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Hindi Lessons Online

Hello and welcome to my Hindi lessons online!

I'm especially happy to be able to give my knowledge about the beautiful Hindi

language to you, reader!

First and foremost, let me say some words about how well I know Hindi and about the

way I'll teach it...

I've learned the little Hindi I know from a guy, who call himself Siddharth. Thanks to

him, I'm writing these lessons - with his permission of course ;-) So, here's the best

time to give my gratitude to my guru: (Dhanyavaad guru-ji)!

Now, back to Hindi. I'll write the lessons in Devanagari (that is the script the Indians

use to write Hindi). Don't worry if you don't know how to read Devanagari. I've

written with every word in Hindi a transliteration in English letters. Apart from that

I've written one short lesson about how to read the hindi script: Lesson 0. (since I'm a

programmer, I always start to count from 0, lol:)
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First Lesson is about the Language Hindi in general, i.e. about what's Hindi, where is

it spoken etc. (of course for those who don't know :-) The number of lessons isn't

great for now, as I'm learning more I'll teach more! Besides I think that Hindi

grammar isn't that difficult to learn, and actually there isn't much to learn! So, afterlearning some basic grammatical structures and patterns you'll be able to say much in

Hindi! Wish you luck! Enjoy!

Lessons:

Lesson 0: The Hindi Script: Devanagari.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Hindi. Linguistic Information.

Lesson 2: Some basic phrases.

Lesson 3: Pronouns

Lesson 4: Genders in Hindi... Hindi Verbs - Part 1

Lesson 5: Hindi Verbs - Part 2.

Lesson 6: Adjectives. Colors.

Lesson 7: Cases. The Direct and Oblique case.

Lesson 8: Modal Verbs.

Lesson 9: Numbers. Wh-questions.

Hindi-English Dictionary of the words used in the lessons (about 115 words) : here!

* Note that all pages are encoded in Unicode format - UTF-8

Feci quod potui, faciant meliora potentes!

That's all for now. I hope it's useful for you! If you have any questions about Hindi or

any suggestions/corrections/criticism you can write to me at this e-

mail: [email protected] in

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Lesson 0

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8 Lesson 9

Dictionary
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where to use the two types of vowels: If you have to start a word with a vowel OR

you have to write a vowel after another vowel OR you have to write a vowel after

the nasal mark (which is a dot over the letter) you have to use the detached

vowels! In all other cases you have to use the vowel marks. All that will be clearedout after we've learned some vowels.

We'll start with the vowel marks:

(I hope you remember, that every consonant comes with an "A")

AThat's the vowel "A" - a straight vertical line -, usually pronounced a bit longer - "AA". (the d

little circle left of it isn't written at all, nor it is some kind of letter or character. It's there just t

show that this letter cannot stand alone, and to the left of it should be another letter)

I That's the short "i", pronounced as the i in English "hit". The most important thing about it, yshould certainly know, is that it's written before a consonant, but read after it!

I That's the long version of the "i" (ee), pronounced as the English "ee" in "see". It's written aftconsonant.

O O as in "domain". Not the same as the usual English O, which sounds like "ou". AU AU (what is actually "O", but spelled like that to differ from the O, you see above) is pronoun

almost like O, but it's a bit of a closed sound and a bit longer.

U That's LONG U, as in "coooool". U That's the SHORT U as in "look". E This E is pronounced as in the English word "hElm".

AI That's also an E. It's related to the E in the same way as AU is to O. So it's E, but a bit closedsound.

An important thing, before we continue. A dot over a letter nasalizes it. Let's have a

look at that "dot":

That mark (a dot) put over a letter nasalizes it (gives it an -n or -ng sound). For example if we have do

we'll pronounce that as "NO~" (non) - exactly the same as the French word for "no". -> (no ->lessons, I note the nasalized letter as ~

Those were the Vowel Marks, but we won't hurry to learn the other vowels - the

detached ones. First, we'll write some words, using the letters we've learned so far:

- At last! We can write "HINDI". Now let's have a closer look. First we see that theword starts with "i", but since that the short I, it's read afterthe next letter,

i.e. afterthe next consonant. So knowing that we have to look at the next letter. It's

"H". So far we have "HI", next we see the dot, for which I told you that you should

nasalize, so "hi~" (hin). Next two letters: D and the long "i". Now we can read the

whole word: "HINDI"... (actually "hi~di", i.e. a nasalized 'i', but in middle of words I

don't use the ~ to show nasalization, but a plain N).

- "hai". Means "is".- "hai~" (hain), meaning 'are'.

- "mai~" = II think it's pretty easy. The beauty of the Devanagari script is not only in its shapes,

but also in the easy pronunciation.

Next come the Detached forms of the Vowels:


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First, a word about them. They're used after a vowel or at the beginning of a word,

which starts with a vowel. They have exactly the same pronounciation as their

cousins - the vowel marks:

A That's the sound, which is the equivalent of the "inherited a", I told you about - which comes

after every consonant, if there is not other vowel. AA Equivalent of - pronounce it the same way I Same as the short i vowel mark. I Same as the long i vowel mark. O Same as the O vowel mark. AU Same as AU vowel mark. U Same as long U vowel mark. U Same as short U vowel mark. E Same as E vowel mark. AI Same as AI vowel mark.

As I told you, those sounds are pronounced exactly the same way as the vowel marks,

so no need to explain here. I'll just give you some examples:

- "ek" = one- "unnis" = nineteen- "aap" = you

- "unka" = Their- "ab" = now- "aankh" = eye- "accha" = good

- "aur" = and- "bhai" = brotherDon't bother about the letters you don't know. We'll learn them in a short time. The

more important thing is that you should recognize and see the detached vowels. Now

I'll continue with comparatively a full list of Hindi consonants. Learning them you

make you able to read in Hindi. Of course as I said in the beginning, there exist many

combinations of letters etc, but they don't appear very often. For convenience I'll

show the consonants in groups.

Gutturals (sound is made from the back of throat)

K KH G GH

Palatals (sound is made by the tongue touching the hard palate)

CH CCH J JH

Cerebrals (sound is made by rolling the tongue)

T TH D DH


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Dentals (sound is made by the tongue touching the teeth) T' TH' D' DH' N

Labials (sound is made with lips almost closed or closed - by M) P F B BH M

Semi Vowels (pronounced with lips and throat open) Y R L V/W Z

Sibliants / Aspirants

SH SSH S H

Compound and Others

KSH T'R GY SHR RI

Double Letters (formed only from one consonant, but which is doubled. Actually easy to spot)(* Note that on some browsers, you won't see the letters properly and instead of seeing one letter under another, you'll see one

another with the first letter having under it the special mark, called "viraama" to make it semi-consonant.)

KK TT TTH T'T'NN

(*Note the similarity with

TR)

DD

After learning all that letter you should be able to read Hindi texts! Well, you could

encounter occasionally some compound letters, but that'll be pretty seldom. Now,

just one thing before we end that lesson, and it's very important thing: THE HALF

CONSONANTS:

I told you that every consonant comes with the vowel "a" with it. So when you see

"SM" you should read this as "SAM". But what if you want to say something that begins

with "SM", not "SAM". You cannot write such thing in Hindi you may think, but that's

not so. For such occasions, where one want to mute the inherited A-vowel, there

exist a special mark called "virama". It's put below the letter and if you see a letter

with such mark you don't have to pronounce "A" after it. Let us see how that virama-

thing looks like:

= T + M = TAM= T + virama + M = TM


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You see the small mark under the T? I bet you do! Well, that's the virama, it mutes

the A, so we pronounce "TM", not "TAM". However as useful it may be, it's not used

that much! Why? Almost all consonants in Hindi have their "HALF CONSONANT"

equivalent, so it's not necessary to write the virama, but instead of this one has towrite the corresponding half consonant. Half consonant are extremely easy to notice,

since they look like the left half of a consonant. Lemme give you some examples:

= S + S = SAS= S + K = SAK= HalfS + S = SS= HalfS + K = SKEasy, huh?

By the way, some half letter do combine with the next consonant and change shape.

I'll give you some of the most used (i.e. those which you may encounter more often):

Half Letter + N:

(again: on some browsers you won't see the proper combinations, but consonant +

virama + n)

+ = + = + = + = + = + = * that needs an extended explanation, see below+ = + =

+ = + = + =

Half Letter + R:

+ = + = + =


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+ = + = + = + = + = * that needs an extended explanation, see below+ = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + =

Note HOW similar the "half letter + N" and "half letter + R" are. There is only one

little difference, something like a little hook on the N version.

HALF R + Consonant:

The half R, followed of course by a consonant, is showed by a mark over the second

consonant. This mark looks the same as the mark which differentiate the short i

detached vowel from the long detached vowel i. Rememberif you see that mark,

read it as R, but before the consonant it modifies. Some examples:

, , , , , , , That letters should be read, according to their order: RH, RS, RM, RN, RJ, RD, RT,RT'

So, that's it. I told you most of what I know about the Hindi script, and what's more

important, I told you as much as you'll need to know to be able to read most Hindi

texts. For example, you can test yourself by reading (although not understanding) the

Hindi version of the web-site of BBC. There you can find some names of countries or

famous people, written in Devangari. That's what I did to show you some examples:

= Pakistan= Tajmahal


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= Kennedy= Baghdad

= Cricket

= Webguide

= Internet= Microsoft= Iraq

= Saddam Husein= Gaza= Izrael= Indonesia= Madagascar= ShriLanka= Iran

= Colin Powel= Algeriya= Bush (yeah, the president of the USA)= America= Europe= Turkey

= French= Monika= Euro= KoreaI hope my short explanation about the Devanagari script had helped you. However, I

cannot pretend to have included all about this script, but this is enough for a

beginning and more than enough to read the next lessons.2003, Lessons made by somebody

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Lesson 1: About Hindi. Linguistic Information.

The Republic of India has 18 official or national languages: Assamese, Bengali,

Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Panjabi, Sanskrit,

Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and English. Not all languages are from the same group,

thus an Indian speaker of Hindi would understand a Tamil speaker as well as, for

example, an Englishman would understand a Chinese! Hindi, as one of the official

languages of India (Bharaat) has more than 180 000 000 speakers! It's an

Indoeuropean language, descendant of Sanskrit. It uses the devanagari script to

write. Another name for the language Hindi is "khadi boli" (khari boli) - that's actually

the name of a dialect, spoken originally in Delhi, from which Hindi developed.
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Surprisingly, Hindi isn't spoken only in India and parts of the surrounding countries,

but also in... Africa! Yes, it's true and all Hindi speakers in Africa are more than 2 000

000! About half of them live in South Africa (~800 000) and Uganda (~150 000).

Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, is the same language as Hindi (FYI, back inhistory, India was a much bigger country, including the territories of today's Pakistan

and Bangladesh. In those times, the language spoken in the country was called

Hindustani). In some cases it's spoken about Hindi-Urdu language. However as

languages, spoken in different countries, they are in many aspects different - mostly

in vocabulary. Since Urdu is spoken in an islamic country it had borrowed many words

from Arabic and Persian and thus it has an arabic hue, whereas Hindi would use

rather Sanskrit words... Another difference is the writing system. As said, Hindi uses

the devanagari script, but Urdu uses a modified version of the Arabic script (or rather

the script used by Persians).

Most of the other official languages of India possess their own script. However some

of them use the devanagari script too. Marthi is written in devanagari for example.

Gujarati has its own script. Some Panjabi speakers use the devanagari script as well,

but other (the Sikhs) use a special script, called "Gurumukhi". It's very similar to Hindi

though. It's regarded as the script of the gurus (teachers), so it says its name - guru =

teacher, mukh = mouth. On the other hand, "devanagari" means "the heavenly script"

or the script used in the city of gods (deva = god, nagari = city, town).

To get a simple idea of how Hindi looks like written, see the text below:

. 69 .

(This text is taken from the Hindi version of BBC and it's about Micro$oft /first word -

maaikrosauft/)

So, that was the very first lesson. It's short, yes, but I think it's important, since for

me it's important to know some "linguistic" background of the language I learn. I think

you share my opinion on that.

Anyways, now you're ready to get to Lesson 2, where you can find and learn your first

words in the fascinating language Hindi!2003, Lessons made by somebody


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Lesson 2: Some Basic Words & Phrases

In this lesson we will learn some very basic Hindi phrases. We'll start with the two

little words "yes" and "no". I think they would be useful :-) So here we are:

= YES (haa~ - note the nasal "n")= NO ( nahi ~ - note the nasal "n")

There is a more polite way of saying "yes" or "no". If you want to sound more polite,you have to use the particle "" (JI). Remember it well! It's a very important
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particle. It's similar to Japanese "" (san) or Korean "" (sshi), because it could be

glued at the end of a name or title to make it more polite. If you want for example to

say "Hello Mr. X" you can say "Hello Mr. X-ji" what would sound polite and a Hindi

native would appreciate it. So, let's get back to our "yes-no" thingie and see how touse "ji" there:

= YES (or "Yes, sir"... Ji Haa~) = NO (or "No, sir"... Ji Nahi ~)

* Note that you can place "JI" after "haa~" or "nahi ~" too:

= YES (or "Yes, sir"...Haa~ Ji ) = NO (or "No, sir"... Nahi ~ Ji )

Here is a good place to say that you can use (ji) on its own. When alone it couldmean also "YES", so if you reply to a question just with "ji", you are speaking proper

Hindi. You can also use that in another way! Isn't Hindi cool, huh?:-) It could mean

"what?; pardon me; yes?" etc.:

= YES (kinda the English "yeah" or "yep")= Yes? Pardon me? What? What do you mean? etc.

Well after you've learned that, it's time to learn how to say "Hello" and "Goodbye".

Here they are:

= Hello! OR Goodbye! ( Namaste )As you see, "namaste" is universal, just like Italian "Ciao" for example, which also can

be used for both - hello and goodbye. There is another form of "namaste".

It's namaskar, bearing the same meaning; you can use it instead of "namaste". They're

fully interchangable. Of course if you want to be more polite, you can add the

famous "ji" particle :-)

In India you can almost devide the population into two parts according to their

religion. The first part are Hindus and the second one - Muslims. Because of their

religious believes, they sometimes use different words when speaking. For example a

Muslim could use the Arabic "assalamu alaikum" (peace be upon you, salam /selam/

means peace, it's the same as hebrew "shalom") instead of the Hindu "namaste",

because Muslims use many Arabic words. If somebody greet you with "assalamu

alaikum" you have to answer with "walaikum assalam" (peaca be upon you too). In

Urdu (and thus in Hindi) they say "khuda hafiz" for "goodbye". If you meet a Muslim

you can use that for goodbye.

Next we'll learn two words, designating "thanks" or "thank you":


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= Thank you. ( Dhanyavaad, it's the "native" Hindi word )= Thank you. ( Shukriyaa, it's a word from Arabic origin, coming fromthe Arabic word "shukran")

We'll end this lesson with a phrase, meaning "Where are you from". You don't have toknow what the words in there really mean; remember it just as a phrase:

? = Where are you from? ( Aap kahaa~ se hain? ) *Note that ~ is used to show nasal sound, i.e. nasalied a. I'll use always that,

when showing nasalied sound.

The transliterated "ai" is pronounced not as "a" + "i", but as "ae" or "e". It's similar to

the sound of "a" in "apple". I don't write it as "e" to distinguish it from the other 'e'

That's all in this lessons. Before you continue be sure to memorize everything well!2003, Lessons made by somebody

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Search



Lesson 3: Pronouns.

First, a basic table of the Hindi personal pronouns. Then, I'll give some

explanation.SINGULAR PLURAL() Hindi English () Hindi English

(main, mai~)

I

(ham)We

(tu)

You (intimate)

(aap)You

(tum)

You

(ve)They/These

/ (voh/vah) (yeh)

He/She/It/That

(ye)They/Those

(tu) is used only for very close person, e.g. your girlfriend/boyfriend. Then (tum)is probably the most used word for "you" (sg) in Hindi. You can say that to everybody

unless you want to be polite, if so you can use the word "aap" (). NB. When using

"aap" () or "tum" () you have to conjugate the verb for plural, since they're

actually the plural form of "you". Well, you don't know how to conjugate at this

point, but do remember that rule! When meeting for the first time and when

politeness is needed better use 'aap' for 'you'!

Now let's have a look at some demonstrative pronouns:

= This ( yeh / yah )= That ( voh / vah )

= These ( ye )= Those ( ve )

Now for the possesive pronouns:SINGULAR PLURAL

() Hindi English () Hindi English

(mera)My

(hamara)

Our

(tera - /tu/)

Your

(aapka)Your
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(tumhara - /tum/)

Your

(unka)Their

(uska)

His

I think one can build many sentences with so many pronouns. So, let's say something

in hindi at last! ;-)

= is ( hai /hae/ ) Peter = My name is Peter. ( Mera naam Peter hai. (naam) means

"name" ).

NB: The verb in Hindi is placed always at the end of the sentence. That's a feature

which many asian languages share as well. So, Hindi is an SOV language (i.e Subject-

Object-Verb). In our case, we don't say "My name is Peter", but "My name Peter is".

That's the proper word order in Hindi. More examples:

Peter . = His name is Peter. (Uska naam Peter hai.) . = This is water. ( Yah pani hai. ) . = This is a house. (Yeh ghar hai. )

That's enough material for the lesson I think. Next lesson will be about genders and

verbs.2003, Lessons made by somebody


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Lesson 4: Genders in Hindi. Hindi Verbs - Part 1.

Genders in Hindi:

Unlike many European language that have 3 genders or unlike other (e.g. English),

which don't have any genders, Hindi has just two - masculine and feminine. There

isn't really any reliable rule of what types of words are masculine and which are

feminine. However, you can easily get the gender of a word by looking at it's

ending. Most hindi words end in a vowel! If a word ends in a it is masculine. If a word

ends in i (actually long i - ee ) it is feminine. There are of course words ending in

consonants or other vowels. They are few, and their gender cannot unfortunately be

predicted from their endings. So, you have to learn their gender. When we learn the

adjectives, how to conjugate verbs etc, you'll see that those -a and -i ending are very

important! So, please remember that well:

-a ( ) - general mark of masculine words (singular!) - nouns, adjectives,verbs

-i ( ) - general mark of feminine words (even both - singular and plural) -

nouns, adjectives, verbs

Here comes even better news. Many Hindi masculine words (ending in -a of course:)

can be easily turned into feminine ones by simply replacing the -a ending with -i!

Let's show you some examples to clear up what I said:

(larka) = boy, (larki) = girl(Many hindi speakers would pronounce the 'd' in lardka/ladki as "R", so don't
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18/38

wonder if you see somebody write in irc-chats "larka" or "larki")

(billa) = tomcat, (billi) = cat, pussycatMasculine Words, ending in -a:

(kamra) = room

(kela) = banana(tara) = star(hava) = wind

Feminine Words ending in -i (-ee):

(chini) = sugar(makdi /makri/) = spider(pakshi) = birdWords ending in consonant:

(dost) = friend (Masculine)(kitab) = book (Feminine)(aurat) = woman (Feminine :-)Words ending in a vowel different from -a or -i:

(guru) = teacherTo the general rule of the -a and -i ending there exist some exceptions. That is, there

exist some masculine words, which end in -i. Such a word is, for example, the word

for "man" (and what more masculine than that, lol) - admi:

(aadmi) = man(pani) = water (- thanda pani = cold water)Verbs in Hindi. General Information.

Every hindi verb ends in -na! Remember this! That's the main form of the verb, i.e.

the infinitive.

-(-na) is the verb ending in the infinitive form of all verbs in HindiSome verbs:

(khana) = to eat(pina) = to drink(jana) = to go(aana) = to come(karna) = to do (remember that verb, it's used in many other "compound" verbforms)

(dena) = to give

(lena) = to take


19/38

(likhna) = to write(parhna) = to read(samajhna) = to understand

(samjhaana) = to explain (i.e. to make someone understand)

(sikhna) = to learnTo get the root of the verb you have to remove the -na ending. Once you've done

that, you can conjugate the verbs.

You remember the rule about words ending in -a/-i, right? So here is the moment to

talk about plural. In plural, the masculine -a ending becomes -e and the feminine -

i ending remains -i (or becomes -i~). So here it is once more, especially for you:

-a ( ) - general mark of masculine words (singular!) - MASC. SG.

-e ( ) - general mark of masculine words (plural!) - MASC. PL.-i ( ) - general mark of feminine words (even both - singular and plural) -

FEM. SG. and FEM. PL. (sometimes for pl - -in /-i~/ though!)

Now back to verbs:

Add "" (ta) to verb-root for masculine singular and "" (te) for masculine plurar.

Add "" (ti) for feminine singular and plural.

Examples:

(khata) = eat(pita) = drinketc., etc., *Note that those are conjugated verbs, but not ready to use, i.e.

you cannot say "Mai~ khata", you need to use the copula "to be", so please be a bit

patient, and wait until i've explained the most important verb in Hindi, the verb "to

be":

The verb "TO BE" (Hona - )

(mai~ hu~) = I am (tu hai) = You (intimate) are (tum ho) = You are (voh hai) = He/She/It/That is

(ham hai~) = We are (aap hai~) = You are

(ve hai~) = They areLet's give you a pattern:

Verb root + TA / TE / TI + Conjugated corresponding form of "Hona" (to be) =Present Imperfect Tense


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Some examples:

. (mai~ khata hu~) = I eat. . (larka khata hai) = The (A) boy eats. (Oh, I forgot to mention it

anywhere :/ - Hindi does not have articles!) . (larki khati hai) = The (A) girl eats. . (aap pite hai~) = You (polite sg) eat OR You (plural) eat.

.(mai~ pani pita hu~) = I drink water. . (tum pani pite ho) = You drink water. NB! "TUM", what is the most used

word for "you" is actually in Plural! So whenever you use it conjugate the verb for

plural!

Here is another, slightly "funny", example:

. (mai~ sigaret pita hu~). I smoke a cigarette. - The literal meaning ofthe sentence is "I drink a cigarette.", but every language has its oddities and

peculiarities

I think I better stop now. It's enough material for one lesson. You'll learn more about

other Verb tenses in the next lesson(s). Please do revise the whole lesson again and

make sure you know the grammar well before continue to the next lesson.2003, Lessons made by somebody


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Lesson 5: Hindi Verbs - Part 2.

We continue now with some other tenses in Hindi:

Present Continuous Tense:

Verb Stem +/ / (raha/rahe/rahi) + Present Tense of "Hona" (to be)For those who don't like grammatical terms and don't know for sure what is a

"continuous tense", I'll tell that it's the same as the English verbs, ending in " -ing". So

if you want to say that you "read" a book in the moment of speaking, you have to say

"I am reading a book", not simply "I read a book", because the last could mean that

you read a book in general, i.e. you're not reading it in the moment of speaking. So

let's clear all that out with some examples.

. (mai~ kitab parh raha hu~) = I'm reading a book. . (mai~ pani pi raha hu~) = I'm drinking water. . (mai~ roti kha rahi hu~) = I'm eating bread. (a girl speaking!)

The verbs stem and raha/rahe/rahi are pronounced almost as one (at once), although

they're written separately. Sometimes in colloquial speech, they are shortened even

more. The "raha hu~" for example is pronounced "rahu~", "raha hai" as "rahai", "raha

hai~" -> "rahai~"...

Past Tense:

Building past is easy. Just take the root of a verb and add -a, -e, or -i, respectively

for Masculine Singular, Masculine Plurar and Feminine both - Singular and Plurar:

Verb Stem + / / (-A/-E/-I) = Past Tense
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NB! For verbs whose stem end in a vowel you have to add //(ya/ye/yi)E.g. -> -> (Khana -> Kha (stem) -> Khaya)

The thing with Hindi past tense is that there is something in Hindi called ergativity

and it makes things a little confusing for those used to say English grammar. Let megive you an example: Main ne pani piya. As you can see there is some particle 'ne' in

there. Well it sort of marks what is known in English as the subject, i.e. the doer of

the action. However the verb does not conjugate or change according to the doer of

the action. It's changed according to the word towards which the action is done. So

"main ne pani piya" rather means "the water was drank by me". There is another

example worth showing: "usne kaha", this means "he said". Right. Like I said, it

means "he said" and I realise you don't really see any "he" in the sentence, for 'he' in

Hindi would be 'voh'. That is so because transitive verbs (the verbs whose action is

directed to something - like "i read a book" - the action is directed toward the book,

"i drink water", the action is directed to "water" and so on, while there are other

verbs called intransitive where the action is not really directed to any object, so

anyway) transitive verbs require that 'ne' thing and this part of Hindi needs better

explanation which is not the basic concept of those webpages. I just want to show

how Hindi generally feels. So this kind of advanced grammar you have to learn

elsewhere, sorry.

Some Verbs are irregular. I'll show you some of them (A little below you'll see the

past of 'to be', which is needed to build the imperfect past tense, necessary to be

able to say such phrases as "I've used to go ..."):

Past of (Janaa = to go)

/ / / (gaya / gaye / gayi / gayi~)(1: Masc. Sg, 2: Masc. Pl. 3: Fem. Sg, 4: Fem. Pl.)

To build the past imperfect tense, we have first to learn the past tense of the "main"

hindi verb: "to be" (Hona). Past of "hona" is even simplier than the present form:

Past of(Honaa = To be)(tha) = was (for Masculine SINGULAR)(the) = were (for Masculine PLURAL)

(thi) = was (for Feminine SINGULAR)(thi~) = was (for Feminine PLURAL)Examples:

.

(mai~ vaha~ tha.) = Iwas

there.

. (aap yaha~ the) = You (polite) was here. OR You were here.


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(/vaha~/ = there, /yaha~/ = here, /jaha~/ = where)Now as you know here/there/where (btw, there exist also another word for where =

kaha~) I'll give you a hindi proverb:

, . (jahan dhua~ hai, vaha~ aag bhi hai) = Where there is asmoke, there is a fire too.

Past Imperfect Tense:

Verb Stem + / / (THA/THE/THI) + Past Tense of "Hona" (to be) = PastImperfect Tense

Stem +//+///= Past Imperfect TenseThe past imperfect tense is used to tell about habitual actions in the past . In

English it's best translated with the pattern "used to + verb":

. (mai~ khata tha) = I used to eat. . (larka khata tha) = The boy used to eat. . (larki khati thi) = The girl used to eat.

. (aap pite the) = You used to drink. (Sg. polite or Plural) . (mai~ pani pita tha) = I used to drink water. . (tum pani pite the) = You used to drink water.

Next comes of course the past continous tense:

Past Continuous Tense:

Well, no need to help you much here. It's the same as the present continous except

that it uses the past tense of Hona:

Verb Stem +/ / (raha/rahe/rahi) + Past Tense of "Hona"(to be) = PastContinuous Tense

. (mai~ kitab parh raha tha) = I was reading a book. . (mai~ pani pi raha tha) = I was drinking water. . (mai~ roti kha rahi thi) = I was eating bread. (a girl speaking!)

I think you got it, now for the FUTURE:

Future Tense:

The Future tense it a bit more complicated than the past for it has more verb-endings

for person than those by the past tense.

Future Imperfect Tense:

Let us conjugate a verb in the future tense, then I'll give the endings:

Future Imperfect of "Pina" (= to drink)

(mai~ piunga ) = I will drink

(tu piega ) = You will drink (tum pioge ) = You will drink


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(voh piega ) = He/She/It will drink.

(ham pienge ) = We will drink

(aap pienge ) = You will drink. (ve pienge ) = They will drink.

For "I" use -unga, for "Tu" use "ega", for "Tum" use "oge", for "voh" use "ega" and for

"ham/aap/ve" the plural form "enge".

Future Continuous Tense:

To build that tense use these endings: (rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge) similarly as the forms for Future Imperfecttogether with the "conjugated" verb.

Verb Stem + TA / TE / TI + rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge = Future Continuous

Tense

Let's make the future continuous of the verb "pina" to make things clear:

Future Continuous of "Pina" (= to drink)

. (mai~ pita rahunga) = I will be drinking. . (tu pita rahega) = You will be drinking. . (tum pite rahoge) = You will be drinking. . (voh pita rahega) = He/She/It will be drinking.

. (ham pite rahenge) = We will be drinking. . (aap pite rahenge) = You will be drinking.

. (ve pite rahenge) = They will be drinking.So, now you have everything you have to know about verbs, unless I've missed

something. That was a long and a hard lesson so have a rest before you go to the next

lesson :)2003, Lessons made by somebody


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Lesson 6: Adjectives. Colors

After the long and fatiguing lesson about Hindi tenses, let me explain you how

adjectives act in Hindi in a short and neat lesson :-)

What you've learned so far will help you greatly to understand the adjectives in

Hindi. Actually, they act just like nouns or verbs, having the ending -a for masculine

and -i for feminine (generally speaking). The other thing you have to know about

them is that they're declined according to the noun they modify. Nothing new as I

said! Here are some adjectives, which I'll use a little below in a few examples.

Some Adjectives:

(bara - some pronounce that 'bara') = Big(chhota) = Small(lamba) = Long
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(mahnga) = Expensive(sasta) = Cheap

(saf) = Clean(gandha) = Dirty(thanda) = Cold

(garam) = Hot* Note that all adjectives given above are in masculine. To make them feminine

simply change the -a to an -i and of course those not ending in a vowel do not decline

at all.

Now we'll use those to build some senteses you already are familiar with:

. (Yeh bara ghar hai. ) = This is a big house. . (Yeh ghar bara hai.) = This house is big. . (larki acchi roti khati hai) = The girl eats a tasty bread. . (mai~ thanda pani pi raha hu~) = I'm drinking cold water.

Note how meaning can change depending on the position of the adjective in the first

two sentenses. Actually not really different in meaning, but rather the way of saying

that "the house is big" is changed.

Now you get the idea, I hope. Therefore let me show you some colors:

(rang) = Color(safed) = White(kala) = Black(nila) = Blue(hara) = Green(pila) = Yellow(lal) = RedI've mentioned it above, but I'll say it once again. You have to "decline" the adjective

according to the word it modifies. If it's masculine, use the adjective with the

ending -a else i.e. if the word being modified is feminine change the ending to -i. If a

word ends in a consonant however you don't have to decline it at all!

You have it all now. You can build crazy sentences as for example "This is a blue

house" (Yeh nila ghar hai) or "The girl eats red bread" (Larki lal roti khati hai) etc. :-)

Just be imaginative. I won't give more examples in this lesson. I've promised it'll be

short, so it is. Next lesson is about the cases. It isnt' really hard, but it's very

important. There you'll learn some postpositions as well.2003, Lessons made by somebody

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Lesson 7: Cases in Hindi. The Direct and Oblique cases. Plural of Nouns.

Like the many prepostitions in English (e.g. in, at, on, under, below, of etc.) in Hindi

there exist the so calledpostpositions, playing the same role as the English

prepostitions, having the same meaning, but with the only difference that they
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