVm J`m& O¡go-O¡go ImXr J«m_moÚmoJ _| bJo bmoJ `m Zr{V {ZYm©aU H$aZo dmbo Jm±Yr {dMma go Xÿa hmoVo JE d¡go ImXr J«m_moÚmoJm| _| Xmof AmVo JE&

H$m¡eb {dH$mg `moOZm

àYmZ_§Ìr H$m¡eb {dH$mg `moOZm ^maV gaH$ma H$s `moOZm h¡& OwbmB© 2015 _| àmaå^ H$s JB© Wr {OgHo$ VhV² 2020 VH$ EH$ H$amo‹S> `wdmAm| H$mo à{ejU XoZo H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© JB© Wr& H$_n‹T>o {bIo bmoJm| H$mo amoOJma hoVw à{ejU XoZm Bg `moOZm H$a _w»` CÔoí` Wm& g^r `wdm dJ© H$mo g§J{R>V H$aHo$ CZHo$ H$m¡eb H$m {dH$mg H$a CZH$s `mo½`Vm Ho$ AZwgma amoOJma Ho$ Adga CnbãY H$admZm h¡& Bg `moOZm _| àW_ df© _| 24 bmI `wdmAm| H$mo em{_b {H$`m J`m {OZH$s 2022 VH$ h g§»`m 40.2 H$amo‹S> VH$ bo OmZo H$s `moOZm h¡& gmW hr A{YH$ g§»`m _| bmoJm| H$mo Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE `wdmAm| H$mo G$U àXmZ {H$`o Om aho h¡& {OgHo$ {bE Q>o{bH$m°_ H$ån{Z`m| H$m gh`moJ {b`m Om ahm h¡& {S>{OQ>b gw{dYmAm| H$m `moOZm Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z _| gh`moJ {b`m Om ahm h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

H$m¡eb {dH$mg `moOZm Ho$ bm^

Xoe _| ~hþV gmao Eogo `wdm h¢& {OZHo$ nmg {d{^ÝZ H$m`m]§ H$m {deof hþZa h¡& bo{H$Z {dÎmr` g§gmYZm| H$m A^md h¡& dh {dÎmr` A^md _| Q´>oqZJ àmá Zht H$a nmVo h¢& H$m¡eb {dH$mg `moOZm BZ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE daXmZ h¡ Omo Eogo `wdmAm| Ho$ {bE Q>óqZJ H$s gw{dYm àXmZ H$aVr h¡& {Oggo amoOJma àmá hmo gHo$ Am¡a do Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg _| ^mJrXma ~Z gH|$& Bg `moOZm _| `wdmAm| H$mo VH$ZrH$s Hw$ebVm ZB© VH$ZrH$s H$m à{ejU {X`m OmVm h¡& amoOJma Ho$ Zò Adga ~mOma H$s _m±J Ho$ AZwgma CnbãY hmo aho h¡ Ed§ Jar~r Xÿa hmo ahr h¡& _mZZr` àYmZ_§Ìr Zo H$m¡eb {dH$mg moOZm Zò Vah go àmaå^ H$s JB© h¡ {Og_| H$B© Vah Ho$ gwYma {H$ò Jò h¢& {Oggo dh g^r `wdmAm| Ho$ {bE bm^àX hþB© h¡& H$m¡eb {dH$mg `moOZm Xoe Ho$ g_J« {dH$mg Ho$ {bE _hËdnyU© _mZr JB© h¡ {OgHo$ {H«$`mÝd`Z Ûmam, Jar~r, ~oamoOJmar, A{ejm, Ag_mZVm, _{hbm Ag_mZVm Am{X g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo _| ghm`Vm {_boJr& {O_g| H$m¡eb {dH$mg Ho$ {d{^ÝZ H$m`©H«$_Mbmò Jò h¡§& Omo _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ ñd-amoOJma Ho$ gnZm| H$mo nyam H$a nmòJm&

{ZîH$f©

gmaV… h_| J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm H$mo ZE T>§J go XoIZm hmoJm& BgHo$ {bE ZE {gao go H$m`© `moOZm ~ZmZr hmoJr& BgHo$ {bE _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ {dMma AmO ^r àmg§{JH$ h¡ Cgo Ý`m`mo{MV g_` XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& `{X H$m¡eb {dH$mg Ho$ H$m`© H$mo _hmË_m Jm±Yr {dMma Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ {dH$mg H$m _mÜ`_ ~Zm`m Om gHo$ Vmo J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm _| Am_ybMyb n[adV©Z hmo gH$Vo h¡§ Am¡a Xoe _| EH$ ZE `wJ H$s ewéAmV hmo

gH$Vr h¡& Amdí`H$Vm Bg ~mV H$s h¡ {H$ h_ ~Zo ~ZmE Am{W©H$ T>m±Mo _| AnZr `moOZmAm| H$mo {\$Q> H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee Z H$a| `m ^maV Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Xþ{Z`m Ho$ {d{^ÝZ _m°S>bm| H$s Amoa Z XoI|& CÝh| AnZo Xoe _| T>mbZo H$s H$mo{ee Z H$a|& CZgo AZw^d h_ bo gH$Vo h¡§& CZH$s g\$bVmAm| Ag\$bVmAm| go grI gH$Vo h¡§& ^maV H$s AW©ì`dñWm Vmo ^maV H$s Xoe H$mb n[apñW{V H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a hr ~ZmZr hmoJr& V^r dh g\$b hmoJr Am¡a V^r Cggoo h_mar Amdí`H$VmZwgma n[aUm_ {_b nm`|Jo, Am¡a _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ gnZm| H$m ^maV ~Z gHo$Jm&

gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. nm§So> ~r.EZ., Jm±Yr _hmË_m g_J« {MÝVZ, Jm±Yr ñ_¥{V Ed§ Xe©Z g{_{V, ZB© {Xëbr

2. Pm, amHo$e Hw$_ma, Jm±Yr` {MÝVZ _| gdm}X`, nmB©ÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 1995

3. nmÊSo>`, OZmX©Z, gdm}X` H$m amOZr{V Xe©Z, OmZH$s àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1986

4. ZmamÙ, O` àH$me, g_mOdmX gdm}X` Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì, {~hma {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, nQ>Zm

5. Jm±Yr, J«m_ ñdamO, ZdOrdZ npãbqeJ hmCg, Ah_Xm~mX, 1963

6. O¡Z, à{V^m, Jm±Yr {MÝVZ : Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[aàoú`, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 1984

7. h[aOZ : 11.01.1940

8. OZgÎmm, ZB© {Xëbr

9. `moOZm àH$meZ {d^mJ, ZB© {Xëbr

àñVmdZm^maV _| àmMrZ H$mb go hr `moJ nÕ{V`m± àM{bV h¡& CZH$s Xme©{ZH$ E§d Ym{_©H$ naånamE± {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ h¢& dV©_mZ `wJ _| H$moB© BZ naånamAm| go A§eV: `m nyU©V: gh_V hmo `m Z hmo na CgH$s ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`mo{JVm {Z{d©dmX ê$n go C^aH$a gm_Zo AmB© h¡& BgH$s ~‹T>Vr Cn`mo{JVm Ho$ H$maU d¡km{ZH$ d OZgm_mÝ` XmoZm| H$s Bg {df` _| é{M ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡& AmO Ohm± ì`pŠV Ho$ g_J« ì`pŠVËd {dH$mg H$s OmVr h¡, Vmo Cg g§X^© _| `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ `moJ Ho$ g_J« Aä`mg go ì`pŠV Ho$ g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg _| AË`m{YH$ ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡& ^maVdf© _| `moJ H$m CX²^d hOmam| df© nhbo hþAm& `hm± V~ go AmO VH$ BgH$m Ý`yZm{YH$ Aä`mg AZdaV Mbm Am ahm h¡& npíM_ _| Hw$N> XeH$ nhbo VH$ Bg `moJ-{dkmZ H$mo H$moB© _hËd Zht {X`m OmVm Wm& {Zar ^m¡{VH$Vm Ho$ ~‹T>Vo AmH$f©U Zo AZoH$ emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mE± n¡Xm H$a Xt& CgHo$ g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE `moJ-{dkmZ Ho$ à{V OZ gm_mÝ` Am¡a d¡km{ZH$m| H$s é{M ~‹T>r h¡& BgHo$ {bE d¡Mm[aH$ _§WZ àma§^ hþAm {H$ OrdZ _| em§{V H¡$go {_bo? BgHo$ {bE `moJ H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m& Bg na AZwg§YmZ hþE Am¡a gmW©H$ n[aUm_ AmE& Amem H$s

emoY gmam§e

emoY _| _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ ì`pŠVËd na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ à^mdm| H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡& amoJ Mmho Omo ^r hmo, dh eara Ho$ {bE KmVH$ hmoVm h¡& _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ amoJ Omo VZmd, qMVm VWm _Z H$s {d{jáVm go hmoVm h¡& _Zwî` Ho$ X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| H$B© CVma MT>md AmVo ahVo h¢& {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n _Z H$s AempÝV _| d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡, `hr ~‹T>Vm hþAm ñdê$n _mZ{gH$ amoJ _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡& `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Ûmam _mZ{gH$ VZmd, emar[aH$ amoJm|, qMVm , {d{jáVm Ed§ AdgmX H$mo H$_ H$aHo$ ñdmñÏ` _| d¥{Õ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& `moJ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ _Zmod¥{Îm _| ^r n[adV©Z bmVm h¡& `moJ H$m _mZ{gH$ amoJm| na à^mderbVm H$m Am±H$bZ ^r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& `moJ Ho$ {Z`{_V Aä`mg go _pñVîH$ epŠVembr Ed§ g§Vw{bV ~Zm ahVm h¡& {~Zm {dM{bV hþE Amn emÝV _Z go g§gma Ho$ Xþ:I Ed§ g_ñ`mAm| H$m gm_Zm H$a gH|$Jo& H${R>ZmB©`m± , nyU© _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` hoVw gr{‹T>`m± ~Z OmVr h¡& `moJ Ho$ Aä`mg go ì`pŠV H$s gwá epŠV`m| H$mo OmJ¥V hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CZ_| AmË_ {dídmg ^aVm h¡& ì`dhma VWm H$m`m] go dh Xÿgam| H$mo àoaUm XoZo bJVm h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … `moJ, AdgmX, g§doJmË_H$, ì`pŠVËd

EH$ {H$aU ZOa AmB© Am¡a `h bJmZo bJm {H$ OrdZ _| em§{V nW h¡ - `moJ& `h OrdZ {dkmZ ^r h¡ Am¡a OrdZ e¡br ^r h¡ Am¡a OrdZ OrZo H$s H$bm ^r h¡&

{d{^ÝZ `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Zm_

Vm‹S>mgZ gy`© Z_ñH$mad¥jmgZ D$§H$ma CƒmaUn[ad¥V {ÌH$moUmgZ ídmg àojmeb^mgZ gdm©JgZYZwamgZ MH«$mgZ^wO§JmgZ _H$amgZJmo_wImgZ _`yamgZ{gÕmgZ ndZ_wŠVmgZ{ghm§gZ H${Q>{nÊS> _X©ZmgZ_Ëñ`mgZ àmUm`m_ AZwbmo_-{dbmo_Hw$ŠHw$Q>mgZ àojmÜ`mZ~ÕnX²_mgZ {ÛnmX erfm©gZ

`m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| (`moJ {ejm) H$m g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na n‹S>Zo dmbo à^mdm| H$m AÜ``ZS>m°. {dîUw Hw$_ma

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, {ejm {d^mJ, Oo.dr.~r.AmB©., bmS>Zy§ (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

`moJ_wÐmgZ ^w§OJmgZnpíM_moÌmgZ edmgZgmbå~ gdm©JmgZ erVbrhbmgZ Zm¡brMH«$mgZ ÌmQ>H$CÎmmZ nmXmgZ AY©_Ëñ`oÝÐmgZ

g_ñ`m H$m Am¡{MË` - `moJ H$m g§~§Y _Zwî` H$s eara aMZm go h¡& `moJ Ho$ Ûmam Omo {H«$`mE§ H$s OmVr h¡ CZH$m h_mao eara Ho$ A§Jm| H$mo ñ\y${V©Xm`H$ Ed§ CZH$s H$m`© àUmbr H$mo gwMmê$ ê$n go Mbm`_mZ aIVr h¡& {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ `moJmgZm| go h_mao A§J {e{Wb Zht hmoVo h¡§§ Am¡a CZH$s H$m`© j_Vm H$m {Za§Va {dH$mg hmoVm h¡& aŠVMmn, _Yw_oh Am{X AZoH$ ~r_m[a`m±, Omo dV©_mZ g_` _| _Zwî` H$m eara {dH$amb ê$n go J«{gV h¡, `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Ûmam CÝh| {Z`§ÌU _| aIm Om gH$Vm h¡& BZ OmZH$m[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam _Z _| `h {Okmgm CËnÝZ hþB© Š`m `moJ Ho$ Ûmam dV©_mZ g_` _| N>mÌ Ed§ N>mÌmE± emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ d g§doJmË_H$ ê$n go AñdñW ahVo h¡§& {OZHo$ H$maU CZ_| {ejm H$m {dH$mg {OVZm hmoZm Mm{hE CVZm Zht hmo nm ahm h¡& {Oggo do AnZr _§{Ob VH$ nhþ±MZo _| Ag\$b hmo aho h¡§& gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _|, Omo Zrag Ed§ {ZOud OrdZ ì`VrV H$a aho dh moJ H$m ghmam bo gH$Vo h¡§& ImgH$a N>mÌ moJ Ho$ ~b na AnZo _pñVîH$ H$mo ewÕ H$aHo$ {dMma epŠV H$mo ~‹T>m gH$Vo h¡§&

VH$ZrH$s eãXm| H$m n[a^mfrH$aU - `moJ - `moJ eãX H$s CËn{Îm ""`yO'' YmVw go hþB© h¡ {OgH$m AW© Omo‹S>Zm AWm©V {H$gr dñVw go AnZo H$mo Omo‹S>Zm AWdm {H$gr H$m`© _o§ bJZm&

g_ñ`m H$WZ- `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| (`moJ {ejm) H$m g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na n‹S>Zo dmbo à^mdm| H$m AÜ``Z&''

emoY AÜ``Z Ho$ CÔoí` - _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Ûmam n‹S>Zo dmbo à^mdm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm&

emoY H$s n[aH$ënZmE±

1. àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV g_wh Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m H$moB© gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡&

2. àm`mo{JH$ g_yh Ho$ N>mÌ VWm N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡&

3. {Z`§{ÌV g_yh Ho$ N>mÌ d N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m H$moB© gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡&

4. àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z §{ÌV g_yh Ho$ N>mÌm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m H$moB© gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡&

5. àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV g_yh H$s N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡§&

emoY H$m`© _| Ý`mXe©

2. Am{lV Ma - _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb` Ho$ {dÚmWu VWm g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg

àñVwV emoY Ho$ Ma

1. ñdV§Ì Ma - `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mE±

ISSN 2348-3857


n[aH$ënZm-1. "àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV g_yh Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m H$moB© gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡&

Vm{bH$m g§»`m - 1

H«$ g_yh {dÚmWu _Ü`_mZ _mZH$ {dMbZ

Q>r-_mZ gmW©H$Vm ñVa ñdrH¥$V/ AñdrH¥$V

1 àm`mo{JH$ g_yh Ho$ {dÚmWu

30 18.3 2.01 32.2 0.05 2.00 AñdrH¥$V

2 {Z`§{ÌV g_yh Ho$ {dÚmWu 30 2.2 2.27 0.01 = 2.66 AñdrH¥$Vdf = N1+N2 - 2 df = 30+30 - 2 = 58

na Q>r _mZ 32.2 àmá hþAm Omo {H$ Q>r Vm{bH$m _mZ go A{YH$ h¡& AV: n[aH$ënZm AñdrH¥$V H$s OmVr h¡& `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Ûmam {dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na gmW©H$ à^md n‹S>Vm h¡& `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Ûmam ZH$mamË_H$ g§doJm| na {Z`§ÌU VWm gH$mamË_H$ g§doJm| H$m {dH$mg {dÚm{W©`m| _| {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

Vm{bH$m 1. _| _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb`m| _| AÜ``ZaV {dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m à^md H$s JUZm H$s JB© h¡, {Og_| àm`mo{JH$ VWm {Z`§{ÌV g_yh Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e: 18.3 d 2.2 VWm _mZH$ {dMbZ 2.01 VWm 2.27 h¡& df= 58 na 0.05 VWm 0.01 gmW©H$Vm ñVa na Q>r Vm{bH$m _mZ H«$_e: 2.00 VWm 2.66 h¡ VWm JUZm H$aZo

n[aH$ënZm : 2. àm`mo{JH$ g_yh Ho$ N>mÌ VWm N>mÌmAm| Ho$ g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡&

Vm{bH$m g§»`m 2



1 àm`mo{JH$ g_yh Ho$ N>mÌ 15 19.93 0.24 5.73 005 2.05 AñdrH¥$V

2 àm`mo{JH$ g_yh H$s N>mÌmE±© 15 16.66 2.20 0.01 = 2.76 AñdrH¥$Vdf = N1+N2 - 2 df = 15+15 - 2 = 28

h¡ VWm JUZm H$aZo na Q>r _mZ 5.73 h¡ Omo {H$ Q>r Vm{bH$m Ho$ _mZ go A{YH$ h¡ AV: n[aH$ënZm AñdrH¥$V hmo OmVr h¡& àm`mo{JH$ N>mÌ d N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡&

Vm{bH$m 2 _| àm`mo{JH$ N>mÌ d N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ à^md H$s JUZm H$s JB© h¡§ {Og_| àm`mo{JH$ N>mÌm| VWm N>mÌmAm| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e: 19.93 VWm 16.66, _mZH$ {dMbZ 0.24 VWm 2.20 h¡& df = 28 na 0.05 VWm 0.01 gmW©H$Vm ñVa Q>r Vm{bH$m _mZ H«$_e: 2.05 VWm 2.76

n[aH$ënZm : 3 - {Z`§{ÌV g_yh Ho$ N>mÌ d N>mÌmAm| _| gdoJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m H$moB© gmW©H$ à^md Zh§r nm`m OmVm h¡&

Vm{bH$m g§»`m 3



1 {Z`pÝÌV g_yh Ho$ N>mÌ 15 1.13 1.3 2.90 005 2.05 AñdrH¥$V

2 {Z`pÝÌV g_yh H$s N>mÌmE±© 15 3.26 2.51 0.01 = 2.76 AñdrH¥$Vdf = N1+N2 - 2 df = 15+15 - 2 = 28

{Z`§{ÌV N>mÌm| VWm N>mÌmAm| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e: 1.13 VWm 3.26 _mZH$ {dMbZ 1.3 VWm 2.51 h¡& df = 28 na 0.05

Vm{bH$m : 3 _| {Z`§{ÌV N>mÌ d N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ à^md H$s JUZm H$s JB© h¡§ {Og_|


ISSN 2348-3857

VWm 0.01 gmW©H$Vm ñVa Q>r Vm{bH$m _mZ H«$_e: 2.05 VWm 2.76 h¡ VWm JUZm H$aZo na Q>r _mZ 2.9 h¡ Omo {H$ Q>r Vm{bH$m Ho$ _mZ go A{YH$ h¡& AV: n[aH$ënZm AñdrH¥$V hmo OmVr h¡

AWm©V àm`mo{JH$ N>mÌ d N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡&

n[aH$ënZm: 4.-àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV g_yh Ho$ N>mÌm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡&

Vm{bH$m g§»`m 4



1 àm`mo{JH$ g_yh Ho$ N>mÌ 15 19.93 0.24 53.7 005 2.05 AñdrH¥$V

2 {Z`§{ÌV g_yh H$s N>mÌ 15 1.13 1.30 0.01 = 2.76 AñdrH¥$Vdf = N1+N2 - 2 df = 15+15 - 2 = 28

_mZ H«$_e: 2.05 VWm 2.76 h¡ VWm JUZm H$aZo na Q>r _mZ 53.71 àmá hþAm Omo {H$ Q>r Vm{bH$m Ho$ _mZ go A{YH$ h¡& AV: n[aH$ënZm AñdrH¥$V hmo OmVr h¡ AWm©V àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV N>mÌm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡&

Vm{bH$m: 4. _| àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV N>mÌm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ à^md H$s JUZm H$s JB© h¡§ {Og_| àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV g_yh Ho$ N>mÌm| H$m H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e: 19.93 VWm 1.13, _mZH$ {dMbZ 0.24 VWm 1.30 h¡& df = 28 na 0.05 VWm 0.01 gmW©H$Vm ñVa Q>r Vm{bH$m

n[aH$ënZm: 5- àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV g_yh Ho$ N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md Zht nm`m OmVm h¡&

Vm{bH$m g§»`m 5



1 àm`mo{JH$ g_yh Ho$ N>mÌmE± 15 16.66 2.20 15.58 005 2.05 AñdrH¥$V

2 {Z`§{ÌV g_yh H$s N>mÌmE± 15 3.26 2.51 0.01 = 2.76 AñdrH¥$Vdf = N1+N2 - 2 df = 15+15 - 2 = 28

4. emoYH$m`© Ho$ {bE Ho$db H$jm 9 Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| H$m M`Z {H$`m J`m h¡&

5. emoYH$m`© Ho$ {bE 30 {dÚm{W©`m| H$m M`Z {H$`m J`m h¡&

{ZîH$f©

àñVwV emoY _| _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa Ho$ {dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na n‹S>Zo dmbo à^mdm| H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m& amoJ Mmho Omo ^r hmo, dh eara Ho$ {bE KmVH$ hmoVm h¡& _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ amoJ Omo VZmd, qMVm VWm _Z H$s {d{jáVm go hmoVm h¡& _Zwî` Ho$ X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| H$B© CVma MT>md AmVo ahVo h¢& {OgHo$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n _Z H$s AempÝV _| d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡, `hr ~‹T>Vm hþAm ñdê$n _mZ{gH$ amoJ _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡& `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Ûmam _mZ{gH$ VZmd, emar[aH$ amoJm|, qMVm, {d{jáVm Ed§ AdgmX H$mo H$_ H$aHo$ ñdmñÏ` _| d¥{Õ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& `moJ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ _Zmod¥{Îm _| ^r n[adV©Z bmVm h¡& AñdñWVm Ho$ H$maU bmoJ gwI

Vm{bH$m -5. _| àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV N>mÌmAm|§ _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ à^md H$s JUZm H$s JB© h¡§ {Og_| àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV g_yh H$s N>mÌmAm| H$m _Ü`_mZ H«$_e: 16.66 VWm 3.26, _mZH$ {dMbZ 2.20 VWm 2.51 h¡& df = 28 na 0.05 VWm 0.01 gmW©H$Vm ñVa Q>r Vm{bH$m _mZ H«$_e: 2.05 VWm 2.76 h¡ VWm JUZm H$aZo na Q>r _mZ 15.58 àmá hþAm Omo {H$ Q>r Vm{bH$m Ho$ _mZ go A{YH$ h¡& n[aH$ënZm AñdrH¥$V hmo OmVr h¡ AWm©V àm`mo{JH$ Ed§ {Z`§{ÌV N>mÌmAm| _| g§doJmË_H$ {dH$mg na `m¡{JH$ {H«$`mAm| H$m gmW©H$ à^md h¡§&

emoY H$m`© H$m n[agr_Z

1. emoYH$m`© Ho$ {bE EH$ _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb` H$m M`Z {H$`m J`m h¡&

2. `h emoYH$m`© ~rH$mZoa joÌ VH$ gr{_V h¡&

3. Bg emoYH$m`© Ho$ {bE N>mÌ d N>mÌmAm| XmoZm| H$mo gpå_{bV {H$`m J`m h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


H$s {OÝXJr Zht OrVo h¢& {dYmWu n‹T>Zo _| Ü`mZ Ho$pÝÐV Zht H$a nmVo h¢& emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ `m AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| `moJmgZ H$m B{Vhmg g_` H$s AÝZV JhamB©`m| _| Nw>nm hþAm h¡& dV©_mZ _| {dYm{W©`m| _| nR>Z-nmR>Z Ho$ à{V CXmgrZVm h¡& BgH$m _yb H$maU CZH$m ñdmñÏ` h¡& ñdñW eara _| ñdñW {ejm H$m {Zdmg g§^d h¡& `h `moJ go hr g§^d h¡& `moJ go CgHo$ eara Ho$ amoJm| H$m {ZXmZ hmoVm h¡& `moJ H$m AW© eara H$mo ~bembr ~ZmZm Zht h¡ ~pëH$ _Z d _pñVîH$ H$mo CgHo$ H$m`© Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ H$aZm h¡& `moJ {ejm go AñdñW eara H$mo g{H«$` Ed§ aMZmË_H$ H$m`© H$s àoaUm {_bVr h¡& `h _Z H$mo epŠVembr ~ZmVm h¡§ Ed§ XþI-XX© ghZ H$aZo H$s epŠV àXmZ H$aVm h¡& X¥‹T>Vm Ed§ EH$mJ«Vm H$mo epŠV àXmZ H$aVm h¡§&

g§X^© J§«W gyMr

1. AmMm`©, ~mbH¥$îU, {dkmZ H$s H$gm¡Q>r na `moJ, {Xì` àH$meZ, h[aÛma, 2005

2. AmMm`©, _hmàk, OrdZ {dkmZ {ejm H$m Z`m Am`m_, O¡Z {díd ^maVr, bmS>Zy±, 2000

3. AñWmZm, {d{nZ, _Zm¡{dkmZ Am¡a {ejm _| _mnZ _yë`m§H$Z, {dZmoX nwñVH$ _§{Xa, AmJam, 2007

4. ^Q>ZmJa, S>m°. Ama.nr., {ejm AZwg§YmZ AJ«dmb npãbHo$eZ, AmJam, 2006

5. Xþ~o, A{Zb Hw$_ma Ed§ àr{V aoIm, {dÚm{W©`m| H$s ñ_¥{V Ed§§ {dkmZ _| CnbpãY na ì`m`m_ Ed§ moJmä`mg Ho$ à^md, maVr` {ejm emoY n{ÌH$m, 2008

6. H${nb , EM.Ho$., AZwg§YmZ {d{Y`m§ , EM.nr. ^mJ©d ~wH$ hmD$g, 2015

7. g_Ur, S>m°. G$Owàkm, ì`pŠVËd {dH$mg Am¡a `moJm, O¡Z {díd ^maVr, bmS>Zy§, 2009

8. garZ, Ed§ garZ, e¡{jH$ AZwg§YmZ {d{Y`m§, AJ«dmb npãbHo$eZ, AmJam, 2007

9. qgh, am_, hf©`moJ Am¡a `m¡{JH$ {M{H$Ëgm, Mm¡Iå^m g§ñH¥$V à{Vð>mZ, Odmha ZJa, ZB© {Xëbr, 2001

10. am_Xod, ñdm_r `moJ gmYZm Ed§ `moJ {M{H$Ëgm ahñ`, {Xì` àH$meZ, h[aÛma, 2005

àñVmdZm

àmMrZ H$mb go hr ^maV dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$_ H$mo AnZm AmXe© _mZVm ahm h¡ Omo g_ñV n¥Ïdr H$mo EH$ n[adma Am¡a Cg_| ahZo dmbm| H$mo ~ÝYw-~mÝYdm| Ho$ ê$n _| XoIVm ahm h¡& `h {dMma _mZddmX AWdm _mZdm{YH$ma Ho$ Xe©Z go AZwào[aV h¡ {Og_| "gd© OZ {hVm` gd© OZ gwIm`' {H$ AdYmaUm {Z{hV h¡ Omo àËòH$ ì`pŠV Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s H$m_Zm go ào[aV h¡ {H$ÝVw Bg AmXe© {dMmaYmam Ho$ ~mdOyX g_mO H$m EH$ dJ© {Ogo {dH$bm§J `m {Xì`m§J H$hH$a gå~mo{YV {H$`m J`m dmo `wJmo-`wJm| go AnZo ApñVËd Ho$ {bE g§Kf©aV h¡ VWm AnZo ñdm{^_mZ d Apñ_Vm H$s ajm Ho$ {bE {ZaÝVa A{¾ narjm XoVm ahm h¡& `Ú{n Bg dJ©

emoY gmam§e

^maV H$m g§{dYmZ ^maV Ho$ g^r ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ {bE g_mZVm, ñdV§ÌVm, Ý`m` d J[a_m gw{ZpíMV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ñnï> ê$n go `h {Xì`m§J ì`pŠV`m| g_oV EH$ g§`wŠV g_mO ~ZmZo na Omoa S>mbVm h¡& hmb Ho$ dfm] _| {Xì`m§Jm| Ho$ à{V g_mO H$m ZO[a`m VoOr go ~Xbm h¡& `h _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ `{X {Xì`m§J ì`pŠV`m| H$mo g_mZ Adga VWm à^mdr nwZ©dmg H$s gw{dYm {_bo Vmo do ~ohVa JwUdÎmmnyU© OrdZ ì`VrV H$a gH$Vo h¡§& {dH$bm§J ì`pŠV (g_mZ Adga, A{YH$ma, gwajm VWm nyU© ^mJrXmar) A{Y{Z`_, 1995, Eogo bmoJm| H$mo {ejm, amoOJma, AdamoY_wŠV dmVmdaU H$m {Z_m©U, gm_m{OH$ gwajm BË`m{X àXmZ H$aVm h¡& ^maV _| _mZdm{YH$am| H$s n[apñW{V H$mb-H«$_mZwgma ~XbVr ahVr h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ AdbmoH$Z H$s X¥{ï> go 1829 H$m gVr àWm {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_, 1329 H$m ~mb{ddmh {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_ Bg {Xem _| {deof Wo& Bgr H«$_ _| AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX 1973 _| Ho$edmZÝX ^maVr _m_bo _| _mZZr` CƒV_ Ý`m`mb` Ûmam g§{dYmZ H$s _m¡{bH$ g§aMZm An[adV©Zr` ~VmB© JB©& {Xì`m§Jm| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s gwajm Ed§ g§ajU hoVw AZoH$ H$mZyZ ~Zmò Jò h¡, bo{H$Z AmO r g_mO _| H$B© Eogr MwZm¡{V`m± h¡ {OZH$m gm_Zm {Xì`m§JOZm| H$mo H$aZm n‹S> ahm h¡& A{ejm Bg {Xem _| g~go ~‹S>r éH$mdQ> h¡, Š`m|{H$ Omo {Xì`m§J OZ {e{jV h¡, dht AnZo A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V A{YH$ OmJéH$ d OwPmé h¡& ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU H$m A^md ^r EH$ AÝ` ~‹S>r g_ñ`m h¡, Š`m|{H$ H$m¡eb Ed§ ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZnwUVm Ho$ {~Zm {Xì`m§J bmoJm| H$mo AmOr{dH$m MbmZo hoVw {H$gr AÝ` na {Z^©a ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Omo CZ_| AmË_{dídmg H$s H$_r n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ~mYmE± CZHo$ ì`pŠVËd Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo Hw§${R>V H$a XoVr h¡& {Xì`m§Jm| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$ma Am¡a CZHo$ gm_Zo AmZo dmbr MwZm¡{V`m± AmO h_mao g_mO Ho$ {bE {deof _hËd Ho$ {df` h¡, Š`m|{H$ Ohm± h_ g~H$s g_mZVm H$s ~mV H$hVo h¡ dhm± {Xì`m§Jm| H$s ~mV Zm H$aZm h_mar g~go ~‹S>r ^yb hmoJr&

g§Ho$Vmja … Am°{Q>Á_ ñnoŠQ´>_ {dH$ma, goao~«b nmëgr, {d{eï> àkVm Aj_VmE§

_| ^r gyaXmg O¡go ^ŠV H${d ^r hþE {OÝhm|Zo ^pŠV H$s A{dab Ymam H$m àgma {H$`m Vmo H$^r _hmamUm gm§Jm O¡gm dra `moÕm ^r àXmZ {H$`m {Ogo `moÕm H$m AmYm ^mJ H$hH$a gå~mo{YV {H$`m J`m Am¡a {OgZo AnZr Vbdma Ho$ ~b na EH$ epŠVembr gm_«mÁ` H$m`_ {H$`m& {H$ÝVw {\$a ^r O~ g_mO _| `mo½`Vm H$m Am±H$bZ {H$`m J`m Vmo Bg dJ© H$mo AŠga ZOaA§XmO H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmVm ahm& Bg pñW{V H$mo Xÿa H$a {dH$bm§J `m {Xì`m§JOZ H$mo g_mO H$s _ybYmam _| bmZo hoVw ñdV§Ì ^maV _| g§{dYm{ZH$ à`mg {H$E OmVo aho h¡§ Omo EH$ àe§gZr` H$X_ h¡&

^maV H$m g§{dYmZ g^r ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ {bE g_mZVm, ñdV§ÌVm, Ý`m` Ed§ J[a_m gw{ZpíMV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ñnï> ê$n go `h {Xì`m§J

^maVr` n[adoe _| {Xì`m§JOZ Ho$ _mZd A{YH$ma, MwZm¡{V`m± Ed§ Cnm` hf© qgh JhbmoV

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, B{Vhmg Ed§ ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V {d^mJ, amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


ì`pŠV`m| g_oV EH$ g§`wŠV g_mO ~ZmZo na Omoa S>mbVm h¡& hmb Ho$ dfm]§ _| {Xì`m§JOZ Ho$ à{V g_mO H$m ZO[a`m VoOr go ~Xbm h¡& h _mZm OmVm h¡§ {H$ {X {Xì`m§J ì`pŠV`m| H$mo g_mZ Adga VWm à^mdr nwZdm©g H$s gw{dYm {_bo Vmo do ~ohVa JwUdËVmnyU© OrdZ ì`VrV H$a gH$Vo h¡§& {dH$bm§J ì`pŠV (g_mZ Adga, A{YH$ma, gwajm VWm nyU© ^mJrXmar) A{Y{Z`_ 1995, Eogo bmoJm| H$mo {ejm, amoOJma, AdamoY_wŠV dmVmdaU H$m {Z_m©U, gm_m{OH$ gwajm BË`m{X àXmZ H$aVm h¡&

^maV Ho$ g§{dYmZ H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo g_` g§{dYmZ {Z_m©VmAm| H$m `h CX²Xoí` Wm {H$ Eogr gm_m{OH$-amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$s Omò {Og_| g~ ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo {dH$mg Ho$ g_mZ Adga àmá hm| (~Šer, 2009:31)& _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| r g§{dYmZ H$s hr _yb mdZm {Z{hV h¡ Omo g_ñV ì`pŠV`m| H$mo AnZo ì`pŠVËd Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Cn`w©ŠV n[apñW{V`m± àXmZ H$aZo na ~b XoVr h¡ ({_lm, 2011 : 2)&

_mZdm{YH$ma EH$ Eogm Xe©Z h¡ Omo _Zwî` Ho$ H$ë`mU Am¡a AmZÝX na Ho$pÝÐV h¡& Bg_| Z¡{VH$ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ _yë` VWm ^m¡{VH$ ~hþbVm XmoZm| gpå_{bV h¡§& `h {ZY©ZVm VWm {Z{hV ñdmWm] H$m eÌw h¡ Š`m|{H$ ò _mZdVm Ho$ {déÕ h¡&2

Oè§H$a àgmX Ho$ AZwgma ''OrdZ AZÝV, AZída Am¡a J{V_mZ h¡& dh Z H$^r éH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z H$^r Zï> hmoVm h¡& AV: Cgo OrZm Amdí`H$ h¡, na `h OrZm BÀN>m {H«$`m Am¡a kmZ Ho$ g_Ýd` Ho$ gmW hmoZm Mm{hE& V^r {df_Vm g_má hmoJr Am¡a nyU© AmZÝX H$s àm{á hmoJr&

^maV _| _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s n[apñW{V H$mb-H«$_mZwgma ~XbVr ahVr h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ AdbmoH$Z H$s X¥{ï> go 1829 H$m gVr àWm {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_, 1929 H$m ~mb{ddmh {ZfoY A{Y{Z`_ Bg {Xem _| {deof Wo& Bgr H«$_ _| AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX 1973 _| Ho$edmZÝX ^maVr _m_bo _| _mZZr` CƒV_ Ý`m`mb` Ûmam g§{dYmZ H$s _m¡{bH$ g§aMZm An[adV©Zr` ~VmB© JB©&

^maV _| 1993 H$m df© _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ g§X^© _| _rb H$m nËWa gm{~V hþAm, Š`m|{H$ Bgr df© amï´>r` _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ {Z{_©V hþAm& hmb Ho$ dfm]§ _| ZdrZ H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z Bg joÌ _| X¥{ï>JmoMa hþE& 2005 _| O~ gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_ nm[aV {H$`m J`m, {Oggo gmd©O{ZH$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ A{YH$ma joÌ _| g§K{Q>V gyMZm VH$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$s nhþ±M hmo JB©& 2005 H$m hr _ZaoJm amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma Jma§Q>r A{Y{Z`_ ^r Bg {Xem _| EH$ gamhZr` H$X_ ahm&

_mZdm{YH$mam| H$s Bg bmoH${à` AdYmaUm _| {d{^ÝZ njm| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s MMm© H$s OmVr O¡go - _{hbmAm| Ho$

_mZdm{YH$ma, ~ƒm| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$ma, H¡${X`m| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$ma Am¡a {Xì`m§Jm| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$ma Am{X&

{Xì`m§JOZ Ho$ _mZdm{YH$ma Am¡a CgHo$ gm_Zo AmZo dmbr MwZm¡{V`m± AmO h_mao g_mO Ho$ {bE {deof _hËd Ho$ {df` h¡§, Š`m|{H$ Ohm± h_ g~H$s g_mZVm H$s ~mV H$hVo h¡§ dhm± {Xì`m§Jm| H$s ~mV Z H$aZm h_mar g~go ~‹S>r ^yb hmoJr&International Classi�ication of Impairment Disabilities and Handicapped Ho$ AZwgma {Xì`m§JVm H$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma Xr JB© h¡- ""ì`pŠV _| C_«, qbJ, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$maH$m| _| j{V Ed§ Aj_Vm Ho$ H$maU Omo ZwH$gmZ `m {nN>‹S>mnZ hmo OmVm h¡, Cgo {Xì`m§JVm ({dH$bm§JVm) H$hVo h¡§&''

1993 go AÝVam©ï´>r` ñVa na {dH$bm§JOZ _| OmJéH$Vm n¡Xm H$aZo d EH$gyÌ _| {namoZo hoVw 3 {Xgå~a H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` {dH$bm§J {Xdg _Zm`m OmVm h¡&

{Xì`m§JOZ H$mo g_mO H$s _w»` Ymam _| em{_b H$aZo hoVw Ed§ àJ{V Ho$ C{MV Adga àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {deof àH$ma Ho$ H$mZyZ Am¡a A{YH$mam| H$s Amdí`H$Vm _hgyg hþB©& ^maV _| 2011 H$s OZJUZm _| {Xì`m§J ì`pŠV`m| H$s g§»`m 2 H$amo‹S> go ^r A{YH$ ~VmB© JB©& AV: g_mO _| BVZo ~‹S>o V~Ho$ H$s Cnojm H$a AmJo Zht ~‹T>m Om gH$Vm Am¡a Bg{bE Yrao-Yrao Bg {Xem _| H$mZyZ ~ZZo bJo&

Bgr H«$_ _| The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ^r {deof C„oIZr` h¡, {Og_| {dH$bm§JVm H$s eVm] H$mo 7 go ~‹T>mH$a 21 H$a {X`m J`m, Omo {ZåZ h¡ (^maV H$m amOnÌ {Xì`m§OZ A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_, 2016) -

1. X¥{ï>hrZVm, 2. H$_Omoa X¥{ï>, 3. Hw$ð>amoJ go _wŠV hmo MwHo$ ì`pŠV, 4. _yH$, 5. ~{Ya, 6. MbZo _| Aj_, 7. ~m¡ZmnZ, 8. ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$bm§JVm, 9. _mZ{gH$ ~r_mar, 10. Am°{Q>Á_ ñnoŠQ´>_ {dH$ma, 11. goao~«b nmëgr, 12. _m§gnoer Xþ{d©H$ma, 13. ñWmZr` ñWm`{dH$ n[apñW{V`m±, 14. {d{eï> nkVm Aj_VmE§, 15. _ëQ>rnb ñHo$boamo{gg, 16. ^mfm d ^mfm g§~§Yr {dH$bm§JVm, 17. Wobogr{_`m, 18. hr_mo\$s{b`m, 19. pñH$b gob ~r_mar, 20. E{gS> AQ>¡H$ go nr{‹S>V, 21. nm{Hª$gZ ~r_mar

Bg H$mZyZ Ûmam Xoe H$s Am~mXr Ho$ 2.68 H$amo‹S> ì`pŠV`m| H$mo CZH$m A{YH$ma {_boJm Am¡a {dH$bm§J ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ gmW {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m ôX^md {H$ò OmZo na 2 df© H$s Oob d A{YH$V_ 5 bmI ê$nò Ow_m©Zo H$m àmdYmZ ^r Bg A{Y{Z`_ _|o {H$`m J`m h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

^maVr` nwZdm©g A{Y{Z`_, 1992

^maVr` nwZdm©g n[afX² Ûmam aIo Om aho a{OñQ>am| _| {OZ à{e{jV d {deofk ì`dgm{`H$m| Ho$ Zm_ XO© h¡§, CZHo$ Ûmam {dH$bm§JOZ H$mo bm^ nhþ±MmZm Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Ho$ {Z`§ÌUmYrZ d A{Y{Z`_ Ûmam {ZYm©[aV gr_mAm| Ho$ ^rVa {H$gr gm§{d{YH$ n[afX² Ûmam nwZdm©g ì`dgm{`H$m| Ho$ ì`dgm` _| {d{Z_` H$s Jma§Q>r&

amï´>r` Ý`mg A{Y{Z`_, 1999

Bg_| Ho$ÝÐ H$m Xm{`Ëd h¡ {H$ dh Am{Q>Á_, à_pñVîH$ A§JKmV, _mZ{gH$ _§XVm d ~hþ{dH$bm§JVm J«ñV ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE ZB© {X„r _| Ý`mg H$m JR>Z H$a|& amï´>r` Ý`mg Ho$ Ý`mgr ~moS©> H$m `h Xm{`Ëd h¡ {H$ do dgr`V _| C„opIV {H$gr ^r bm^J«mhr Ho$ g_w{MV OrdZñVa Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ à~§Y H$a| Am¡a {dH$bm§JOZ Ho$ bm^ Ho$ {bE AZw_mo{XV H$m`©H«$_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE n§OrH¥$V g§JR>Zm| H$mo {dËVr` ghm`Vm àXmZ H$a|&

_mZ{gH$ ê$n go ê$½U {dH$bm§J ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ A{YH$ma (_mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` A{Y{Z`_, 1987)

_mZ{gH$ ê$n go ê$½U ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ CnMma d XoI^mb Ho$ {bE gaH$ma H$m {H$gr AÝ` ì`pŠV Ûmam ñWm{nV `m AZwa{jV {H$E Om aho {H$gr _Zmo{M{H$ËgH$s` AñnVmb `m ñdmñÏ` bm^J«h _| ^Vu hmoZo, CnMma H$admZo `m XoI^mb H$admZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡& {dH$bm§JOZ Ho$ H$ë`mU _| gaH$ma Ho$ à`mgm| Ho$ gmW AZoH$ J¡a gaH$mar g§ñWm`| (EZOrAmo) ^r AnZm _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ XoVo aho h¡§& amï´>r` Zr{V J¡a gaH$mar g§JR>Zm| (EZOrAmo) H$mo EH$ H$m\$s Ah_ g§ñWm{ZH$ àUmbr Ho$ ê$n _| _mZVr h¡, Omo gaH$ma Ho$ à`mgm| H$mo bmJy H$aZo H$m EH$ loð> _mÜ`_ h¡&

EZOrAmo goŠQ>a J{Verb d CXr`_mZ joÌ h¡& {dH$bm§J ì`pŠV H$mo godm XoZo Ho$ àmdYmZ _| BgZo EH$ Ah_ ^y{_H$m {Z^mB© h¡& Hw$N> EZOrAmo _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg VWm AZwg§YmZ H$m`© g§Mm{bV H$a aho h¡§& gaH$ma ^r CÝh| g{H«$` ê$n go Zr{V Ho$ gyÌrH$aU, `moOZm, {H«$`mÝd`Z, {ZJamZr _| em{_b H$a ahr h¡ Am¡a {dH$bm§JVm go Ow‹S>o H$B© _wX²Xm| na CZgo nam_e© àmá H$a ahr h¡& EZOrAmo Ho$ gmW H$m`©-ì`dhma H$mo {dH$bm§JVm go Ow‹S>r `moOZm, Zr{V gyÌrH$aU VWm {H«$`mÝd`Z Ho$ joÌ _| ~‹T>m`m OmEJm& ZoQ>d{Hª$J, gyMZmAm| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ VWm EZOrAmo Ho$ ~rM AÀN>r H$m`© nÕ{V`m| H$mo gmPm H$aZo Ho$ à`mg H$mo àmoËg{mhV {H$`m OmEJm& BgHo$ {bE {ZåZ H$m`©H«$_ g§Mm{bV {H$E OmE§Jo&

{dH$bm§JVm Ho$ joÌ _| H$m_ H$aZo dmbo EZOrAmo H$s EH$ {ZX}{eH$m V¡`ma H$s Om`oJr, Ohm± CZHo$ à_wI H$m`m]§ Ho$ gmW CZHo$ H$m`© joÌ H$m ^r C„oI {H$`m OmEJm& H|$Ð/amÁ` gaH$mam| Ûmam g_{W©V EZOrAmo Ho$ {bE CZH$s g§gmYZ pñW{V, {dËVr` VWm _mZd ~b H$s ^r gyMZm Xr OmEJr& {dH$bm§J ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ g§JR>Z, nm[adm[aH$ g§Km| VWm CZHo$ _mVm-{nVm H$m g_W©Z H$aZo dmbo g_yh H$mo ^r Bg {ZX}{eH$m _| e{m_b {H$`m OmEJm, Ohm± CZH$m AbJ go C„oI {H$`m OmEJm& EZOrAmo Ho$ H$m`m] Ho$ {dH$mg _| joÌr`/amÁ` Ag§VwbZ _m¡OyX h¡& AZma{jV VWm gwXÿa BbmH$m| _| Bg {Xem _| H$m_ H$aZo dmbo EZOrAmo H$mo àmoËgm{hV {H$`m OmEJm VWm CZH$m g§X^© àñVwV {H$`m OmEJm& à{V{ð>V EZOrAmo H$mo ^r Eogo BbmH$m| _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`m OmEJm& EZOrAmo H$mo Ý`yZV_ _mZH$, AmMma g§{hVm VWm Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ~‹T>mdm {X`m OmEJm&

EZOrAmo H$mo CZHo$ H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ à{ejU VWm OmZH$mar àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ Adga àXmZ {H$E OmE§Jo& à~§YZ j_Vm H$m à{ejU nhbo go {X`m Om ahm h¡, Bgo Am¡a ^r _O~yV ~Zm`m OmEJm& nmaX{e©Vm, {Oå_oXmar, à{H«$`m H$s gabVm BË`m{X& EZOrAmo-gaH$ma Ho$ gh`moJ Ho$ {Xem-{ZX}eH$ H$maH$ hm|Jo&

EZOrAmo H$mo CZHo$ g§gmYZ H$m {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`m OmEJm Vm{H$ gaH$ma go {_bZo dmbr {dËVr` ghm`Vm na CZH$s {Z^©aVm H$_ H$s Om gHo$ VWm Bg joÌ _| \§$S> H$s CnbãYVm _| ^r gwYma {H$`m Om gHo$& EH$ `moOZm~Õ VarHo$ go EZOrAmo H$mo {_bZo dmbr ghm`Vm _| H$_r H$aZr hmoJr Vm{H$ CnbãY g§gmYZm| Ho$ ^rVa _XX H$s OmZo dmbr EZOrAmo H$s g§»`m A{YH$V_ hmo& Bg {Xem _| EZOrAmo H$mo g§gmYZ Ho$ EH$ÌU Ho$ {bE à{e{jV {H$`m OmEJm&

Hw$N> J¡a-gaH$mar g§JR>Z Omo {dH$bm§JOZ Ho$ {bE {deof à`mgaV h¡§, O¡go- X¥{ï>hrZm| hoVw g§JR>Z N.A.B. (National Association for the Blind), NFB (National Federation of the Blind).

_yH$ ~{Yam| hoVw J¡a-gaH$mar g§JR>Z

1. gmW©H$ à`mg

2. All India Deaf and Dumb Society3. All India Federation of Deaf and Dumb

bmoH$mo_mo{Q>d hoVw J¡a-gaH$mar g§JR>Z1. National Institute of Locomotive2. CanIndia3. _hmdra {dH$bm§J g§ñWm Ed§ O`nwa \w$Q>

ISSN 2348-3857


_mZ{gH$ {d_§X ì`pŠV`m| hoVw g§JR>Z

1. _wñH$mZ

2. {d_§{XV ì`pŠV`m| hoVw g§ñWm, {X„r

E{gS> nr{‹S>V ì`pŠV`m| hoVw g§JR>Z

Acid Survivors Foundation of India (ASFI)Hw$N> {dH$bm§JOZ {OÝhm|Zo g\$bVm Ho$ {eIa na AnZm naM_ bham`m h¡, CZ_| à_wI h¢ (www.thebetterindia.com/16449) -1. Aé{U_m {gÝhm - {OZH$mo MbVr aob go bwQ>oam| Zo ZrMo \|$H$

{X`m bo{H$Z EH$ n¡a ImoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX CÝhm|Zo _mCÊQ> EdaoñQ> \$Voh {H$`m&

2. à{gÕ Z¥Ë`m§JZm Am¡a A{^ZoÌr gwYmMÝÐZ - {OÝhm|Zo Z Ho$db ^maV ~pëH$ nyar Xþ{Z`m _| AnZr H$bm H$mo àX{e©V {H$`m&

3. g§JrV Xþ{Z`m _| {j{VO na M_Ho$ a{dÝÐ O¡Z

4. amOñWmZ dr_¡Z Am°\$ Xr B©à nwañH$ma àmá eVmãXr AdñWr (Xÿa^mf na dmVm©bmn)&

5. à{gÕ pIbm‹S>r XodoÝÐ PmP{‹S>`m&

6. {M{H$ËgH$ S>m°. gwaoe AmS>dmUr Am{X&

AZoH$ Eogo »`m{V àmá Zm_ {OÝhm|Zo {dH$bm§JVm H$mo ~mYH$ Zht ~ZZo {X`m, ~pëH$ Xoe-{dXoe _| AnZo Xoe H$m Jm¡ad ~‹T>m`m&

{Xì`m§J ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s gwajm Ed§ g§ajU hoVw AZoH$ H$mZyZ ~Zmò Jò h¡§, bo{H$Z AmO ^r g_mO _| H$B© Eogr MwZm¡{V`m± h¢ {OZH$m gm_Zm {Xì`m§JOZ H$mo H$aZm n‹S> ahm h¡& A{ejm Bg {Xem _| g~go ~‹S>r éH$mdQ> h¡, Š`m|{H$ Omo {Xì`m§J OZ {e{jV h¡, dht AnZo A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V A{YH$ OmJéH$ d OwPmê$ h¢&

ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU H$m A^md ^r EH$ AÝ` ~‹S>r g_ñ`m h¡, Š`m|{H$ H$m¡eb Ed§ ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZnwUVm Ho$ {~Zm {Xì`m§J bmoJm| H$mo AmOr{dH$m MbmZo hoVw {H$gr AÝ` na {Z^©a ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Omo CZ_| AmË_{dídmg H$s H$_r n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ~mYmE± CZHo$ ì`pŠVËd Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo Hw§${R>V H$a XoVr h¡&

ZmJ[aH$ g_mO _| {dH$bm§J ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ à{V gmoM ^r A{YH$ gH$mamË_H$ Zht hmoVr Am¡a ò {Xì`m§J OZ ñd`§ H$mo Cno{jV _hgyg H$aVo h¡§&

E{gS> AQ>¡H$ go nr{‹S>V _{hbmAm| H$m CXmhaU Bg {Xem _| C„oIZr` h¡ Š`m|{H$ do _{hbmE§ ñd`§ H$mo _mZ{gH$ ê$n go H$m\$s

H$_Omoa _hgyg H$aVr h¡§ Am¡a emar[aH$ g§aMZm _| hþò öX` {dXmaH$ n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW OrdZ OrZm CÝh| H${R>Z _hgyg hmoVm h¡&

gaH$mar `moOZmAm| Ed§ {Z`_m| H$m bm^ ^r dmñVd _| nr{‹S>VOZ Ed§ {Xì`m§J bmoJm| VH$ Zht nhþ±M nmVm, Š`m|{H$ ^«ï>mMma Ed§ bmb\$sVmemhr dhm± ^r ~mYH$ ~Z OmVo h¡§&

· amÁ`m| Ho$ {Z:eŠVOZ Am`moJ IwX {Z:eŠV h¡, dh H$mZyZm| H$mo R>rH$ go nmbZ Zht H$adm nmVo h¡&

· H$m`©joÌ _| ^r {dH$bm§J bmoJm| hoVw {ZYm©[aV gw{dYmE± Zht CnbãY H$admB© OmVr, O¡go {X„r {díd{dÚmb` _| {dH$bm§Jm| hoVw {deof gw{dYmE§ h¡§ bo{H$Z A^r amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb` _| ^r Eogr gw{dYmAm| H$m A^md h¡&

· {dH$bm§JOZ H$mo {ddmh gå~ÝYr g_ñ`mAm| H$m ^r gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ g_mO AmO ^r CZHo$ à{V A{YH$ gH$mamË_H$ Zht h¡&

{ZîH$f©

AV: g_mO _| {dH$bm§JOZ Ho$ _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE H$mZyZ Vmo H$m\$s ~Z Jò, bo{H$Z Amdí`H$Vm h¡ CZ H$mZyZm| H$m bm^ grYo à^m{dV V~Ho$ VH$ nhþ±Mm`m Omò& BgHo$ {bE g_mO H$s ^r _mZ{gH$Vm _| ~Xbmd Oê$ar h¡, Vm{H$ gH$mamË_H$ gmoM {dH$mb§JOZ H$mo {_bo Am¡a do AmJo ~‹T>H$a ñdàoaUm go g_mO H$s _w»`Ymam _| AmZo H$m à`mg H$a gH|$&

g_mO _| `h ~Xbmd g_pÝdV à`mg go hr g§^d hmoJm, {Oggo J¡a-gaH$mar g§JR>Z, gaH$ma, {dH$bm§J OZ ñd`§ d ZmJ[aH$ g_mO Am{X g^r {_bH$a à`mg H$a| Vm{H$ g_J« Am¡a g§Vw{bV {dH$mg H$m ñdßZ gmH$ma hmo VWm ^maV EH$ Jm¡adembr Ed§ Iwehmb amï´> Ho$ ê$n _| {díd {j{VO na Câ|&

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr1. ~Šer, EZ.Eg., _mZdm{YH$ma {ejm, ñnmoQ>©g npãbHo$eZ,

{Xëbr, 2009

2. {_lm, S>m°. _hoÝÐ Hw$_ma, ^maV Ho$ _mZdm{YH$ma, Iob gm{hË` Ho$ÝÐ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011

3. ^maV H$m amOnÌ, {Xì`m§JOZ A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_ 2016, n¥.g§. 22

4. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.X~oQ>aBpÊS>`m.H$m°_/16449/\o$_g> BpÊS>`Z {dX² {S>gE{~{b{Q>O

5. Xÿa^mf na dmVm©bmn Ho$ AmYma na (lr hf© qgh JhbmoV Ûmam {dH$bm§J pIbm‹S>r eVmãXr AdñWr go dmVm©bmn Ûmam)

àñVmdZm

"g§ñH¥${V' eãX H$m gå~ÝY h¡ "g§ñH$ma go', {OgH$m AW© h¡ g§emoYZ H$aZm, CÎm_ ~ZmZm, n[aîH$ma H$aZm& A§J«oOr eãX H$ëMa _| dhr YmVw h¡ Omo "EJ«rH$ëMa' _| h¡& BgH$m ^r AW© n¡Xm H$aZm `m gwYmaZm h¡& g§ñH$ma ì`pŠV Ho$ ^r hmoVo Am¡a Om{V Ho$ ^r; OmVr` g§ñH$mam| H$mo hr g§ñH¥$V H$hVo h¡&1

^maVr` g§ñH¥${V {díd Ho$ B{Vhmg _| H$B© X¥{ï>`m| go {deof _hËd aIVr h¡& `h g§gma H$s àmMrZV_ g§ñH¥${V`m| _| go EH$ h¡& ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$_© àYmZ g§ñH¥${V h¡& ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AW© _| `m amOZr{V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AW© _| {deof ê$n go ^maVr` Zht h¡ dh d¡Mm[aH$ ê$n go ^maVr` h¡& ^maV Ho$ g^r {Zdmgr BgH$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§-`h ^r Zht h¡& ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ^maVr` h¡ Vmo d¡Mm[aH$ AW© _| Am¡a BgHo$ gmPrXma, {hÝXÿ, _wgb_mZ, B©gmB©, ~m¡Õ g^r hmo gH$Vo h¡ nyao Zht Vmo AmYo hr ghr, naÝVw BgH$s nyar {damgV {H$gr EH$ g_wXm` `m ì`pŠV H$mo Zht {_br&2

doXm| _| amOZr{V

amOZr{V nwamVZ H$mb go hr _mZd OrdZ H$m A{^ÝZ A§J

emoY gmam§e

g§ñH¥${V H$m joÌ ~hþV ì`mnH$ h¡ Am¡a Cg_o§ gm{hË`, g§JrV, bmoH$ dmÎmm©, Y_©, Xe©Z, amOZr{V g^r H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡, VWm{n dh _yb ê$n go B{Vhmg H$m A§J h¡& ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$_© àYmZ g§ñH¥${V h¡& ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AW© _| `m amOZr{V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AW© _| {deof ê$n go ^maVr` Zht h¡ dh d¡Mm[aH$ ê$n go ^maVr` h¡& B{Vhmg _| A^r VH$ amOZr{V H$mo hr {deof _hËd {X`m OmVm ahm h¡& amOm-_hmamOm, dra goZmZr Am{X hr B{Vhmg Ho$ dmñV{dH$ gyÌYma _mZo OmVo ah| h¡, {H$ÝVw {H$gr Xoe H$s dmñV{dH$ g_¥{Õ Am¡a gånÝZVm CgHo$ Z¡{VH$ CÝZ{V, OrdZ-`mnZ Ho$ ñVa, g§ñWmAm|, {ejm-Xrjm Am¡a gm_m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| Ho$ A{V[aŠV H${d`m|, {dMmaH$m|, H$bmH$mam| Am¡a OZVm OZmX©Z H$mo ^r ñWmZ {_bVm h¡& ^maV Ho$ dV©_mZ amOZr{VH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m| H$mo gwYmaZo H$m à`mg doXm| H$s àaoUm go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& _hmË_m Jm±Yr H$m Xe©Z ^r amOZr{V H$mo AÜ`mË_ VWm Z¡{VH$Vm go Omo‹S>Vm h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … g§ñH¥${V, g§ñH$ma, nwamVZ H$mb, doX, am_mÙ, _hm^maV, ^maVdf©, _mZdVmdmXr

ahr h¡& dV©_mZ g_` _| amOZr{V àËòH$ ì`pŠV Ho$ OrdZ H$mo à^m{dV H$a ahr h¡& amOZr{V AWm©V² amOm Ho$ emgZ H$aZo H$s nÕ{V& àmMrZ ^maV Ho$ _hËdnyU© amOd§em| H$m nVm h_| d¡{XH$ Ed§ nm¡am{UH$ gm{hË` go bJVm h¡& gy`© Am¡a MÝÐd§e Ho$ {H$VZo hr amOmAm| Zo ^maV Ho$ {d{^ÝZ ^mJm| H$mo OrVa MH«$dVu H$s nXdr H$mo àmá {H$`m Wm& {OZH$m C„oI G$½doX _| AmVm h¡ VWm {OZH$s H$s{V© JmWm nwamUm| _| ^r àmá hmoVr h¡& d¡{XH$ AÜ``Z go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ OrdZ H$m àËòH$ nhby gm§ñH¥${VH$, AmYma{ebm na Am{lV Wm& Cg g_` H$m amOZr{VH$ OrdZ ^r gm§ñH¥${VH$ n¥ð>^y{_ na AmYm[aV Wm&3 àmMrZ ^maV _| amOZ¡{VH$ {dH$mg ^r gm_m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ g_mZ hr hþAm Wm& gm§ñH¥${VH$ àJ{V go hr amOZr{VH$ OmJ¥{V CËnÝZ hþB©& d¡{XH$ AÜ``Z go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ OrdZ H$m àËòH$ nhby gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmYma{ebm na Am{lV Wm&

doXm| H$m _hËd

doX H$m _hËd AZoH$ X¥{ï>`m| go _mZm OmVm h¡& doX Vmo {hÝXÿ Y_© Am¡a ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$s AmYma{ebm h¡& ^maVr` OZ_mZg _| B©ídar` kmZ Ho$ ê$n _| doXm| _| na_ AmñWm XoIr OmVr h¡&

^maVr` g§ñH¥${V, amOZr{V Am¡a doXS>m° _rZm ~a{‹S>`m

gh AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJO`ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


nma§n[aH$ _V _| "AmpñVH$' dh h¡ Omo doX H$s àm_m{UH$Vm _| {dídmg aIVm h¡ Am¡a "ZmpñVH$' dh h¡ Omo doX H$s {ZÝXm H$aVm h¡& doX ^maVr` B{Vhmg Ho$ àmapå^H$ H$mb H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aZo _o§ ghm`H$ h¢& BZ_| ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am¡a ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ddaU hr Zht, A{nVw `Xþ, Vwd©e Am{X OZ g_yhm| Ho$ {ddaU ^r {_bVo h¢& doXm| H$s _hÎmm Ho$ {df` ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V, Y_© Am¡a Xe©Z H$m ^ì` àmgmX doX H$s AmYma{ebm na hr à{V{ð>V hþAm h¡ &4

Bg{bE àmaå^ go hr {ejm Am¡a amOZr{V, kmZmO©Z Ho$ AÝV©JV doXm| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$s Cn`mo{JVm EH$_V go ñdrH$ma H$s JB© h¡& d¡{XH$ `wJ Ho$ Am`© _moj Ho$ {bE {MpÝVV Zht Wo, Z do g§gma Ho$ Agma _mZH$a Cggo ^mJZm MmhVo Wo& CZH$s àmW©Zm H$s G$MmE§ Eogr h¡§, {OZgo nñV go nñV AmX{_`m| Ho$ ^rVa ^r C_§J H$s bha OmJ gH$Vr h¡& d¡{XH$ àmW©ZmE§, àmW©ZmE§ r h¡§, Am¡a g~b, ñdñW, à\$Vb OrdZ H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZo dmbo _§Ì ^r&5

dmë_rH$s` am_mÙ Am¡a _hm^maV g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` Ho$ Xmo Eogo J«ÝW h¢, Omo d¡{XH$ `wJ Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ AZwerbZ Ho$ {bE ~hþV Cn`moJr h¢& doXm| _| AZoH$ Z{X`m|, nd©Vm|, OZnXm|, Om{V`m| VWm amÁ`m| Ho$ Zm_ ^r {_bVo h¡& doX _§Ìm| _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ H$B© g§Ho$V {_bVo h¢&6 ^m¡Jmo{bH$ X¥{ï> go ^maV {d{dYVmAm| H$m Xoe h¡, {\$a ^r g§mñH¥${VH$ ê$n go EH$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| BgH$m ApñVËd, àmMrZH$mb go ~Zm hþAm h¡& BZ {d{dYVmAm| Ho$ H$maU hr ^maV _| AZoH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnYmamE± {dH${gV hmoH$a n„{dV Am¡a nwpînV hþB© h¢&7

doX {H$gZo CËnÝZ {H$ò h¡§? gV² {OgH$m H$^r Zme Zht hmoVm, {MV² gXm kmZ ñdê$n h¡, {OgH$mo AkmZ H$m boe ^r H$^r Zht hmoVm, AmZÝX Omo gXm gwIñdê$n Am¡a g~H$mo gwI XoZo dmbm h¡, BË`m{X bjUm| go `wŠV nwéf Omo g~ OJh _o§ n[anyU© hmo ahm h¡, Omo g~ _Zwî`m| H$mo CnmgZm Ho$ `mo½` Bï>Xod Am¡a g~ gm_Ï`© go `wŠV h¢ Cgr na ~«÷ go G$½doX, Òwd}X, gm_doX Am¡a AWd©doX ò Mmam| doX CËnÝZ hþE h¡§& Bgr{bò g~ _Zwî`m| H$mo C{MV h¡ {H$ doXm| H$m J«hU H$a| Am¡a doXm|ŠV ar{V go hr Mb|&8 Omo gd© epŠV_mZ na_oída h¡, Cgr go ò Mmam| doX CËnÝZ hþE h¢ Omo gË` H$m AmMaU H$aZo dmbm h¡, dh gXm {dO` Am¡a gwI H$mo àmá hmoVm h¡, Am¡a Omo {_Ï`mMaU AWm©V² PyR>o H$m_m| H$mo H$aZo dmbm h¡ dh gXm namO` Am¡a Xþ:I hr H$mo àmá hmoVm h¡&

amOZr{V EH$ Eogm {df` h¡ {OgH$s à{Vð>m Amoa à_wIVm H$mo boH$a {d{^ÝZ `wJm| _| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma go MMm© H$s OmVr ahr h¡ Am¡a H$s Om ahr h¡& {H$gr {df` H$mo Ord§VVm àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE

Oê$ar h¡, {df` H$s gmW©H$Vm Am¡a CgHo$ Ûmam àñVwV {H$ò Jò g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ {ZamH$aU H$s j_Vm& doXm| go h_Zo amOZr{V H$mo g_Pm h¡& `h g_` Ho$ gmW amOZr{V Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| _| n[adV©Z H$aHo$ AnZo OrdZ H$mo Am¡a A{YH$ ì`dpñWV, gwJ_ ~ZmVm MbVm h¡&

_mZd gä`Vm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| {ÛVr` {díd `wÕ EH$ Eogm n‹S>md h¡ {Oggo nhbo Am¡a {OgHo$ CnamÝV _Zwî` go Ow‹S>o bJ^J g^r joÌm| _| EH$ ~‹S>m n[adV©Z XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡& 200 gmbm| VH$ Owë_ Am¡a emofU H$s O§Oram| _| OH$‹S>o ^maV Zo ^r Bgr Xm¡amZ EH$ Zò ^{dî` H$s Amem _| H$X_ ~‹T>m`m& H$~ Am¡a {H$g dŠV npíM_r gä`Vm, g§ñH¥${V, gm{hË` Am¡a {dMmam| H$m`© AÝYmZwH$aU h_| h_mar O‹S>m| go Xÿa H$aVm Mbm J`m BgH$m AZw^d h_ AmO VH$ ^r Zht H$a nm aho h¡§& n[aUm_ ñdê$n {OZ _yë`, AmXem] Ho$ ~b na ^maV EH$ _hmZ amï´> ~Zm, Cgr nhMmZ Am¡a ApñVd H$s ImoO h_mao {bE EH$ MwZm¡Vr ~Z JB© h¡& Bg g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ h_ doXm| _| hr ImoO gH$Vo h¡&

^maV amOZr{V go gå~pÝYV {d{^ÝZ {dYmAm| _| gånyU© {díd H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo H$s j_Vm aIVm h¡, Š`m| AmO amOZr{V H$m {df` ApñVËd H$mo VbmeZo Am¡a VameZo _| h_| npíM_r {dMmaH$m| H$s boIZr H$m ghmam boZm n‹S> ahm h¡? Š`m| A^r VH$ ^r d¡pídH$ ñVa na ^maVr` amOZr{V {MÝVZ d Xe©Z H$mo OmZZo g_PZo H$m H$moB© Jå^ra à`mg Zht {H$`m J`m Om ahm h¡&

ñdm_r {ddoH$mZÝX _mZdVmdmXr {dMmamYmam Ho$ àdV©H$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^m¡{VH$dmX H$mo CVZo hr AW© _| ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡§ {Oggo OZ gmYmaU Ho$ {bE amoQ>r H$s nyU© ì`dñWm hmo gHo$& do OZVm Ho$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE A{YH$ à`mgaV aho& Bgr H$maU CÝhm|Zo ~oÝ`_ Ho$ Cn`mo{JVmdmXr Xe©Z H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m& Cƒ AmXe© Am¡a CËH¥$ï> ì`mdhm[aH$Vm H$m gwÝXa gm_Oñ` CZHo$ {dMmam| _| Ohm± àmá hmoVm h¡ dht CÝhm|Zo AnZo AmXe© H$mo H$^r Zht Ë`mJm&10 B©ídaVËd' Am¡a "_Zwî`Ëd' `hr Xmo ^md h¡§ Omo gånyU© {díd H$m EH$Ëd àXmZ H$aZo _| ghm`H$ {gÕ hmoVo h¡§& g^r _Zwî` a§J-ê$n, ~w{Õ, {ddoH$, {dÚm, emar[aH$ ~b _| nmW©Š` hmoZo na ^r _Zwî` h¢& h_ g^r _| "_Zwî`Ëd' H$m EH$ ^md h¡, Omo A_yV© h¡& "_Zwî`Ëd' H$m ^md "B©ídaVËd' go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡& g^r _Zwî` {d{^ÝZ _mJm] go hmoVo hþE Cg EH$ B©ída H$s Am¡a AJ«ga hmo aho h¡§, doX ^r g^r Xoe-H$mb H$s gr_m go _mZd go Omo‹S>Vo h¢& BÝht Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {díd ~ÝYwËd H$s ñWmnZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& ò hr gmd© ^m¡{_H$ h¡, gd©Ì h¡ Am{X h¡ AZÝV h¡§, AOÝ_m Am¡a AÝV©{Z{hV h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

{ZîH$f©

AmO {díd H$s g_ñ`m`| BVZr A{YH$ {dH$amb ê$n YmaU H$aVr Om ahr h¢ {H$ _mÌ AÝVam©ï´>r` g§JR>Z AÝVam©ï´>r` g§K, AÝVam©ï´>r` {dYmZ _| hr _yb_§Ì ñdê$n h¡& doXm| H$mo AnZmZm hmoJm& bmIm| Za-Zm[a`m± n{dÌVm Ho$ A{¾_§Ì _| Xr{jV hmoH$a ^JdmZ _| X¥‹T>-{dídmg ê$nr nX X{bV, X[aÐ Amoa n{VV Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V aI|& gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm H$m _yb AmYma g_mZVm h¡& {Og àH$ma g§gma Ho$ àËòH$ H$U _|, Ord _| _Zwî`m| _| EH$ _mÌ ~«÷` g_m{hV h¡ Cgr àH$ma h_ g^r H$mo g_mZ ^md go XoI| Ho$db g_Ëd H$m Xe©Z H$a|& gd©àW_ h_| Xoh Am¡a _Z ê$nr Hw$g§ñH$ma H$mo Ë`mJZm Mm{hE& g^r Xoh _Z Ho$ nrN>o AmË_mAm| H$s AmË_m {díd H$s AmË_m OrdZm| H$m OrdZ h¡& h_mar dmñV{dH$ AmË_m {dÚ_mZ h¡&11 gd©Ì B©ída H$s AZw^y{V kmZr ì`pŠV H$mo hr hmoVr h¡& kmZr ì`pŠV ~w{ÕdmXr hmoVm h¡ Bgr H$maU dh OmZVm h¡ {H$ Z Vmo dh {hÝXÿ h¡, Z ~m¡Õ Am¡a Z B©gmB© A{nVw dh VrZm| _| h¡& dh Bg dñVw H$mo AñdrH$ma H$a XoVm h¡& Bgr àH$ma go gmH$ma, {ZamH$ma AmpñVH$Vm, ZmpñVH$Vm g^r Ho$ ~rM kmZr OZ g_mZ ^md aI B©ída Ho$ gmjmËH$ma H$s AZw^y{V H$aVo h¡&

^maVdf© Ho$ gÝX^© _| CÝhm|Zo `WmW© Xem©Vo hþE H$hm ""^maV ^y{_ n{dÌ ^y{_ h¡, ^maV _oar VrW© h¡, ^maV _oam gd©ñd h¡, ^maV H$s nwÊ` ^y{_ H$m AVrV Jm¡ad_` h¡& `hr dh ^maV df© h¡ Ohm± _mZd, àH¥${V Ed§ AÝVO©JV H$s ahñ`m| H$s {OkmgmAm| Ho$ A§Hw$a nZd Wo& CZH$m H$hZm Wm {MÝVZ _ZZ H$a amï´> MoVZm OmJ¥V H$amo bo{H$Z AÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$m AmYma Z N>mo‹S>mo&''12 na_oída Zo AnZr doX {dÚm H$m h_ bmoJm| Ho$ {bò CnXoe H$aHo$ g\$bVm {gÕ H$s h¡ Š`m|{H$ na_oída h_ bmoJm| H$m _mVm-{nVm Ho$ g_mZ h¡&13

h_ g~ bmoJ Omo CgH$s nyOm h¡§ CZ na dh {ZË` H¥$nm X¥{ï> aIVm h¡& O¡go AnZo gÝVmZm| Ho$ D$na {nVm Am¡a _mVm gX¡d H$éUm H$mo YmaU H$aVo h¡ {H$ g~ àH$ma go h_mao nwÌ gwI nmd|, d¡go hr B©ída ^r g~ _Zwî`m{X g¥{ï> na H¥$nm X¥{ï> gX¡d aIVm h¡, Bggo hr doXm| H$m CnXoe h_ bmoJm| Ho$ {bò {H$`m h¡& Omo na_oída AnZr doX {dÚm H$m CnXoe _Zwî`m| Ho$ {bò Z H$aVm, Vmo Y_©, AW©, H$m_ Am¡a _moj H$s {g{Õ {H$gr ^r `WmdV àmá Z hmoVr, CgHo$ {~Zm na_ AmZÝX ^r {H$gr H$mo Zht hmoVm& Bg àH$ma doX g~ AÝ`

{dÚmAm| H$m nwñVH$ h¡& doX H$m n‹T>Zm, n‹T>mZm Am¡a gwZZm, gwZmZm g~ Am`m] H$m na_ Y_© h¡&14

^maV Ho$ dV©_mZ amOZr{VH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m| H$mo gwYmaZo H$m à`mg doXm| H$s àaoUm go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& _hmË_m Jm±Yr H$m Xe©Z ^r amOZr{V H$mo AmÜ`m`Ë_ VWm Z¡{ZH$Vm go Omo‹S>Vm h¡& doX h_mar OrdZ e¡br Am¡a ì`dhma H$mo {ZX}{eV H$aVo h¡§& h_mam amOZr{VH$ ì`dhma ^r amï´>r`Vm H$s nhMmZ go ào[aV hmoZm Mm{hE& ñdmW© VWm bmbM H$m nXm© hQ>mH$a àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ {bE H$m`© H$aZm amOZr{VH$ Xbm| VWm amOZoVmAm| Ho$ grIZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm ~Z MwH$m h¡& _Zwî` H$m ^md hmoZm àËòH$ ì`pŠV Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ Am¡a `hr doXm| H$m gma h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.nwñVH$.AmoAmaOr>~wH$ {S>Q>oëg

2. à{V`mo{JVm Xn©U {hÝXr _m{gH$ OyZ 2018, n¥.g§. 97

3. S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.OmÝhdr g§ñH¥${V OZ©b.EZ> bm°ŠS>

4. <EMQ>rQ>rnrEg…//gmob.{S>`y.Eggr.EZ>

5. H¥$îU nwamo{hV, S>m°. gmohZ, nwamUm| _| maVr` g§ñH¥${V, amOñWmZr J«ÝWmJma, OmoYnwa àH$meH$ Ed§ {dVaH$, 2007, n¥.g§. 20

6. {XZH$a, am_Ymar qgh, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Mma AÜ`m`, bmoH$ ^maVr àH$meZ, Bbmhm~mX, n¥.g§. 29

7. E_.^maV {S>ñH$dar.AmoAmaOr>BpÊS>`m>^maVr

8. G$½doXm{X ^mî` ^y{_H$m, n¥.g§. 13

9. G$½doXm{X ^mî` ^y{_H$m, n¥.g§. 109

10. ^maVr` amOZr{V {dkmZ emoY n{ÌH$m, OwbmB©, {Xgå~a, 2015 n¥.g§. 165

11. gyX, Á`mo{V àgmX, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ {dMma H$s _w»` YmamE§, O` àH$me ZmW EÊS> H$ånZr, _oaR>

12. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZÝX, dV©_mZ ^maV, am_H¥$îU _R>, ZmJnwa, 1991

13. Jwám, Ama.nr., ñdm_r {ddoH$mZÝX Ho$ e¡{jH$ {dMmam| H$m AÜ``Z, 1985

14. XÎm, ^ynoÝÐ ZmW, {ddoH$mZÝX no{Q´>`Q> àmo\o$Q> Zd^maV, àH$meH$ H$bH$Îmm, 1954

àñVmdZm

Jm±Yr H$s 150dt OÝ_eVr Ho$ Adga na Jm±Yr {MÝVZ, Jm±Yr {d_e©, Jm±Yr H$s Amoa dmngr na {dMma-{d_e© {H$`o Om aho h¡§& Jm±Yr H$mo boH$a g~go Á`mXm àíZ {MÝh (AmYw{ZH$ {díd _|) Jm±Yr Ho$ {dMmam| {deofê$n go Jm±Yr Ho$ Am{W©H$ Xe©Z H$s àmg§{JH$Vm H$mo boH$a h¡ Š`m|{H$ Jm±YrOr Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dMma AW©emñÌ Ho$ emñÌr` {gÕmÝVm| na AmYm[aV Z hmoH$a Z¡{VH$ AmñWmAm| na AmYm[aV Wo&

g_H$mbrZ AmYw{ZH$sH¥$V, eharH¥$V, d¡ídrH¥$V, Cn^moŠVmdmXr, ~mOmarH¥$V VH$ZrH$s {díd _| Jm±Yr Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dMma nwamZo Ed§ Aàmg§{JH$ àVrV hmoVo h¡§& naÝVw g_H$mbrZ Am{W©H$ {díd _| d¡ídrH$aU, Am{W©H$ epŠV Ho$ Ho$ÝÐrH$aU, n`m©daU Ho$ j`,

emoY gmam§e

àñVwV nÌ Jm±YrOr Ho$ Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕmÝV H$s ì`m»`m H$aVm h¡ gmW hr H$m°nm©oaoQ> gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd (gr.Eg.Ama) Ho$ gmW CgH$m gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à`mg ^r H$aVm h¡& Jm±YrOr H$m Q´>ñQ>r{en `m Ý`m{gVm H$m {gÕmÝV Ohm± CÚ{_`m| H$mo AnZr j_VmAm| Ho$ A{YH$V_ Cn`moJ Ed§ gån{Îm A{O©V H$aZo H$s ñdVÝÌVm XoVm h¡ dht `h {gÕmÝV ì`pŠV H$mo AnZr Amdí`H$Vm go A{YH$ g§gmYZm| Ed§ gån{Îm H$m g_wXm` Ho$ {hV _| ñdoÀN>mnyd©H$ XoZo H$m AmJ«h ^r H$aVm h¡& Jm±YrOr Ho$ AZwgma CÚ_r Ho$ gån{Îm AO©Z _| g_wXm` H$m ^r `moJXmZ hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE Cgo ñd`§ H$mo Cg gån{Îm H$m Ý`mgr g_PH$a CgH$m Cn`moJ g_wXm` Ho$ {hV _| H$aZm Mm{hE& Bgr Vah dV©_mZ g_` _| EH$ Z`r AdYmaUm Ho$ ê$n _| H$m°nm}aoQ> gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd (gr.Eg.Ama) H$s AdYmaUm bmoH${à` Ed§ A{Zdm`© hmo ahr h¡& {OgHo$ _yb _| namonH$ma, XmZ VWm Q´>ñQ>r{en H$s ^mdZm {dÚ_mZ h¡& AmO H$m°nm}aoQ> Am¡a CZH$s gm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXmar Z Ho$db H$m°nm}aoQ> OJV A{nVw gaH$ma H$s ^r Zr{V ~Z J`m h¡& gaH$ma| H$mZyZ ~ZmH$a CÚ{_`m| Ed§ ì`dgm` OJV H$mo g_mO H$s ~ohVar Ed§ CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE IM© H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dde H$a ahr h¡& gmW hr XmZ Ho$ ê$n _| namonH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÚ_r ^r AmJo Am aho h¡§ {Og_| {~b JoQ²>g Ed§ dm°aoZ ~\o$Q> Ho$ CXmhaU gd©{d{XV h¡§& gr.Eg.Ama H$s ~‹T>Vr bmoH${à`Vm go Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ Jm±YrOr Ho$ Ý`m{gVm {gÕmÝV Zo AnZr O‹S>| O_m br h¡§& àñVwV nÌ _| Ý`m{gVm Ed§ H$ån{Z`m| H$s gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd _| gå~Õ ñWm{nV H$a Jm±Yr H$s àmg§{JH$Vm H$mo ^r à_m{UV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& Š`m|{H$ AmO g~go A{YH$ àíZ{MÝh Jm±Yr Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dMmam| H$s Cn`wŠVVm H$mo boH$a h¡ {H$ÝVw gr.Eg.Ama H$s ~‹T>Vr ñdrH$m`©Vm Zo Jm±Yr Ho$ Ý`m{gVm {gÕmÝV H$s Cn`wŠVVm Ho$ gmW Jm±Yr Ho$ _mZdr` AW©emñÌ Ed§ Am{W©H$ Ý`m` Ho$ VarH$m| H$mo ^r C{MV {gÕ {H$`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … Ý`m{gVm, Ý`mgr, H$m°nm}aoQ> gmoeb [añnmopÝg{~{bQ>r (gr.Eg.Ama.), An[aJ«h, AñVo`, na_mW©

Ag{hîUwVm _| d¥{Õ, AmË_Ho$pÝÐV Ed§ EH$ Am`m_r _Zwî` Ho$ ~‹T>Vo VZmd, CËnmXZ, ny±Or, VH$ZrH$ Ed§ ì`mnma Ho$ Hw$N> hr hmWm| _| Ho$ÝÐrH$aU go ~‹T>Vr {Za§Hw$eVm Eogr g_ñ`mE§ h¡ {OZHo$ H$moB© g_mYmZ Zht {ZH$b nm aho h¡§& BZ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ h_| Jm±Yr Ho$ _mZdr` AW©emñÌ H$s Va\$ bo OmVo h¡§& Jm±YrdmXr Am{W©H$ Xe©Z AënH$m{bH$ gmoM Ho$ ñWmZ na XrK©H$m{bH$ g_mO H$ë`mU na AmYm[aV h¡& {Og_| ì`pŠV AmË_Ho$pÝÐV Z hmoH$a g_J« gmoM dmbm {ddoH$s ì`pŠV h¡& Jm±Yr Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dMma g_mZVm, {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU, ñdXoer, gË`, Aqhgm, An[aJ«h, H$m{`H$ l_, g_^md Ed§ gdm}X` O¡go Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| go Ow‹S>o hþE h¡§&

O¡d emñÌr` `m g_H$mbrZ AW©emñÌ _| g_mZVm H$hZo H$mo Vmo h¡ bo{H$Z Ag_mZVm ~hþV VoOr go ~‹T>r h¡ O~{H$ Jm±YrdmXr

Jm±Yr H$m Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V Ed§ H$m°anmoaoQ> gm_m{OH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd (gr.Eg.Ama)S>m°. gr_m AJ«dmb

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJ, amï´>r` g§ñH¥$V g§ñWmZ, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

Am{W©H$ {dMmam| H$m g_mZVm hr _yb AmYma h¡ {Ogo gaH$ma Ho$ hñVjon Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Zht A{nVw {ddoH$s ì`pŠV`m| Ûmam g§gmYZm| Ho$ nwZ: {dVaU go hm{gb {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Jm±Yr Ho$ {dHo$ÝÐrH¥$V g_mO Ho$ ì`pŠV AnZo {ddoH$ H$mo _mZZo H$s ~Om` AnZo H$m`m]§ Ho$ à{V gm_m{OH$ ê$n go Odm~Xoh hmoVo h¡§ VWm do AnZo {bò Zht A{nVw ì`mnH$ {hV Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$a|Jo& ñd¡pÀN>H$ Ë`mJ H$m AW© Ed§ n[aUm_ g_mO _| g_mZVm h¡& bmoJ Mmho {OVZm H$_mE§ bo{H$Z do EH$ g§`_r ì`pŠV H$m OrdZ {~Vmò VWm ì`mnH$ {hV Ho$ {bE ñdoÀN>m go Ë`mJ H$s ^mdZm aI|, `h {dMma hr Q´>ñQ>r{en H$mo OÝ_ XoVm h¡& Q´>ñQ>r{en H$s ì`dñWm _| gån{Îm H$m g¥OZ Ed§ ñdm{_Ëd XmoZm| hr ñdrH$m`© Ed§ Ý`m`mo{MV h¡ Š`m|{H$ Jm±Yr `h _mZVo h¡§ {H$ ñdm{_Ëd _mZd H$mo g§Vw{ï> Ed§ gwajm H$m ^md àXmZ H$aVm h¡& Bgr{bE Jm±Yr YZ Ho$ ñdm{_Ëd Ho$ ñWmZ na YZ H$m bmbM N>mo‹S>Zo Ed§ A{V[aŠV YZ H$m Q´>ñQ>r ~ZH$a CgH$m g_mO H$s godm Ed§ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ H$aZo H$s ~mV H$hVo h¡§&

Bg g§gma _| Omo Hw$N> h¡ , dh B©œa H$m h¡& AV: ì`{º$ H$mo CnbãY g§gmYZm| H$m Ë`mJnyd©H$ Cn`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ nmg CnbãY dñVwAm| na CgH$m ñdm{_Ëd Zht h¡&

B©em dmñ`{_X§ gd} `pËH¨$M OJË`m§ OJV&VZo ì`¡ºo$Z ^wÄOrWm _m J¥Y: H$ñ` pñdÕZ_&&1

B©emon{ZfX Ho$ Bg àW_ _§Ì go J«hU {H$ò Jò AmÜ`mpË_H$ {dMma H$mo Jm±YrOr Zo Q´>ñQ>r{en `m àÝ`mg {gÕm§V Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m h¡& Q´>ñQ>r{en AdYmaUm Bg {dídmg na AmYm[aV h¡ {H$ ì`{º$ AnZo _mZ{gH$ Ed§ emar[aH$ l_ Ûmam Omo Hw$N> A{O©V H$aVo h¢ Cg_| g_mO H$m ^r `moJXmZ hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE Cg na Ho$db CZH$m ñdm{_Ëd Zht hmoVm A{nVw g_mO H$s {hñgoXmar ^r Cg_o hmoVr h¡& AV: gån{Îm H$m ñdm{_Ëd aIZo dmbmo H$s {bE ò Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ dh CgH$m Cn`moJ g~Ho$ H$ë`mU d bm^ Ho$ {bE H$a|& Jm±YrOr Ho$ AZwgma {OZ bmoJm| Ho$ nmg Amdí`H$Vm go A{YH$ g§gmYZ Ed§ gån{Îm h¡ do CgHo$ g§ajH$ `m àÝ`mgr hmoVo h¡§§&2 Bg{bò CÝh| AnZr Amdí`H$VmAmo H$s ny{V© Ho$ níMmV eof g§gmYZm| d gån{Îm H$m gm_m{OH$ {hV _| Cn`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE& Bg àH$ma Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V A{V[aº$ gmYZm| H$m ñdoÀN>m go g_mO _| {dVaU H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aVm h¡& Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V ^maVr` Xe©Z Ho$ Ym{_©H$ d Z¡{VH$ VËdm| go n[anyU© h¡&3 {hÝXÿ g§`wº$ n[admam| Ho$ _wpI`m Q´>ñQ>r Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$aVo Wo& Bgr Vah àmMrZ ^maV _| amOmAm| H$s AdYmaUm EH$ Q´>ñQ>r Ho$ ê$n _| H$s OmVr Wr& ^maV Zo am_ H$s AZwnpñW{V _| A`moÜ`m H$m emgZ EH$ Q´>ñQ>r H$s ^m±{V Mbm`m& am_ amÁ` Bg ~mV H$m àVrH$ h¡

{H$ emgH$m| H$s e{º$ CZHo$ ñdmW© H$s ~Om` na_mW© `m g_mO-H$ë`mU _| {Z{hV h¡&

Jm±YrOr H$m Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V An[aJ«h, g_^md Ed§ AñVo` Ho$ {dMmam| H$m _yV©dmZ Ed§ ì`pñWV ê$n h¡& Bg {gÕm§V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Jm±YrOr Am{W©H$ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ Ho$ àM{bV VarH$m|, ny±OrdmX Ed§ g_mOdmX H$s ~wamB`m| H$m g_mYmZ H$aVo hþE Z`m hb gwPmVo h¢& Jm±YrOr Ho$ AZwgma ny±OrdmX _| AnZr j_VmAm| Ho$ A{YH$V_ Cn`moJ H$s àoaUm Vmo hmoVr h¡ bo{H$Z Bg_| Am{W©H$ em§{V H$m Ho$ÝÐrH$aU hmo OmVm h¡ Ed§ ny±Orn{V emofUH$mar e{º$ _| ~Xb OmVm h¡; O~{H$ gmå`dmXr ì`dñWm _| ì`{º$ H$s j_VmAm| Ed§ `mo½`VmAmo Ho$ {bE H$moB© àoaUm Zht ahVr h¡ Ed§ CgH$m g_mO Ho$ {hV _| Cn`moJ Zht hmo nmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bg_| {ZOr nhb H$mo nyar Vah g_má H$a Am{W©H$ _m_bm| _| {ZU©` boZo H$s e{º$ nyar Vah amÁ` Ho$ hmWm| _| Ho$pÝÐV hmo OmVr h¡& Jm±YrOr H$m àÝ`mg {gÕm§V BZ XmoZm| H$s ~wamB`m| Ho$ {ZamH$aU H$m {dH$ën XoVm h¡ {Og_| gån{Îm H$mo Cnm{O©V H$aZo dmbo ì`{º$ H$mo CgHo$ à~§YZ H$m A{YH$ma Vmo {X`m OmVm h¡ bo{H$Z gmW hr gån{ÎmYmar bmoJm| na A{V[aº$ ny±Or m gån{Îm H$m g_wXm` Ho$ {hV _| g_n©U H$aZo H$m Z¡{VH$ ~§YZ Ed§ AmJ«h ^r h¡ Š`mo{H$ àÝ`mgr Ûmam A{O©V gån{Îm na gånyU© g_mO H$m ñd{_Ëd hmoVm h¡&4

Jm±YrOr Bg VÏ` H$mo _mZVo Wo {H$ {~Zm àoaUm Ho$ ì`{º$ AWm}-nmO©Z Ho$ {bE g{H«$` Zht hmoVo h¢& Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V ò ì`dñWm H$aVm h¡ {H$ YZ Ho$ CnmO©Z H$s ì`{º$ H$s j_Vm Ed§ XjVm H$m Cn`moJ hmo bo{H$Z dh emofU H$m _mÜ`_ Zht ~Z nmò& Bg {gÕm§V Ûmam gån{ÎmYmar AnZr j_VmAm| Ho$ ânya Cn`moJ go _mZ{gH$ g§Vmof Vmo AZw^d H$a|Jo hr A{nVw g_mO Ho$ bm^ Ho$ {bE gån{Îm Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dh AnZm Z¡{VH$ H$ë`mU ^r gw{ZpíMV H$a gH$Vo h¢&5 Jm±YrOr H$m Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V _Zwî` H$s ghO XmZd¥{Îm H$mo Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$m àoaH$ {Z`_ ~ZmH$a ghO _mZdr` ^mdZm H$mo hr EH$ {gÕm§V H$m ê$n àXmZ H$aVm h¡& Jm±YrOr Zo gwPmd {X`m {H$ ôX²` n[adV©Z Ho$ _mÜ`_ go bmoJm| H$mo AnZr A{V[aº$ gån{Îm H$m Ë`mJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡§&

O~ Jm±YrOr H$s àmg§{JH$Vm na {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡§ Vmo g~go Á`mXm Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V H$s ì`dhm[aH$Vm na àíZ CR>mò OmVo h¡§& Bg_| Hw$N> AmbmoMH$m| Zo Bgo ny±Orn{V`m| Ho$ àÀN>ÝZ g_W©Z H$m _mÜ`_ ~Vm`m h¡§ dht Hw$N> AmbmoMH$m| Zo BgHo$ Am¡{MË` Ed§ ì`dhm[aH$Vm XmoZm| na g§Xoh {H$`m h¡§& BgH$s AmbmoMZm Bg AmYma na ^r {H$ OmVr h¡§ {H$ Bg_| gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aZo dmbo R>mog H$maH$mo H$m A^md h¡§&6 bo{H$Z

ISSN 2348-3857


{Og Vah Jm±Yr H$s àmg§{JH$Vm gZmVZ h¡§ Cgr Vah CZH$m ò {gÕm§V ^r àmg{JH$ h¡§& Z¡{VH$ nVZ, AË`{YH$ VZmd, _mZd H$ï>, ~oamoOJmar,g§n{Îm H$m Ag_mZ {dVaU O¡gr g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ Ho$ {bò gmar Xþ{Z`m EH$ {dH$ën H$s Vbme _| h¡§ Am¡a Jm±YrdmX hr ò {dH$ën àñVwV H$aVm h¡§& Jm±Yr EH$ ZB© Amem,EH$ ZB© e{º$ Am¡a EH$ ZB© àH$ma H$s gwì`dpñWV `moOZm àñVwV H$aVo h¡§ Omo AmYw{ZH$ {díd H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ H$aVr h¡§&

Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V ^r H$m\$s ì`mnH$ Ed§ Jhao AWm} dmbm h¡§& `h {gÕm§V YZr Ed§ {ZY©Z Ho$ {d^mOZ H$mo Ý`yZV_ H$aVm h¡§ VWm YZr bmoJm| H$mo AnZr gån{Îm H$m Hw$N> ^mJ bmoH$monH$mar CÔoí`m| Ho$ {bò aIZo Ho$ {bò ào[aV H$aVm h¡§& dV©_mZ _| H$m°nm}aoQ> gmoeb [añnm°pÝg{~{bQ>r (H$m°nm}aoQ> gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd) H$s Zr{V Q´>ñQ>r{en Ho$ {dMma Ho$ g_ê$n h¡§&7 {Og_o H$m°nm}aoQ> goŠQ>a ({ZOr joÌ) H$s gm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXmar V` H$s OmVr h¡§& Q´>ñQ>r{en H$s gmoM Ho$ AZwê$n H$m°nm}aoQ> gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd (gr.Eg.Ama) Ho$ nrN>o ^r `hr ^mdZm H$m`© H$a ahr h¡§ {H$ gån{Îmembr bmoJm| Zo Omo gån{Îm H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡§ Cg_o g_mO H$m ^r `moJXmZ hmoVm h¡§& AV: CÝh| AnZr A{V[aº$ gån{Îm g_mO Cn`moJr H$m`m] _| IM© H$aZr Mm{hE&

H$m°nm}aoQ> gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd {dñV¥V Xmào _| MrOm| H$mo XoIZo H$s H$mo{ee h¡§ {Og_o h_ o XoIµVo h¡§ {H$ H$moB© H§$nZr m CÚmoJ ì`dhma _| {H$g àH$ma Ho$ _yë`m| H$mo A_b _| bmVo h¡§& CZH$m n`m©daU Jar~ Ed§ d§{MV dJm] Ed§ gm_m{OH$ _wXXmo H$m hb {ZH$mbZo, d§{MV g_yhm| Ho$ OrdZ _| gH$mamË_H$ à^md bmZo Ho$ à{V Š`m gmoM Ed§ Zr{V`m± h¡§, CZHo$ CËnmX {H$g Vah Ho$ h¡§ Ed§ {H$g àH$ma Ho$ CÚmoJ Mbmò Om aho h¡§&8 H$m°nm}aoQ> gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd H$mo AnZm Z¡{VH$ Xm{`Ëd g_PVo hþò CÚmoJ, H§$nZr, CÚmoJn{V, g§JR>Z `m à{Vð>mZ g_mO Cn`moJr H$m`m] _| em{_b hmoVo h¡§; {nN>bo Xmo XeH$m| go H$m°nm}aoQ> OJV Ho$ _w»` CÚmoJn{V`m| _| AnZr gm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXm[a`m| Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMZo H$m {gb{gbm ~hþV bmoH${à` hþAm h¡§& gr.Eg.Ama H$m {dMma ^r Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V {H$ Vah àmMrZ {dMmaYmam H$m AmYw{ZH$ AdVma h¡§& B{Vhmg na Ñ{ï> S>mb| Vmo gmd©Om{ZH$ H$ë`mU Ho$ H$m`m] H$mo H$aZo _| H$mamo~mar nrN>o Zht aho h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo bm^ H$m EH$ {hñgm g_mO H$mo CgHo$ H$ë`mU go Ow‹S>m H$m_ H$aHo$ dmng XoZo H$m H$m`© ~Iy~r {H$`m h¡§& 16dt gXr Ho$ amOñWmZ _| ~md‹S>r ~ZmZo H$m H$m`© Bgr ^mdZm go hþAm Wm& ^maV _| H$m°nm}aoQ> OJV _| _mZH$ Ho$ ê$n _| OoAmaS>r Q>mQ>m Zo Jm±YrOr Ho$ Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V H$mo AnZo {Xb _| ~gm {b`m {H$ ì`mnm[a`m| H$mo Bg Vah go H$m_ H$aZm Mm{hE {H$ CZHo$ nmg Omo YZ h¡§ dh OZVm H$m h¡§ Am¡a do CgHo$ Ý`mgr h¡§&

Bgr ^mdZm Ho$ AZwê$n AZoH$ g_mO Cn`moJr Ed§ CËnmXH$ H$m`m] _| Q>mQ>m \$mC§So>eZ h_oem H$m`©aV ahVo h¡§&

{dœ Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| _| A~ H$m°nm}aoQ> gmoeb Xm{`Ëd go gå~§{YV {Z`_ Am¡a H$mZyZ ^r ~Zmò Om aho h¡§& A_o[aH$s H$ån§{Z`m± Bg gm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXmar Ho$ {Zd©hZ _| ~hþV ~‹T>-M‹T>H$a ^mJ bo ahr h¡§& BgH$m EH$ CXmahU _mBH«$mogm°âQ> Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ {~b JoQ²>g H$m {~b EÊS> _oqbS>m JoQ²>g \$mC§So>eZ h¡§ {OgH$m g§MmbZ _mBH«$mogm°âQ> Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ H$s Amoa go Xr JB© Eogr XmZam{e go hmoVm h¡§ {Og na ã`mO {_bVm h¡§& BgH$m BñVo_mb ES²>g Am¡a nmo{b`mo O¡gr ~r_m[a`m| go b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bò Ed§ Bgr Vah Ho$ AÝ` gm_m{OH$, e¡{jH$, ñdmñÏ` gå~ÝYr H$m`m] Ho$ {bò hmoVm h¡§& JoQ²>g \$mC§So>eZ Zo ^maV _| ñdmñÏ` Ed§ {dH$mg n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {bò bJ^J EH$ Aa~ S>mba H$s am{e Xr h¡§& H$m°anmoaoQ> gm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$mo boH$a A_o[aH$s H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ à`mg nhbo go A{YH$ ì`mnH$ hmo aho h¡§& Bgr{bò EH$ AH$mC§Q>¡§Q> H$s noeoda {Oå_oXmar _| n`m©daU H$s ~ohVar Ho$ VarHo$ VbmeZm ^r em{_b h¡§& `h à{V~ÕVm A_o[aH$s CÚmoJn{V`m| _| Jhar ~¡R> MwH$s h¡§& A^r hmb hr _| A_o[aH$m _| dmaoZ d\o$Q> g{XV 20 Aa~n{V`m| Zo Obdm`w n[adV©Z Am¡a AÝ` àmW{_H$VmAm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bò IwX na A{YH$ Q>¡Šg bJmZo H$s _m±J H$s h¡& Aa~n{V`m| Ho$ Bg g_yh _| Om°O© goamog, \o$g~wH$ Ho$ gh g§ñWmnH$ {H«$g øyOoO, dmëQ> {S>ÁZr H$s d§eO E~rJob {S>ÁZr Am¡a h`mV hmoQ>b MoZ Ho$ _m{bH$ {àQ²>OH$a n[adma em{_b h¡& BZHo$ AZwgma A_o[aH$m H$m h_mar gån{Îm na A{YH$ bJmZm EH$ Z¡{VH$, g¡Õm§{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ {Oå_oXmar ~ZVr h¡ VWm Bg d¡ëW Q>¡Šg go Obdm`w g§H$Q> H$m hb {ZH$mbm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ed§ AW©ì`dñWm Ed§ ñdmñÏ` ì`dñWm H$mo gwYmam Om gH$Vm h¡&9

dV©_mZ _| H$m°nm}aoQ> gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd go gå~§{YV H$B© Zr{V`m± Ed§ n[a`moOZmE§ Z Ho$db ^maV _| A{nVw {dœ Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem| _| Mb ahr h¡ {OgHo$ _mÜ`_ go CÚmoJ OJV g_mO Ho$ d§{MV dJm], _{hbmAm|, ~ƒm|, {deof ê$n go gj_ bmoJm| H$s Xem gwYmaZo, ñdmñÏ`, {ejm, aoZ dmQ>a g§ajU, Ob à~§YZ Ed§ g§ajU, J«m_rU joÌm| _| AmYma^yV T>m±Mo Ho$ {dH$mg Ed§ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ {dñVma, n`m©daU Ed§ Obdm`w g§ajU _| AnZr _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m Ed§ gm_{OH$ Xm{`Ëd H$m {Zd©hZ H$a aho h¡§&

^maV _| Z`r H§$nZr A{Y{Z`_ 2013, gm_{OH$ _wX²Xm| H$m hb {ZH$mbZo Am¡a Jar~ Am¡a d§{MV g_yh H$m g_mdoer {dH$mg H$aZo g{hV CZHo$ OrdZ na gH$mamË_H$ à^md bmZo Am¡a BZ g_yhm| H$mo CËnmXH$ Ed§ gå_mZOZH$ OrdZ`mnZ _| _XX H$aZo hoVw CY_m| H$s gm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXmar Ho$ _X _| bm^ H$m Xmo


ISSN 2348-3857

à{VeV H$m `moJXmZ H$aZo H$m A{Zdm`© àmdYmZ H$aVm h¡&10

Bg àH$ma gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëdm| Ho$ à{V CÚ_ Ed§ CÚmoJn{V`m| H$s à{V~ÕVm Jhao n¡R> O_m MwH$s h¡& Omo Jm±YrOr Ho$ Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕm§V _| ny±Orn{V`m| Ho$ öX` n[adV©Z go g_ê$nVm aIVr h¡ em`X gr.Eg.Ama. H$s AmË_m _| Jm±Yr Ho$ àÝ`mgr {gÕm§V H$m Xe©Z {dÚ_mZ h¡& AmbmoMH$m| H$m `o H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡ {H$ àÝ`mg {gÕm§V Am{W©H$ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ H$m ì`mdhm[aH$ g_mYmZ Zht h¡& Š`m|{H$ H$m°nm}aoQ> gmoeb [añnm°Ýg{~{bQ>r àÝ`mg {gÕm§V H$s hr n[aU{V h¡&

Jm±Yr Ho$ àÝ`mg {gÕm§V VWm gr.Eg.Ama. XmoZm| Ho$ AZwgma {dídmg na AmYm[aV g_mYmZ _mÌ go hr _mZdVm H$s godm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a CgH$m g§ajU d nmofU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& BZHo$ AZwgma àË oH$ ì`{º$ AnZo AmnH$mo, AnZo VWm Xÿgao H$mo Q>ñQ>r Ho$ ê$n _| ñWm{nV H$a g_mO H$s Oê$aVm| H$mo nyam H$aZo _| AnZm A_yë` `moJXmZ Xo gH$Vm h¡& `h ì`{º$JV Ed§ gm_m{OH$ XmoZm| ñVam| na nmE OmZo dmbo {^ÝZVmAm| d à{VHy$bVmAm| H$m A§V H$a g~Ho$ {b o H$ë`mU H$m _mJ© àeñV H$a gH$Vm h¡& BgHo$ {gdm` _mZdVm H$s AmYw{ZH$ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ {ZamH$aU H$aZo dmbm H$moB© Xÿgam à^mdr, ì`mdhm[aH$, ~oXmJ d gj_ {dH$ën Zht h¡&11 A^r VH$ {gÕmÝV Ho$ ê$n _| Q>ñQ>r{en {gÕmÝV Wm bo{H$Z CgHo$ ì`dhm[aH$ {H«$`mÝd`Z `m H$m ©erb hmoZo na àíZ{MÝh bJVo aho h¡§ naÝVw H$m°nm}aoQ> gmoeb Xm{`Ëd H$s ì`dhm[aH$Vm Ed§ bmoH${à`Vm Zo Q>ñQ>r{en {gÕmÝV H$mo {gÕ {H$`m h¡& gr.Eg.Ama. H$s dV©_mZ AdYmaUm AnZo bm^ H$m EH$ {hñgm ì`mnH$ g_mO Ho$ {bE XoZo Am¡a ~mH$s go g§Vwï> ahZo na AmYm[aV h¡& Š`m|{H$ bm^ `m _wZm\$m H$_mZo H$s H$m°nm}aoQ> OJV H$s Zr{V _| àH¥${V Am¡a l_ H$m XmohZ hmoVm h¡ {Oggo H$m°nm}aoQ> g¡ŠQ>a Ho$ Abmdm ha {H$gr H$mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVm h¡& Bg ZwH$gmZ H$mo H$_ go H$_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> g_mOmoËnmXH$, H$ë`mUH$mar Xm{`Ëdm| H$m {ZînmXZ Ed§ (l_ Ed§ àH¥${V Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ ghmZw y{VnyU© VarHo$ go {dMma H$aZm Amdí`H$ hmo OmVm h¡& Jm±YrdmXr Q>ñQ>r{en AdYmaUm _| `hr H$m°nm}aoQ> gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd `m gr.Eg.Ama.h¡& Bgo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE Q>ñQ>r H$mo AnZr BÀN>mAm| Ed§ ^moJm| H$mo {d{Z`{_V H$aZm Mm{hE& Š`m|{H$ BgH$s A{YH$Vm H$m ~mH$s ~hþV gmao bmoJm| na à{VHy$b à^md n‹S> gH$Vm h¡& Jm±YrOr H$m Q>ñQ>r AnZr gån{Îm H$m Cn`moJ gm_m{OH$ X¥{ï> go CËnmXH$ CÔoí`m| Ho$ {bE H$aVm h¡& Bgr Vah gr.Eg.Ama. Ho$ AÝVJ©V CËnmXZ H$aVo g_` l_ Ed§ àH¥${V na n‹S>Zo dmbo à{VHy$b à^mdm| Ho$ H$maU CÚmoJ OJV H$s Hw$N> ~mø {Oå_oXm[a`m± n¡Xm hmoVr h¢ Ed§ BZ Adm§{N>V Ed§ An[ahm © {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$mo do gr.Eg.Ama. Ho$ VhV nyam {H$`m OmVm h¡&12 `Ú{n Jm±YrOr Ho$ Q>ñQ>r{en {gÕmÝV H$s AmYma{ebm

"An[aJ«h' na {Q>H$s h¡ {Og_| gån{Îm Ho$ ñdm_r, {Z_m©Vm `m Ý`mgr {H$gr ^r MrO H$m g§J«h Zht H$aoJm Vmo ñdV: hr g_yMo g_mO H$mo gH$mamË_H$ bm^ {_boJm bo{H$Z gmW hr Jm±Yr Q>ñQ>r{en H$mo d¡Ym{ZH$ g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _| ^r ‹T>mbZo H$mo V¡ ma Wo& do Bgo d¡Ym{ZH$ M¡Zb Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g§d¡Ym{ZH$ ê$n àXmZ H$aZm MmhVo Wo&

{ZîH$f©

Bgr Vah gr.Eg.Ama. H$s AdYmaUm ^r namonH$ma na AmYm[aV h¡ bo{H$Z dV©_mZ _| gaH$ma Ûmam A{Y{Z`_ ~ZmH$a Bgo A{Zdm`© ^r H$a {X`m h¡ Omo Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕmÝV Ho$ ì`dhm[aH$ g§^mdZm H$mo ^r à_m{UV H$aVm h¡& hmb hr _| H$B© g_mO{dkmZr n.g.Eb. _ëhmoÌm, am_Or qgh, EZ. amYmH¥$îUZ, Oo.S>r.em, Oo.S>r. goR>r Am{X Zo Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕmÝV _| CËgmh Ed§ é{M {XImB© h¡& Omo Q´>ñQ>r{en {gÕmÝV H$s àmg§{JH$Vm H$mo àX{e©V H$aVm h¡& AmO Ho$ Z¡{VH$ eyÝ`VmdmXr n[adoe _| Ohm± g^r bmoJ A{YH$m{YH$ gwI-gw{dYmE§ Ed§ epŠV àmá H$aZm MmhVo h¡§ dhm± Jm±YrdmXr Am{W©H$ {dH$ën Ed§ ñdoÀN>mnyd©H$ Ë`mJ H$m Ý`mgr {gÕmÝV H$m _hËd Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T> OmVm h¡ {Og_| do gZmVZ gË`, AmË_Ë`mJ Ed§ An[aJ«h na ~b XoVo h¡§& O~ nyam {díd AnZr g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE {dH$ën H$s Vbme _| h¡ V~ ~oamoOJmar, gån{Îm Ho$ Ag_mZ {dVaU, Jar~r BË`m{X g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gwbPmZo _| Jm±YrdmX EH$ geŠV {dH$ën Ho$ ê$n _| gm_Zo AmVm h¡& {Og Vah go OrdZ, gË`, Aqhgm Ed§ Z¡{VH$Vm àmg§{JH$ h¡ Cgr Vah Jm±Yr Ed§ CZH$m Am{W©H$ Xe©Z ^r àmg§{JH$ h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr1. B©emon{ZfX, gyÌ -1, n¥.g§. 2

2. h[aOZ, 23 .2, 1947, n¥.g§. 32

3. h[aOZ, 16 -12 -1939, n¥.g§. 376

4. `§J B§{S>`m, 26 Zdå~a 1931

5. `§J B§{S>`m, 26 Zdå~a 1931

6. Omobr, gwaOrV, Jm±Yr EH$ AÜ``Z, H$m°Zg¡ßQ> npãbea, {Xëbr, 2007, n¥.g§. 248-251

7. dJuO, ~r.Or., Jm±Yr ñ_¥{V _| ì`m»`mZ, 2005

8. H$m°nm}aoQ> ZmJ[aH$Vm : H$mamo~ma H$s g_mO _| ^y{_H$m ^mfU Ûmam ~o‹S>br Jw§Jrg, h¡Xam~mX, OwbmB© 2010

9. amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, 16 OwbmB©, 2010 n¥.g§. 19

10. H$nya, Or. Ho$ H§$nZr bm°

11. Om¡br, gwaOrV, Jm±Yr EH$ AÜ``Z, H$m°Zg¡ßQ> npãbea, {Xëbr, 2007, n¥.g§. 251

12. `moOZm, AŠQy>~a 2019, àH$meZ {d^mJ, n¥.g§. 7-9

àñVmdZm

gmYmaU ^mfm _| BÝht g_mO {damoYr VWm OZH$ë`mU Ho$ {dê$Û {H$ò OmZo dmbo AmMaUm| H$mo gmYmaU VWm BÝh| H$aZo dmbo ì`pŠV`m| H$mo AnamYr/^«ï> H$hm OmVm h¡&1 amOZr{V _| Amò AnamYrH$aU H$mo IË_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$ar~-H$ar~ g^r amOZr{VH$ Xb gh_{V àH$Q> H$aVo h¡& g¡§H$S>m| gd©Xbr` ~¡R>H|$ Bg _wXXo na hmo MwH$s h¢ naÝVw ZoVm ~¡R>H$ _| VWm OZVm Ho$ ~rM AnZo ^mfU _| amOZr{V go Anam{YH$ VËdm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo H$s ~mVo Omoa-Omoa go H$aVo h¢ naÝVw O~ Bg g§X^© _| {H$gr àH$ma H$m {Z`_ ~ZmZo H$s MMm© hmoVr h¡ Vmo g^r Xb {~XH$ H$a Xÿa hmo OmVo h¡& g^r Xb Bg _wXXo na H$S>m ê$I Ho$db Bg{bE Zht AnZm nmVo Š`m|{H$ AÝV: H$aU _| g^r ZoVm `h _mZ H$a MbVo h¡ {H$ Anam{YH$ VËd H$m bm^ MwZmd _| ha H$moB© bo hr ahm h¡& H$moB© Anamm{YH$ VËd go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr Am¡a Anam{YH$ VËd H$m ghmam boVm h¡&

nyd© Cnamï´>n{V ^¡amoqgh eoImdV Zo H$hm Wm {H$ ''^maVr` bmoH$VÝÌ H$mo ImoIbm H$aZo dmbo ^«ï>mMma Ho$ {dfmUw go h_ g^r AË`ÝV Xþ:Ir h¡''&2 nyd© àYmZ_§Ìr AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r Zo H$hm {H$ ''{H$gr ^r H$s_V na ^«ï>mMma H$mo ghZ Zht {H$`m

emoY gmam§e

h_mao Xoe _| ^«ï>mMma H$s O‹S>| ~hþV Jhar hmo MwH$s h¢& àËòH$ g_mO _| gh`moJ, g§Kf©, g§JR>Z VWm {dKQ>Z H$s à{H«$`mE§ gmW-gmW {H«$`merb ahVr h¢& gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo dmbo ~hþV go ì`pŠV Am¡a g_yh Ohm± AnZr bå~r godmAmo VWm AZw^dm| Ho$ Ûmam gm_m{OH$ OrdZ H$mo ì`dpñWV ~ZmZo H$m à`ËZ H$aVo h¢& dht ~hþV go ì`pŠV AnZo {ZOr ñdmWm} AWdm XmofnyU© _Zmod¥{V`m| Ho$ H$maU gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$mo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$aZo go V{ZH$ ^r g§H$moM Zht H$aVo&g_mO _| {OZ {Z`_m| gm_m{OH$ _yë`m| VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ à{V_mZm| H$mo EH$ AZwem{gV Am¡a ì`dpñWV OrdZ Ho$ {bò Amdí`H$ g_Pm OmVm h¡ `h ì`pŠV CZHo$ à{VHy$b AmMaU H$aHo$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE Jå^ra IVam CËnÝZ H$a XoVo h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … amOZr{VH$, Anam{YH$aU,amOZr{VH$ Xb, ^«ï>mMma, àOmVÝÌ, Ý`m`àUmbr

OmZm Mm{hE AnamYr Mmho {H$VZo hr D$°°Mo ñWmZ na Š`m| Zm hmo, bmoH$V§Ì _| g~H$mo dht H$aZm Mm{hE Omo CgHo$ {bE {ZYm©[aV h¡''& nyd© amï´>n{V E nr Oo AãXþb H$bm_ Zo H$hm Wm {H$ ''~hþV Oê$ar h¡ {H$ bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ VrZm| ñVå^ {dYm{`H$m, H$m`©nm{bH$m Am¡a Ý`m`nm{bH$m ~ohX _O~yV, ewÛ, ^«ï>mMma go _wŠV Am¡a ~oXmJ AmMaU dmbo hmoZo Mm{hE''&3

AmO maV H$s {JZVr bo hr ~hþV hr VoOr go ~‹T>Vr AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ Vm¡a na hmoVr hmo bo{H$Z Anam{YH$aU Ho$ _wX²Xo na h_| e{_ªXJr hr _hgyg H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡& amOZr{VH$ Anam{YH$aU H$mo IË_ H$aZo Ho$ dmXo Am¡a Xmdo H$aZo Ho$ ~mdOyX AmO VH$ Bg na bJm_ Zht bJ nm`m h¡& AmpIa Š`m H$maU h¡ Bg ZmH$m_r Ho$ nrN>o? Š`m Xoe _| ^«ï>mMma H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE H$mZyZ n`m©á Zht h¡§ `m BZH$m nmbZ ghr VarHo$ go Zht hmo nmVm h¡? AmpIa H$mZyZ H$m S>a bmoJm| _| go Š`m| {ZH$bVm Om ahm h¡?4

amOZr{V _| amOZoVmAm| Ho$ {JaâV _| Z Am nmZo Ho$ nrN>o ~‹S>r dOh h_mar AXmbVm| Am¡a d¡Ym{ZH$ à{H«$`mAm| H$m Xmào _| ~§Ym hmoZm h¡& CgHo$ g_j {Og q~Xÿ H$mo àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡, Cgr nj Ho$ g§~§Y _| dh Ý`m` H$s ì`dñWm XoVr h¡& Xÿgar ~‹S>r Im_r h_mar Ý`m`àUmbr _| à{H«$`m g§~§Yr nhby h¡& Ý`m`mb`m| _| OOm| Ho$ nmg VmarI XoZo H$m, _wëVdr H$aZo H$m Omo A{YH$ma h¡, Cg na

amOZr{VH$ Anam{YH$aU àOmVÝÌ H$s g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vrgw{_Ìm gmaU

emoY N>mÌm, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

H$moB© ~mÜ`Vm Zht h¡& Bg dOh go gmar Ý`m`àUmbr {dbpå~V hmoVr h¡& Bg ~ma _| CZH$s H$moB© Odm~Xohr ^r Zht h¡& Bg Im_r H$s dOh go AŠga nr{‹S>V nj ^r H$Mhar OmZoo H$s {hå_V Zht CR>m nmVm h¡& {OVZo ^r amOZr{VH$ AnamYrH$aU Ho$ _m_bo gm_Zo AmE h¡§, CZ_| Amamonr nj Ho$ dH$sb Ûmam VmarIo boVo hþE {dbå~ H$aZo H$m hr MbZ XoIZo H$m {_bVm h¡& Ý`m{`H$ à{H«$`m Bg H$Xa Omb _| CbPr h¡ {H$ {H$gr amOZoVm `m Zm¡H$aemh Ho$ pIbm\$ OmZH$mar hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r bmoJ Ho$g Xmà H$aZo H$s {hå_V Zht CR>m nmVo& agyIXma Am¡a VmH$Vda bmoJ hr BZ Im{_`m| go nma nmVo h¡& Bgr{bE Ý`m`nm{bH$m _| ^«ï>mMma ì`má h¡& hmb `h h¡ {H$ VmarI na VmarI boH$a _m_bo H$mo H$_Omoa Am¡a IË_ H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s OmVr h¡& Ý`m`m`nm{bH$m H$s H$moB© Odm~Xohr ^r Zht h¡& EH$ Eogm hr ~‹S>m _m_bm drnr qgh gaH$ma Ho$ Xm¡amZ XoIZo H$mo {_bm Wm& EH$ Vå~mHy$ H$ånZr Ho$ pIbm\$ aoS> _| 2000 H$amo‹S> go ^r Á`mXm H$s H$a Mmoar gm_Zo AmB© Wr& hmB©H$moQ>g© _|o CgHo$ pIbm\$ \¡$gbm Am`m Wm, IwX H$ånZr _m{bH$m| Zo 64 noO _| ñdrH$mam Wm& na gwàr_ H$moQ>© _| _m_bm bQ>H$m ahm Am¡a ~mX _| H$ånZr na bJr bodr H$mo IË_ H$a {X`m J`m&5

Im{_`m§ H$mZyZ _| Zht, Im{_`m§ Om§M _| hmoVr h¡& Im{_`m§ Cg àUmbr _| h¡ {OgHo$ A§Xa h_ g~ H$m_ H$aVo h¡& H$mob KmoQ>mbo H$m _m_bm hmo m 2 Or ñnoŠQ>_ H$m _m_bm& gaH$ma H$mZyZ m Zr{V Ho$ AmYma na \¡$gbo boVr h¡& BgH$m \$m`Xm `m Aga Vmo h_oem {ZOr bmoJm| H$mo hr hmoVm h¡& na gaH$ma _| ~¡R>o bmoJm| Zo H$moB© JbV \¡$gbm {b`m h¡ Vmo CÝh| X§{S>V H$aZo Ho$ ~Om` Amd§Q>Z Ho$ _m_bo _| `h

{eH$m`V AmB© h¡§ {H$ Omo H§$n{Z`m§ ñQ>rb, gr_|Q> Am{X Ho$ CËnmXZ _| H$ht em{_b hr Zht Wr CÝh| ^r H$mZyZ Ho$ {dê$Û OmH$a IXmZm| H$m Amd§Q>Z {H$`m J`m& Bg _m_bo _| A~ Om§M H$m {df` h hmoJm {H$ H§$nZr Zo bmB©g|g PyR> ~mobH$a {b`m `m {\$a {OgZo bmBg|g {X`m CgZo H§$nZr Ho$ Xmdo H$s gË`Vm H$s O§mM Zht H$s& nwZ: `h g~ nyar Vah go Om§M na {Z ©a H$aVm h¡&6

Bgr{bE ~‹S>m gdmb `h CR>Vm h¡ {H$ Om§M EO|gr O¡go gr~rAmB© `m nw{bg H¡$go {H$gr amOZr{VH$ Xb Ho$ AYrZ R>rH$ go H$m_ H$a gH$Vr h¡? A_arH$m go VwbZm H$ao Vmo h_mar àUmbr _| Im_r ~‹S>o gm\$ Vm¡a na Câ H$a gm_Zo AmVr h¡& A_arH$m _| nw{bg à_wI {H$gr ZoVm H$mo Zht daZ EQ>m°Zu OZab H$mo [anmoQ>© H$aVm h¡§ Am¡a EQ>m°Zu OZab O¡go H$B© nXm| na {Z`wpŠV`m| Ho$ {bE grZoQ> H$s gh_{V Oê$ar hmoVr h¡& grZoQ> BZ {Z`wpŠV`m| na H$m\$s ~hg H$aVr h¡& na h_mao `hm± Bg g~ H$m amOZr{VH$aU hmo MwH$m h¡&7

h_mar àUmbr _| Xÿgar ~‹S>r {eH$m`V h¡ {H$ `hm± Ý`m` _| BVZm g_` bJVm h¡ {H$ AXmbV| Ý`m` H$s amh _| ht amo‹S>m ~ZVo àVrV hmoZo bJVr h¡& BgH$m H$maU h¡ {H$ h_mao hm± Ho$gm| H$s g§»`m ~hþV Á`mXm h¡& ha N>moQ>m _m_bm O¡go MmbmZ ^r H$moQ>© _| OmVm h¡, Cg na VmarI| {_bVr h¡& Eogo _m_bo A_arH$m _| H$moQ>© _| OmVo hr Zht h¡& h_mao `hm± ^r Am°Zaoar _{OñQ´>oQ> Am{X ~ZmH$a ò _m_bo {ZnQ>mE Om gH$Vo h¡&

amOZoVmAm| Ho$ _m_bm| _| Om§M go boH$a Ý`m`mb` _| gwZdmB© VH$ Xoa hmoVr ahVr h¡& {dbå~ H$m ha hWH§$S>m AnZm`m OmVm h¡& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BZH$mo Xmofr nmE OmZo _| H$B© df© bJ JE&8

27.09.2014 Am` go A{YH$ gån{V: Oo.O`b{bVm-df© 1991 go 1996 VH$ _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| nhbo H$m`©H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ Am` go A{YH$ gån{V EH$Ì H$aZo H$m Amamon bJm& A~ OmH$a Xmofr nmB© JB©& {dbå~- 18 df© BgHo$ ~mX Xmo ~ma grE_ ~Z JB©&

03.10.2013 Mmam KmoQ>mbm : bmby àgmX `mXd-{~hma Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`©H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ df© 1996 _| Mmam KmoQ>mbm COmJa hþAm& H$moQ>© Ho$ AmXoe na _m_bm XO© hþAm& df© 2013 _| Xmofr nmE JE& {dbå~- 17 df© _w»`_§Ìr Am¡a Ho$ÝÐr` _§Ìr ah|&

19.09.2013 _oS>rH$b E§Q´>|g KmoQ>mbm :- agrX _gyX df© 1990 _§ VËH$mbrZ amï´>r` _moMm© gaH$ma _| {M{H$Ëgm _§Ìr Wo& {Ìnwam H$moQ>o H$s _o{S>H$b grQ>m| na AnmÌ bmoJm| H$mo XmpIbm {XbdmZo H$m Amamon bJm& {dbå~- 24 df© gm§gX ~ZVo aho&

31.08.2012 ZamoS>m nm{Q>`m X§Jo- _m`m H$moS>ZmZr-JmoYam Q>«oZ _| AmJ bJmZo H$s KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mX ZamoS>m nm{Q>`m _| hþE X§Jm| _| 90 go A{YH$ bmoJ _mao JE Wo& _{hbm-~mb {dH$mg _§Ìr H$moS>ZmZr ^r Xmofr nmB© JB©& {dbå~- 10 df© {dYm`H$ Am¡a _§Ìr ~Zr aht&

18.02.2011 BXm_b`ma ~m§Y KmoQ>mbm- Ama ~r {n„oB©- {n„oB© na amÁ` Ho$ COm© _w§Ìr ahVo JbV VarHo$ go nZ{~Obr J«h H$m R>oH$m XoZo H$m Amamon Wm& df© 1985 _| Amamon bJo& Om§M Mbr Am¡a 2011 _| Xmofr nmE JE§& {dbå~- 26 df© {dYm`H$ Am¡a _§Ìr ~Zr aho&

20.11.2011 Q>obrH$m°_ KmoQ>mbm : gwIam_-Za{gåhm amd gaH$ma _| Xÿag§Mma _§Ìr Wo& gr~rAmB© Zo df© 1996 _| N>mnm _ma H$a CZHo$ Ka go 3.6 H$amo‹S> ê$nE OãV {H$E& T>mB© XeH$ ~mX AXmbV Zo CÝh| Xmofr nm`m& {dbå~- 25 df© amOZr{V _| ~Zo aho&

ISSN 2348-3857


22.01.2012 {ejH$ ^Vu KmoQ>mbm : Amo_àH$me Mm¡Q>mbm- Mm¡Q>mbm h[a`mUm Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr Wo VH$ H${Zð> {eÛmH$mo §Ho$ 3208 nXm| na ^Vu hþB© Wr& M`Z gyMr _| ^mar J‹S>~‹S>r H$s JB©& H$moQ>© Zo Mm¡Q>mbm H$mo Xmofr _mZm& {dbå~- 13 df© _w»`_§Ìr aho {\$a {dnj Ho$ ZoVm&

27.04.2012 Am°naoeZ doñQ>ÊS>: ñd. ~§Jmê$ bj_U- ^mOnm Ho$ VËH$mbrZ amï´>r` AÜ`j bú_U df© 2001 _| H¡$_ao na EH$ bmI ê$nE boVo XoIo JE& gr~rAmB© Zo Om§M H$s Am¡a Xmofr nm` & H$moQ>© Zo ^r Xmofr _mZm& {dbå~- 11 df© Xohm§V VH$ amOZr{V _| ~Zo aho&

COmJa H$aZo dmbo bmoJ dhr Wo Omo {H$ {nN>br nm§M `moOZmAm| _| Wo& _Vb~ `h {H$ bmoJm| Zo H$mZyZ go S>aZo Ho$ ~OmE BZ `moOZmAm| H$mo H$mbo go g\o$X H$aZo H$m O[a`m ~Zm {b`m Wm&

H$R>moa H$mZyZ-AmO {ZMbo ñVa na Anam{YH$ _m_bo Á`mXm AmVo h¢& OZVm H$m H$m_ {~Zm gw{dYm ewëH$ {XE hmoZm _wpíH$b hmo J`m h¡& bo{H$Z h r Vmo XoIo {H$ BgH$s AmXV {H$gZo S>mbr? AmO bmoJm| _| H$mZyZ H$m S>a n¡Xm H$aZo H$s Oê$aV h¡& bmoJm| H$mo `h Ehgmg H$amZo H$s Oê$aV h¡ {H$ AJa do Hw$N> JbV H$a|Jo Vmo H$mZyZ CÝh| N>mo‹S>oJm Zht& Ohm± VH$ VmH$Vda bmoJm| Ho$ ^«ï>mMma _| {bá hmoZo H$m gdmb h¡ {Ogo h_ ìhmB©Q> H$m°ba H«$mB©_ ^r H$hVo h¡& AmpIa Š`m| ~M OmVo h¡ H$mZyZ Ho$ {gH$ÝOo go? BgH$m grYm gm Odm~ h¡ {H$ CZH$s amOZo{VH$ nH$‹S> BVZr _O~yV hmoVr h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r BZ na hmW S>mbZo go S>aVm h¡&11

OZ OmJê$H$Vm- Omo bmoJ g»V H$mZyZ ~ZmH$a AnamYrH$aU amoH$Zo H$s ~mV H$a aho h¡, do `h ^yb OmVo h¡ {H$ Xþ{Z`m _| Eogo H$B© CXmhaU h¢, O~ g»V H$mZyZm| H$m {dnarV Aga n‹S>m h¡& Ho$db g»V H$mZyZ ~ZmZo XoZo â go pñW{V AJa ~Xb OmVr Vmo H$mB© ^r Xoe Bg_| nrN>o Zht ahVm& Xoe _| _m¡OyX H$mZyZ _| hr EH$ ŠbH©$ go boH$a àYmZ_§Ìr VH$ H$mo nH$‹S>Zo H$s j_Vm h¡& AJa CgH$m nyam BñVo_mb Zht hþAm, Vmo H$mZyZ H$s H$_r Ho$ H$maU Zht, ~pëH$ CgH$mo bmJy H$aZo dmbm| H$s àd¥{V Ho$ H$maU hþAm& {g\©$ ZE H$mZyZ ~ZmH$a `h n[apñW{V ~XbZo dmbr Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ bmoJ Vmo dht ahoJo& O~ VH$ OZVm ñdm{^_mZr Zht hmoJr, V~ VH$ ~hþV Á`mXm gwYma Zht hmoZo dmbm h¡&

g_`~Õ Odm~Xohr-Xoe _| Omo Ý`m`mYrem|| H$s H$_r H$s ~mV H$s OmVr h¡ dh {ZamYma h¡, {g\©$ ~hmZo~mOr h¡& Ý`m`mYrem|| H$s H$moB© H$_r Zht h¡& {ZU©`m| H$s H$_r h¡& EH$ EH$ N>moQ>m gm Ho$g gmbm| gmb Q>bVm ahVm h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE 2009 _| gË`_ KmoQ>mbm gm_Zo Am`m Wm Am¡a Bgr g_` A_arH$m _| _¡S>moH$ H$m Ho$g gm_Zo Am`m Wm& gË`_ KmoQ>mbm Ohm± 2 Aa~ S>m°ba H$m Wm dht _¡S>mo\$ H$m nm|Or ñH$såg KmoQ>mbm 50 Aa~ S>m°ba H$m Wm& A_arH$m _| _¡S>moH$ _m_bo H$m N>h _hrZo _| \¡$gbm hmo J`m Am¡a Oob ^r hmo JB©& Xÿgar Va\$ h_mao `hm± gË`_ _m_bm A^r

gwPmd

H$mboYZ na amoH$-^«ï>mMma H$mboYZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm H$m hr A§J h¡ O¡go-O¡go ^«ï>mMma ~‹T>m h¡ d¡go-d¡go H$mboYZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm ^r ~‹T>r h¡& ò Omo KmoQ>mbo h¢ dmo ^«ï>mMma Ho$ hr g§Ho$VH$ h¢& Z Ho$db KmoQ>mbm| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡ daZ² KmoQ>mbm| H$m AmH$ma ^r ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡ & CXmhaU Ho$ {bE 50 Am¡a 60 Ho$ XeH$ _| Eogo KmoQ>mbm| H$s g§»`m Omo g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ nhbo noO na AmE CZH$s g§»`m _wpíH$b go EH$ hr hmoVr Wr 70 Ho$ XeH$ _| `h 2 hmo JB©& 80 Ho$ XeH$ _| BZ KmoQ>mbm| H$s g§»`m 8 hmo JB©& 91 go 96 VH$ Ad{Y _| BZ KmoQ>mbm| H$s g§»`m 26 hmo JB©, {OZ_o 13 KmoQ>mbo 1 hOma H$amo‹S> Ho$ Wo& g~go ~‹S>m KmoQ>mbm hf©X _ohVm H$m§S> Wm Omo {H$ [anmoQ>© Ho$ AZwgma 3 hOma H$amo‹S> H$m Wm& EH$ emoYmWu Zo emoY {H$`m h¡ {H$ 2005 go 2008 Ho$ ~rM 150 KmoQ>mbo hþE& ò g~ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o KmoQ>mbo hþE& ò g^r KmoQ>mbo H$B© hOma H$amo‹S> go boH$a bmI H$amo‹S> VH$ Ho$ KmoQ>mbo Wo& Bg Vah Z {g\©$ KmoQ>mbm| H$s g§»`m H$B© JwZm ~‹T>r h¡ daZ CZH$m AmH$ma ^r H$B© JwZm ~‹T>m h¡&9

Eogm Am§H$bZ h¡ {H$ AmO H$s VmarI _| ^maV H$s AW©ì`dñWm _| 50 à{VeV H$mbm YZ h¡ BgH$m Ame` h¡ h_mao boZ XoZ Ho$ 50 à{VeV _m_bo {d{Y {dê$Û h¢& ^maV _| H$mbo YZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm Zo Z Ho$db AnZr EH$ àUmbr {dH${gV H$a br h¡ daZ² h_mao {gñQ>_ H$m ^mJ ~Z MwH$s h¡& _Vb~ `h h¡ {H$ Bg_| amOH$mO Ho$ bmoJ nyar Vah go em{_b h¢& Zm¡H$aemhr, ì`mnmar Am¡a amOZr{Vk VrZm| Bg_| em{_b h¡& {nN>bo 70 gmbm| _| H$mbmYZ Am¡a ^«ï>mMma H$mo boH$a H$_ go H$_ 40 H$_o{Q>`m§ Am¡a Am`moJ ~Z MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a hOmam| AZwe§gmE§ Xr Om MwH$s h¢& g¡§H$‹S>m| bmJy ^r hmo MwH$s h¢ na ^«ï>mMma Am¡a H$mboYZ H$s ~r_mar ~‹T>Vr hr Om ahr h¡& EH$ Am§H$bZ Ho$ AZwgma B§{Xam Jm±Yr Ho$ O_mZo _| AW©V§Ì _| H$mboYZ H$s _mÌm 7 à{VeV Wr Omo AmO ~‹T>H$a 50 à{VeV hmo MwH$s h¡& B§{Xam Jm±Yr Ho$ O_mZo _| A{YH$V_ H$a gr_m 97 à{VeV VH$ hþAm H$aVr Wr Omo A~ 30 à{VeV VH$ H$a Xr JB© h¡& BgHo$ ~mX ^«ï>mMma ~‹T>m hr h¡, KQ>m Zht& H$mboYZ go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bE A~ VH$ 6 {S>ñŠbmoOa AWm©V _m\$s `moOZm§E ^r bmB© Om MwH$s h¡& A§{V_ `moOZm 97 _| AmB© Wr& na grEOr H$s [anmoQ>© Zo ~Vm`m {H$ BZ _m\$s moOZmAm| _| AnZo H$mboYZ H$mo


ISSN 2348-3857

H$moQ>© VH$ ^r Zht nhþ§Mm h¡& hmb Ho$ bmoH$g^m MwZmd _| Omo gËVm n[adV©Z hþAm h¡ Cg_| dmoQ> ~¡§H$ H$s amOZr{V Ho$ H$_Omoa n‹S>Zo Ho$ g§Ho$V {_bo h¡& bmoJm| Zo AnZr Om{V go Cna CR>H$a dmoQ> {X`m h¡& Bgr Vah EH$m§CQ>o~b ~ZZo go hr ^«ï>m| H$s {VJ‹S>r Qy>Q> gH$Vr h¡& BgH$m H$moB© VËH$mb hb Zht h¡§ & `h g~ Yrao-Yrao hr hmoJm&10

{ZîH$f©

Ho$db g»V H$mZyZ ~ZmZo XoZo ^a go pñW{V AJa ~Xb OmVr Vmo H$mB© ^r Xoe Bg_| nrN>o Zht ahVm& Xoe _| _m¡OyX H$mZyZ _| hr EH$ ŠbH©$ go boH$a àYmZ_§Ìr VH$ H$mo nH$‹S>Zo H$s j_Vm h¡& AJa CgH$m nyam BñVo_mb Zht hþAm, Vmo H$mZyZ H$s H$_r Ho$ H$maU Zht, ~pëH$ CgH$mo bmJy H$aZo dmbm| H$s àd¥{V Ho$ H$maU hþAm& {g\©$ ZE H$mZyZ ~ZmH$a `h n[apñW{V ~XbZo dmbr Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ bmoJ Vmo dht ahoJo& O~ VH$ OZVm ñdm{^_mZr Zht hmoJr, V~ VH$ ~hþV Á`mXm gwYma Zht hmoZo dmbm h¡& hmb Ho$ bmoH$g^m MwZmd _| Omo gËVm n[adV©Z hþAm h¡ Cg_| dmoQ> ~¡§H$ H$s amOZr{V Ho$ H$_Omoa n‹S>Zo Ho$ g§Ho$V {_bo h¡& bmoJm| Zo AnZr Om{V go Cna CR>H$a dmoQ> {X`m h¡& Bgr Vah EH$m§CQ>o~b ~ZZo go hr ^«ï>m| H$s {VJ‹S>r Qy>Q> gH$Vr h¡& BgH$m H$moB© VËH$mb hb Zht h¡§& `h g~ Yrao-Yrao hr hmoJm&11

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. S>m°. Y_©dra, amOZr{V g_mOemñÌ, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, n¥.g§.> 32

2. àmo. _mWwa, AmZÝX, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$, 02.08.14

3. eoIa, amOoÝÐ, gr~rAmB© Ho$ nyd© {ZXoeH$, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$, 05.10.14

4. S>m°.dmgwXod, S>m°. d_m©, draoÝÐ, ^maVr` amOZr{V _| ^«ï>mMma Ho$ ~XbVo Am`m_, _{hn ~wH$ {S>ñQ´>rã`yQ>g©, ZB© {Xëbr, n¥.g§. 66

5. emñÌr,gmo_nmb, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$, 05.10.14

6. Ho$. VÝIm, {ddoH$, nyd© E{S>.gm°{b{gQ>a OZab, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$ 05.10.14

7. JmonrH¥$îUZ, Oo., d[a.nÌH$ma, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$ 05.10.14

8. amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$ 05.10.14

9. Hw$_ma, àmo. Aê$U, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$ 02.08.14

10. JmonrH¥$îUZ, Oo., d[a.nÌH$ma, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$ 05.08.14

11. amKdZ, Ama.Ho$., gr~rAmB© Ho$ nyd© {ZXoeH$, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, {XZm§H$ 02.08.14

àñVmdZm

_¡§ Eogo ^maV Ho$ {bE H$mo{ee H$ê$§Jm, {Og_| Jar~ go Jar~ AmX_r ^r `h _hgyg H$ao {H$ `h CZH$m Xoe h¡, {OgHo$ {Z_m©U _| CgH$s AmdmO H$m _hËd h¡& _¡§ Eogo ^maV Ho$ {bE H$mo{ee H$ê$§Jm, {Og_| D$§M-ZrM H$m H$moB© oX Z hmo& Om{V`m§ {_bOwb H$a ahVr hm|& Eogo ^maV _| Añn¥î`Vm d eam~ VWm Zerbr MrOm| Ho$ A{Zï>m| Ho$ {bE H$moB© ñWmZ Z hmoJm& Cg_| pñÌ`m| H$mo nwê$fm| Ho$ g_mZ A{YH$ma {_b|Jo& gmar Xþ{Z`m go h_mam gå~ÝY em§{V Am¡a ^mB©Mmao H$m hmoJm& _hmË_m Jm±Yr

gwemgZ eãX gm_mÝ`V: A§J«oOr Ho$ "JwS> JdZ}Ýg' eãX Ho$ qhXr ê$nm§Va Ho$ ê$n _| à`wŠV hmoVm h¡& `h eãX dV©_mZ bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ gmW A{^ÝZ h¡& h_ {Og dV©_mZ bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWm _| ahVo h¡§ dh A§J«oOr Ho$ "So>_moH«o$gr' eãX H$m qhXr ê$nm§Va h¡ Am¡a BgH$m CX²^d ^r npíM_ Ho$ Xoe h¡§, Bg{bE h_ Bg bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ gmW CZgo Ow‹S>o Xÿgao eãX ^r Cgr AZwê$n boVo h¡§& Bg g_` gwemgZ H$s Á`mXmVa AdYmaUmE§ Am¡a {dMma {díd Ho$ npíM_r {dH${gV Xoem| H$mo AmXe© ~ZmH$a noe H$aVr h¡§& CZH$m amOZr{VH$ T>m§Mm,

emoY gmam§e

gwemgZ EH$ AmXe© h¡ {OgH$mo gånyU© ê$n go àmá H$aZm H${R>Z h¡& {díd H$s g_ñV emgZ àUm{b`m| Zo Bgo _mÝ`Vm àXmZ H$s h¡& d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ \$bñdê$n emgZ Ho$ pIbm\$ AmÝXmobZ ewê$ hmo JE h¡§& AV: g_mO Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ AÀN>o emgZ H$s ñWmnZm hmo O¡gm h_mao amï´>{nVm H$s gmoM Wr {OÝhm|Zo ñdamÁ` Ho$ g§~§Y _| Eogo {dMma {XE Wo& gwemgZ ñWmnZm _| gä` g_mO H$m ^r _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ h¡& gwemgZ H$m _yb ~b Bg ~mV na ^r {Z^©a H$aVm h¡ {H$ {H$g àH$ma OZ gm_mÝ` H$mo ào[aV {H$`m OmE {H$ dh AnZr gj_VmAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW amÁ` d g_wXm` Ho$ {dH$mg _| AnZr godm d ^mJrXmar nyU© ê$n go àmá H$a gHo$& gwemgZ H$m Ü`o` `h ^r h¡ {H$ Eogm dmVmdaU V¡`ma {H$`m OmE {Oggo bmoH$ godH$m| Ho$ gmW-gmW amOZr{Vk ^r gwemgZ H$s MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ à{V {Oå_oXmar go àË`wËVa XoZo _| gj_ ~Z gH|$& EH$ gwemgZ dh h¡ {OgH$m bú` CgH$s Zr{V`m| Ed§ CZH$mo bmJy H$aZo Ho$ VarH$m| VWm CZHo$ ZVrOm| _| hmo d BZH$s OZVm H$s Va\$ {Oå_oXm[a`m|, OZVm go ì`dhma, OZVm Ho$ {bE {d{^ÝZ dm`Xm| d CZH$s B©_mZXmar _| hr BZH$m bú` g_m{hV h¡& Eogm emgZ hr gwemgZ h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … gwemgZ, d¡ídrH$aU, AmÝXmobZ, ñdamO, gä`-g_mO {dH$mg, _mZdm{YH$ma, ZdrZ bmoH$ à~ÝYZ

Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, ì`pŠVJV ñdV§ÌVm H$m CZH$m ì`dhma, CZHo$ _mZdm{YH$ma, CZH$s Ý`m` àUmbr, nw{bg ì`dñWm, {ejm, ñdmñÏ` T>m§Mo Am{X gwemgZ Ho$ AmXe© h¡§ {OZH$m AZwH$aU H$aHo$ h_| ^r AnZo Xoe `m amÁ` H$mo Cgr Vah ~ZmZm h¡& Eogm H$aZo _| h_ {OVZo g\$b hm|Jo, gwemgZ Ho$ _mnX§S> na ^r h_ CVZo hr g\$b _mZo OmE§Jo& AmO H$m gM `hr h¡ {H$ nyar Xþ{Z`m Ho$ {bE gwemgZ Ho$ Cn`w©ŠV _m°S>b gd©-ñdrH¥$V h¡§ Am¡a Á`mXmVa Xoe CÝht H$m AZwgaU H$a aho h¡§& dmñVd _| XoIm OmE Vmo "àemgZ' go VmËn`© "{ZU©`-{Z_m©U' H$s j_Vm Ed§ CZ {ZU©`m| H$mo bmJy H$aZo `m Z H$aZo go h¡& gwemgZ {ZU©`-{Z_m©U Ed§ {H«$`mÝd`Z H$s j_Vm H$m gX²^mdZm na AmYm[aV hmoZm h¡&

nmB© Ho$ AZwgma-""gwemgZ dh h¡ {Og_| àOm EH$ em§{VnyU©, {Z`_`wŠV g_¥{Õ `wŠV OrdZ OrE&''

Om°Z h¡bo Ed§ _mH©$ am°{dÝgZ-àW_ Ho$ AZwgma-""gwemgZ EH$ à^mdr g§JR>Z h¡, {Og_| Zr{V-{Z_m©U, {deof ê$n go Am{W©H$ Zr{V`m| H$m d¥{Õ _| gh`moJ, pñWaVm Ed§ OZ{hV em{_b h¡&''

H$m°\$s AÝZmZ Zo {bIm h¡-""gwemgZ {dH$mg H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo dmbm

gwemgZ H$s AdYmaUmhoVb H§$da

emoYmWu, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJ, amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

Ed§ Jar~r H$mo KQ>mZo dmbm em`X EH$ _mÌ _hËdnyU© H$maH$ h¡&'' EH$ AÝ` ê$n _| EM.Ho$. Eñ_oamo_ gwemgZ H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVo hþE {bIVo ho¡§ {H$-""EH$ àOmV§Ì H$s ê$naoIm _| hr gwemgZ à^mdr Ed§ j_Vm`wŠV hmoVm h¡&'' {ddoH$ Mm¡n‹S>m Ho$ AZwgma-""gwemgZ dh h¡ Omo g_mO H$s H$s_V g_Po Ed§ Cgo ~‹T>mE&''

{_ZmoMm Ho$ AZwgma-""gwemgZ dh h¡ {Og_| amOZr{VH$ {hñgoXmar, ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma, {Z`_`wŠV dmVmdaU, gyMZm Ed§ nmaX{e©Vm hmo VWm OZVm Ed§ gaH$ma Ho$ _Ü` à^mdr gm_§Oñ` hmo&'' `y.Eg. AJ«dmb Ho$ AZwgma-""EH$ gwemgZ dh h¡ {OgH$m bú` CgH$s Zr{V`m| Ed§ CZH$mo bmJy H$aZo Ho$ VarH$m| VWm CZHo$ ZVrOm| _| hmo d BZH$s OZVm H$s Va\$ {Oå_oXm[a`m|, OZVm go ì`dhma, OZVm Ho$ {bE {d{^ÝZ dm`Xm| d CZH$s B©_mZXmar _| hr BZH$m bú` g_m{hV h¡& Eogm emgZ hr gwemgZ h¡&''

`Vre {_lm Ho$ AZwgma-""gwemgZ dh h¡ {Og_| Xoe H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd aIZo dmbo amOZr{VH$ g§JR>Zm| Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ VarHo$, CZH$s {Oå_oXm[a`m± VWm CZHo$ OZVm H$s ^bmB© Ho$ {bE {H$E JE H$m`© VWm g^r OZ hoVw g§Kf© H$aZo H$s H$m`©e¡br gpå_{bV h¡§&''

_m{Q©>Z {_Zmo JmCZ Zo AÀN>o gwemgZ H$mo EH$ ì`mnH$ gwYma aUZr{V _mZm h¡ VWm h ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡ {H$ gaH$ma H$mo Odm~Xoh, nmaXeu VWm bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE gä` g_mO H$mo geŠV H$aZo H$s nhb H$aZm gwemgZ H$m A{^ÝZ A§J h¡&

`yZmZ Ho$ Xme©{ZH$ ßboQ>mo Zo AnZo AmXe© amÁ`, amOm, Ý`m` ì`dñWm Am{X H$m {dñV¥V dU©Z {H$`m h¡& AañVw Ho$ qMVZ _| amÁ`, g§{dYmZ, H$mZyZ, emgH$, ZmJ[aH$ Am{X H$m Cg g_` Ho$ g§X^© _| {deX dU©Z h¡& AañVw H$s Hw$N> n§pŠV`m| na ZOa Xm¡‹S>mBE "amÁ` Hw$bm| Am¡a J«m_m| H$m EH$ Eogm g_wXm` h¡ {OgH$m CÔoí` nyU© Am¡a AmË_{Z^©a OrdZ H$s àm{á h¡&' "amÁ` H$m CX` OrdZ Ho$ {bE hþAm Am¡a gX²OrdZ Ho$ {bE CgH$m ApñVËd ~Zm hþAm h¡&' "amÁ` EH$ gH$mamË_H$ AÀN>mB© h¡, AV: BgH$m H$m`© ~wao H$m_m| AWdm AnamYm| H$mo amoH$Zm Zht, daZ _mZd H$mo Z¡{VH$Vm Am¡a gX²JwUm| Ho$ _mJ© na AmJo ~‹T>mZm h¡&' AmO Ho$ g§X^© _| ßboQ>mo Ed§ AañVw Ho$ amÁ` Am¡a emgZ g§~§Yr {dMmam| H$s AmbmoMZm hmoVr h¡, bo{H$Z gwemgZ H$s X¥{ï> go CZHo$ Xe©Z Ho$ AZoH$ nhbwAm| H$s àmg§{JH$Vm ha H$mb _| ~Zr ahoJr& BgHo$ ~mX hm°ãg, bm°H$, ê$gmo, ~|W_, {_b EH$ b§~r l¥§Ibm CZ {dMmaH$m| Am¡a ZoVmAm| H$s h¡ {OÝhm|Zo AnZr X¥{ï> go Am¡a VËH$mbrZ ñWmZ, g_` Am¡a n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma gwemgZ H$s H$ënZm H$s h¡& bo{H$Z h_|

`h gM ñdrH$ma H$aZm hmoJm {H$ gwemgZ H$m {OVZm Jham Am¡a {deX {dMma ^maVr` _Zr{f`m| Zo {H$`m CVZm Xþ{Z`m _| H$ht Zht hþAm& AbJ-AbJ àíZmo§ Ho$ CËVa _| amÁ`, amOm, àOm, A{YH$mar g~Ho$ H$V©ì`m| H$m Omo dU©Z h¡ dhr dñVwV: gwemgZ h¡&

S>m°. _m{Q©>Z byWa qH$J Oy{Z`a O~ 1959 _| maV AmE Vmo CÝhm|Zo H$hm, "Xÿgao Xoem| _| _¡§ EH$ n`©Q>H$ H$s Vah Om gH$Vm hÿ§, bo{H$Z ^maV _| _¡§ EH$ VrW©`mÌr hÿ§&' CÝhm|Zo H$hm, "em`X AÝ` ~mVm| go ~‹T>H$a ^maV Eogr ^y{_ h¡ Ohm± AqhgH$ gm_m{OH$ ~Xbmd H$s VH$ZrH|$ {dH${gV H$s JBª, {OÝh| _oao bmoJm| Zo Abm~m_m Ho$ _m|Q>Jmo_oar Am¡a A_o[aH$m Ho$ nyao X{jU _| AmO_m`m h¡& h_Zo CÝh| à^mdr nm`m h¡- do H$m_ H$aVr h¡§!' {OgHo$ H$maU S>m°. qH$J ^maV AmE,dh amh {XImZo dmbr amoeZr _mohZ Xmg H$a_M§X Jm±Yr, _hmË_m Wo& ~mny Xþ{Z`m^a _| H$amo‹S>m| bmoJm| H$mo AmO ^r hm¡gbm Xo aho h¡§& à{VamoY Ho$ Jm±YrdmXr VarH$m| Zo H$B© A\«$sH$s Xoem| _| Cå_rX H$s ^mdZm àÁd{bV H$s& S>m°. qH$J Zo H$hm Wm, "O~ _¡§ npíM_ A\«$sH$m _| KmZm J`m Vmo àYmZ_§Ìr ZH«w$_mh Zo _wPgo H$hm {H$ CÝhm|Zo Jm±YrOr Ho$ H$m_ Ho$ ~mao _| n‹T>m h¡ Am¡a _hgyg {H$`m {H$ AqhgH$ à{VamoY H$m dhm§ {dñVma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& h_| `mX AmVm h¡ {H$ X{jU A\«$sH$m _| ^r ~g ~m°`H$mQ> hþE h¡§&'

ZoëgZ _§So>bm Zo Jm±YrOr H$mo "n{dÌ `moÕm' H$hVo hþE {bIm, "Agh`moJ H$s CZH$s aUZr{V, CZH$m Bg ~mV na Omoa XoZm {H$ h_ na {H$gr H$m à^wËd V^r MboJm O~ h_ h_| AYrZ aIZo dmbo go gh`moJ H$a|Jo& Am¡a CZHo$ AqhgH$ à{VamoY Zo h_mar gXr _| H$B© Cn{Zdoe Am¡a ZñbdmX {damoYr Am§XmobZm| H$mo A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na ào[aV {H$`m&' _§So>bm Ho$ {bE Jm±Yr ^maVr` Am¡a X{jU A\«$sH$s Wo& Jm±YrOr ^r CZgo gh_V hmoVo& CZ_| _mZd g_mO Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o {damoYm^mgm| _| nwb ~ZZo H$s AZyR>r `mo½`Vm Wr& 1925 _| Jm±Yr Zo "`§J B§{S>`m' _| {bImê$ "{H$gr ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE amï´>dmXr hþE ~J¡a A§Vaamï´>r`dmXr hmoZm Ag§^d h¡& A§Vaamï´>r`dmX V^r g§^d hmoVm h¡ O~ amï´>dmX EH$ VÏ` ~Z OmVm h¡ AWm©V O~ AbJ-AbJ Xoem| Ho$ bmoJ g§J{R>V hmoVo h¡§ Am¡a {\$a {_bH$a H$m`© H$aZo _| H$m_`m~ hmoVo h¡§&' CÝhm|Zo maVr` amï´>dmX H$s Bg ê$n _| H$ënZm H$s Wr {H$ Omo g§Hw${MV Z hmo, ~pëH$ Eogm hmo Omo nyar _mZdVm H$s godm H$ao&

gwemgZ EH$ AmXe© h¡ {OgH$mo gånyU© ê$n go àmá H$aZm H${R>Z h¡& AmO1 {díd H$s g_ñV emgZ àUm{b`m Mmho dh bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$, JUVm§{ÌH$, amOV§Ìr` `m VmZmemhr Š`m| Z bo gwemgZ H$mo _mÝ`Vm àXmZ H$a MwH$s h¡§& gwemgZ H$s AdYmaUm

ISSN 2348-3857


H$mo h_ {ZpíMV eãXm| _| Zht ~m§Y gH$Vo h¡& AmO {díd H$s g_ñV AW©ì`dñWmE§, {Og àH$ma ^y_§S>brH$aU H$mo AnZm ahr h¡, `Ú{n CZgo Bg ~mV na _V¡Š` Zht h¡ naÝVw gwemgZ H$mo boH$a g§nyU© {díd H$s amOZr{V _| nhbr ~ma A§Vamï´>r` _V¡Š` ñWm{nV hþAm àVrV hmoVm h¡&

gH$b {díd H$s amÁ` ì`dñWmAm| na AW©ì`dñWmE§ hmdr hmo ahr h¡ VWm _mZdr`Vm, àH¥${V, n`m©daU Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm hm{eE na Mbr JB© àVrV hmoVr h¡, gwemgZ hr dh AñÌ h¡ {OgHo$ g§nyU© _mZd Om{V H$m hr Zht daZ² YaVr H$m H$ë`mU g§^d h¡& gwemgZ EH$ {deofU`wŠV eãX h¡ VWm AnZo Amn _| Hw$N> _yë`m| H$mo g_oQ>o hþE h¡§, O~{H$ emgZ EH$ à{H«$`m h¡ Omo _yë``wŠV ì`dWm `m {Zanoj ì`dñWm H$s Am¡a B§{JV H$aVr h¡& gwemgZ H$mo àOmVm§{ÌH$ gm§Mo _| Xj Am¡a à^mdr àemgZ go Omo‹S>m OmVm h¡& `h CX²Xoí`naH$ VWm {dH$mgmoÝ_wI àemgZ Ho$ g_mZ Omo {H$ OZgm_mÝ` Ho$ OrdZ H$s JwUdËVm _| ~T>moVar hoVw H${Q>~Õ h¡&

`h CƒñVa H$s gm§JR>{ZH$ à^m{dH$Vm H$mo bmJy H$aVm h¡& `h amOZr{VH$ Am¡a àemg{ZH$ epŠV Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ H$s gj_Vm H$mo Omo‹S>Vo hþE Cgo g_mO _| CËnÝZ hmoZo dmbr MwZm¡{V`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZo H$mo V¡m`a H$aZo go g§~§{YV h¡& `h ì`dñWm H$s gmI, CgH$s d¡Úm{ZH$Vm VWm CƒV_ XjVm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo hoVw emgZ Ho$ ZdrZ _yë`m| H$mo AmË_gmV H$aZo H$s Am¡a B§{JV H$aVm h¡&3 gmYmaU AmX_r H$s ZOa _| gwemgZ ~ohVa {ejm, ñdmñÏ` godm, ~ohVa {~Obr, nmZr Am¡a amoQ>r H$s g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ H$aZo H$m {dH$ën h¡& Eogm emgZ {OgHo$ CgH$s gw{dYmE§ ~‹T> gHo$, CgHo$ OrdZ _| gwYma hmo gHo$, Cgo {dH$mg d AmJo ~‹T>Zo

Ho$ g_mZ Adga VWm C{MV n[adoe àmá hmo gHo$, ^`_wŠV ^oX^md a{hV, Cƒ _mZdr` _yë`m| Ho$ g_mO H$s aMZm hmo gHo$, gwemgZ H$hbmEJm&4

gwemgZ àemgZ Ho$ Cƒ àXr` JwUmo H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo Am¡a CgHo$ XþJw©Um| d Hw$ar{V`m| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo H$m H$m`© h¡& g§jon _|o,gwemgZ Xj, gmI`wŠV Am¡a d¡Ym{ZH$ àemg{ZH$ àUmbr H$s ñWmnZm H$aVm h¡ Omo {H$ ZmJ[aH$ {_Ì, _yë`m| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIZo dmbr VWm bmoH$ ^mJrXmar go n[anyU© h¡&5

CXmadmXr gmoMVo Am¡a ~VmVo h¡ {H$ CZHo$ Ûmam J‹T>o eãX gwemgZ Ho$ Ûmam hr gwemgZ H$m CX²Xoí` àmá H$a gH$Vo h¡§ bo{H$Z h_ H$h gH$Vo h¡§ {H$ ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm H$s A{ZpíMVVmAm| H$s Va\$ ~‹T> ahr h¡, {OgH$s dOh go gm_m{OH$ Agwajm, Am{W©H$ Imar

~mOma _| _ÝXr VWm Am{W©H$ _ÝXr, Xþ{Z`m H$mo EH$ ZB© Vah H$s {dMmaYmam H$s Va\$ _mo‹S> ahr h| dV©_mZ g_` _| BZ gmar ~wamB`m| H$s O‹S> Hw$emgZ h¡& ~hþV gmao Xoem| _| ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ gwemgZ Ho$ pIbm\$ AmÝXmobZ ewê$ hmo JE h¡§& AV: g_mO H$s ^bmB© VWm {dH$mg Ho$ {bE `h Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ Hw$emgZ H$m CÝ_ybZ H$aHo$ hr ^maV _| AÀN>o emgZ H$s ñWmnZm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡&

AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` ZoVmAm| Am¡a {dMmaH$m| _| _hmË_m Jm±Yr H$mo gwemgZ g§~§Yr ^maVr` naånam H$s gmoM H$m dm[ag H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& AbJ-AbJ g_ñ`mAm| Am¡a àg§Jm| _| ñdamÁ` Ho$ g§~§Y _| CÝhm|Zo Omo {dMma ì`ŠV {H$E, XaAgb dht gwemgZ H$m Xe©Z h¡&

MrZ Ho$ h_bo go ^maV Ho$ gwemgZ H$mo d¡pídH$ Am¡a AmÝV[aH$ XmoZm| Amoa Ho$ à`mg H$hmo YŠH$m bJm& ^maV H$mo AnZr H$ënZm Ho$ gwemgZ Ho$ {bE A^r H$m\$s Hw$N> H$aZo H$s Oê$aV h¡§& O¡go-O¡go gVVVm AmB©, `h _hgyg {H$`m J`m {H$ dV©_mZ Am¡a ^{dî` Ho$ {dH$mg H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| _| gm_§Oñ` ~¡R>m`m OmE& {dH$mg H$s à{H«$`m _| n`m©daU Ho$ {df`m| H$m ^r Ü`mZ aIm VWm ^mdr nr{‹T>`m| H$s ^r qMVm H$s OmE& dñVwV: gwemgZ ñd`§ {dH$mg Ho$ BZ {df`m| H$m Ü`mZ aIH$a MbVm h¡&

gwemgZ Ho$ {dH$mg H$m EH$ ~‹S>m _hËdnyU© H$maU d¡ídrH$aU H$s AdYmaUm ^r h¡& AmO gånyU© {díd H$mo EH$ ~mOma Ho$ ê$n _| XoIm Om ahm h¡& Hw$N> bmoJm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ gwemgZ H$m à`moJ d¡ídrH$aU d ~mOmadmX H$s ~wamB`m| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo d CZgo ~MZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& H$B© {dH$mgerb Xoem| Zo gwemgZ _| CnbãY _mZdm{YH$mam|, g_Vm, nmaX{e©Vm O¡go _yë`m| Ho$ AmYma na ~mOma d d¡ídrH$aU go bmohm boZm ewê$ H$a {X`m h¡&

gwemgZ H$s g§H$ënZm go g_PH$a h_ R>rH$ CgHo$ {dnarV Hw$emgZ H$s AdYmaUm H$mo AmgmZr go g_P gH$Vo h¡§& Hw$emgZ H$s g§H$ënZm OZ àemgZ Ho$ Iam~ àXe©Z `m àemgZ H$s Ag\$bVm go grYo g§~§{YV h¡,`Ú{n BgH$s H$moB© ^r H$gm¡Q>r hmo gH$Vr h¡& Bgr àH$ma gwemgZ g\$b emgZ go g§~§{YV h¡&

àM{bV AW© _| g§`wŠV amï´> g§K H$s gm_mÝ` g^m _| 1974 B©. _| AnZr KmofUm ZB© AÝVam©ï´>r` Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm Ed§ amÁ`m| Ho$ Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma Ed§ H$V©ì`m| Ho$ MmQ>©a _| gwemgZ eãX {X`m 1992 _| {díd ~¡§H$ Ûmam Bgo AZw_moXZ àmá hþAm& Bggo nhbo Bg eãX H$m {OH«$ Amog~moZ© d J¡dba Zo AnZr nwñVH$ ""aoZdoqQ>J


ISSN 2348-3857

JdZ©_|Q>'' _| ^r {H$`m h¡&

gwemgZ Ho$ VËd

gwemgZ Ho$ AmYma Am¡a Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo {ZåZ VËdm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡- CËVaXm{`Ëd, nmaX{e©Vm, gh^m{JVm, {dídgZr`Vm, {d{Y H$m emgZ, g§doXZerbVm, à^mderbVm, g_mZVm, gm_§Oñ` `m gd©gå_{V Am¡a _mZd A{YH$ma&

gwemgZ g§H$ënZm _| ZdrZVm

gwemgZ _| {d{^ÝZ _wX²Xm| H$mo ì`dpñWV Am¡a EH$sH¥$V ê$n go AÚVZ {H$`m h¡& `h A§Vamï´>r` ñVa na aIr JB© AdYmaUm h¡ {Ogo g^r H$s _mÝ`Vm àmá h¡& `h EH$ d¡pídH$ emgZ H$s AdYmaUm go Ow‹S>m h¡&

gwemgZ Zo emgZ H$s AdYmaUm| H$mo Am¡a ì`mnH$ ~Zm`m h¡ Am¡a Hww$N> hX VH$ Bgo ~XbH$a aI {X`m h¡& àemgH$s` amÁ` go H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` Am¡a A~ godr` amÁ` Ho$ ê$n _| Câ ahm h¡& Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Am¡a gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ _Ü` g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$a CÝh| nyU© _mZdr` {dH$mg Am¡a _mZd A{YH$mam| go gwemgZ Zo Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ à`mg {H$E h¡§, Omo Bggo nhbo H$^r Zht hþAm&

gwemgZ gH$mamË_H$ d ZH$mamË_H$ XmoZm| X¥{ï>H$moUm| H$mo gmW boH$a MbVm h¡ AWm©V² EH$ Amoa emgZ H$s AÀN>mB`m| H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVm h¡ Xÿgar Am¡a CgH$s ~wamB`m| Am¡a J§XJr H$mo ^r gm\$ H$aVm h¡& Bg àH$ma g_J« X¥{ï>H$moU gwemgZ H$s CnO h¡&

gä` g_mO Am¡a gwemgZ

gä` g_mO Eogo ì`pŠV`m| H$m g_yh `m g§ñWmE§ h¡ Omo gm_y{hH$ d bmoH${hV _| H$m`© H$aVr h¡§, naÝVw amÁ` Ûmam grYo {Z`§{ÌV Zht hmoVr h¡§ O¡go ñd`§godr g§JR>Z, J¡a-gaH$mar g§JR>Z, Om{V g§K, `y{Z`Z, ñdH$m`© g_yh BË`m{X&

gä` g_mO AmO EH$ Eogm ñWmZ h¡ {OgH$s VrZ {deofVmE§ h¡& àW_ `h {H$ `h EH$ gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ `m joÌ h¡§ Ohm± VH©$ Ed§ kmZ Ho$ AmYma na {ZU©` {bE OmVo h¡ d {dH$ën ~ZmE OmVo h¡§ {ÛVr` ê$n go `h gä` g_mO H$s {deofVm h¡ {H$ `h g_mO Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo {H$gr ôX^md, Y_© Om{V, qbJ BË`m{X Ho$ {~Zm CÝ_wŠV ê$n go Omo‹S>Vm h¡& Vrgar {deofVm Ho$ ê$n _| `h {H$gr àH$ma amÁ` `m ~bmYm[aV gËVm go CÝ_wŠV ê$n _| hmoVm h¡&

Eg. Ho$. Xmg Ho$ eãXm| _|, ""gä` g_mO dh g§J{R>V g_mO h¡, {Og na amÁ` emgZ H$aVm h¡&''

gwemgZ _| gä` g_mO H$s ^y{_H$m

AmO gä` g_mO H$m amÁ` Ho$ H$m`m]§ na {ZJamZr aIZo Cgo

nmaXeu d CËVaXm`r ~ZmZo Ho$ à`mgm| Ûmam amÁ` H$s à{Vð>m _| VwbZr` ^ma Ho$ ê$n _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡, Omo amÁ` Ho$ H$m`m]§ H$mo ^r {Z`{_V d {Z`§{ÌV H$a gH$Vm h¡& gä` g_mO H$m CX²Xoí` amÁ` Ho$ joÌm{YH$ma Ho$ ~mha ^r ñWmZ {Z{_©V H$aZm h¡& gä` g_mO H$mo _O~yV ~ZmH$a h_ ñWmZr` epŠV H$mo ~T>mVo h¡ VWm {dH$mg H$s ZB© n[a^mfm J‹T>Vo h¡§ {H$ amÁ` H$mo CZHo$ à{V ^r CËVaXm`r ~Zm`m OmE& gä` g_mO H$m na_ CX²Xoí` `hr h¡ {H$ g^r {dH$mg H$m`m]§ _| gm_mÝ` AmX_r H$s grYr ^y{_H$m VWm ^mJrXmar gw{ZpíMV H$s OmE&

^maV _| Bgr àH$ma _oKm nmQ>oH$a Ûmam MbmE Om aho 'Z_©Xm ~MmAmo' Am§XmobZ VWm amOoÝÐqgh Ûmam MbmE Om aho 'Vê$U ^maV g§K' gwemgZ àm{á H$s {Xem _| gä` g_mO H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo C‚db ê$n go aoIm§{H$V H$aVo h¡§ VWm ñnï> H$aVo h¡ {H$ gä` g_mO Ho$ O[aE gwemgZ VH$ erK« nhþ§Mm Om gH$Vm h¡& Z_©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmobZ _mÌ EH$ ZXr KmQ>r ~ZmZo H$m Am§XmobZ Zht ah J`m h¡& AmO BgZo H$B© Eogo gdmb n¡Xm {H$E h¡, {OZH$m Odm~ g§nyU© {díd H$mo ImoOZm hr hmoJm&

Am§XmobZ Zo gånyU© emofUdmXr amOZr{VH$, ì`dñWm Ho$ pIbm\$ J§^ra eH$ d g§Xoh Om{ha {H$`m h¡& h y{_ {H$gH$s h¡? o Z{X`m§ {H$gH$s h¡? ò O§Jb, _N>{b`m§? BZ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o àíZm| H$mo amÁ` H$mo J§^raVm go boZm Mm{hE& Bgr àH$ma amOoÝÐqgh ^r àíZ H$aVo h¡& BZHo$ eãXm| _|, h_mar g§Kf© {dH$mg H$s à{H«$`m _| g_wXm` H$mo H$hZo Ho$ A{YH$ma H$mo boH$a amÁ` {dê$Û h¡, àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWmE±, g_wXm` na {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ _| AnZo ZO[aE H$mo WmonVr h¡, ~J¡a `h OmZo {H$ bmoJm| H$s Oê$aV| Š`m h¡§&10

BZ Am§XmobZm| H$m CX²Xoí` ñWmZr` amï´>r`Vm go ^r D$na _mZdVm VWm gm_wXm{`H$ bm^ H$s {Xem _| {dH$mg H$mo nwZ: n[a^m{fV H$aZo H$s ~hg H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm h¡& `hr amï´>r` d A§Va amï´>r` g§aMZmAm| H$s gËVm H$mo ~ohVa Odm~ ^r Xo gH$Vo h¡§& ò gä` g_mO Ho$ A§J amÁ`, ñWmZr` ñVa Ho$ Abmdm amï´>r` d A§Vamï´>r` ñVa VH$ AnZo O¡go AÝ` g§JR>Zm| Ho$ gmW Vmb_ob ~¡R>mH$a Am§XmobZm| Ûmam {Za§Va d¡pídH$ ñVa na gwemgZ Ho$ {bE à`mgaV h¡&

ZmJ[aH$, gä` g_mO VWm emgZ H$mo ~ohVa ê$n go Omo‹S>Zo hoVw à`mg

ZmJ[aH$, gä` g_mO VWm emgZ H$mo ~ohVa ê$n go Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE nmaX{e©Vm Oê$ar h¡& O~ VH$ àemgZ ñdÀN> d AÀN>r _mZ{gH$Vm Ho$ gmW H$m`© Zht H$aoJm V~ VH$ bmoJm| H$mo ^mJrXmar

ISSN 2348-3857


H$s Va\$ {dH$mg H$m`m]§ H$s Am¡a _mo‹S>Zm H${R>Z hmoJm&

Oo.Eg. d_m© g{_{V Zo ZmJ[aH$ H$V©ì`m| H$mo bmJy H$aZo H$s ~mV H$hr h¡, Omo g{H«$` ZmJ[aH$ {Z_m©U _| H$m\$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^m gH$Vm h¡& Bgr àH$ma amï´>r` _mZdm{YH$ma H$mo ^r n`m©á epŠV`m§ nhbo Xr JB© h¡& CÝh| ^r ñWmZr` ñVa VH$ gä` g_mO Ho$ g§JR>Zm| go Omo‹S>m OmE, Vmo emgZ na CËVaXm{`Ëd d nmaX{e©Vm Ho$ {bE X~md ~T>oJm VWm gwemgZ H$s {Xem _| h_ Am¡a AmJo ~‹T> gHo$J|& Bg àH$ma gä` g_mO H$mo amÁ` Ho$ n[anyaH$ ê$n go bmZo Ho$ {ZV ZE à`mgm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡, V^r àemgZ H$m bú` àmá hmo gHo$Jm gä` g_mO H$mo amÁ` Ho$ {dH$ën Ho$ Vm¡a na XoIm OmE& dñVwV: BZHo$ O[aE X_ ~mOma na ^r Ano{jV {Z`§ÌU àmá H$a gH$Vo h¡§, Omo AmO H$s Amdí`H$Vm ~Z ahm h¡&

Bg àH$ma gwemgZ EH$ {Oå_oXma àOmVm§{ÌH$ g_mO H$s g_ñV Z¡{VH$ A{^bmfmAm| _yë`m| Am¡a bú`m| Ho$ gmW gmå` aIVm h¡ Am¡a ñd`§ emgZ Ho$ àËòH$ {hñgo _| ì`mnH$Vm aIZo Ho$ gmW g_mO Ho$ àËòH$ {hñgo _| ì`má hmoZo H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡ gwemgZ AnZo Amn_| EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r AdYmaUm h¡ {Og_| àemg{ZH$ gj_Vm, amOZr{VH$ {dH$mg àUmbr, amÁ` H$s {dH$mg AdñWm, AÝVam©ï´>` VËd, g^r Hw$N> em{_b h¡ Omo BgHo$ H$m`m©Ýd`Z H$mo MwZm¡{VnyU© ~ZmVo h¡§&

gwemgZ Ho$ Üò`

· à^mdr Am¡a Xj àemgZ H$s ñWmnZm d Cgo CVamoVa ~‹T>mZm

· ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ OrdZ JwUdVm _| {Za§Va gwYma

· àemgZ H$mo g§doXZerb, ZmJ[aH$ {_Ì, ZmJ[aH$VmË_H$ d CËVaXm`r ~ZmZm

· gyMZm VWm ~mobZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$mo g§a{jV H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW emgZ H$s bmJV KQ>mZm&

· àËòH$ {d^mJ H$mo {ZînmXZ A{^_wI ~ZmZo Ho$ gmW-gmW bmoH$ godm JwUdVm H$mo ~‹T>mZm&

· H$m{_©H$m| H$s CËnmXH$Vm _| {Za§Va d¥{Õ H$aZm&

· ^«ï>mMma H$m CÝ_ybZ H$a gaH$ma H$s gmI _| d¥{Õ&

· gÎmm-à`moJ _| _Ü`ñWVm `m Xbmbr H$mo Xÿa H$aZm

· àemgH$s` à{d{Y`m| H$mo gab Am¡a JwUdVmnyU© ~ZmZo d gaH$ma-ZmJ[aH$ g§dmX H$mo ~ohVa ~ZmZo _| AmB©.Q>r. H$m à`moJ&

· bmoH$ godH$m| Ho$ gmW-gmW amOZr{Vk ^r gwemgZ

MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ à{V {Oå_oXmar go àË`wËVa XoZo _| gj_ ~Z gH|$&

ZdrZ bmoH$ à~§YZ H$s AdYmaUm ^r gwemgZ go Ow‹S>r h¡-

ZdrZ bmoH$ à~§YZ {dËVr` AZwemgZ na ~b XoVm h¡ Am¡a gwemgZ _| ^r ^«ï>mMma CÝ_ybZ VWm XjVm d à^mderbVm H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dËVr` AZwemgZ H$mo Oê$ar g_Pm J`m&

gwemgZ VXW© Zm¡H$aemhr H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡ VWm bMrbr ~Xbmderb g§aMZmE Bg hoVw Oê$ar h¡& ZdrZ bmoH$ à~ÝYZ gaH$ma Ho$ nwZ:{Z©_mU Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| go Ow‹S>m h¡ Am¡a gwemgZ Ho$ {bE ì`mnH$ CX²Xoí`m| H$s XjVm go àmá H$aZo Ho$ g§X^© _| gaH$ma H$m nwZ {Z_m©U Oê$ar h¡&

gwemgZ _| AW©ì`dñWm H$mo Ho$ÝÐr` {df`dñVw Ho$ ê$n _| aIm J`m h¡ CgHo$ gwYma Ho$ à`mg h¡ Am¡a ZdrZ bmoH$ à~§YZ _| nhbo go hr Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y`m| _| H$m\$s ñVa VH$ à`moJ {H$`m OmVm ahm h¡& Bg àH$ma gwemgZ ^r bmoH$ à~ÝY H$m ^mJrXma h¡&

ZdrZ bmoH$ à~§YZ _| gaH$ma gX¡d àmg§{JH$ hmoZr Mm{hE Am¡a d§{MVm| Ho$ à{V Á`mXm go Á`mXm CÝ_wI hmoZr Mm{hE& gaH$ma H$mo gX¡d _yë`m{jV VWm g_Vm bmZo dmbm hmoZm Mm{hE {OgHo$ {bE gVV {dH$mg d n[adV©Z àW_ eV© h¡&

am°~Q>© Jmob ì`yñH$s Ho$ AZwgma ZdrZ bmoH$ àemgZ Ho$ VrZ à{V bú` _hËdnyU© h¡-

· ZdrZ bmoH$ àemgZ àË`jdmX H$m {damoYr h¡ Omo _yë` _wŠV ê$n dmbo bmoH$ àemgZ H$s n[a^mfm H$mo ZH$maVm h¡&

· ZdrZ bmoH$ àemgZ VH$ZrH$sdmX H$m {damoYr h¡&

· `h Zm¡H$aemhr nXgmonmZ {damoYr h¡&

d¡ídrH$aU Am¡a gwemgZ

d¡ídrH$aU EH$ gab n[aKQ>Zm Zht h¡, `h EH$ O{Q>b Ed§ g~H$mo g_m{hV H$aZo dmbr EH$ {dñV¥V AdYmaUm h¡, h EH$ {dídì`mnr à{H«$`m h¡& Omo {díd Ho$ {d{^ÝZ {hñgm| _| {d{^ÝZ AWm}§ d g§X^m} Ho$ ê$n _| AnZo n§I \¡$bm ahr h¡& `h EH$ aoIr` à{H«$`m `m EH$b AdñWm Zht h¡& `h EH$ ~hþAm`m_r n[aKQ>Zm h¡, {Og_| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$s J{V{d{Y`m§,AmXmZ-àXmZ, ghg§~§Ym| Ho$ {d{dY g_yh Am{X em{_b h¡§, {OZ_| AW©ì`dñWm, ì`mnma, amOZr{V, VH$ZrH$s, g§ñH¥${V d n`m©daU OJV ^r h¡& EH$ {dídì`mnr à{H«$`mm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU d¡ídrH$aU Xmo {^ÝZ-M[aÌ aIVm h¡& EH$ Vah go `h amOZr{V, AW©ì`dñWm Am¡a gm_m{O J{V{d{Y`m| H$s é{‹T>`m| Ho$ ê$n _| A§Va n[aàoú` aIVm h¡, Vmo


ISSN 2348-3857

Xÿgar Va\$ amÁ`m| d g_mOm| Ho$ _Ü` d CZHo$ A§Xa gh g§~§Ym|, A§Vì`©dñWm, Ow‹S>md Ho$ gKZ ñVa H$mo ì`ñV H$aVm h¡&12

gwPmd

· à^mdr Am¡a Xj àemgZ H$s ñWmnZm

· ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ OrdZ H$s JwUdËVm _| {Za§Va gwYma

· g§ñWmAm| H$s gmI d d¡Ym{ZH$Vm H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aZm&

· àemgZ H$mo g§doXZerb, ZmJ[aH$ {_Ì, ZmJ[aH$ nmbH$ d CËVaXm`r ~ZmZm&

· gyMZm VWm ~mobZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$mo g§a{jV H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW emgZ H$s bmJV KQ>mZm&

· àËòH$ {d^mJ H$mo {ZînmXZ A{^_wI ~ZmZo Ho$ gmW-gmW CgH$s bmoH$ godm JwUdËVm H$mo ~‹T>mZm&

· H$m{_©H$m| H$s CËnmXH$Vm _|§ {Za§Va d¥{Õ H$aZm&

· ^«ï>mMma H$m CÝ_ybZ H$a gaH$ma H$s gmI _| d¥{Õ H$aZm&

· gËVm Ho$ à`moJ _| _Ü`ñWVm `m Xbmbr H$mo Xÿa H$aZm

· àemgH$s` à{d{Y`m| H$mo gab Am¡a JwUdËVmnyU© ~ZmZo d gaH$ma- ZmJ[aH$ g§dmX H$mo ~ohVa H$aZo _| gyMZm VH$ZrH$s H$m à`moJ H$aZm&

{ZîH$f©

gwemgZ H$m _yb ~b Bg ~mV na ^r {Z^©a H$aVm h¡ {H$ {H$g àH$ma OZ gm_mÝ` H$mo ào[aV {H$`m OmE {H$ dh AnZr gj_VmAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW amÁ` d g_wXm` Ho$ {dH$mg _| AnZr godm d ^mJrXmar nyU© ê$n go àmá H$a gHo$& gwemgZ H$m Üò` `h ^r h¡ {H$ Eogm dmVmdaU V¡`ma {H$`m OmE {Oggo bmoH$ godH$m| Ho$ gmW-gmW amOZr{Vk ^r gwemgZ H$s MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ à{V {Oå_oXmar go àË`wËVa XoZo _| gj_ ~Z gH|$& BZ MwZm¡{V`m| _| AnZo H$V©ì` Ho$ à{V ~moY, OZVm H$s godm H$aZo H$s äkmdZm Am¡a CgHo$ H$ë`mU d {dH$mg Ho$ {bE qMVm d {Oå_oXmar boZm r e{m_b h¡& ò g^r _yëòm§ H$mo ~‹T>mZo dmbr ~mVo h¡§, {OZgo A§VV: bmoH$V§Ì _O~yV hmoJm& `h ì`mdgm{`H$Vm, H$V©ì` Am¡a godm na AmYm[aV AmXe© Ë`mJ H$s g§H$ënZm na r AmYm[aV h¡ Omo {~Zm

ì`pŠVdmX, Ah§, ñdmW© Am¡a bmbM Ho$ OZgodm H$s {ejm XoVr h¡& "gd©OZ {hVm` gd©OZ gwIm`' H$s `h g§H$ënZm EH$ bmoH$ godH$, Omo {H$ bmoH$ H$ËË©ì`m| H$m nmbZ H$a ahm hmoVm h¡, _| gmPm ^mdZm d AmË_r`Vm CËnÝZ H$aVr h¡& `hr gwemgZ H$m CX²Xoí` h¡ {H$ emgZ Am¡a em{gV _| ôX hr IË_ hmo OmE&

A§V _|, g§jon _| `h H$hZm C{MV hmoJm {H$ gwemgZ H$s ImoO EH$ A§VhrZ `mÌm h¡, {Og_| AmJo H$B© n‹S>md AmVo ah|Jo& amÁ` H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ gmW hr gËVmYm[a`m| Ho$ {bE gX¡d go MwZm¡VrnyU© ahm h¡ {H$ 'gwemgZ' Š`m h¡ Am¡a Š`m hmoZm Mm{hE Mmho amÁ` H$m ñìê$n, T>m§Mm Am¡a àH$ma Hw$N> ^r ahm hmo& EboŠO|S>a nmon H$m H$WZ C{MV àVrV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a gwemgZ H$s AmË_m H$mo àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ {H$ ''gaH$ma Ho$ àH$mam| Ho$ {bE _yIm}§ H$mo b‹S>Zo Xmo; Omo ^r Hw$N> AÀN>r Vah go em{gV hmo dhr gdm}Îm_ h¡&''

g§X^© gyMr

1. Jwám, gwZrb Ed§ qgh, H$_b Hw$_ma, gwemgZ, 2014, n¥.g§. 2

2. {_ZmoMm, Amo.nr., JwS> JdZ}§g, Ý`y npãbH$ _¡ZoO_|Q> ng©nopŠQ>d, AmB©.Oo. nr.E., OwbmB©-{gV§~a, n¥.g§. 272

3. {Vdmar, Ama.Eg., JwS> JdZ}§g : nmoß y{bñQ> So>_moH«o$gr Qy> ¹$m{bQ>r So>_moH«o$gr, Ama.Oo.nr.E., AŠQy>~a-{Xgå~a, 2004, n¥.g§. 584

4. hÿS> {H«$ñQ>mo\$a, ES>{_{ZñQ´>o{Q>d {S>OrO, n¥.g§. 435-54

5. JwS> JdZ}§g : nmoß`y{bñQ> So>_moH«o$gr Qy> ¹$m{bQ>r So>_moH«o$gr, Ama.Oo.nr.E., AŠQy>~a-{Xgå~a, 2004, n¥.g§. 589

6. OoZoqH$g, amo~ E§S> _¡ar EZr, {hZZ S>dbn_|Q> [anmoQ>©, M¡ßQ>a-3, 1999, H§$ñQ´>oQ>og BZ {g{db gmogmBQ>r, Ho$n¡{gQ>r Qy> H$~© H$aßeZ, AmB©.S>r.Eg. ~wbo{Q>Z

7. qgh, amOoÝÐ, AmB dmO H$mobw So>H$moBQ> : Q>oamoZñQ> E§S> H$moS>, {hÝXþñVmZ Q>mBåg, 2001, AJñV 12 E{S>Q> noO

8. Xþ~o, AemoH$ Hw$_ma, 21 dt eVmãXr _| bmoH$ àemgZ, Q>mQ>m _¡ŠJ«m{hb, ZB© {X„r, 2008, n¥.g§. 187-210

9. ~W©dmb, gr.nr., JwS> JdZ}§g BZ BpÊS>`m, Xrn EÊS> Xrn npãbHo$eÝg, Ý`y {X„r, 2003, n¥.g§. 5

10. amd, E_.Or. a_mH$m§V, JwS> JdZ}§g, _moS>Z© ½bmo~b EÊS> arOZb ng©n¡pŠQ>ìg, H${ZîH$m npãbeg©, ZB© {X„r, 2008, n¥.g§. 3-5

àñVmdZm

X{jU E{e`mB© Xoem| Ho$ gm_Zo Omo MwZm¡{V`m± h¢, do CZHo$ _¡Ìr Ed§ gh`moJ {gÕm§V Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ MwZm¡Vr Ho$ ê$n _| IS>r h¡, {OZ_| AÝVam©ï´>r` AmV§H$ dmX, _mXH$ nXmWm] H$s ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na VñH$ar, joÌ _| na_mUw àgma H$m IVam, h{W`mam| H$s hmo‹S>, gXñ` amï´>m| H$m ~T>Vm ajm-ì`` Vmo amOZr{VH$ g_ñ`mE± h¢ hr, gmW hr gmW gXñ` Xoem| _| {ZY©ZVm, ^wI_ar, ~oamoOJmar, AÝVam©ï´>r` H$O© H$m ~moP, {dXoer epŠV`m| Ûmam àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m XmohZ Am{X Eogr g_ñ`mE± h¢ Omo gXñ` amï´>m| H$mo Am{W©H$ epŠV`m| H$s Am¡a PwH$Zo H$mo _O~ya H$a XoVr h¡& {ejm H$m ñVa ~hþV {Jam hþAm h¢& {eew Hw$nmofU Ho$ {eH$ma h¢& _{hbmAm| H$s Xem AÀN>r Zht h¡& BVZm hr Zht, Xjog Xoem| Ho$ g^r gXñ` Xoe Kmoa Am{W©H$ H${R>ZmB`m| H$m gm_Zm H$a aho h¢& BZ Xoem| _| {Zdmg H$aZo dmbr bJ^J So>‹T> Aa~ OZVm H$m VrZ Mm¡WmB© mJ Jar~r aoIm Ho$ ZrMo AnZm OrdZ ì`VrV H$a ahm h¡& BZ gXñ` Xoem| _| ^r lrb§H$m,

emoY gmam§e

Xjog EH$ Eogm g§JR>Z h¡ {OgH$m JR>Z {Ûnjr` _m_bm| go ANy>Vm aIZo Ho$ g§H$ën Ho$ gmW {H$`m J`m Wm, na `h h_oem {Ûnjr` _m_bm| H$mo CR>mZo H$m _§§M ~Zm ahm& {deofH$a nm{H$ñVmZ Zo BgH$m Cn`moJ joÌr` Ý`m`mb` H$s Vah H$aZm Mmhm& Bgr H$maU Xjog AnZo CX²Xoí` _| g\$b Zht hmo nm`m, O~{H$ Xjog H$m _yb CX²Xoí` X{jU E{e`mB© Xoem| Ho$ ~rM Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ gh`moJ _O~yV H$aZm Wm {nN>bo S>o‹T> XeH$ go Xjog Ho$ {eIa gå_obZm| _| Jar~r CÝ_ybZ, {ZajaVm {_Q>mZo, Am{W©H$ Ed§ ì`mnm[aH$ gh`moJ d AmV§H$dmX go {ZnQ>Zo O¡go H$B© _gbmo na gh_{V OVmB© JB©, na Xmo g~go ~Soµ> amï´>mo (^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ) Ho$ ~rM VZmd ~Zo ahZo go BZ na à^mdr àJ{V Zht hmo nmB©& nm{H$ñVmZ Zo ^maV Ho$ gmW g§~§Y gwYmaZo H$s aQ> Ho$ ~mdOyX AnZr hR> Y_u Zht N>mo‹S>r h¡, Š`mo{H$ Xjog KmofUm-nÌ H$m EH$ _mÝ` {gÕmÝV h¡ {H$ CgHo$ _§M go H$moB© ^r gXñ` Xoe AnZo Amngr _gbo Zht CR>mòJm& ^maV-nmH$ H$s dV©_mZ pñW{V _| h_mao {bE EH$ {deof g~H$ h¡& AJa h_ gMoV Zht hþE Am¡a Amngr EH$Vm Am¡a gh`moJ H$s ^mdZm H$mo COmJa Zht {H$`m, Vmo hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ^{dî` _| ES>moë\$ {hQ>ba O¡gm H$moB© AÝ` {dH¥$V _pñVîH$ dmbm amOZm`H$ CËnÝZ hmo Am¡a X{jU E{e`mB© gä`Vm H$mo OS>_yb go hr Zï> H$a Xo& dV©_mZ g§X^© _| Xjog Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM O~ VH$ {dídmg H$s ^mdZm OmJ¥V Zht hmoJr, V~ VH$ A{dídmg H$s ImB© ahoJr Am¡a Xjog AnZo _yb CX²Xoí`mo go ^Q>H$Vm ahoJm&

g§Ho$Vmja … Cn{Zdo{eH$ {damgV, Am{W©H$ _wX²Xo, AmV§H$dmX, Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ gh`moJ

Zonmb, ^yQ>mZ Am¡a _mbXrd H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V AnojmH¥$V AÝ` Xoem| go A{YH$ Iam~ h¡ {díd ~¡§H$ Ho$ EH$ à{VdoXZ _| C„oI h¡ {H$ {díd Ho$ Hw$b bJ^J EH$ Aa~ 10 H$amo‹S> {ZY©Z bmoJm| _| 50 H$amo‹S> 20 bmI bmoJ X{jU E{e`m _| {Zdmg H$aVo h¢& Bg Vah Ho$ Kmoa Jar~r dmbo joÌm| _| ~m±½bmXoe, Zonmb Am¡a ^yQ>mZ h¢ Ohm± Z Vmo Am¡Úmo{JH$ BH$mB`m± n`m©á h¢ Am¡a Z CÝZV H¥${f& ò Xoe gyIo Am¡a ~m‹T> go ^r J«ñV h¢& Eogr pñW{V _| Xjog Xoem| H$m g§H$ën joÌ _ob-{_bmn H$m`_ H$aHo$ Eogo amñVo H$s Vbme H$aZm h¡ {OgHo$ _mÜ`_ go Bg joÌ H$s Am{W©H$ àJ{V g§^d hmo gHo$& {nN>‹S>onZ Ho$ gmW hr Xjog gXñ`m| _| Kmoa Amngr {ddmX Am¡a AmÝV[aH$ H$bh ^r h¡, {OZH$m gm_Zm BZ Xoem| H$mo H$aZm n‹S> ahm h¡& ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ, lrb§H$m, ~m§½bmXoe Am¡a Zonmb AmV§H$dmXr H$m`©dm{h`m| go ~war Vah à^m{dV h¢&

^maV-nmH$ H$s dV©_mZ pñW{V _| h_mao {bE EH$ {deof g~H$ h¡& AJa h_ gMoV Zht hþE Am¡a Amngr EH$Vm Am¡a gh`moJ H$s

^maV Ed§ X{jU E{e`m _| gh`moJ : CâVr àd¥{V`m§ Ed§ MwZm¡{V`m±ê$~r _rZm

AÜ`m{nH$m, amOH$s` _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb`, {ed Jm±d, byZr, OmoYnwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

^mdZm H$mo COmJa Zht {H$`m, Vmo hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ^{dî` _| ES>moë\$ {hQ>ba O¡gm H$moB© AÝ` {dH¥$V _pñVîH$ dmbm amOZm`H$ CËnÝZ hmo Am¡a X{jU E{e`mB© gä`Vm H$mo OS>_yb go hr Zï> H$a Xo& dV©_mZ g§X^© _| Xjog Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM O~ VH$ {dídmg H$s ^mdZm OmJ¥V Zht hmoJr, V~ VH$ A{dídmg H$s ImB© ahoJr Am¡a Xjog AnZo _yb CX²Xoí`m| go ^Q>H$Vm ahoJm& Bg {eIa gå_obZ _| àYmZ_§Ìr lr dmOno`r H$mo H$hZm n‹S>m {H$ ^maV Zo O~-O~ nm{H$ñVmZ go XmoñVr H$m hmW ~T>m`m, Cgo ~Xbo _| N>b {_bm& _¡§ XmoñVr Ho$ {bE bmhm¡a J`m Vmo nwañH$ma _| _wPo H$ma{Jb H$m `wÕ {_bm& h_Zo AmJam ~wbm`m Vmo h_| Oå_y-H$í_ra {dYmZ g^m Amoa g§gX na AmV§H$dmXr h_bo H$m Vmoh\$m {_bm& Bg{bE Xjog H$s g\$bVm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ nm{H$ñVmZ O¡go Hw$N> AÝ` gXñ` Xoem| H$mo AnZm ZO[a`m ~XbZm hmoJm Am¡a Hw$N> B{Vhmg H$s ~mV| Xa{H$Zma H$aZr hm|Jr&

AmO Xjog H$m àËòH$ Xoe AmV§H$dmX go J«{gV h¡& g^r Xoem| _| ZmaH$mo{Q>H$ AmYm[aV AmV§H$dmXr KQ>ZmAm| Zo AnZr N>m`m S>mbr h¡& Eogo _| {X Xjog Ho$ gXñ` Xoe Amngr _VôX Amoa EH$OwQ>Vm H$m n[aM` Zht XoVo h¢, Vmo `h Xjog dmñVd _| AnZo CX²Xoí` H$mo àmá Zht H$a gHo$Jm&

Xjog Ho$ _mJ© _| AmZo dmbo ò _wÕo amOZr{VH$ AmV§H$dmXr Am¡a Am{W©H$ ^r h¢& BZ na X¥{ï>nmV H$aZm gm_mMrZ hmoJm-

1. amOZr{VH$ _wX²Xo-X{jU E{e`mB© Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` {ddm{XV amOZr{VH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo nm±M ^mJm| _| ~m°Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡&

Cn{Zdo{eH$ {damgV go OÝ_| {ddmX

X{jU E{e`m Ho$ ^yJmob d gä`Vm _| EH$Vm h¡& Cn{ZdoeH$mb _| {~«{Q>e Zo `hm± EH$ àemg{ZH$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$ß _| H$m_ {H$`m& hmbm±{H$ BZ amï´>m| H$mo ñdV§ÌVm Bg BH$mB© go Qy>Q>Z na {_br& N>moQ>o amï´> amÁ`m| _| Câo amï´>dmXr ZoV¥Ëd Zo ^maV go AbJ AnZr {damgV H$mo {gÕ {H$`m& nm{H$ñVmZ Y_©-AmYm[aV Xmo amï´> {gÕmÝVm| na OÝ_m& ^maVr` gËVm-A{ÔZm| Ho$ loð>X^ Ed§ ^maV Ho$ AmH$ma d epŠV Zo ^r n‹S>mo{g`m| Ho$ S>a H$mo ~‹T>m`m& {g\©$ ^maV hr EH$ Eogm Xoe h¡ {Oggo BZ n‹S>m¡gr Xoem| H$s gr_m {_bVr h¡&1

X{jUr E{e`mB© Xoem| _| VËH$mbrZ gËVmAm| H$s pñWaVm go ahm h¡& {ddm{XV _wX²Xm| Ho$ {Ûnjr` g_mYZ H$s {Xem _| amOZr{VH$ ZoV¥Ëd CZH$m ì`dhma ^r {ZUm©`H$ ^y{_H$m AXm H$aVm h¡ Ed§ nm{H$ñVmZ _| J¡a-g¡{ZH$ emgH$m| Ho$ g_` BZ Xoem| Ho$ g§~§Y ^maV go _Ywa d gm_mÝ` aho& {ddm{XV _wX²Xo `m Vmo AmE hr Zht `m CZH$m g_mYmZ {H$`m J`m&

X{jU E{e`m H$s joÌr` amOZr{V _| gr_m-{ddmXm| Zo g§~§Ym| H$mo ~hþV à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& gr_mE°§ joÌr` empÝV, gwajm d {dH$mg H$mo Jham YŠH$m nhþ±Mm gH$Vr h¡ `m ^`mZH$ g§Kf© H$s pñW{V n¡Xm H$a gH$Vr h¡& X{jU E{e`m Ho$ joÌ Ho$ Xoem| H$s gr_mAm| na VñH$ar d _mXH$ Ðì`m| go Ow‹S>m AmV§H$dmX d S´>J VñH$ar _| gr_mE°§ amï´>-amÁ`m| Ho$ _Ü` gånH©$ Ho$ ñWmZ na Am{W©H$ J{VamoY Ho$ ê$n _| A{YH$ H$m_ H$a ahr h¢&2

X{jUr E{e`mB© Xoem| H$m {díd H$s Amoa XoIZo H$m ÑpîQ>H$moU {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ h¡& CZHo$ Ûmam {Z:eñÌrH$aU {díd AW©ì`dñWm na_mUw Zr{V`m± V¥Vr` {díd _| _hmepŠV`m| Ho$ hñVjon O¡go Ádb§V _wX²Xm| na ^r H$moB© gm_y{hH$ joÌr` Zr{V AnZmZm _wpíH$b hmoVm h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ ñd`§ H$mo X{jU E{e`m H$s Anojm X{jU-npíM_ E{e`m go Omo‹S>Zm ng§X H$aVm h¡ Ed§ joÌ _| A_o[aH$s aUZr{VH$ {hVm| H$s ny{V© H$aZo Ho$ {bE AJ«n§pŠV Xoe H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mZo H$mo AmVwa ahVm h¡&3

àmo. A{Zê$Õ Jwám {bIVo h¢ {H$ O~ Xjog Zo EH$ g§ñWmJV ê$n bo {b`m Vmo ha g§^d à`mg {H$`m J`m {H$ Bgo amOZr{VH$ ê$n go VQ>ñW ~Zm`m OmE bo{H$Z AamOZr{VH$ _m_bm| _| g{H«$` ~Zm`m OmE O¡go Am{W©H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡km{ZH$ d AÝ` joÌm| _|& {H$gr ^r gXñ` Xoe H$mo Xÿgao Xoe go AnZo _VôXm| H$mo Bg g{_{V Ho$ g_j bmZo go amoH$Zm Zht Mm{hE& gmao {Ûnjr` {ddmXm| H$m hb {Ûnjr` VarHo$ go {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE Am¡a Xÿgam Xoe BZ {ddmXm| Ho$ g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE ~mhar VmH$Vm| H$s Amoa XoIVm h¡& XmoZm| VarH$m| Zo joÌr` g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _| Xjog H$s j_Vm H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±Mm`m h¡&4

^m¡Jmo{bH$ bKwnZ H$s Hw§$R>m

amï´>r` epŠV Am¡a j_Vm H$s X¥{ï> go ^maV AnZo g^r n‹S>mo{g`m| go joÌ d OZg§»`m Ed§ g¡Ý` epŠV d AW©ì`dñWm d d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg Am{X ha ê$n _| A{YH$ g_j d epŠVerb h¡- ì`pŠVJV ê$n go ha Xoe H$s VwbZm _| ^r Am¡a gmao Xoem| H$mo EH$ gmW aIZo na ^r& ^maV H$s {dembVm n‹S>mo{g`m| _| ^m¡Jmo{bH$ bKwnZ H$s Hw§$R>m H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¡& m¡Jmo{bH$ gm_rß` r maV Ho$ à{V BZ n‹S>mo{g`m| H$mo ~hþV e§H$mby ~ZmVm h¡& ^m¡Jmo{bH$ hr Zht ~pëH$ gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a `hm± VH$ H$s Am{W©H$ ê$n go ^r bKwnZ H$s ^mdZm go J«ñV ahVo h¢& Bg _Zmod¡km{ZH$ MwZm¡Vr H$mo X¥{ï>JV aIH$a do ^maV Ho$ à^md H$mo g§Vw{bV H$aZo Ho$ {bE joÌ H$s ~mhar VmH$Vm| H$m ghmam boVo h¢& ^maV X{jU E{e`m _| AnZo ñdemgr ñVa Ho$ à{V qM{VV ahm h¡& ^maV H$s ñdm`ËVm

ISSN 2348-3857


H$s _m±J `h ahr h¡ {H$ X{jU E{e`m _| ~mhar à^mdm| Ho$ hñVjon H$m {damoY {H$`m& ^maV g^r X{jUr E{e`mB© Xoem| H$s joÌr` AIÊS>Vm g§à^wVm Ed§ ñdV§ÌVm MmhVm h¡&5

^maV Am¡a CgHo$ n‹S>mo{g`m| Ho$ ~rM VrZ ñVam| na g§~§Y h¡ Omo {H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AZw^dm| go {dH${gV hþE h¡& nhbo ñVa na ^yQ>mZ d _mbXrd O¡go Xoe h¢ Omo ^maV go AnZr {df_Vm H$mo AnZm àmaå^ _mZ MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a Hw$ebVmnyd©H$ pñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma g§~§Ym| H$mo nyam-nyam bm^ CR>mVo h¢& Xÿgao ñVa na Zonmb, ~m§JbmXoe Amoa lrb§H$m O¡go Xoe h¡ Omo H$s ^maV Ho$ gmW AnZo AÝVa H$mo AnyaUmr` _mZVo h¡ Am¡a Agw{dYmOZH$ _wX²Xmo Ho$ à{V g§Vw{bV ahZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢& Vrgao ñVa na nm{H$ñVmZ h¡, Omo ^maV go ~am~ar H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡& CgZo VrZ `wÕ b‹S>o, ^maVr` ^yjoÌ na H$ãOm O_mE hþE h¡& CgZo ^maVr` ^y{_ MrZ H$mo Cnhma ñdê$n Xo aIr h¡, Zm{^H$s` {dñ\$moQ> _| ~am~ar H$s, AmV§H$dmX H$m {Z`m©V {H$`m, H$í_ra _§| Jwá`wÕ Omar aIo h¡&6

^maV Ho$ à{V nm{H$ñVmZ H$m éI Xjog H$s g\$bVm _| _w»` ~mYm h¡&

AbJ-AbJ amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWmE±

Bg joÌ Ho$ amï´>m| _| nmò OmZo dmbr {d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$s amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ H$maU ^r joÌr` gh`moJ H$s Va\$ H$moB© R>mog H$X_ Zht CR>m`m Om gH$Vm h¡& ^maV _| g§gXmË_H$ àOmV§Ì, VWm nm{H$ñVmZ _| g¡{ZH$ à^wËd dmbr g§§gXmË_H$ ì`dñWm XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡&7

n‹S>mµ¡gr amï´> ^maV na `h Amamon bmJmVo h¢ {H$ dh CgHo$ Xoe _| àOmV§Ì H$s ñWmnZm H$s Am‹S> _| {dÐmo{h`m| H$mo àmoËgm{hV Am¡a _XX H$aVm ahm h¡&

^maV H$s Zr{V Bg joÌ _| empÝV, ñWm{`Ëd Ed§ dñVw pñW{V ~Zmò aIZo H$s ahr h¡ O~{H$ n‹S>mogr amï´> dV©_mZ pñW{V _| ha gå^d CZHo$ {hV _| n[adV©Z Ho$ AmH$m§jr aho h¢&8

^maV-nmH$ VZmd

Xjog H$s Xmo _hmepŠV`m± ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ _Ü` _| gr_m: AmV§H$dmX gå~ÝYr {ddmX h¡ Omo Xjog Ho$$ H$m`© _| ~mYm nhþMmVo h¢&

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX go hr nm{H$ñVmZ H$s joÌr` Zr{V Xmo {~ÝXþAm| na Am{lV ahr h¡-

1. H$í_ra H$s ñdV§ÌVm Vm{H$ {Ûamï´>r` {gÕm§V H$m Am¡{MËd ñWmnZ {H$`m Om gHo$&

2. ^maV Ho$ ~am~a epŠV g§VwbZ ñWm{nV H$aZm&

BZ Xmo CX²Xoí` H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE nm{H$ñVmZ Zo gX¡d joÌ Ho$ ~mha go g_W©Z Mmhm Am¡a maVr` à^md H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s&

{Ûnjr` _wX²Xm| H$s N>m`m

{Ûnjr` d {ddmXmñnX _wX²Xm| H$mo Xjog Ho$ {dMma-{d_e© go ~mha aIm h¡& naÝVw {Ûnjr` _wX²Xo Xjog H$mo gm_y{hH$ MoVZm _| ~ogwamnZ ~T>mµVo h¡& Xjog _| gX²^mdZm, gh`moJ Am¡a {dídmg H$m dmVmdaU V^r nZn gH$Vm h¡ O~ {ddmXmñnX {Ûnjr` _wX²Xm| H$m g_w{MV g_mYmZ {ZH$mbm Omò& Xjog AnZo OrdZ H$s Aënmd{Y _| hr {ddmXm| Am¡a _V{^ÝZVmAm| H$m {eH$ma hmo J`m h¡& Xjog Ho$ N>moQ>o amï´> AnZo amOZr{VH$ bm^ Ho$ {bE g§`wŠV ê$n go Xjog Ho$ _§M go ^maV na X~md S>mbZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢&9

2. Am{W©H$ _wX²Xo-X{jU E{e`m _| ì`mnma Am¡a {ZdoeH$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZo H$m Z Vmo amOZr{VH$ _mhm¡b ahm h¡ Z hr Am{W©H$ AZwHy$bVm& gmH©$ Xoe H$s AW©ì`dñWm d AYmo g§aMZmE°§ CËVa-X{jU aoImAm| na {dH${gV h¡ Š`m|{H$ do AnZo Cn{Zdoe H$mbrZ _m{bH$m| Ho$ ~mOmam| Ho$ {bE àmW{_H$ CËnmXZ Ho$ CX²Xoí` go {dH${gV H$s JB© Wt&

X{jU E{e`m _| ^maV _hmZ² Am{W©H$ epŠV h¡& Hw$b X{jU E{e`m H$s OZg§»`m H$m 76 à{VeV Am`mV ~mOma, 59 à{VeV {Z`m©V AO©Z, 62 à{VeV ~mhar ñÌmoV 41 à{VeV {Z{_©V CËnmXZ 79 à{eV {Z{_©V CËnmXmo H$m {Z`m©V² 68 à{VeV h¡& {Z`m©V `mo½` gm_{J«`m| _| ^maV Ho$ nmg 5600 gm_{J«`m± h¢& {g\©$ nm{H$ñVmZ ^maV Ho$ H$ar~ h¡ {OgHo$ nmg 4000 gm_{J«`m± h¡& hmbm±{H$ ~mOma Ho$ AmH$ma d Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _| nm{H$ñVmZ H$s ^maV go VwbZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr&10 ^maV Ho$ Am{W©H$ dM©ñd H$m n‹S>mo{g`m| _| ^` X{jU E{e`m _| ì`mnm[aH$ gh`moJ Ho$ _mJ© _| ~mYm h¡&

Xjog Xoem| H$s AW©ì`dñWmAm| _| EH$ AmV§[aH$ H$_Omoar `h h¡ {H$ My±{H$ BZ AW©ì`dñWmAm| H$m AmH$ma BZHo$ Cn{ZdoedmXr emgH$m| H$s Oê$aV Ho$ {hgm~ go {X`m J`m Wm, AV: do Hw$N> hr CËnmXm| H$m g_mZ ê$n go CËnmXZ H$aVo h¢ O¡go H$nmg, OyQ>, Mm`, eŠH$a, H$m°\$s, Zm[a`b, Vob Am{X& Bg H$maU nañna ì`mnma _| nyaH$Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na à{VñnYm© h¡&

X{jU E{e`mB© Xoem| H$s gr{_V g§a{jV Am`mV Zr{V`m± E{e`m _| gdm©{YH$ D$±Mo-D$±Mo Q>o[a\$ Xa hmoZo Ho$ {bE {Oå_oXma h¡& gmao X{jU E{e`mB© Xoe gVV² KmQ>o Ho$ ì`mnma H$m gm_Zm H$aVo h¢& Bg KmQ>o H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE do Q>o[a\$, n¡amQ>o[a\$ Ed§ J¡a- Q>o[a\$ Xam|


ISSN 2348-3857

Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$‹S>o ì`mnma {Z`§ÌU Cnm`m| H$mo bmXVo h¢& {nN>bo dfm] _| O¡go hr Q>o[a\$ Xa H$_ {H$E JE, CgHo$ gwn[aUm_ BZ Xoem| H$m {_bVo h¢&

X{jU E{e`m npíM_r Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXm| Ho$ {bE {demb ~mOma ~Z n‹S>m h¡& VH$ZrH$, ny±Or Ed§ {deofkVm Ho$ joÌ _| {Z ©aVm AË`{YH$ h¡& EH$ gmH©$ AÜ``Z Xb Ho$ AZwgma joÌ Ho$ Xoem| H$m AZw_mZV: 40 à{VeV go 75 à{VeV VH$ Am`mV ~mhar gh`moJ go {dÎm nmo{fV h¡& Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm, ì`mnma Am¡a ny±Or {Zdoe Ho$ {bE npíM_ na {Z ©aVm X{jU E{e`mB© Xoem| H$mo AmË_{Z ©aVm nmZo Ho$ amñVo _| ~mYm h¡& Bggo {dH${gV Xoem| Ho$ à{V BZ Xoem| H$s gm¡Xo~mOr H$s epŠV H$_Omoa hmoVr h¡& gmâQ>m H$m Cn`moJ Bg {Z ©aVm Ho$ à{V gm_y{hH$ {dH$ën noe H$a gH$Vm h¡& BgHo$ {bE Xjog Xoem| H$mo AnZr CËnmXZ j_Vm ~‹T>>mZr hmoJr&11

AZm¡nMm[aH$ ì`mnma m{Z dh ì`mnma Omo {H$ gaH$mar A{YH$m[aH$ ì`mnma Ho$ ~mha H$m h¡, Bg_| VñH$ar ^r em{_b h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ d lrb§H$m Ho$ gmW ^maV H$m AZm¡nMm[aH$ ì`mnma ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na hmoVm h¡& Bg AZm¡nMm[aH$ ì`mnma Ho$ H$maU gaH$ma H$mo amOñd H$m ~hþV A{YH$ KmQ>m hmoVm h¡, {Oggo Kaoby H$s_V Ho$ ñVa na ^r ~wam à^md n‹S>Vm h¡& {X AZm¡nMm[aH$ ì`mnma H$mo Am¡nMm[aH$ ~Zm {X`m OmE Vmo ~‹T>o hþE amOñd go ^maV d lrb§H$m Ho$ ~rM ^wJVmZ H$m g§VwbZ ñWm{nV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& AZm¡nMm[aH$ ì`mnma H$mo amoHo$ {~Zm Xjog H$s g\$bVm g§{X½Y h¡&

X{jU E{e`m Ho$ ~mOmam| _| ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gm_rß` hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX joÌr` `mVm`mV d Cn`wŠV g§Mma ì`dñWm An`m©á h¡& E{e`mB© amO_mJ© n[a`moOZm `m Q´>m°g E{e`mZ aobdo n[a`moOZm {dH${gV AV§X}er` Ob_mJ© H$s ì`dñWm, joÌr` OhmOamZr {Z_m©U Ed§ _aå_V H$s gw{dYmE°§ `m {dH${gV dm`w gånH©$ BZ Xoem| Ho$ ~rM Zht h¡& Zonmb d ^yQ>mZ O¡go ^ydo{ð>V Xoem| H$s _wgr~V| Bggo Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T>r h¡ Bgr àH$ma g§Mma _| gh`moJ H$m ^r A^md h¡&12

Xjog Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` Amngr ì`mnma H$s X`Zr` hmbV Ho$ nrN>o H$B© ga§MZmË_H$ Ed§ Zr{VJV AdamoY ^r h¢& {Z_m©U Amny{V© H$aZo H$s H$_ j_Vm VH$ZrH$s {nN>‹‹S>mnZ Ed§ H$_ ~MV Xa Ho$ H$maU ny±Or {Zdoe g§gmYZmo§ Ho$ A^md H$mo g§aMZmV_H$ AdamoY Ho$ ê$n XoI gH$Vo h¡& gmH©$ Xoe Z {g\©$ gh`moJ H$aZo Ho$ bm^m| Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ Zht h¡, ~pëH$ Agh`moJ H$s hm{Z`m| Ho$ à{V ^r MoVZ Zht h¢&13

3. AmV§H$dmX-Xjog ^r X{jU E{e`m _| nZn aho AmV§H$dmX go ÌñV hmo J`m àVrV hmoVm h¡& AmV§H$dmX H$m _gbm Xjog _§M na

gd©àW_ lrb§H$m Zo CR>m`m Wm& lrb§H$m {bQ²>Q>o H$s AmV§H$dmXr H$m`©dmhr go ÌñV Wm VWm MmhVm Wm {H$ Xjog Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AmV§H$dmX H$m _wH$m~bm {H$`m OmE bo{H$Z AmV§H$dmX Ho$ {damoY H$s geŠV ê$n _| àñVw{V H$mR>_mÊSy> {eIa g__obZ _| hþB©& Bg ~ma àg§J Wm {H$ nm{H$ñVmZ H$m Am{W©H$ {nN>‹S>mnZ AmV§H$dmX `Ú{n nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo grYo ê$n _| Bg ~mV Ho$ {bE {Oå_oXma Zht R>ham`m J`m& Xjog {eIa g__obZ _| g^r gXñ` Xoem| Zo Bg ~mV H$m g_W©Z {H$`m {H$ AmV§H$dmX go _wH$mdbm H$aZo H$ {bE gm_y{hH$ à`mg {H$E OmZo Mm{hE& nm{H$ñVmZr ^r AmV§H$dmX Ho$ {déÕ KmofUm _| gpå_{bV Wm& g~go ~‹S>r naoemZr `h h¡ {H$ nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Xmohao _mnXÊS> h¡& EH$ Amoa dh `h H$hVm h¡ {H$ dh AÝVam©ï´>r` AmV§H$dmX Ho$ pIbm\$ g§Kf©aV Xoem| Ho$ gmW h¡ bo{H$Z Xÿgar Am¡a dh n‹S>mog _| AmV§H$dmXr J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVm h¡& O~{H$ àmaå^ go hr A_oarH$m g{hV g^r Xoem| Zo Bg ~mV H$m g_W©Z {H$`m h¡ {H$ gr_m nma go AmV§H$dmX H$mo Zï> {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&

4. gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ _wX²Xo-Xjog Ho$ g_j EH$ {MÝVm H$m àíZ `h r h¡ {H$ gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ _wX²Xo Omo {H$ CgHo$ JR>Z Ho$ _yb AmYma Wo, n¥ð^y{_ _oo| Om aho h¡& Š`m| Zht Xjog Xoe gm_m{OH$- Am{W©H$ H$m`©H«$_ H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo H$m à`mg H$aVo? Xjog Ho$ ~hþV go H$m`© H«$_ _hO Am¡nMm[aH$Vm ~ZVo Om aho h¡, Š`mo{H$ Yrao-Yrao `h YmaUm ~b~Vr hmoVr Om ahr h¡ {H$ ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~rM VZmd Ho$ MbVo Hw$N> Zht hmo gH$Vm bo{H$Z h pñW{V AÀN>r Zht h¡& Bggo Xjog Am¡a A{YH$ {e{Wb hmo OmEJm&

Xjog Zo X{jU E{e`m Ho$ gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo AmJo ~T>mZo H$m à`mg Z {H$`m hmo& Jar~r CZ_ybZ, gmjaVm, ñdmñÏ` O¡go ~hþV gr g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Xjog _§M na CR>m`m J`m VWm H$B© H$m`©H«$_ ~Zo& X{jU E{e`m H$mo gmja ~ZmZo, Jar~r CÝ_ybZ go H$m`©H«$_ aIo JE&

X{jU E{e`m _| joÌr` ì`mnma Ho$ {bE ì`mnH$ gå^mdZmE± h¢& Xjog Zo joÌr` ì`mnma ~T>mZo H$s gmâQ>m d gmâQ>m O¡gr `moOZmE°§ ~ZmB© ^r h¢& ^maV H$m àmaå^ go hr H$hZm Wm {H$ gmâQ>m H$mo {H«$`mpÝdV H$aZo Ho$ {bE à`mg H$aZo Mm{hE V^r gmâQ>m H$s Am¡a AmJo ~T>Zm gå^d hmoVm& bo{H$Z Xjog Xoem| Zo EH$ ñVa go AmJo BZ_| CËgmh Zht {XIm`m J`m h¡& BZ `moOZmAm| Ho$ bú` {nN>‹S>Vo Om aho h¡& `{X Xjog H$s AÝ` joÌr` g§JR>Zm| Hoo$ g§X^© _| Am§H$m OmE Vmo BgH$s pñW{V {nN>‹S>r h¡& AV: Xjog joÌr` gh`moJ H$mo ~T>m nmZo _| {d\$b ahm h¡&14

ISSN 2348-3857


5. _hmepŠV`m| H$m ~‹T>Vm à^md-AmO {díd H$s Xmo à_wI epŠV`m± A_oarH$m Am¡a MrZ, {hÝX _hmgmJa _| AnZm A{YnË` Om_mZo _| bJo hþò h¢& o XmoZm| hr Xoe {hÝX _hmgmJa Ho$ VQ>r` amï´>m| go ~ÝXaJmh àmá H$aZo bJo hþò h¢ `m {\$a CÝh| {dH$mg H$aZo H$m à`mg H$a aho h¢& Am¡a CZHo$ BZ {H«$`m-H$bmnmo Zo {hÝX _hmgmJa H$mo EH$ `wÕ H$m joÌ ~Zm {X`m h¡& {\$a Mmho dmo MrZ Ûmam Aa~ gmJa pñWV nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ½dmXa ~ÝXaJmh H$mo {dH${gV H$aZm hmo `m A_oarH$m Ûmam {hÝX _hmgmJa pñWV {S>`mJmoJ{g©`m Ûrn H$mo Zm¡g¡{ZH$ AS²>So> Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV H$aZm& XmoZm| _hmepŠV`m| Ho$ {H«$`mH$bmnm| Zo {hÝX _hmgmJa _| epŠV g§Kf© H$mo ~‹T>m {X`m h¡, Š`m|{H$ maV H$s Wbr` gr_m {hÝX _hmgmJa go Ow‹S>r h¡, Bg{bò ^maV H$m {MpÝVV hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡& ^maV H$m àmaå^ go hr {hÝX _hmgmJa Ho$ VQ>r` amï´>m| go gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a ì`mnm[aH$ gå~ÝY aho h¢ Am¡a ^maV Zo gX¡d hr {hÝX _hmgmJar` joÌ _| empÝV Am¡a {dH$mg H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m h¡& erV `wÕ H$mb _| ^maV Zo ~mhar epŠV`m| H$mo {hÝX _hmgmJa go Xÿa aIZo H$m ânya à`mg {H$`m Wm Am¡a dh Cg_| H$m\$s hX VH$ g\$b ^r ahm& boH${Z gmo{d`V g§K Ho$ {dKQ>Z Ho$ ~mX {díd amOZ{V _| H$m\$s ~Xbmd Am`m& EH$ Amoa Ohm± A_oarH$m Zo AnZr epŠV H$mo Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T>m`m, dht Xÿgar Amoa EH$ Z`r epŠV `mZr MrZ H$m CX²^d hþAm Am¡a CgZo ^r {díd amOZr{V go AnZr epŠV àgma {H$`m Am¡a XmoZm| hr epŠV`m| H$s _w»` {XbMñnr {hÝX _hmgmJa Ho$ joÌ _| hmo J`t&

dV©_mZ g_` _| maV H$mo A_oarH$m go Hw$N> {deof gwajm g_ñ`mE°§ Zht h¡, {H$ÝVw Bg ~mV _| H$moB© gÝXoh Zht h¡ {H$ {hÝX _hmgmJa _| MrZ H$s ~‹T>Vr J{V{d{Y`m| go {ZpíMV Vm¡a na ^maVr` {hV à^m{dV hm|Jo& Omo ^maV d Xjog H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo à^m{dV H$a|Jo&15

6. n`m©daU H$m _wX²Xm-Obdm`w n[adV©Z _m¡OyXm g_` _| _mZdVm Ho$ gm_Zo g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡& `h MwZm¡Vr {dH$mgerb Xoem|, Img Vm¡a go X{jUr E{e`m Ho$ {bE g~go Á`mXm J§^ra h¡& Obdm`w n[adV©Z H$m g~go O`mXm Aga Jar~m| na n‹S>Vm h¡& CZHo$ nmg AnZr pñW{V ~MmE aIZo Amoa n`m©daUmr` ~Xbmd go ajm Ho$ {bE g§gmYZm| H$m A^md ahVm h¡& {díd ~¡§H$ Zo 2009 Ho$ AnZo X¥{ï>H$moU nÌ _| AdbmoH$Z {H$`m h¡ {H$ X{jU E{e`m H$s H$ar~ 60 H$amo‹S> Am~mXr amoOmZm 3.25 S>m°ba go ^r H$_ na OrdZ ~ga H$aVr h¡& AV: EH$ N>moQ>m gm Obdm`w n[adV©Z ^r AnyUu` j{V n¡Xm H$aoJm Am¡a EH$ ~‹S>r Am~mXr H$mo {Zam{lV H$a

XoJm& Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o go à^md H$m Bgr go AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {nN>bo Xmo XeH$m| _| X{jU E{e`m Ho$ 75 H$amo‹S> go Á`mXm bmoJ àmH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| go à^m{dV hþE h¢& _mZdr` Am¡a Am{W©H$ Am°§H$‹S>o H$m\$s Á`mXm h¡ H$ar~ 230,000 _m¡V| Am¡a 45 Ia~ S>m°ba H$m ZwH$gmZ hþAm h¡&

Xjog Zo AnZo {eIa g__obZm| _| 1985 go 1990 Ho$ ~rM n`m©daU _wX²Xm H$mo aIm h¡& CgHo$ ~mX AnZo àËòH$ gå_obZ _| n`m©daU g§ajU H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo H$m {dMma aIm h¡& gmH©$ H$m 16dm± {eIa gå_obZ Obdm`w n[adV©Z H$mo g_{n©V Wm& gÌhd| gmH©$ {eIa gå_obZ _| joÌ _| Obdm`w IVao gå~pÝYV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a n`m©daUmr` MwZm¡{V`m| go g_J« ê$n go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ O[aE na AÜ``Z àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _hmg{Md H$mo Am`moJ J{R>V H$aZo H$m {ZX}e {X`m& Obdm`w n[adV©Z na à{VnmbZ Am¡a OmJê$H$Vm H$m`©H«$_ ewê$ H$aZm, AÝ` H$X_m| _| J«rZ Q>oŠZmobm°Or H$mo àmËgmohZ XoZm Am¡a g~go ~ohVa ì`dhma Ý`yZ H$m~©Z {Z^©aVm Am¡a joÌ Ho$ gpå_{bV {dH$mg H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZm& Eogo gmH©$ V§Ì ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s gå^mdZm H$m nVm bJmmZo Ho$ {bE AÜ``Z H$amZm Omo Ý`yZ H$m~©Z VH$ZrH$ Am¡a ZdrH$aUr` COm© H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZo dmbr n[a`moOZmAm| Am¡a X{jU E{e`m {díd{dÚmb` _| Ý`yZ H$m~©Z AZwg§YmZ Ed§ {dH$mg g§ñWmZ Ho$ {bE YZ _wh¡`m H$am gHo$& Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$ ~wao à^md go X{jU E{e`m {díd{dÚmb` _| Ý`yZ H$m~©Z AZwg§YmZ Ed§ {dH$mg g§ñWmZ Ho$ {bE YZ _wh¡`m H$am gHo$& Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$ ~wao à^md go X{jU E{e`m Ho$ nwamVmpËdH$ Ed§ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñ_maH$mo d T>m±Mo H$mo ~MmZo Am¡a g§ajU Ho$ {bE amï´>r` n[a`moOZm Am¡a Ohm± Oê$ar hmo dhm± joÌr` n[a`moOZm H$m {dH$mg& Oo¡d {d{dYVm Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ g§ajU H$s A{Zdm`©Vm na Omoa Am¡a joÌ Ho$ nd©Vm| Ho$ em{_b H$aVo hþE nd©Vr` n[apñW{VH$s H$s {ZJamZr na ~b XoZm& n`m©daUr` gh`moJ na gmH©$ gå_obZ Ho$ {bE g§nw{ï> à{H«$`m H$_ go H$_ g_` _| nyam H$aZm Vm{H$ `h bmJy hmoZo _| g_j hmo gH|$&16

{ZîH$f©

Hw$N> AmbmoMH$m| H$m VH©$ h¡ {H$ gmH©$ Ho$ nmg Eogm amoS>_¡n h¡ {Og_| Ho$db _¡n h¡, amoS> na H$moB© J{V{d{Y Zht h¡& Xjog Xem| Img Vm¡a go BgHo$ Xmo ~‹S>o gXñ` ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~rM amOZr{VH$ VZmd Ho$ H$maU H$m`m©Ýd`Z Ag§VmofàX h¡& hmbm±{H$ XmoZm| hr Xoem| Ho$ à{Vð>mZ _| [aíVo H$mo gm_mÝ` ~ZmZo H$m ~moY OJm h¡& X{jU E{e`m _| VoOr go Câ aho ZmJ[aH$ g_wXm`m| H$m ^r joÌ Ho$ Xoem| Ho$ ~rM g§~§Ym| _| gwYma H$m OmoaXma X~m~ n‹S> ahm h¡& `{X gXñ`


ISSN 2348-3857

Xoem| Ho$ ~rM empÝV Am¡a {dídmg ~hmb hmo OmVm h¡ Vmo gmH©$ à^mdembr hmo gH$Vm h¡&

Eogo _| Bg g§JR>Z Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o Am¡a àJ{Verb amï´> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^maV H$s `h {Oå_oXmar ~ZVr h¡ {H$ dh gXñ` Xoem| Ho$ ~rM gå~ÕVm Am¡a gmPoXmar Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m _hmZ² Xm{`Ëd J«hU H$a Am¡a Xjog Ho$ nm±Mmo ñVå^m| `mZr ì`mnma, {Zdoe, ghm`Vm, g^r joÌmo _| gh`moJ, ŠZopŠQ>{dQ>r H$mo _O~yV ~ZmZo H$m H$m`© H$ao& bo{H$Z `h V^r g§^d hmoJm O~ AÝ` Xoe ^r ^{dî` H$s Am¡a XoI| Am¡a H$‹S>do AVrV H$mo ^wbmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a|& ^maV Zo Vmo H$mR>_mSy§> _| AnZo Xm{`Ëdm| H$mo J«hU H$aZo H$s hm_r ^aVo hþ`o Xþ{Z`m Ho$ Bg A§YH$ma_` H$moZo H$mo àH$me_mZ ~ZmZo H$s _hËdmH$mjm§ noe H$s h¡, bo{H$Z eof Xoem| H$mo A^r Bg {Xem _| ~hþV Hw$N> H$aZm h¡&

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. Jmoogobdg, E[aH$, gmCW E{e`Z H$m±n©aoeZ EZ EOoÝS>m EÊS> E {dOZ \$ma {X â`yMa, H«$_m§H$ 1, n¥.g§. 34

2. _moh§Îmr, _Zmoa§OZ, ~mS©©>abg gmH©$ arZ: E {S>ñQ>|Q> S´>r, _oZñQ´>r_, I§S> -35, H«$. 26, OyZ 1997, n¥.g§. 11-12

3. YmoOb, Or.Eg., gmH©$ Qw>dmS©²>g J«oQ>a B§H$mZmo{_ H$m°-Am°naoeZ, _oZñQ´>r_, IÊS> 29, H«$. 22, _mM© 23, 1991, n¥.g§. 321

4. Jwám, A{ZÕm, gmH©$ EÊS> arOZb H$m°-Am°naoeZ _oZñQ´>r_, IÊS> 30, H«$. 22, _mM© 21,1992 n¥.g§. 25-26

5. Xmg, {H$eoa gr., X nm°{b{Q>H$b EH$m°Zmo_r Am°\$ arOZb H$m°-Am°naoeZ BZ gmCW E{e`m, nogo{\$H$ A\o$`g©, IÊS> 69, H«$.-2, J«rî_, 1996, n¥.g§. 190-91

6. àYmZ, ~r.E., B{S>`mO amob Z {X â`wMa Am°\$ gmH©$, ñQ>oQ>{O EZm{b{gg, IÊS> 17, H«$.-11 \$adar 1995, n¥.g§. 1367

7. A`y~, _mohå_X, gmH©$ Bb H$ånoao{Q>d ng©nopŠQ>d E{e`Z gd}, dmo. JJJ Z. 4 Aà¡b 1985, n¥.g§. 452

8. Q>mBåg Am°\$ BpÊS>`m (ZB© {X„r) {gVå~a, 8, 1996

9. MS²>S>m, nr.Ho$., AÝVamï´>r` g§~§Y, AmXe©© àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1998, n¥.g§. 236

10. Ah_X, e~ar, gmâQ>m-E- {à{b{_Zar EZ{b{gg, arOZb ñQ>S>rO, IÊS> 14, H«$. 2, eaX, 1996, n¥.g§. 17

11. Ah_X, eã~ra, H«$. 11, n¥.g§. 191

12. ^„m Am¡a ^„m, Am{g`mZ EÊS> gmH©$, Ama.AmB©.Eg. S>mBOoñQ>, IÊS>-13, H«$. 2-4, {Xgå~a 1996, n¥.g§. 81

13. àYmZ, ~r.E., B§{O`mb amob BZ {X â`yMa Am°\$ gmH©$, Ama.AmB©.Eg. S>mBOoñQ>, IÊS>-13, H$ H«$_m§H$ 2-4 {Xgå~a 1996

14. {hÝXþñVmZ Q>mBåg, ZB© {X„r, {gVå~a 9, 1985

15. `mXd, S>m. _wÝZm bmb, ^maV H$s empÝV-gwajm : ZdrZ Am`m_ Ed§ MwZm¡{V`m§, àË`ye npãbHo$eÝg, {X„r, 2016, n¥.g§. 247-248

16. e_m©, S>m°. gw_Z, n`m©daU H$m _wX²Xm Am¡a gmH©$ H$s nhb, dëS©> \$moŠg, Zdå~a 2012, n¥.g§. 17-22

àñVmdZm

OZ§g»`m H$s g§aMZm H$m AÜ``Z dV©_mZ _| OZg§»`m ^yJmob H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© nj _mZm OmVm h¡& BgHo$ AÝVJ©V OZg§»`m Ho$ JwU O¡go qbJmZwnmV, Am`w g§aMZm, gmjaVm, ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm, Ym{_©H$ g§aMZm, ^mfm, amï´>r`Vm, d¡dm{hH$ ñVa, nm[adm[aH$ g§aMZm, Om{V, amoOJma H$s pñW{V, e¡{jH$ CnbpãY`m±, Am` H$m ñVa Am{X H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m OmVm h¡& OZg§»`m g§aMZm Ho$ Am§H$‹S>m| Ho$ AmYma na hr _mZd g§gmYZmo§ H$s {d{^ÝZ joÌm| _| CnbãYVm H$m AmH$bZ {H$`m OmVm h¡& {H$gr ^r joÌ Ho$ ^mdr {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ Ed§ n§Mdfu` `moOZmAm| H$m g§MmbZ OZg§»`m g§aMZm Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ AmYma na hr {H$`m OmVm h¡& Š`m|{H$ _mZd ñd`§ EH$ g§gmYZ hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW gånyU© g§gmYZm| Ho$ Cn`moJ H$m Ho$ÝÐ {~ÝXþ ^r hmoVm h¡& Am{W©H$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ ê$nmÝVaU AZwHy$bZ VWm joÌr` {dH$mg _| _mZd g§gmYZ H$m _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ ahVm h¡& _mZd g§gmYZ H$s Cn`mo{JVm gmjaVm _| d¥{Õ Ho$ gmW-gmW ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡& gmjaVm OZg§»`m g§aMZm H$m _hËdnyU© nj h¡ Omo _mZd Ho$

emoY gmam§e

{díd _| OZ§g»`m EH$ Eogm H$maH$ h¡ {OgH$m à^md {H$gr Xoe `m joÌ {deof H$s gm_m{OH$, gmñ§H¥${VH$ VWm Am{W©H$, amOZ¡{VH$ ì`dñWmAm| na n‹S>Vm h¡& OZg§»`m g§aMZm, d¥{Õ, gmjaVm, ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm, qbJmZwnmV, J«m_rU-ZJar` OZg§»`m AZwnmV Am{X OZg§»`m Ho$ Eogo H$maH$ h¡ Omo gånyU© àXoe Ho$ {dH$mg ñVa _mnZ, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m| H$mo à^m{dV H$aVo h¡& Vrd« OZg§»`m d¥{Õ g^r àH$ma Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¡& bo{H$Z OZg§»`m _| gmjaVm H$m ñVa dhm± H$s ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡& dV©_mZ _| gmjaVm H$s pñW{V Ho$ Ûmam hr ZJar`-J«m_rU AZwnmV, ì`dgm` O¡go àmW{_H$, {ÛVr`, V¥Vr`, MVwW© Am{X H$m {ZYm©aU hmoVm h¡§& A_o[aH$Z, `yamonr` _hmÛrn Ho$ Xoem| _| Cƒ gmjaVm Ho$ H$maU hr A{YH$Va OZg§»`m V¥Vr`, MVwW© Ed§ {ÛVr` ì`dgm`m| _| bJr hþB© h¡, O~{H$ E{e`Z, A\«$sH$s _hmÛrnr` Xoem| _| {ZåZ gmjaVm Ho$ H$maU 60 go 80 à{VeV OZg§»`m H$m _w»` ì`dgm` H¥${f, newnmbZ, AmIoQ>, EH$ÌrH$aU, _Ëñ` nmbZ h¡& BgHo$ gmW-gmW BZ _hmÛrnm| H$s A{YH$Va OZg§»`m ^r J«m_rU joÌ _| {Zdmg H$aVr h¡& O¡go-O¡go gmjaVm H$m ñVa Cƒ hmoVm OmVm h¡& ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm ^r ~XbVr OmVr h¡& àñVwV emoY _| _Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ _| gmjaVm Ho$ gmW ~XbVo ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm H$m hr AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … OZg§»`m g§aMZm, ZJar`-J«m_rU AZwnmV, qbJmZwnmV, Am`w g§aMZm, gmjaVm, ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm

gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡§&

gmjaVm Ho$ gmW-gmW {H$gr Xoe `m ñWmZ {deof H$m {dH$mg H$m ñVa ^r à^m{dV hmoVm h¡§& ^maV _| gmjaVm Ho$ gmW-gmW {dJV Xmo XeH$m| _| ì`mdgm{`H$ gaM§Zm _| ^r Am_yb Myb n[adV©Z AmE h¡§& àmW{_H$ ì`dgm`m| H$s Anojm {ÛVr`, V¥Vr`, MVwW© ì`dgm`m| _| d¥{Õ hmo ahr h¡ gmW hr ZJar`H$aU _| ^r Vrd«Vm go d¥{Õ hmoVr Om ahr h¡ {OgH$m à_wI H$maU ~‹T>Vr gmjaVm hr h¡& gmjaVm Zo qbJmZwnmV H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& 2001 H$s VwbZm _| 2011 _| qbJmZwnmV ~‹T>m h¡& {OgH$m _w»` H$maU ~‹T>Vr gmjaVm h¡§& amOñWmZ _| {dJV Xmo XeH$m| _| OZg§»`m g§aMZm Ed§ ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm _| Vrd«Vm go n[adV©Z Am ahm h¡& àñVwV emoY nÌ _| ~XbVo OZm§{H$H$s` ñdê$n H$m amOñWmZ Ho$ _Ü` Amamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ _| ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AÜ``Z àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ohm± df© 2001 go 2011 Ho$ _Ü` hþE n[adV©Zmo H$mo à_wIVm go {b`m J`m h¡&

_Ü` Aamdbr joÌ _| ~XbVo OZm§{H$H$s` ñdê$n H$m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AÜ``ZS>m°. Eg. Eb. Mm¡n‹S>m

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, ^yJmob {d^mJ, amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb` H$mbmSo>am, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)

S>m°. ~r. gr. OmQ>

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, ^yJmob {d^mJ, amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, Zr_H$mWmZm, grH$a (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

AÜ``Z joÌ

amOñWmZ Ho$ ^m¡{VH$ {d^mJmo§ _| Aamdbr nd©Vr` àXoe à_wI ^m¡{VH$ {d^mJ h¡& Aamdbr nd©V loUr Ho$ {d{dY bm^Xm`H$ nhbwAmo§ H$mo XoIVo hþE Bg AÜ``Z joÌ H$m M`Z {H$`m J`m h¡& Aamdbr nd©Vr` loUr H$s Hw$b bå~mB© 692 {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡, Omo {X„r Ho$ÝÐ em{gV àXoe H$s gr_m go JwOamV _| Io‹S> ~«÷m VH$ CËVa-nyd© go X{jU-npíM_ {Xem _| \¡$br hþB© h¡&

AÜ``Z joÌ _Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ h¡, Omo 25°25' go 26°57' CËVar Ajm§e VWm 73°25' go 75°07' nydu XoemÝVa Ho$ _Ü` pñWV h¡& BgH$m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ\$b 9353.08 dJ© {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡§& _Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ _w»` ê$n go AO_oa, nmbr Ed§ amOg_ÝX {Obm| _| {dñV¥V h¡&

{MÌ 1 : AdpñW{V _mZ{MÌ

gmaUr 1 … AÜ``Z joÌ _| gpå_{bV àemg{ZH$ {d^mJ

H«$.g§.

{Obm gpå_{bV Vhgrbm| H$s

g§»`m

Vhgrbm| Ho$ Zm_

1. AO_oa 06 1. AO_oa 2. {H$eZJ‹T> 3. Zgram~mX 4. nrgmJ§Z 5. ã`mda 6. _gyXm

2. nmbr 02 1. am`nwa 2. _madm‹S> OŠeZ

3. amOg_§X 02 1. ^r_ 2. XodJ‹T>

_Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ Ho$ CÎma-npíM_ _| ZmJm¡a {Obm, npíM_ _| ZmJm¡a Ed§ OmoYnwa {Obm, X.ny. _| ^rbdm‹S>m {Obm, nyd© _| Q>m|H$ Ed§ O`nwa {Obm pñWV h¡§&

_Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ H$s Obdm`w CnAmÐ© h¡& `hm± dfm© J{_©`m| _| _mZgyZr hdmAm| go hmoVr h¡& WmZ©ÏdoQ> Ho$ Obdm`w dJuH$aU Ho$ AZwgma Bg joÌ H$mo DA’W (AÕ© ewîH$ Ed§ CnmÐ©) _| em{_b {H$`m J`m h¡§& Bg joÌ _| Am¡gV dm{f©H$ dfm© 60 goÝQ>r_rQ>a go A{YH$ h¡& dfm© H$m A{YH$Va ^mJ dfm© G$Vw _| X{jUr-npíM_r _mZgyZr hdmAm| Ûmam hmoVm h¡& erV G$Vw _| npíM_r {djmo^m| Ûmam hmoZo dmbr dfm© H$mo _mdQ> H$hm OmVm h¡&

`hm± Am¡gV Vmn_mZ J«rî_ G$Vw _| 26° go 41° goÝQ>rJ«oS> VWm erV G$Vw _| 8° go 20° goÝQ>rJ«oS> ahVm h¡& BgH$s g^r Z{X`m± _m¡g_r àdmh dmbr h¡, {Og_| ê$nZJ‹T>, gmJa_Vr, ~mam, brb‹S>r, gyH$‹S>r, _rR>‹S>r, d Imar à_wI h¡& `hm± H$B© _hËdnyU© I{ZO nm`o OmVo h¡§& O¡go g§J_a_a, Eñ~oñQ>m°g, \o$ëgnma, _¡ÝJogmBQ>, JmaZoQ> BË`m{X&

AÜ``Z joÌ H$s OZm§{H$H$s` {deofVmE±

· _Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ H$s gZ² 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma Hw$b OZg§»`m 2785068 h¡, {Og_| nwê$f 1421110 VWm _{hbmE± 1363958 h¡& 2001 H$s OZJUZm _| Bg joÌ _| Hw$b OZg§»`m 2373136 Wr {Og_| nwê$f 1220031 VWm _{hbmE§ 1153105 Wr&

· 2001 go 2011 Ho$ _Ü_ AÜ``Z joÌ _| OZg§»`m d¥{Õ Xa 17.35 à{VeV ahr h¡&

· `hm± qbJmZwnmV 2011 H$s OZJUZm _| 960 ahm, Omo 2001 H$s OZJUZm _| 945 Wm& AWm©V 2001 go 2011 Ho$ _Ü` Bg joÌ _o| qbJmZwnmV _| d¥{Õ hþB© h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


· `hm± na OZg§»`m KZËd 2011 _| 298 ahm h¡ Omo 2001 _| 254 Wm&

· AÜ``Z joÌ _| 2011 _| Hw$b gmjaVm 59.23 à{VeV h¡ Omo 2001 _| 49.81 à{VeV Wr&

àmXo{eH$ {dH$mg

{H$gr ^r àXoe Ho$ g_J« {dH$mg Ho$ {bE VrZ VËdm| H$mo Amdí`H$ _mZm OmVm h¡& (1) àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ (2) gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g§aMZm (3) VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg&

- àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ Ohm± àmXo{eH$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE AmYmaerbm àñVwV H$aVo h¡§, dht gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g§aMZm, {dH$mg AWdm {nN>Soµ>nZ H$m T>m±Mm CnpñWV H$aVr h¡, {Ogo àXoe _| {Zdm©{gV _Zwî` VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo AZwHy$b ~ZmH$a {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Adga CnpñWV H$aVm h¡&

- g_J« {dH$mg Ho$ ñVa H$m AmH$bZ AZoH$ _mZH$m| Ûmam {H$`m OmVm h¡, CZ_| {ejm-gmjaVm H$m ñWmZ AJ«Ur hmoVm h¡& Š`m|{H$ Bggo {dH$mg H$s AdñWm Ho$ ñnï>rH$aU Ho$ gmW-gmW g§ñWmJV VmZm-~mZm ^r V¡`ma hmoVm h¡& Bg àH$ma e¡{jH$ AdñWm joÌr` {dH$mg H$m à^mdr gyMH$m§H$ h¡, Omo AÝ` AmYma^yV gw{dYmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡&

CÔoí`

àñVwV AÜ``Z H$m à_wI CÔoí` AÜ``Z joÌ _Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r àXoe _| e¡{jH$ Xem Ed§ Bg_| n[adV©Z H$m AÜ``Z H$a Vhgrb ñVar` _yë`m| Ho$ gÝX^© _| gmjaVm H$s pñW{V H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm h¡& gmjaVm H$s pñW{V Ho$ AmYma na gm_m{OH$ Ed ì`mdgm{`H$ gaM§Zm _| Am aho n[adV©Zmo| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm BgH$m _yb CÔoí` h¡&

- _Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ _| e¡{jH$ Xem H$m Am§H$bZ H$aZm&

- AÜ``Z joÌ _| e¡{jH$ Xem _| n[adV©Z H$m Am§H$bZ H$aZm&

- Vhgrb ñVar` _yë`m| H$m AÜ``Z joÌ Ho$ g§X^© _| Am§H$bZ H$a {ejm gmjaVm H$s Xem H$m joÌr` {dVaU à{Vê$n kmV H$aZm&

- ^m¡{VH$ {dH$mg H$m gm_m{OH$ ñVa (ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm) na à^md H$m {ddoMZ H$aZm&

Am§H$‹S>m| H$m g«moÌ Ed§ emoY {d{Y

àñVwV emoY nÌ _| àmW{_H$ Ed§ {ÛVr`H$ Am§H$‹S>m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡& {ÛVr`H$ Am§H$S|µ> {Obm gm§p»`H$s ê$naoIm AO_oa,

nmbr Ed§ amOg_ÝX {Obm| go àmá {H$E JE h¡& àmW{_H$ Am§H$S|µ> joÌ _| ì`pŠVJV gd}jU Ûmam Ed§ àíZmdbr ^admH$a àmá {H$E JE h¡& emoY nÌ _| {d{^ÝZ _mZ{MÌU VH$ZrH$m| Ed§ gm§p»`H$s {d{Y`m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡& gd©àW_ {d{^ÝZ g«moVm| {deofH$a Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm§p»`H$s {ZXoemb` àH$meZ go àmá {ejm gmjaVm g§~§Yr gyMZmAm| d OZJUZm {d^mJ go àmá gyMZmAm| d VÏ`m| H$m {díbofU d gmaUr`Z {H$`m J`m&

Cn`w©ŠV gm§p»`H$s` {d{Y`m| go àmá VÏ`m| H$m àXe©Z H$moamoßboW, MH«$ AmboI Am{X Ûmam {H$`m J`m h¡&

_Ü` Aamdbr joÌ _| gmjaVm H$m ñVa

2001 _| Hw$b gmjaVm-emoY joÌ _| 2001 _| Hw$b gmjaVm 49.81 à{VeV ahr, {Og_| nwê$f gmjaVm 59.90 à{VeV VWm _{hbm gmjaVm 39.14 à{VeV ahr h¡& Bg Ad{Y _| Ý`yZV_ gmjaVm ã`mda (36.27 à{VeV) VWm am`nwa (39.61 à{VeV) Vhgrbm| _| ahr&

45-50 à{VeV Ho$ ~rM gmjaVm {H$eZJ‹T> (47.91 à{VeV) VWm Zgram~mX (49.90 à{VeV) Vhgrbm| _| ahr& Bg g_` gdm©{YH$ gmjaVm AO_oa Vhgrb (65.34 à{VeV) _| ahr&

40-45 à{VeV Ho$ ~rM gmjaVm nrgm§JZ (41.65 à{VeV), _madm‹S> OŠeZ (41.76 à{VeV), VWm XodJ‹T> (43.50 à{VeV) _| ahr&

2011 _| Hw$b gmjaVm-emoY joÌ _| 2011 _| Hw$b gmjaVm 59.23 à{VeV ahr, {Og_| nwê$f gmjaVm 70.12 à{VeV VWm _{hbm gmjaVm 47.90 à{VeV ahr& Bg Ad{Y _| Ý`yZV_ gmjaVm am`nwa Vhgrb (49.60 à{VeV) _| ahr&

{MÌ 2 … gmjaVm- 2001


ISSN 2348-3857

50-55 à{VeV Ho$ ~rM gmjaVm nrgm§JZ (50.84 à{VeV),XodJ‹T> (50.77 à{VeV), _gyXm (51.09 à{VeV), _madm‹S> O§ŠeZ (51.49 à{VeV) d {H$eZJ‹T> (54.82 à{VeV) Vhgrbm| _| ahr&

55-60 à{VeV Ho$ ~rM gmjaVm Zgram~mX (56.97 à{VeV) d ^r_ (55.44 à{VeV) Vhgrbm| _| ahr&

Bg Xm¡amZ A{YH$V_ gmjaVm AO_oa (69.95 à{VeV) VWm ã`mda (64.20 à{VeV) Vhgrbm| H$s ahr&

{MÌ 3 … gmjaVm -2011

gmjaVm Ho$ ñVa _| n[adV©Z (2001-2011)

_Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ _| 2001 go 2011 H$s Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ g^r 10 Vhgrbm| _| gmjaVm Ho$ à{VeV _| YZmË_H$ n[adV©Z ahm& Bg Ad{Y _| Ý`yZV_ n[adV©Z _gyXm (4.14 à{VeV) d AO_|a (4.57 à{VeV) Vhgrbm| _| ahm&

5 go 10 à{VeV Ho$ ~rM d¥{Õ Xa nm§M Vhgrbm| _| ahr Omo H«$_e: {H$eZJ‹T> (6.91 à{VeV), Zgram~mX (7.07 à{VeV), XodJ‹T> (7.23 à{VeV), nrgm§JZ (9.19 à{VeV) d _madm‹S> O§ŠeZ (9.73 à{VeV)& 10 go 15 à{VeV Ho$ ~rM d¥{Õ Xa Xmo Vhgrbm| am`nwa (10.08 à{VeV) d ^r_ (11.56 à{VeV) _| ahr& gdm©{YH$ d¥{Õ Xa ã`mda (27.93 à{VeV) Vhgrb _| ahr&

_Ü` Aamdbr joÌ _| ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm

ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm _| {d{^ÝZ ì`dgm`m| _| g§b¾ OZg§»`m Ho$ AZwnmV H$mo àX{e©V {H$`m OmVm h¡& ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm H$mo gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ g§Ho$Vm§H$ Ho$ ê$n _| OmZm OmVm h¡& emoY joÌ _| 2001 _| 904599 ì`pŠV (38.11 à{VeV) H$m`©erb Wo, {OZ_| {d{^ÝZ ì`dgm`m| _| g§b¾ ì`pŠV`m| H$m AZwnmV {ZåZ ahm h¡&

{MÌ 4 … gmjaVm Ho$ ñVa _| n[adV©Z(2001-2011)

ISSN 2348-3857


gmaUr 2 … ì`dgm`mZwgma OZg§»`m H$m {dVaU (à{VeV), 2001

H«$. g§. Vhgrb Hw$b H$m`©erb OZg§»`m

H$míVH$ma IoVrha _OXÿa nm[adm[aH$ CÚmoJ AÝ` H$m`© H$aZo dmbo

1 {H$eZJ‹T> 38.71 41.29 10.26 2.89 45.54

2 AO_oa 30.52 11.94 5.12 5.36 77.55

3 Zgram~mX 44.51 37.74 9.47 3.28 49.40

4 nrgm§JZ 41.79 51.75 20.66 4.05 29.40

5 ã`mda 33.73 37.42 7.54 6.06 48.96

6 _gyXm 45.75 46.11 9.53 3.07 41.26

7 am`nwa 40.56 46.63 23.37 2.81 27.26

8 _madm‹S> O§ŠeZ 41.64 41.27 22.18 5.26 33.34

9 ^r_ 41.63 51.64 21.59 1.95 24.79

10 XodJ‹T> 47.17 53.23 11.43 2.06 33.26

`moJ 38.11 36.37 12.02 4.05 48.02òmoV … emoYH$Vm© Ûmam {H$`m J`m {díbofU

ZmQ>H$m| Ka-Ka OmH$a e¡{jH$ A{^`mZm| H$s OmZH$mar Xr OmZr Mm{hE&

- ^r_, ã`mda, am`nwa Vhgrbm| _| gmjaVm H$s Xa {deof ê$n go _{hbm gmjaVm H$_ h¡& AV: BZ joÌm| _| _{hbm gmjaVm na {deof ~b {X`m OmZm Mm{hE&

{ZîH$f©

_Ü` Aamdbr nhm‹S>r joÌ _| gmjaVm Ho$ ñVa _| d¥{Õ Ho$ gmW-gmW ì`mdgm{`H$ g§aMZm _| ^r n[adV©Z AmVm Om ahm h¡& O¡gm {H$ CŠV emoY H$m`© go ñnï> hmo ahm h¡§& O¡go-O¡go gmjaVm H$m ñVa ~‹T> ahm h¡ Cg joÌ {deof _| H$míVH$ma IoVrha _OXÿa H$s Anojm AÝ` ì`dgm`m| _| OZg§»`m H$m à{VeV ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡& AO_oa {Obo H$s gmjaVm A{YH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr `hm± A{YH$Va bmoJ AÝ` H$m`© _| bJo hþE h¡ O~{H$ amOg_ÝX, nmbr {Obo H$s Vhgrbm| _| gmjaVm H$_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H¥${f Ed§ IoVrha _OXÿar _| A{YH$ bmoJ bJo hþE h¡& AmZo dmbo g_` _| bmoJm| H$s àmW{_H$ ì`dgm`m| na {Z^©aVm H$mo H$_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Bg joÌ _| gmjaVm Ho$ gmW-gmW Bg joÌ _| Jar~r CÝ_wbZ H$m`©H«$_m| na ^r {deof Ü`mZ {X`m OmZm Mm{hE Š`mo{H$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ed§ gmjaVm XmoZm| EH$ Xÿgao go AÝVg©å~pÝYV h¡§&

gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. OmQ>, ~r. gr., amOñWmZ _mZ{MÌmdbr, Ama. ~r. S>r. npãbHo$e§g, O`nwa, 2013, n¥.g§. 160

emoY joÌ _| H$míVH$ma OZg§»`m H$m AZwnmV gdm©{YH$ XodJ‹T> (53.23 à{VeV) _| ahm d g~go H$_ AZwnmV AO_oa (11.94 à{VeV), IoVrha _OXÿam| H$m gdm©{YH$ AZwnmV am`nwa (23.37 à{VeV) d g~go H$_ AZwnmV AO_oa (05.12 à{VeV) Vhgrbm| _| ahm&

nm[adm[aH$ CÚmoJ _| bJo ì`pŠV`m| H$m gdm©{YH$ AZwnmV AO_oa (5.36 à{VeV) d g~go H$_ AZwnmV ^r_ (1.95 à{VeV) Vhgrb _| ahm&

AÝ` H$m`© H$aZo dmbo ì`pŠV`m| H$m g~go Á`mXm AZwnmV AO_oa (77.55 à{VeV) _| Omo {Obm _w»`mb` ^r h¡ VWm BgH$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{V ^r {Obo Ho$ _Ü` _| h¡& VWm g~go H$_AZwnmV ^r_ (24.79 à{VeV) Vhgrb _| ahm& BgH$m g_ñV ^mJ nhm{‹S>`mo| go ^am n‹S>m h¡ VWm OZg§»`m H$m KZËd ^r H$_h¡& nhm‹S>r BbmH$m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `mVm`mV VWm IoVr H$s gw{dYm ^r H$_ h¡&

gwPmd

- dV©_mZ g_` VH$ ^r Bg joÌ _| gdm©{YH$ ^mJ nhm‹S>r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU bmoJm| _| {ejm Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$Vm Zht h¡§& AV: amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam MbmE Om aho {d{^ÝZ gmjaVm A{^`mZm| H$m Bg joÌ _| A{YH$m{YH$ à`moJ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&

- bmoJm| H$mo gmjaVm Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZyŠH$‹S>


ISSN 2348-3857

2. ^„m, Eb.Ama., amOñWmZ H$m ^yJmob, Hw$bXrn àH$meZ, O`nwa, 2014, n¥.g§. 33

3. {Obm gm§p»`H$s ê$naoIm, Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ {ZXoemb`, amO. O`nwa, 2015

4. Iw„a, S>r.Ama., à`moJmË_H$ ^yJmob Ho$ VËd, Ý`y EHo$S>{_H$ npãbqeJ H$ånZr, OmbÝYa, 2015

5. JwOªa, Ama.Ho$. Ed§ OmQ>, ~r.gr., _mZd ^yJmob, n§Merb àH$meZ, O`nwa, 2019

6. JwOªa, Ama.Ho$. Ed§ OmQ>, ~r.gr., g§gmYZ ^yJmob, n§Merb àH$meZ, O`nwa, 2019

7. JwOªa, Ama.Ho$. Ed§ OmQ>, ~r.gr., n`m©daU AÜ``Z, n§Merb àH$meZ, O`nwa, 2018

8. ŠbmH©$. Oo.AmB©., nm°nwboeZ Á`moJ«m\$s, Am°Šg\$moS©>, 1972, n¥.g§. 66

9. {Q´>dmWm©, Or.Q>r.E., Á`moJ«m\$s Am°\$ nm°nwboeZ, dëS©> n¡Q>Z© OmZ {db`S©> gÝg, Ý`y`mH©$, 1869, n¥.g§. 171

àñVmdZm

gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg _| _{hbm Am¡a nwéf XmoZm| H$s ^mJrXmar `{X g_mZ aho Vmo {dH$mg g§Vw{bV ñWm`r XrKm©d{YH$ Ed§ gH$mamË_H$ hmoJm, {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n Eogo g_mO H$m Am{W©H$ CÝZ{V Ho$ gmW-gmW amOZr{VH$ n[an¹$Vm H$s Amoa AJ«ga hmoZm Adí`gå^mdr h¡& {díd Ho$ AZoH$m| Xoem| _| _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm H$mo CVZr hr àmW{_H$Vm Xr OmVr h¡ {OVZr H$s nwéfm§§| H$mo, Am¡a Eogr _mZ{gH$Vm EH$ {dH${gV, ñdñW Ed§ g_¥Õ g_mO H$m àVrH$ h¡& ^bo hr Xoem| _| Ohm± {H$ _{hbm {ejm H$m ñVa Cƒ h¡, _| AÝ` gm_m{OH$ Hw$ê${V`m| `Wm Hw$brZ ahZ ghZ, nm[adm[aH$ {ddmX Am¡a EH$b n[adma, Anì`` Am{X g_m{dï>

emoY gmam§e

amOñWmZ _| Cƒ {ejm Ho$ gm_mÝ` {ejm Ho$ joÌ _o§ bJ^J 250 amOH$s` 1577 {ZOr Ed§ 904 {ejU à{ejU _hm{dÚmb` ñWm{nV h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV 11 amOH$s`, 5 S>råS> {díd{dÚmb` Am¡a bJ^J 40 go A{YH$ {ZOr joÌ Ho$ {díd{dÚmb` ^r H$m`©aV h¡& BZ g^r g§ñWmAm| _o§ bJ^J 10.2 bmI {dÚmWu AÜ``ZaV h¡& {Og_o§ N>mÌmAm| H$m Zm_mH§$Z 5.46 bmI h¡& AV: gH$b X¥{ï> go amÁ` _o§ 50% go A{YH$ N>mÌmE± AÜ``ZaV h¡ naÝVw `{X amï´>r` ñVa na gH$b Zm_mH§$Z H$mo Ü`mZ _o§ aIm Omò Vmo ~rVo gÌ _o§ amÁ` _o§ N>mÌmAm| H$m Zm_mH§$Z 19.3 hr ahm h¡ O~{H$ amï´>r` ñVa na _{hbmAm| H$m Am¡gV gH$b Zm_mH§$Z 24.5 h¡& AV: Bg X¥{ï> go amÁ` _o§ Cƒ {ejm Ho$ joÌ _o§ N>mÌmAm| H$mo A{YH$ àmoËgmhZ, gw{dYm d gwajm àXmZ H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Vm{H$ _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm _o§ gh^m{JVm H$mo A{YH$ gwX¥‹T> {H$`m Om gHo$& dhr amÁ` Ho$ AZwgw{MV Om{V d OZOm{V dJm} go _{hbm Zm_mH§$Z H$s pñW{V Amoa ^r H$_ h¡, `h EH$ {dMmaUr` {~ÝXþ h¡& amOñWmZ O¡go naånamJV ê${R>dmXr amÁ` _o§ Ohm± qbJôX EH$ {dH$Q> g_ñ`m h¡, dhm± J«m_rU joÌ go Cƒ {ejm _o§ _{hbm gh^m{JVm nhbo hr Ano{jV H$_ ahVr h¡, {Og na ~o{Q>`mo§ H$s {ejm H$mo n[adhZ d gm_m{OH$ Agwajm H$maUm| go Amoa Cno{jV {H$`m OmVm h¡§& AV: gaH$ma, g_mO d n[adma VrZm| ñVam| na `h qMVZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ {H$ {H$g àH$ma ~oQ>r {ejm H$mo gwajm àXmZ H$s Omò Am¡a àmoËgm{hV {H$`m Omò& Ho$db ~oQ>r ~MmAm| d ~oQ>r n‹T>mAm| Ho$ Zmao Cƒ {ejm _o§ _{hbm gh^m{JVm H$mo gwX¥‹T> Zht H$a gH$Vo h¡& gmW hr N>mÌmAm| H$mo AmË_gwajm, amoOJma H$m¡eb VWm ñdamoOJmaÝ_wI j_Vm {dH$mg na ^r Ü`mZ {X`m OmZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ Cƒ {ejm _o§ N>mÌm gh^m{JVm H$s `moOZmE± d à`mg Ho$db H$mJOm| _o§ Z hmoH$a CZH$m à^md ^r n[ab{jV hmo&

g§Ho$Vmja … gH$b Zm_m§H$Z AZwnmV, JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejm, H$m¡eb {dH$mg

hmo MwH$s h¡ VWm{n BÝh| {dH${gV amï´> H$s loUr _| aIm OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ `hm± na {dH$mg H$m ñVa à{V ì`pŠV Am`, gm_{OH$ gwajm, d¡Mm[aH$ IwbmnZ Am{X gH$mamË_H$ nhbw ^r {dÚ_mZ h¡ Omo {H$ {dH$mgerb d Aën{dH${gV amï´>m| H$s loUr _|§ XoIZo H$mo Zhr {_bVo h¡&

A_o[aH$m, {~«Q>oZ, \«$mÝg, O_©Zr OmnmZ O¡go Xoem| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ nrN>o g§Vw{bV g_mO {dH$mg H$s Ah_ ^y{_H$m h¡, {OgHo$ H$maU ^bo hr BZ amï´>mo| _| E{e`mB© Xoem| H$s Anojm Am~mXr à{VeV H$_ h¡ naÝVw BZH$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ñVa Cƒ h¡& Xÿgar Amoa Eo{e`mB© d A\«$sH$s {dH$mgerb d Aën{dH${gV amï´> ^r h¡ Ohm± Am{W©H$ {nN>‹S>mnZ,Jar~r, ~oamoOJmar, gm_m{OH$ emofU,

amOñWmZ _o§ Cƒ {ejm AÜ``Z _o§ _{hbm gh^m{JVm: pñW{V Ed§ MwZm¡{V`m§S>m°. _§Oy e_m©

A{YîR>mVm Ed§ àmMm`©, Á`mo{V {dÚmnrR> _{hbm {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amO.)

àr{V e_m©

emoYmWu, Á`mo{V {dÚmnrR> _{hbm {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amO.)



ISSN 2348-3857

gm_m{OH$ {dÛof, AÝ` Hw$àWmAm| H$s Jhar O‹S>o {dÚ_mZ h¡ {OgHo$ _yb H$maU _o Agpå_V {ejm n[aX¥í` h¡&

^maV O¡go Xoe _| ^r `{X _{hbm Am¡a nwéfmo H$s {ejm Ho$ ñVa _| VwbZm H$s Omò Vmo _{hbmAm| H$s AnojmH¥$V pñW{V nrN>o hr h¡& df© 1961 _| ^maV _| _{hbm gmjaVm à{VeV 15.4 hr Wm O~{H$ Am¡gV gmjaVm 40.4 à{VeV Wr& df© 2001 _| gH$b gmjaVm à{VeV 75.2 hmo J`m naÝVw _{hbmAmo H$m à{VeV 53.7 hr hmo nm`m & df© 2011 _| amï´>r` gmjaVm Am¡gV 82.14 à{VeV ahm h¡ O~{H$ _{hbmAm| §H$m gmjaVm à{VeV 65.46 ahm h¡ Omo ^maV _| gmjaVm H$s pñW{V Ho$ g§~§Y qbJ AmYma na {^ÝZVm H$mo ñnï> Xem©Vm h¡& `{X ^maV _| gmjaVm H$s amÁ`da pñW{V H$mo XoIm Omò Vmo EH$ Va\$ Ho$ab O¡gm amÁ` h¡ Ohm± _{hbm gmjaVm H$m à{VeV 91.98 h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa amOñWmZ O¡gm amÁ` h¡, Ohm± _{hbm gmjaVm g^r Ho$ÝÐ em{gV àXoe d amÁ`m| H$s VwbZm _| Ý`yZV_ (52.66 à{VeV) h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ab Am¡a amOñWmZ H$s VwbZm _| hr bJ^J 39.3 à{VeV H$m AÝVa h¡ Omo `h àX{e©V H$aVm h¡ {H$ ^maV _| _{hbm gmjaVm _| H$m\$s joÌr` {d{dYVm h¡&

`{X amOñWmZ Ho$ g§X^© H$mo {b`m Omò Vmo `hm± na ^r _{hbm Am¡a nwéfm| _| gmjaVm à{VeV _| AÝVa X¥{ï>JV hmoVm h¡ & amOñWmZ _| df© 2011 _| gmjaVm H$m gH$b à{VeV 66.11 à{VeV ahm h¡ & {Og_| nwéf Ed§ _{hbm gmjaVm à{VeV H«$_e: 79.19 VWm 52.12 à{VeV aho h¡& Bg àH$ma _{hbm d nwéf gmjaVm _| 27 à{VeV go A{YH$ H$m AÝVa h¡& amÁ` _|§ Ý`yZV_ _{hbm gmjaVm Ombm¡a (38.47 à{VeV) _| A§{H$V hþB© h¡ Vmo A{YH$V_ gmjaVm à{VeV 39.3 {Obm O`nwa (64.02 à{VeV) _| ahm h¡& Bg àH$ma _{hbm gmjaVm ñVa _| amÁ` joÌr` {d{dYVm H$s pñW{V n[ab{jV hmo ahr h¡& amÁ` _| CƒV_ d Ý`yZV_ _mZ _| bJ^J 26 à{VeV H$m AÝVa h¡& amÁ` _| 60 à{VeV go A{YH$ _{hbm gmjaVm dmboo Ho$db Xmo hr {Obo-O`nwa d PwÝPwZy§ hr aho h¡§& O~{H$ 5 {Obm|-J§JmZJa, hZw_mZJT>, Abda, grH$a Ed§ AO_oa _|o `h _{hbm gmjaVm à{VeV _mZ 55 go 60 Ho$ ~rM h¡&

ñHy$br {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| df© 2015-16 à{V 100 b‹S>H$mo H$s VwbZm _| bS>{H$`mo H$m n§OrH$aU 84.62 à{VeV ahm Omo {H$ df© 2016-17 _| WmoS>m ~‹T>H$a 85.02 à{VeV hmo J`m& BgH$m Ame` `h h¡ {H$ ñHy$b {ejm Ho$ g§X^© _| A^r ^r bJ^J 15 à{VeV bS>{H$`m° {ejm go ~mha h¡&

BZ g~go AmJo `{X ^maV _| Cƒ {ejm H$s Vñdra XoIr Omò Vmo df© 2017-18 Ho$ {bò Xoe _| Cƒ {ejm _| gH$b Zm_m§H$Z bJ^J 36.6 {_{b`Z ahm {Og_| go 17.4 {_{b`Z (47.6 à{VeV) b‹S>{H$`mo§ H$m ahm h¡& AV: Cƒ{ejm Ho$ joÌ _| _{hbmAm| H$s gh^m{JVm amï´>r` Am¡gV ñVa na Vmo nwéfmo H$s AnojmH¥$V bJ^J CZHo$ g_mZ hr h¡ naÝVw `{X Bg_| àmXo{eH$ Ed§ amÁ`dma {d{dYVm XoIr Omò Vmo pñW{V`m° AmíM`©OZH$ h¡& Hw$N> amÁ`m| Am¡a Ho$ÝÐ em{gV àXoem| (O¡go MÊS>rJT>, XmXa d ZJa hdobr X_Z Ed§ Ûrn,Jmodm, {h_mMb àXoe, Oå_y H$í_ra, H$Zm©Q>H$, Ho$ab,bjÛrn, _{Unwa _oKmb`, ZmJmb¡ÊS>, nm§{S>Moar, {gpŠH$_, V{_bZmSy> _| _{hbmAm| H$m n§OrH$aU ñZmVH$ ñVa Ho$ nmR²>`H«$_m| _| nwéfmo H$s Anojm A{YH$ h¡ O~{H$ amOñWmZ _| BZ nmR²>`H«$_m| _| _{hbmAm| H$m n§OrH$aU 46.7 à{VeV ahm h¡& ñZmVH$moËVa ñVa Ho$ nmR²>`H«$_m| _| amï´>r` gH$b ñVa na _{hbmAm| H$m n§OrH$aU nwéfmo H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ h¡&

amOñWmZ m¡Jmo{bH$ X¥{ï> go Xoe H$m g~go ~‹S>m VWm OZg§»`m H$s X¥{ï> go 8dm± ~‹S>m amÁ` h¡& ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d{dYVmAm|, Obdm`dr` {df_VmAm| VWm àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ A^md Ho$ H$maU amÁ` _| Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$s Xa Xoe Ho$ Hw$N> amÁ`m| H$s Anojm H$_ h¡& Cƒ {ejm H$s X¥{ï> go ZdrZV_ Am±H$‹S>m| (AISHE Report 2017-18) Ho$ AZwgma Xoe _| Hw$b 903 {díd{dÚmb`, 39050 _hm{dÚmb` Ed§ 10011 EH$m§H$s g§ñWmE± h¡§& BZ g~Ho$ Cnam§V ^r Xoe _| gH$b Zm_m§H$Z AZwnmV 25.8 à{VeV h¡, Omo {H$ _{hbm {ejm Ho$ g§X^© _| Vmo 25.4 à{VeV hr h¡& amOñWmZ amÁ` _| Cƒ {ejU g§ñWmZm| H$s â_ma Ho$ Cnam§V ^r amÁ` A^r ^r Xoe _| ~ohVa Cƒ {ejm Ho$ àW_ 5 amÁ`m| _| gpå_{bV Zht h¡& amOñWmZ Ho$ g§X^© _| ^r ñZmVH$moËVa, E_ {\$b, S>mŠQ>amob Cnm{Y`m| Ho$ {bò BZ nmR²>`H«$_m| _o _{hbmAm| H$m n§OrH$aU _mZ Vmo A{YH$ {H$`m Omò Vmo n[aX¥í` ^`md` h¡ Š`m|{H$ amÁ` _| Cƒ {ejm _| _{hbmAm| H$s gh^m{JVm H$s `h Vñdra Hw$N> ~‹S>o eham| -O`nwa, CX`nwa, H$moQ>m, OmoYnwa, ~rH$mZoa Ed§ Hw$N> ~Soµ> {Obm _w»`mb`m| O¡go -âVnwa, Abda, grH$a, PwÝPyZw, Mwê$ _| hr n[ab{jV hmo ahr h¡&

gm_mÝ` Cƒ {ejm _| _{hbmAm| H$s àpñW{V H$m X¥{ï>H$moU

{ejm H$mo AnZo _| gmÜ` VWm AÝ` dm§N>Zr` bú`m| H$s ny{V© H$m gmYZ _mZm J`m h¡& {ejm Ho$ H$maU ì`pŠV Ho$ ~m¡{ÕH$ Ed§ ì`pŠVËd Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW hr Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$

ISSN 2348-3857


J{VerbVm _| ^r d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡& AV: àËòH$ ì`pŠV Ho$ {bE {ejm Amdí`H$ h¡ bo{H$Z _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE BgH$m _hËd A{YH$ h¡ Š`m|{H$ {ejm Ho$ Ûmam hr _{hbmE± gj_ d AnZo A{YH$mam| go n[a{MV hmo ahr h¡& àmMrZ H$mb go hr _{hbm {ejm _| d¥{Õ na {deof Ü`mZ {X`m Om ahm h¡& d¡{XH$ H$mb _| _{hbmAm| H$mo nwéfm| Ho$ g_mZ _mZm OmVm Wm bo{H$Z _Ü` H$mb _| _{hbmAm| H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$_ hmoZo bJr VWm {d{^ÝZ Hw$ê${V`m| O¡go-gVr àWm, ~mb-{ddmh, nXm© nWm Am{X Zo _{hbm {ejm H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m VWm {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V {ZåZ hmoVr J`r& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ níMmV² _{hbm {ejm _| JwUmË_H$ gwYma hþAm bo{H$Z ^maV _| gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$maUm| Ho$ H$maU _{hbmE± {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| AJ«ga Zht hmo nm`r& O¡go-~mb {ddmh, qbJôX, gw{dYmAm| H$m A^md, Jar~r Am{X&

Xoe Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg Ho$ {bE MbmB© Om ahr {d{^ÝZ moOZmAm| _| _{hbm {ejm na {deof Ü`mZ Vmo {X`m Om ahm h¡ {\$a ^r {d{^ÝZ n§Mdfu` `moOZmAm| Ho$ {ZîH$f© go `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ _{hbm-nwéf gmjaVm _| A^r ^r H$m\$s Ag_mZVm h¡&

{d{^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| _{hbm gmjaVm Ho$ AÜ``Z go ñnï> h¡ {H$ _{hbmAm| _| gmjaVm ñVa _| gwYma hþAm h¡& OZJUZm df© 2001 _| _{hbm gmjaVm 54.16 à{VeV Wr Omo 2011 _| ~‹T>H$a 65.46 à{VeV hmo J`r h¡, Omo _{hbm gmjaVm d¥{Õ H$mo Xem©Vr h¡&

`{X Cƒ {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| XoIm Omò Vmo _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V nhbo H$s VwbZm go ~ohVa h¡& ñZmVH$ H$s n‹T>mB© Ho$ ~mX, nwéfm| H$s g§»`m _| d¥{Õ VWm _{hbmAm| H$s g§»` _| H$_r nmB© JB© h¡ Š`m|{H$ ñZmVH$ Ho$ ~mX _{hbmAm| Ho$ Zm_m§H$Z _| {ZaÝVa H$_r hmoVr OmVr h¡& BgH$m à_wI H$maU b‹S>H$m d b‹S>H$s _| ôX, Jar~r, gwajm H$s ^mdZm, gw{dYmAm| H$m A^md Am{X h¡&

amOñWmZ Ho$ g§X^© _| XoIm Omò Vmo _{hbmAm| H$s Cƒ {ejm _| bJmVma d¥{Õ hmo ahr h¡& dV©_mZ _| b‹S>H$m| go Á`mXm b‹S>{H$`m± Cƒ {ejm bo ahr h¡& Am§H$‹S>m| Ho$ AmYma na amOñWmZ _| 100 b‹S>H$m| na 108 b‹S>{H$`m± H$m°boOm| _| n‹T> ahr h¡§& {nN>bo 19 dfm}§ _| `h Am±H$‹S>m bJ^J XþJwZm hmo J`m h¡& 2000-01 _| gm¡ b‹S>H$m| na _mÌ 54 b‹S>{H$`m± Wr& `h Am±H$‹S>m 2018-19 _| ~‹T>H$a 108 b‹S>{H$`m± à{V 100 b‹S>H$m| VH$ nhþ±M J`m& df© 2008-09 _| _hO 1.63 bmI b‹S>{H$`m± H$m°boOm| _| Zm_m§{H$V Wr, A~ gaH$mar d {ZOr H$m°boOm| _| 5.80 bmI b‹S>{H$`m± n‹T>mB© H$a ahr h¡&

gm_mÝ` Cƒ {ejm _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ Zm_m§H$Z H$m à{Vê$n

ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ ~mX Cƒ {ejm _| Zm_m§{H$V _{hbmAm| H$s g§»`m _| d¥{Õ hþB© h¡& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ g_` _{hbm Zm_m§H$Z 10 à{VeV go H$_ Wm& df© 2005-06 Ho$ Xm¡amZ _{hbm Zm_m§H$Z ~‹T>H$a 40.50 à{VeV hmo J`m& JV Xmo XeH$m| Ho$ Xm¡amZ _{hbm Zm_m§H$Z H$s J{V VoO ahr h¡& df© 1950-51 go 2005-06 Ho$ Xm¡amZ n§OrH¥$V à{V gm¡ nwéf _{hbmAm| Ho$ Zm_m§H$Z _| bJ^J nm±M JwZm d¥{Õ hþB© h¡&

df© 2005-06 Ho$ Xm¡amZ g^r amÁ`m| _| Hw$b Zm_m§H$Z H$s VwbZm _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ Zm_m§H$Z _| à{VeV d¥{Õ bJ^J pñWa ahr h¡& Hw$b Zm_m§H$Z Ho$ à{VeV Ho$ ê$n _| _{hbm Zm_m§H$Z H$s X¥{ï> go Ho$ab H$m ñWmZ 61 à{VeV g~go D$na ahm& CgHo$ ~mX Jmodm (59.20 à{VeV), n§Om~ (51.77 à{VeV) Am{X H$m ñWmZ ahm& Eogo 8 amÁ` Wo {OZ_| 40.50 H$s amï´>r` à{VeVVm H$s VwbZm _| _{hbmAm| H$m Zm_m§H$Z A{YH$ Wm& eof amÁ`m| _| Zm_m§{H$V _{hbmAm| H$s à{VeVVm amï´>r` ñVa go H$_ Wr& dhr df© 2017-2018 _| _{hbm Zm_mH§$Z bjÛrn _| gd©m{YH$ ahm (78.99 à{VeV) CgHo$ níMmV² Jmodm (55.66 à{VeV) ahm&

amOñWmZ Ho$ g§X^© _| XoIm Omò Vmo _hm{dÚmb`m| _| gm_mÝ` Cƒ {ejm àmá H$aZo dmbr AÜ``ZaV N>mÌmAm| H$s g§»`m df© 2003-04 _| 1.03 bmI, 2008-09 _| 1.63 bmI Wr Omo df© 2017-18 _| ~‹T>H$a 5.46 bmI hmo JB© h¡& Bg àH$ma amOñWmZ _| §_{hbmAm| H$s Cƒ {ejm Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$Vm ~‹T>r h¡& df© 2000-01 _| Ohm± gm¡ N>mÌm| na 54 N>mÌmE± AÜ``ZaV Wr, dht df© 2018-19 _| `h g§»`m 108 hmo JB© h¡ Omo A~ VH$ H$m A{YH$V_ h¡& amOñWmZ _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ Zm_m§H$Z _| d¥{Õ H$m à_wI H$maU _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`m| H$s ~‹T>moËVar h¡& df© 1997-98 _| Ohm± _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m 100 Wr Omo df© 2017-18 _| ~‹T>H$a 509 hmo JB© h¡&

gm_mÝ` Cƒ {ejm _| _{hbmAm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m AÜ``Z

^maV _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V d CZH$s {ejm _| ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX gH$mamË_H$ d H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z hþE, naÝVw BgHo$ ~mdOyX ^r _{hbm {ejm H$s dV©_mZ pñW{V g§VmofàX Zht h¡& _{hbm Cƒ {ejm Ho$ _mJ© _| A^r ^r Hw$N> Ádb§V g_ñ`mE± h¡§, Omo dV©_mZ d AmZo dmbo g_` _| ^r AJa g_mYmZ go d§{MV ahVr h¡, Vmo Cƒ {ejm _| ~mYmE± CËnÝZ H$a|Jr& _{hbm {ejm _| gm_mÝ` g_ñ`mAm| H$mo h_ XoIVo ahVo h¡§, na Omo g_ñ`mE± {ejm d gm_m{OH$ n[adoe go g§~§Y aIVr h¡, do AYmo{bpIV h¡§ :-


ISSN 2348-3857

· _{hbm {ejm Ho$ {bE Cn`wŠV d ì`mdgm{`H$ nmR²>`H«$_ H$m A^md nm`m OmVm h¡& _{hbmAm| H$s é{M`m|, Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo Z XoIVo hþE amoOJma {dhrZ nmR²>`H«$_ EH$ O{Q>b g_ñ`m h¡& amoOJmanaH$ {ejm Ho$ A^md _| _{hbm`| AmO ^r Am{W©H$ ê$n go nwéfm| na {Z^©a h¡&

· _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`m| d _{hbm AÜ`mnH$m| H$m A^md&

· qbJr` Ag_mZVm d ê${‹T>dmXr {dMmaYmam EH$ MwZm¡Vr&

· H$_ C_« _| {ddmh, Kaoby H$m`© _| g§b¾Vm, _hm{dÚmb`m| H$m Xÿa hmoZm, nXm© àWm, Jar~r, gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU Am{X _{hbmAm| H$s Cƒ {ejm _| ~mYH$ h¡&

· _{hbm {ejm go g§~§{YV ^m¡{VH$ g§gmYZm| H$s H$_r ^r EH$ g_ñ`m h¡&

· Ka go Xÿa _hm{dÚmb` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE AmdmJ_Z Ho$ gmYZm| H$m A^md VWm AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ Agwajm H$maU ^r EH$ O{Q>b g_ñ`m h¡&

amOñWmZ O¡go naånamJV ê${‹T>dmXr amÁ` _| Ohm± qbJôX EH$ {dH$Q> g_ñ`m h¡, dhm± J«m_rU joÌ go Cƒ {ejm _| _{hbm gh^m{JVm nhbo hr Cno{jV ahVr h¡ {Og na ~o{Q>`m| H$s {ejm H$mo {ejm d n[adhZ d gm_m{OH$ Agwajm H$maUm| go Am¡a Cno{jV {H$`m OmVm h¡&

_{hbm {ejm H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZo hoVw amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam {H$ò Om aho à`mg

· {díd{dÚmb`m| Ed§ _hm{dÚmb`m| _| AÜ``ZaV g^r dJ© H$s N>mÌmE± {ejU-ewëH$ go _wŠV h¡§&

· _hm{dÚmb`m| _| e¡j{UH$ gÌ 1997-98 _| AÜ``ZaV N>mÌmAm| H$s g§»`m 0.60 bmI VWm df© 2003-04 _| 1.03 bmI, 2008-09 _| 1.63 bmI Wr, Omo 2017-18 _| ~‹T>H$a 5.46 bmI hmo JB© h¡&

· df© 1997-98 _| amÁ` _| _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m 100 Wr, Omo df© 2003-04 _| 183, 2008-09 _| 361 VWm df© 2017-18 _| ~‹T>H$a 509 hmo JB© h¡&

· _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`m| _| ñWmZ [aŠV ahZo na Ý`yZV_ CËVrUmªH$ VH$ àdoe {X`m OmVm h¡&

· AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s CZ N>mÌmAm| H$mo {OZHo$ _mVm-{nVm Am`H$a Zht XoVo h¡§, {Z:ewëH$ nmR²>`nwñVH|$ CnbãY H$amZo hoVw nwñVH$ ~¡§H$ `moOZm H$m {dñVma {H$`m J`m h¡&

· amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam {deof {nN>‹S>m dJ© H$s N>mÌmAm| Ho$ {bE XodZmamÙ N>mÌm ñHy$Q>r {dVaU Ed§ àmoËgmhZ am{e `moOZm df© 2011-12 go àma§^ H$s JB©&

· amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`m| _| AÜ``ZaV {deof {nN>‹S>m dJ© H$s N>mÌmAm| Ûmam ñZmVH$ àW_ df©, {ÛVr` df©, V¥Vr` df© Am¡a ñZmVH$moÎma nydm©Õ© narjm _| Ý`yZV_ 50 à{VeV àmám§H$ go CËVrU© hmoH$a AmJm_r H$jm _| AÜ``ZaV ahZo na ñZmVH$ {ÛVr` d V¥Vr` df© _| énò Xg-Xg hOma dm{f©H$ VWm ñZmVH$moÎma nydm©Õ© Ed§ CÎmamÕ© _| énò ~rg-~rg hOma dm{f©H$ àmoËgmhZ am{e H$m àmdYmZ amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam {H$`m J`m h¡&

· Youth Employability Skill (YES) Programmen[a`moOZmÝVJ©V B§{Xam Jm§Yr amï´>r` _wŠV {díd{dÚmb` (IGNOU) ZB© {X„r Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÚ{_Vm Ed§ H$m¡eb {dH$mg g§~§Yr 20 g{Q©>{\$Ho$Q> Ed§ 4 {S>ßbmo_m nmR²>`H«$_m| g{hV Hw$b 24 nmR²>`H«$_ g§Mm{bV {H$ò Om aho h¡§&

· _hm{dÚmb` _| N>mÌmAm| H$mo _wâV goZoQ>ar Zon{H$Z H$s gw{dYm&

· OZdar 2019 go à{V`moJr narjmAm| hoVw _hm{dÚmb`m| _| {Z:ewëH$ H$moqM§J ŠbmgoO H$m Ama§^ {H$`m Om ahm h¡&

· _hm{dÚmb`m| _| ^` _wŠV dmVmdaU gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Ûmam Hw$N> àH$moð> ñWm{nV H$adm {Xò Jò h¡§ O¡go - N>mÌm _¡ÊQ>[a¨J g¡b, EÊQ>r a¡qJJ g¡b, {dÚmWu nam_e© Ho$ÝÐ, AmÝV[aH$ {eH$m`V g{_{V&

· Cƒ {ejm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {bò Am{W©H$ ê$n go H$_Omoa g^r dJ© H$s N>mÌmAm| H$mo _¡[aQ> Ho$ AmYma na ñHy$Q>r Xr Omò&

Cƒ {ejm _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^mJrXmar ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam H$B© `moOZmE± {H«$`mpÝdV h¡ VWm Hw$N> `moOZmE± A^r àñVm{dV h¡ {Oggo _{hbmAm| H$mo CZ g^r gw{dYmAm| H$m bm^ {_b gHo$ VWm Cƒ {ejm _| _{hbmAm|§ Ho$ Zm_m§H$Z _| d¥{Õ hmo&

{ZîH$f©

{nN>bo N>: XeH$m| _| _{hbm {ejm d Cƒ {ejm hoVw à`mg {H$ò Jò h¡§ VWm {ZaÝVa Omar h¡§, {OgH$m à^md ^r _{hbmAm| H$s JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejm na {XIm`r Xo ahm h¡& {H$ÝVw dV©_mZ n[aàoú` VWm ^mdr g_` H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a ò à`mg {ZaÝVa VWm AWH$ ê$n go Omar aIZo hm|Jo VWm Cƒ {ejm àmá H$aZo _|

ISSN 2348-3857


_{hbmAm| H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, _mZ{gH$ d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñVa na AmZo dmbr g_ñ`mAm| H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoZm hmoJm VWm CZH$m g_mYmZ H$aZm hmoJm& Cƒ {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V _| ~Xbmd Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW g_mO H$m ^r à`ËZerb hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡, _{hbmE§ ^r AnZo A{YH$mamo§ H$mo boH$a gOJ hmo VWm {ejm H$s ObVr hþB© OmoV go AnZm OrdZ amoeZ H$ao& Cƒ {ejm _| _| _{hbmAm| H$s mJrXmar ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE ha joÌ _| qbJ g_mZVm A{Zdm`© h¡& _{hbmAm| H$mo ì`dgm{`H$ d VH$ZrH$s à{ejU XoH$a AnZr j_VmAm| H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV H$aZm Mm{hE&

gÝX^© J«ÝW

1. AmßQ>o, à^m, ^maVr` g_mO _| Zmar, Šbm{gH$ npãbeg©, 1996

2. Jwám, Amem, CƒVa {ejm Ho$ ~XbVo Am`m_, {Xëbr {díd{dÚmb`, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011

3. EÁ`wgM©, dmoë`y_-7, Z§. 1, Aà¡b 2016, nrnr 12-13

4. ^maV gaH$ma (2016-17) gboŠQ>oS> EOwHo$eZ ñQ>o{Q>Šg, _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`, ZB© {Xëbr

5. EMQ>rQ>rnrEg…//S>rgrB©.amOñWmZ.OrAmodr.BZ

6. Zm°W©, Eg., hmà EÁ`yHo$eZ EÊS> dr_Z nm{Q>©{gnoeZ BZ BpÊS>`m, OZ©b Am°\$ {~OZog _¡ZoO_|Q> EÊS> gmoeb gmB§g [agM©, 2014 AmB©EgEgEZ Z§. 2319-5614, dm°ë`y_ 3(2), nrnr 43-47.

7. Hw$_ma, S>m°. {dZmoX S>r., dw_Z EÁ`wHo$eZ BZ 21 g|Mwar, {_aoH$b Am°\$ Q>rqMJ, ¹$mQ>abr OZab Am°\$ Q>rqMJ, 2004, dm°ë`y_ VII, OZdar, \$adar, _mM©, Aà¡b, 2004

8. Mm§X, Vmam, ""S>dbn_|Q> Am°\$ EÁ`yHo$eZ {gñQ>_ BZ B§{S>`m, AZ_mob npãbHo$eZ, 2004

9. e_m©, ~r.E_., dw_Z EÊS> EÁ`wHo$eZ, H$m°_Z doëW (E{S>Q>a), _{hbea, Ý`y Xohbr, 2005

10. ^Xmo[a`m, E_., EŠgog Am°\$ dw_Z Qy> hm°à EOwHo$eZ, y{Zd{g©Q>r Ý`yO, 2005, 43(06), 13-15

11. ~ZOu, a§OZm, Q>opŠb¨J OoÊS>a {S>ñnoaQ>r BZ àmB_ar EÊ‹S> g¡H$ÊS>ar EÁ`wHo$eZ EÊS> X Eånmda_|Q> Am°\$ dw_Z, EZ Am{Q©>H$b, 2008

12. {gX²XJr, _H$~yb hgZ, dw_Z EÊS> EÁ`wHo$eZ : E [agM© [anmoQ>©, Am{eï> npãbqeJ hmD$g, 2004

13. lrdmñVd, Jm¡ar, dw_Ýg hmà EÁ`wHo$eZ BZ X 19 g|Mwar, H§$goßQ> npãbqeJ H$mnm}aoeZ, Ý`y Xohbr, 2000

14. EMQ>rQ>rnrEg…//S>ãë`w S>ãë`w S>ãë`w.[agM©JoQ>.ZoQ>/

15. ^maV gaH$ma (2016-17) gboŠQ>oS> EOwHo$eZ ñQ>o{Q>Šg, _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`, ZB© {Xëbr

16. {díd{dÚmb` AZwXmZ Am`moJ, dm{f©H$ [anmoQ>© (2017-18); ZB© {Xëbr, 2018

17. EAmB©EgEMB© \$mBZb [anmoQ>© (2017-18), _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, 2018

hindi web final - research & reinforcement

Documents