highway capacity manual 3rd edition

HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUALSpecial Report 209 Third EditionTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD National Research Council Washington, D.C. 1998

1998 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEEOFFICERSChairwoman: Sharon D. Banks, General Manager, AC Transit Vice Chairman: Wayne Shackelford, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board

Transportation Research Board Special Report 209 Subscriber Categories IA planning and administration IIA highway and facility design IVA highway operations, capacity, and traffic control VI public transit Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at http://www.nas.edu/trb/index.html, or by annual subscription through organization or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418 (telephone 202-334-3214; fax 202-334-2519; or e-mail [email protected]). NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

MEMBERSThomas F. Barry, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, Florida Department of Transportation Brian J. L. Berry, Lloyd Viel Berkner Regental Professor, University of Texas at Dallas Sarah C. Campbell, President, TransManagement, Inc. E. Dean Carlson, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation Joanne F. Casey, President, Intermodal Association of North America John W. Fisher, Director, ATLSS Engineering Research Center, and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University Gorman Gilbert, Director, Institute for Transportation Research and Education, North Carolina State University Delon Hampton, Chairman and CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates, Chartered Lester A. Hoel, Hamilton Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia James L. Lammie, Director, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. Thomas F. Larwin, General Manager, San Diego Metropolitan Transit Development Board Bradley L. Mallory, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Jeffrey J. McCaig, President and CEO, Trimac Corporation Joseph A. Mickes, Chief Engineer, Missouri Department of Transportation Marshall W. Moore, Director, North Dakota Department of Transportation Andrea Riniker, Executive Director, Port of Tacoma John M. Samuels, Vice PresidentOperations Planning and Budget, Norfolk Southern Corporation Les Sterman, Executive Director, East-West Gateway Coordinating Council James W. van Loben Sels, Director, California Department of Transportation (Past Chairman, 1996) Martin Wachs, Director, University of California Transportation Center, and Professor of Civil Engineering and City and Regional Planning, University of California David L. Winstead, Secretary, Maryland Department of Transportation David N. Wormley, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University (Past Chairman, 1997) Mike Acott, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association (ex officio) Joe N. Ballard (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio) Andrew H. Card, Jr., President and CEO, American Automobile Manufacturers Association (ex officio) Kelley S. Coyner, Acting Administrator, Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Mortimer L. Downey, Deputy Secretary, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Francis B. Francois, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) David Gardiner, Assistant Administrator, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Environmental Protection Agency (ex officio) Jane F. Garvey, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) John E. Graykowski, Acting Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Robert A. Knisely, Deputy Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Gordon J. Linton, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Ricardo Martinez, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Walter B. McCormick, President and CEO, American Trucking Associations, Inc. (ex officio) William W. Millar, President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio) Jolene M. Molitoris, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Karen Borlaug Phillips, Senior Vice President, Policy, Legislation, and Economics, Association of American Railroads (ex officio) Valentin J. Riva, President, American Concrete Pavement Association (ex officio) George D. Warrington, Acting President and CEO, National Railroad Passenger Corporation (ex officio) Kenneth R. Wykle, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) Updated December 1997

1985, 1992, 1994, 1998 by the Transportation Research Board All rights reserved. First edition 1950 Third edition 1985 Printed in the United States of America First printing, August 1985 Second printing, December 1985 Third printing, June 1987 Fourth printing, June 1993 Fifth printing, October 1994 Sixth printing, April 1998

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data National Research Council. Transportation Research Board. Highway capacity manual. 3rd ed. 1998. p. cm. (Special report ; 209) Includes index. ISBN 0-309-06450-3 1. Highway capacityHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Series: Special report (National Research Council (U.S.) Transportation Research Board); 209. HE336.H48H54 1998 ISSN 0360-859X 98-5965 388.3 14dc21 CIP

The Transportation Research Board is a unit of the National Research Council, which serves the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. The Boards mission is to promote innovation and progress in transportation by stimulating and conducting research, facilitating the dissemination of information, and encouraging the implementation of research results. The Boards varied activities annually draw on approximately 4,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academys purpose of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and the Institute of Medicine.

Contents

Foreword................................................................................................................................................. Contributors and Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. Figures, Photographs, and Tables..................................................................................................... PART IPRINCIPLES OF CAPACITY Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Introduction, Concepts, and Applications............................................................................. Traffic Characteristics ...........................................................................................................

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1-1 2-1

PART IIFREEWAYS Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Basic Freeway Sections......................................................................................................... Weaving Areas ...................................................................................................................... Ramps and Ramp Junctions .................................................................................................. Freeway Systems ................................................................................................................... 3-1 4-1 5-1 6-1

PART IIIRURAL AND SUBURBAN HIGHWAYS Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Multilane Rural and Suburban Highways ............................................................................ Two-Lane Highways ............................................................................................................. 7-1 8-1

PART IVURBAN STREETS Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 APPENDIX A Glossary ................................................................................................................................. A-1 Symbols ................................................................................................................................. A-5 INDEX Signalized Intersections......................................................................................................... 9-1 Unsignalized Intersections..................................................................................................... 10-1 Arterial Streets....................................................................................................................... 11-1 Transit Capacity..................................................................................................................... 12-1 Pedestrians ............................................................................................................................. 13-1 Bicycles.................................................................................................................................. 14-1

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Updated December 1997

ForewordThe Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) continues to provide a resource for technical information that is used by transportation planners, designers, and operators. The materials contained in the HCM represent a collection of state-of-the-art techniques for estimating capacity and determining level of service for many transportation facilities and modes. These techniques have been developed and enhanced through funded research projects and through review of the research results by the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service. The contents of this edition of the HCM represent the consensus view of the committee as to the best available techniques for determining capacity. However, this manual does not establish a legal standard for highway design or construction. Throughout the manual, sound engineering judgment supplemented by field observations is encouraged. Throughout previous editions of the manual, many transportation professionals have contributed to the development of highway capacity analysis techniques. These efforts were documented in the 1994 update to the manual and are repeated here to recognize the accomplishments of these professionals.The first Highway Capacity Manual was published in 1950 as a joint venture between the Highway Research Boards Committee on Highway Capacity and the Bureau of Public Roads. O. K. Normann served as committee chairman and William Walker as secretary. This edition, the first international document on the broad subject of capacity, provided definitions of key terms, a compilation of maximum observed flows, and the initial fundamentals of capacity. Analytical procedures were included for uninterrupted-flow facilities, signalized intersections, weaving sections, and ramps. The second edition of the manual was published in 1965 by the Highway Research Board and authored by the Committee on Highway Capacity. It was dedicated to O. K. Normann, who had provided leadership to the committee from its inception in 1944 until his death in 1964. Carl C. Saal had become committee chairman and Arthur A. Carter, Jr., continued to serve as secretary. During the final stages of the preparation of the manual, a five-person task group was assigned by the Bureau of Public Roads to work full time on the project. The 1965 manual was a significant extension of the 1950 edition and is most noted for its introduction of the level-of-service concept. The third edition of the manual was published in 1985 by the Transportation Research Board and authored by the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service chaired by Carlton C. Robinson, with Charles W. Dale as secretary. Credit is also due Robert C. Blumenthal and James H. Kell, who served as committee chairmen and provided leadership between the publication of the 1965 and the 1985 editions. Again, the breadth and depth of the previous manuals were extended. The 1985 edition is perhaps most noted for the extension into facilities other than highways, refinements to the level-of-service concept, and the accompanying computer software.

When the 1994 update was published by the Transportation Research Board, it provided new analytical procedures in response to the increased levels of research and professional interest in this topic. The committee was chaired by Adolf D. May, with Wayne Kittelson as secretary. This update contained revisions to portions of 8 of the 14 chapters to include current speed-flow relationships, revised capacity values, and new analytical procedures. In addition, greater emphasis was placed on describing the principles of capacity and on defining the capacity and level-of-service terms.vUpdated December 1997

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This 1997 update of the HCM has been published to make the most current procedures available to the user community in a timely fashion. It is recognized that the relatively short time between updates of the manual causes some difficulty in users ability to incorporate the new procedures into their practice; however, the committee has chosen to publish this update to make the results of a significant amount of new research available in a timely manner. The current update includes extensive revisions to Chapters 3, 9, 10, and 11. In addition, Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 have been modified to make them consistent with other revised chapters. Chapter 3, Basic Freeway Sections, includes a revised procedure for determining capacity on the basis of density. Capacity values under ideal flow conditions now vary by free-flow speed. This chapter also provides a preview of the proposed format for the HCM 2000 that is currently being developed. Your comments on this format are requested. Chapter 9, Signalized Intersections, includes findings from recent research on actuated traffic signals. The delay equation is modified to account for signal coordination, oversaturation, variable length analysis periods, and the presence of initial queues at the beginning of an analysis period. The level-of-service measure has been changed from average stopped delay to total (control) delay. Adjustments have been made to the permitted left-turn movement model and to the left-turn equivalency table. Chapter 10, Unsignalized Intersections, has been completely revised to incorporate the results of a nationwide research project in the United States at two-way and four-way stop-controlled intersections. Modified delay formulas and new level-of-service thresholds are provided for both two-way and four-way stop-controlled intersections. In addition, the impact on capacity at a two-way stop-controlled intersection due to the presence of an upstream traffic signal can be determined. Procedures are provided to account for flared approaches, upstream signals, pedestrian crossings, and two-stage gap acceptance (where vehicles seek refuge in a median before crossing a second stream of traffic). Chapter 11, Arterial Streets, incorporates the changes to the Signalized Intersections chapter that affect Chapter 11. In addition, a new arterial classification is established for high-speed facilities. The delay equation is modified to take into account the effect of upstream signalized intersections on platoon arrivals. Despite the extensive improvements incorporated into the 1997 update of the HCM, plans are under way for a complete revision of the HCM in 2000. The content, format, and delivery system for HCM 2000 will be made more accessible to users in both paper and multimedia (CD-ROM) formats. Ongoing research in freeway weaving, freeway systems, two-lane highways, transit capacity, bicycle and pedestrian capacity, interchange ramp terminals, and enhanced procedures for transportation planning will be included in HCM 2000. This 1997 update and the upcoming HCM 2000 will represent a major milestone in the ongoing efforts of researchers and practitioners to provide a practical guide for capacity analysis techniques for all who use them. The efforts of the funding agencies, research institutions, the academic community, and users from the public and private sectors are gratefully acknowledged. The Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Committee invites your comments and suggestions regarding this 1997 update as we enhance our ability to design, operate, and plan for improved transportation facilities. For the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service John D. Zegeer Chairman


Contributors and AcknowledgmentsThis report is the result of the coordinated efforts of many individuals, research organizations, and government agencies. Although responsibility for the content of the Highway Capacity Manual lies with the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service, its preparation was accomplished through the efforts of the following groups and individuals:

TRB COMMITTEE ON HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF SERVICECommittee Members as of February 1, 1985 Carlton C. Robinson, Chairman, Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility Charles W. Dale, Secretary, Federal Highway Administration Donald S. Berry, Evanston, Illinois Robert C. Blumenthal, Blumenthal Associates (Chairman, 19711977) James B. Borden, California Department of Transportation Fred W. Bowser, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation V. F. Hurdle, University of Toronto, Canada James H. Kell, JHK & Associates (Chairman, 19771983) Frank J. Koepke, Northwestern University Jerry Kraft, New Jersey Turnpike Authority Walter H. Kraft, Edwards & Kelcey, Inc. Joel P. Leisch, Jack E. Leisch & Associates Adolf D. May, Jr., University of California William R. McShane, Polytechnic Institute of New York Carroll J. Messer, Texas A&M University System Guido Radelat, Federal Highway Administration Hubert M. Shaver, Jr., Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation Alexander Werner, Alberta Transportation Department, Canada Robert H. Wortman, University of Arizona David K. Witheford, Transportation Research Board Staff Representative

Other Committee Members During 1985 Manual Preparation Period Brian L. Allen, McMaster University George W. Black, Jr., Gwinnett County, Georgia Arthur A. Carter, Jr., Federal Highway Administration Joseph W. Hess, Bethesda, Maryland Jack A. Hutter, Jack E. Leisch & Associates Thomas D. Jordan, Skycomp Data Corporation Paul D. Kiser, City of Salt Lake Herbert S. Levinson, University of Connecticut Louis E. Lipp, Colorado Department of Highways Edward B. Lieberman, KLD Associates, Inc. Louis J. Pignataro, Polytechnic Institute of New York Frederick D. Rooney, California Department of Transportation Stephen E. Rowe, Los Angeles Department of Transportation viiUpdated December 1997

viii John L. Schlaefli, TRACOR, Inc. Gerald W. Skiles, Cambria, California Jeffrey M. Zupan, New Jersey Transit Committee Members as of December 1, 1994 Adolf D. May, Jr., Chairman, University of California Wayne K. Kittelson, Secretary, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Rahmi Akcelik, Australian Road Research Board Ltd. James A. Bonneson, University of Nebraska Werner Brilon, Ruhr University, Germany Kenneth G. Courage, University of Florida Rafael E. DeArazoza, Florida Department of Transportation Richard G. Dowling, Dowling Associates Daniel B. Fambro, Texas A&M University System Ronald K. Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Mariano Gullon Low, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras, Madrid, Spain Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada Douglas W. Harwood, Midwest Research Institute Michael D. Kyte, University of Idaho Joel P. Leisch, Glenview, Illinois Douglas S. McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation John F. Morrall, University of Calgary, Canada Barbara K. Ostrom, Berkeley, California Ronald C. Pfefer, Northwestern University James L. Powell, DeLeuw, Cather & Co. William R. Reilly, Catalina Engineering Roger P. Roess, Polytechnic University Nagui M. Rouphail, North Carolina State University Ronald C. Sonntag, Wisconsin Department of Transportation Alex Sorton, Northwestern University Dennis W. Strong, Strong Concepts Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Pierre Yves Texier, INRETS, France Rod J. Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Thomas Urbanik II, Texas A&M University System John D. Zegeer, Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc. Richard Cunard, Transportation Research Board Staff Representative Dan Rosen, NCHRP Staff Representative Committee Members as of December 31, 1997 John D. Zegeer, Chairman, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Richard G. Dowling, Secretary, Dowling Associates, Inc. James A. Bonneson, Texas A&M University System Werner Brilon, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany Robert W. Bryson, City of Milwaukee Kenneth G. Courage, University of Florida Alan R. Danaher, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Rafael E. DeArazoza, Florida Department of Transportation Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University Daniel B. Fambro, Texas A&M University System Ronald K. Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Albert L. Grover, Albert Grover & Associates, Inc. Mariano Gullon Low, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras, Madrid, Spain Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada Douglas W. Harwood, Midwest Research Institute Chris Hoban, The World Bank Wayne K. Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Michael D. Kyte, University of Idaho Adolf D. May, Jr., University of California Douglas S. McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation Barbara K. Ostrom, EBA Engineering, Inc.Updated December 1997

ix James L. Powell, DeLeuw, Cather & Company Nagui M. Rouphail, North Carolina State University Erik O. Ruehr, Valley Research and Planning Associates Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate James M. Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc. Alex Sorton, Northwestern University Dennis W. Strong, Strong Concepts Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Rod J. Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Richard Cunard, Transportation Research Board Staff Representative Ray Derr, NCHRP Staff Representative The work of the following individuals in subcommittees of the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service contributed immeasurably to the effectiveness of the committee in accomplishing its goals: Subcommittee Members as of February 1, 1985 Charles M. Abrams, JHK & Associates Frank E. Barker, Chicago Transit Authority Seth S. Barton, New Jersey Department of Transportation Richard Bowman, Beiswenger Hoch & Associates, Inc. John P. DiRenzo, Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. Paul Eng-Wong, Snavely King & Associates Thomas C. Ferrara, California State University A. Reed Gibby, California State University William Haussler, Edwards & Kelcey, Inc. Joseph W. Hess, Bethesda, Maryland Paul P. Jovanis, Northwestern University Joseph M. Kaplan, National Safety Council (Los Angeles Chapter) Wayne K. Kittelson, CH2M Hill Herbert S. Levinson, University of Connecticut C. John MacGowan, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Ralph J. Meller, St. Louis, Missouri David R. Merritt, Federal Highway Administration Panos G. Michalopoulos, University of Minnesota Timothy R. Neuman, Jack E. Leisch & Associates Martin R. Parker, Jr., M.R. Parker & Associates, Inc. Ronald C. Pfefer, Northwestern University William R. Reilly, JHK & Associates Roger P. Roess, Polytechnic Institute of New York Richard Rogers, California Department of Transportation Frederick D. Rooney, California Department of Transportation Gilbert T. Satterly, Jr., Purdue University Frederick S. Scholz, Roger Creighton Associates, Inc. Steven R. Shapiro, Goodell-Grivas, Inc. Joseph H. Sinnott, System Design Concepts, Inc. Alex Sorton, Northwestern University Frank C. Tecca, Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska Linda Turnquist, California Department of Transportation Kenneth H. Voigt, Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission Mark R. Virkler, University of Missouri John D. Zegeer, Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc. Subcommittee Members as of December 1, 1994 Rahmi Akcelik, Australian Road Research Board Ltd. Donald S. Berry, Evanston, Illinois James A. Bonneson, University of Nebraska Ulrich Brannolte, PTV GMBH, Germany Werner Brilon, Ruhr University, Germany Robert W. Bryson, City of Milwaukee Joonho Byun, Federal Highway Administration Michael J. Cassidy, University of CaliforniaUpdated December 1997

x Kenneth G. Courage, University of Florida Rafael E. DeArazoza, Florida Department of Transportation Richard G. Dowling, Dowling Associates Lily Elefteriadou, Germen Associates Daniel B. Fambro, Texas A&M University System Joseph Fazio, Chicago, Illinois Kay Fitzpatrick, Texas A&M University System A. Reed Gibby, California State University Ronald K. Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Glenn M. Grigg, City of Cupertino, California Albert L. Grover, Albert Grover & Associates Mariano Gullon Low, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras, Madrid, Spain Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada Wayne E. Haussler, Edwards & Kelcey, Inc. VanOlin F. Hurdle, University of Toronto, Canada Dane Ismart, Federal Highway Administration Paul P. Jovanis, University of California R. Ian Kingham, Victoria, Canada Wayne K. Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Frank J. Koepke, S/K Transportation Consultants, Inc. Raymond A. Krammes, Texas A&M University System Michael D. Kyte, University of Idaho B. Kent Lall, Portland State University Jim C. Lee, Lee Engineering Joel P. Leisch, Glenview, Illinois Herbert S. Levinson, New Haven, Connecticut Feng-Bor Lin, Clarkson University George F. List, Rensselaer Polytechnic University Charles W. Manning, Roger Creighton Associates, Inc. Joseph F. Marek, Clackamas County, Oregon William R. McGrath, Fort Myers, Florida Douglas S. McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation William R. McShane, Polytechnic University David R. Merritt, Federal Highway Administration Carroll J. Messer, Texas A&M University System Leonard Newman, Emeryville, California Michael P. ORourke, Eng-Wong Taub and Associates Barbara K. Ostrom, Berkeley, California Ronald C. Pfefer, Northwestern University James L. Powell, DeLeuw, Cather & Co. William A. Prosser, Federal Highway Administration William R. Reilly, Catalina Engineering Roger P. Roess, Polytechnic University Frederick Rooney, California Department of Transportation Nagui M. Rouphail, North Carolina State University Erik O. Ruehr, JHK & Associates James M. Schoen, Catalina Engineering Alex Skabardonis, University of California Ronald C. Sonntag, Wisconsin Department of Transportation Alex Sorton, Northwestern University Dennis W. Strong, Strong Concepts Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Marian Tracz, Cracow Technical University, Poland Rod J. Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Thomas Urbanik II, Texas A&M University System Mark A. Vandehey, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. R. A. Vincent, Transport Research Laboratory, Great Britain Mark R. Virkler, University of Missouri-Columbia Kenneth H. Voigt, HNTB Corporation Robert H. Wortman, University of Arizona John D. Zegeer, Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc.Updated December 1997

xi Subcommittee Members as of December 31, 1997 Subcommittee on General Concepts and Definitions Barbara K. Ostrom, Chairwoman, EBA Engineering, Inc. Douglas S. McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Thomas Urbanik II, Texas Transportation Institute Subcommittee on Freeways and Multilane Highways Adolf D. May, Jr., Chairman, University of California Michael J. Cassidy, University of California Michael Church, California Department of Transportation Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University Joseph Fazio, Illinois Institute of Technology Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada Abdul-Rahman Hamad, H.W. Lochner, Inc. Joel P. Leisch, Private Consultant Barbara K. Ostrom, EBA Engineering, Inc. Ronald C. Pfefer, Northwestern University Traffic Institute William R. Reilly, Catalina Engineering, Inc. Bruce W. Robinson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Roger P. Roess, Polytechnic University Fred Rooney, California Department of Transportation Nagui M. Rouphail, North Carolina State University Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate James M. Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc. Ronald C. Sonntag, Marquette University Andrzej P. Tarko, Purdue University Michelle Thomas, Federal Highway Administration Jose Ulerio, Polytechnic University Thomas Urbanik II, Texas Transportation Institute Subcommittee on Interchange Ramp Terminals James L. Powell, Chairman, DeLeuw, Cather & Company James A. Bonneson, Texas A&M University System Robert W. Bryson, City of Milwaukee Michael Church, California Department of Transportation F. Thomas Creasey, Wilbur Smith & Associates Janice Daniel, Georgia Institute of Technology Michael F. Holling, Transcore B. Kent Lall, Portland State University Joel P. Leisch, Private Consultant Joel K. Marcuson, Sverdrup Civil, Inc. Scott J. Parker, Edwards and Kelcey, Inc. Frederick Rooney, California Department of Transportation Subcommittee on Signalized Intersections Dennis W. Strong, Chairman, Strong Concepts Rahmi Akcelik, ARRB Transport Research, Ltd. Rahim F. Benekohal, University of Illinois Donald S. Berry, Private Consultant Robert W. Bryson, City of Milwaukee Kenneth G. Courage, University of Florida Glenn M. Grigg, Private Consultant Albert L. Grover, Albert Grover & Associates, Inc. David J. P. Hook, Hook Engineering, Inc. John D. Leonard II, Georgia Institute of Technology Feng-Bor Lin, Clarkson College Pawan Maini, University of Colorado at Denver Carroll J. Messer, Texas Transportation Institute Elena Prassas, Polytechnic UniversityUpdated December 1997

xii Bruce W. Robinson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Roger P. Roess, Polytechnic University Nagui M. Rouphail, North Carolina State University Robert H. Wortman, University of Arizona Subcommittee on Unsignalized Intersections Michael D. Kyte, Chairman, University of Idaho Werner Brilon, Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany Robert W. Bryson, City of Milwaukee Joonho Byun, Federal Highway Administration Mitzi M. Dobersek, Wisconsin Department of Transportation Aimee Flannery, Pennsylvania State University Glenn M. Grigg, Private Consultant Mariano Gullon Low, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras, Madrid, Spain Wayne E. Haussler, Goodkind & ODea, Inc. Dane Ismart, Louis Berger & Associates, Inc. R. Ian Kingham, Graeme & Murray Wayne K. Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. B. Kent Lall, Portland State University George F. List, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Charles Manning, Creighton Manning, Inc. Joseph F. Marek, Clackamas County Department of Transportation Michael P. ORourke, Eng-Wong-Taub & Associates, Inc. Erik O. Ruehr, Valley Research and Planning Associates John Sampson, Jeffares & Green, Inc. Zong Zhong Tian, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Marion Tracz, Cracow Technical University, Poland Rod J. Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Kenneth H. Voigt, HNTB Corporation Andrew Wolfe, Union College Subcommittee on Urban and Suburban Arterials Daniel B. Fambro, Chairman, Texas A&M University System Janice R. Daniel, Georgia Tech University Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University Ronald K. Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Joel K. Marcuson, Sverdrup Corporation Douglas S. McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation Alex Sorton, Northwestern University Dennis W. Strong, Strong Concepts Andrzej P. Tarko, Purdue University Mark A. Vandehey, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Subcommittee on Two-Lane Roads Douglas W. Harwood, Chairman, Midwest Research Institute Jan L. Botha, San Jose State University Albert L. Grover, Albert Grover & Associates, Inc. Mariano Gullon Low, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras, Madrid, Spain Chris Hoban, The World Bank Greg M. Laragan, Idaho Department of Transportation David J. Lovell, University of Maryland, College Park Carroll J. Messer, Texas Transportation Institute John F. Morrall, University of Calgary, Canada William A. Prosser, Federal Highway Administration Guido Radelat, Private Consultant Alex Sorton, Northwestern University Davey Warren, Federal Highway Administration Al Werner, Reid Crowther Consultants, Ltd.Updated December 1997

xiii Subcommittee on Transit Systems Alan R. Danaher, Chairman, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Tara Bartee, Florida Department of Transportation Howard Benn, Private Consultant William Hoey, Private Consultant Michael D. Kyte, University of Idaho Herbert S. Levinson, Transportation Consultant Pat McLoughlin, Metropolitan Transit Authority, Los Angeles David Miller, Parsons Brinckerhoff Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate Kevin St. Jacques, Wilbur Smith & Associates Ken Stanley, Oahu Transit Joe Goodman, Federal Transit Administration Joel Volinski, University of South Florida Subcommittee on Planning Applications Douglas S. McLeod, Chairman, Florida Department of Transportation Jim Altenstadter, PIMA Association of Governments Robert W. Bryson, City of Milwaukee F. Thomas Creasey, Wilbur Smith & Associates Richard G. Dowling, Dowling Associates, Inc. Kurt Eichin, Florida Department of Transportation Abdul-Rahman Hamad, H.W. Lochner, Inc. David Hook, Lee Engineering, Inc. John Karachepone, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Wayne K. Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. William R. McShane, Polytechnic University Barbara K. Ostrom, EBA Engineering, Inc. Erik O. Ruehr, Valley Research and Planning Associates Terrel Shaw, Reynolds, Smith & Hills, Inc. Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada

Subcommittee on Pedestrians and Bicycles Alex Sorton, Chairman, Northwestern University Patrick Allen, California Department of Transportation Hein Botma, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands W. Jeffrey Davis, The Citadel Joseph Fazio, Illinois Institute of Technology Chris Hoban, The World Bank Bruce Landis, Sprinkle Consulting Engineering, Inc. John LaPlante, TY Lin Bascor Joseph S. Milazzo, North Carolina State University John F. Morrall, University of Calgary, Canada Virginia Sisiopiku, Michigan State University Mark R. Virkler, University of Missouri-Columbia Thomas Walsh, City of Madison, Wisconsin Subcommittee on User Liaison and Interpretations Wayne K. Kittelson, Chairman, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Rafael E. DeArazoza, Florida Department of Transportation Robert S. Foyle, North Carolina State University Ronald K. Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Joel P. Leisch, Private Consultant John D. Leonard II, Georgia Institute of Technology Shahram Malek, Viggen Corporation, Inc. William A. Prosser, Federal Highway Administration Dennis W. Strong, Strong Concepts Rod J. Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Charles E. Wallace, University of FloridaUpdated December 1997

xiv Subcommittee on Research Coordination Fred L. Hall, Chairman, McMaster University, Canada Jim Clark, Federal Highway Administration Alan R. Danaher, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Richard G. Dowling, Dowling Associates, Inc. Douglas W. Harwood, Midwest Research Institute John D. Leonard II, Georgia Institute of Technology Pawan Maini, University of Colorado at Denver Larry F. Sutherland, Ohio Department of Transportation Last to be acknowledged among the volunteer contributors to this edition are the unnamed users of draft materials and TRB Circulars published and distributed during the period of the manuals development. Their interest and support were a constant stimulus to both committee and research activities. Perhaps last in the process, but not least among those who made this document possible, are staff members of the Transportation Research Board. Naomi Kassabian, Norman Solomon, and David Stearman, Editors, worked with the researchers to produce the final manuscript. Other design and production supervision was provided by Nancy A. Ackerman, Director of Reports and Editorial Services. Ray Derr, NCHRP Projects Engineer, and Richard Cunard, Engineer of Traffic and Operations, provided indispensable staff support to the committee and its subcommittees.


FIGURES 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28(a) 28(b) 29 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 I.3-1 I.3-2 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 410 411 412 413 51 52 53 54 Typical relationship between time mean and space mean speed...................................................... Generalized relationships among speed, density, and rate of flow on uninterrupted flow facilities ........................................................................................................................................... Conditions at traffic interruption in an approach lane of a signalized intersection......................... Concept of saturation flow rate and lost time ................................................................................... Motor vehicle registrations................................................................................................................. Rural Interstate travel by vehicle type............................................................................................... Annual vehicle miles of travel ........................................................................................................... Examples of monthly traffic volume variations showing monthly variations in traffic for a freeway in Minnesota............................................................................................................................ Examples of monthly traffic volume variations showing relative traffic volume trends by route type on rural roads in Lake County, Illinois ................................................................................. Examples of daily traffic variation by type of route......................................................................... Daily variation in traffic by vehicle type (I-494, 4-lanes, in Minneapolis-St. Paul) ....................... Examples of hourly traffic variations for rural routes in New York State ...................................... Repeatability of hourly traffic variations for four 2-lane arterials in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.... Ranked hourly volumes on Minnesota highways.............................................................................. Ranked hourly volume distribution showing indistinct knee for Kentucky location in 1977......... Relationship between short-term and hourly flows........................................................................... Distribution of power-to-mass ratios of passenger cars .................................................................... On-highway passenger car characteristics ......................................................................................... Nationwide speed trends through 1975 and 1993 ............................................................................. Speed variation by hour of day for I-35W in Minneapolis, weekdays, in relation to volume variations ......................................................................................................................................... Speed variation by hour of day for I-35W, Minneapolis, Saturdays, in relation to volume variations ......................................................................................................................................... Observed speed-flow relationship on a San Diego freeway in 6-min sampling intervals (Interstate Highway 8, 1987)................................................................................................................... Observed speed-flow relationship on an Ontario freeway in 5-min sampling intervals (Queen Elizabeth Way near Toronto, 1987)............................................................................................... Observed speed-flow relationship at Caldecott Tunnel in 15-min sampling intervals (California State Highway 24, 1990)................................................................................................................ Speed-flow relationship for two-lane rural highways ....................................................................... Time headway distribution for Long Island Expressway.................................................................. Comparison of various research results on queue discharge headways ........................................... Example of basic freeway section...................................................................................................... Speed-flow relationships..................................................................................................................... Queue discharge and congested flow................................................................................................. LOS criteria......................................................................................................................................... Worksheet for analysis of basic freeway sections............................................................................. Sample solution for composite grade................................................................................................. Performance curves for standard trucks (200 lb/hp) ......................................................................... Formation of a weaving section......................................................................................................... Measuring length of a weaving section ............................................................................................. Type A weaving areas ........................................................................................................................ Type B weaving areas ........................................................................................................................ Type C weaving areas ........................................................................................................................ Construction and use of weaving diagrams....................................................................................... Weaving flows in a multiple weave formed by a single merge followed by two diverges............ Weaving flows in a multiple weave formed by two merge points followed by a single diverge .. Weaving area for calculation 1 .......................................................................................................... Weaving area and flows for calculation 2......................................................................................... Weaving area for calculation 3 .......................................................................................................... Weaving area for calculation 4 .......................................................................................................... Weaving area for calculation 5 .......................................................................................................... On- and off-ramp influence areas ...................................................................................................... Critical ramp junction values ............................................................................................................. Models for predicting V12 for on-ramps............................................................................................. Models for predicting V12 for off-ramps ............................................................................................ xv

Page 2-4 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-11 2-14 2-14 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-19 2-20 2-20 2-21 2-21 2-22 2-24 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-29 2-29 2-29 2-30 2-31 2-31 3-2 3-4 3-5 3-10 3-14 3-37 3-38 4-2 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-4 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-16 4-18 5-2 5-3 5-5 5-6


xvi FIGURES 55 56 57 58 59 510 511 512(a) 512(b) 513 514(a) 514(b) 515 516 517 518 519 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 610 611 612 613 614 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 710 711 712 713 81 82 83 84 85(a) 85(b) 86 87 88 89 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 Page 5-10 5-11 5-11 5-13 5-13 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19 5-20 5-21 5-22 5-23 5-24 5-25 5-26 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-8 6-9 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-13 6-15 7-4 7-5 7-8 7-15 7-17 7-20 7-22 7-23 7-25 7-26 7-27 7-28 7-29 8-4 8-13 8-13 8-15 8-16 8-16 8-19 8-22 8-22 8-25 9-4 9-5 9-9 9-10

Worksheet for the analysis of ramp-freeway terminals .................................................................... Typical two-lane on-ramp .................................................................................................................. Common geometries for two-lane off-ramps..................................................................................... Major merge areas .............................................................................................................................. Major diverge areas ............................................................................................................................ Worksheet for Calculation 1 .............................................................................................................. Freeway section for Calculation 2 ..................................................................................................... Worksheet for Calculation 2 (first ramp) .......................................................................................... Worksheet for Calculation 2 (second ramp)...................................................................................... Freeway section for Calculation 3 ..................................................................................................... Worksheet for Calculation 3 (first ramp) .......................................................................................... Worksheet for Calculation 3 (second ramp)...................................................................................... Worksheet for Calculation 4 .............................................................................................................. Freeway section for Calculation 5 ..................................................................................................... Equivalent four-lane segment for Calculation 5................................................................................ Worksheet for Calculation 5 .............................................................................................................. Worksheet for Calculation 6 .............................................................................................................. Sample design problem ...................................................................................................................... Likely design for sample problem ..................................................................................................... Consideration of multiple weave........................................................................................................ Consideration of multiple weave........................................................................................................ Graphic representation of overall level of service ............................................................................ Effects of breakdown illustrated ........................................................................................................ Illustration of ramp-metering need..................................................................................................... Plot of cumulative ramp demand and output .................................................................................... Potential for hidden bottlenecks......................................................................................................... Phases of a traffic incident................................................................................................................. Range of observed work zone capacitieswork crew at site .......................................................... Cumulative distribution of observed work-zone capacities .............................................................. Sample calculationqueue analysis for a work zone....................................................................... Example for analysis of HOV lane impact........................................................................................ Speed-flow relationships on multilane highways .............................................................................. Density-flow relationships on multilane highways............................................................................ Speed-flow curves with LOS criteria................................................................................................. Example of graphic solution using speed-flow curves...................................................................... Worksheet for operational and design analysis ................................................................................. Worksheet for planning analysis ........................................................................................................ Illustration of solution to Calculation 1general segment .............................................................. Illustration of solution to Calculation 1grade segment ................................................................. Illustration of solution to Calculation 2level segment .................................................................. Illustration of solution to Calculation 2grade segment ................................................................. Illustration of solution to Calculation 3............................................................................................. Illustration of solution to Calculation 4............................................................................................. Illustration of solution to Calculation 5............................................................................................. Speed-flow and percent time delay-flow relationships for two-lane rural highways ...................... Speed reduction curve for a 200-lb/hp truck..................................................................................... Speed reduction curve for a 300-lb/hp truck..................................................................................... Worksheet for operational analysis of general terrain segments ...................................................... Worksheet for operational analysis of specific grades on two-lane highways (page 1).................. Worksheet for operational analysis of specific grades on two-lane highways (page 2).................. Use of third lane for passing lanes .................................................................................................... Worksheet summarizing solution to calculation 1 ............................................................................ Worksheet summarizing solution to calculation 2 ............................................................................ Worksheet for calculation 4 (pages 1 and 2) .................................................................................... Relationship among actual green, lost-time elements, extension of effective green, and effective green................................................................................................................................. Protected-plus-permitted signal phasing ............................................................................................ Operational analysis procedure .......................................................................................................... Input data needs for each analysis lane group ..................................................................................


xvii FIGURES 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8(a) 9-8(b) 9-8(c) 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 9-14 9-15 9-16 9-17 9-18 9-19 9-20 9-21 9-22 9-23 9-24 9-25 9-26 9-27 9-28 9-29 9-30(a) 9-30(b) 9-31 9-32 9-33 9-34 9-35 9-36 9-37 9-38 9-39 9-40 9-41 9-42 9-43 9-44 9-45 9-46 9-47 9-48 9-49 9-50 9-51 Page 9-13 9-19 9-20 9-23 9-24 9-25 9-25 9-26 9-27 9-31 9-35 9-36 9-39 9-40 9-41 9-42 9-44 9-47 9-49 9-51 9-52 9-53 9-54 9-59 9-61 9-62 9-63 9-64 9-65 9-66 9-67 9-68 9-68 9-69 9-70 9-71 9-71 9-72 9-73 9-74 9-75 9-75 9-76 9-76 9-77 9-77 9-78 9-78 9-79 9-79Updated December 1997

Typical lane groups for analysis ........................................................................................................ Permitted left turn............................................................................................................................... Through-car equivalents, ELI, for permitted left turns (1 ) ................................................................ Green time adjustments for protected-plus-permitted phasing: standard case and Case 2.............. Green time adjustments for protected-plus-permitted phasing: Cases 3 and 4 ................................ Green time adjustments for protected-plus-permitted phasing: Case 5 ............................................ Critical lane group determination: leading and lagging green phase plan with exclusive left-turn lanes................................................................................................................................................. Critical lane group determination: leading and lagging green phase plan with addition of permitted left turn in Phase 2B ................................................................................................................ Critical lane group determination: complex multiphase signal......................................................... Queue accumulation polygons............................................................................................................ Worksheet information flow............................................................................................................... Input Module Worksheet .................................................................................................................... Volume Adjustment Module Worksheet............................................................................................ Saturation Flow Rate Module Worksheet.......................................................................................... Supplemental Worksheet for Permitted Left Turns: Multilane Approach........................................ Supplemental Worksheet for Permitted Left Turns: Single-Lane Approach.................................... Capacity Analysis Module Worksheet............................................................................................... LOS Module Worksheet..................................................................................................................... Supplemental Uniform Delay Worksheet for Left Turns from Exclusive Lanes with Primary and Secondary Phases..................................................................................................................... Planning Method Input Worksheet .................................................................................................... Planning Method Lane Volume Worksheet....................................................................................... Planning Method Signal Operations Worksheet................................................................................ Planning method worksheet relationships.......................................................................................... Alternative computations using operational analysis ........................................................................ Input Module Worksheet for Calculation 1....................................................................................... Volume Adjustment Module Worksheet for Calculation 1 .............................................................. Saturation Flow Rate Module Worksheet for Calculation 1............................................................. Supplemental left-turn worksheet for EB and WB approaches (multilane)..................................... Supplemental left-turn worksheet for NB and SB approaches (single lane).................................... Capacity Analysis Module Worksheet for Calculation 1.................................................................. LOS Module Worksheet for Calculation 1........................................................................................ Saturation Flow Adjustment Module Worksheet with no lane utilization factor for Calculation 1 ................................................................................................................................... LOS Module Worksheet with no lane utilization factor for Calculation 1...................................... LOS Module Worksheet with timing modifications for Calculation 1 ............................................ Input Module Worksheet for Calculation 2....................................................................................... Volume Adjustment Module Worksheet for Calculation 2 .............................................................. Saturation Flow Rate Module Worksheet for Calculation 2............................................................. Lane Volume Worksheet for Calculation 2....................................................................................... Signal Operations Worksheet for Calculation 2 ................................................................................ Supplemental left-turn worksheet for Calculation 2.......................................................................... Capacity Analysis Module Worksheet for Calculation 2.................................................................. LOS Module Worksheet for Calculation 2........................................................................................ Supplemental Uniform Delay Worksheet for Calculation 2 ............................................................. Capacity Analysis Module Worksheet for protected-only phasing for Calculation 2 ..................... LOS Module Worksheet for protected-only phasing for Calculation 2 ........................................... Queue accumulation polygons for protected and protected-plus-permitted phasing for Calculation 2 ................................................................................................................................... Supplemental Worksheet for Permitted Left Turns: permitted-plus-protected (lagging) left-turn phasing for Calculation 2 ............................................................................................................... Capacity Analysis Module Worksheet for permitted-plus-protected (lagging) left-turn phasing for Calculation 2 ............................................................................................................................. Supplemental Uniform Delay Worksheet for permitted-plus-protected (lagging) left-turn phasing for Calculation 2....................................................................................................................... LOS Module Worksheet for permitted-plus-protected (lagging) left-turn phasing for Calculation 2 ...................................................................................................................................

xviii FIGURES 9-52 9-53 9-54 9-55 9-56 9-57 9-58 9-59 9-60 9-61 9-62 9-63 9-64 9-65 9-66 9-67 9-68 9-69 9-70 9-71 9-72 9-73 9-74 9-75 I.9-1 II.9-1 II.9-2 II.9-3 II.9-4 II.9-5 II.9-6 II.9-7 II.9-8 II.9-9 II.9-10 II.9-11 II.9-12 III.9-1 III.9-2 III.9-3 IV.9-1 VI.9-1 VI.9-2 VI.9-3 VI.9-4 VI.9-5 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 Page Queue accumulation polygons for protected and permitted-plus-protected phasing for Calculation 2 ............................................................................................................................................... Input Module Worksheet for Calculation 3....................................................................................... Volume Adjustment Module Worksheet for Calculation 3 .............................................................. Saturation Flow Rate Module Worksheet for Calculation 3............................................................. Supplemental Worksheet for Permitted Left Turns for Calculation 3.............................................. Capacity Analysis Module Worksheet for Calculation 3.................................................................. LOS Module Worksheet for Calculation 3........................................................................................ Supplemental Uniform Delay Worksheet for Calculation 3 ............................................................. LOS Module Worksheet with revised signal timing for Calculation 3............................................ Planning Method Input Worksheet for Calculation 4 ....................................................................... Lane Volume Worksheet for Calculation 4....................................................................................... Signal Operations Worksheet for Calculation 4 ................................................................................ Lane Volume Worksheet for Calculation 4 with geometric modifications...................................... Signal Operations Worksheet for Calculation 4 with geometric modifications............................... LOS Module Worksheet for Calculation 4........................................................................................ Planning Method Input Worksheet for Calculation 5 ....................................................................... Lane Volume Worksheet for Calculation 5....................................................................................... Signal Operations Worksheet for Calculation 5 ................................................................................ Lane Volume Worksheet with additional EB right-turn lane for Calculation 5 .............................. Signal Operations Worksheet with additional EB right-turn lane for Calculation 5 ....................... Lane Volume Worksheet with NB and SB split-phase operation for Calculation 5 ....................... Signal Operations Worksheet with NB and SB split-phase operation for Calculation 5 ................ Lane Volume Worksheet with added NB and SB left-turn lanes for Calculation 5 ....................... Signal Operations Worksheet with added NB and SB left-turn lanes for Calculation 5 ................ Left-turn bay length versus turning volume ...................................................................................... Phase plans for pretimed and traffic-actuated control....................................................................... Dual-ring concurrent phasing scheme with assigned movements .................................................... Worksheet 1: traffic-actuated control input data ............................................................................... Queue accumulation polygon illustrating two methods of green time computation........................ Convergence of green time computation by elimination of green time deficiency......................... Queue accumulation polygon for permitted left turn from exclusive lane ...................................... Queue accumulation polygon for permitted left turn from shared lane ........................................... Queue accumulation polygon for protected-plus-permitted left-turn phasing with exclusive leftturn lane .......................................................................................................................................... Queue accumulation polygon for permitted-plus-protected left-turn phasing with exclusive leftturn lane .......................................................................................................................................... Worksheet 2: traffic-actuated timing computations........................................................................... Traffic-actuated control data for multiphase example....................................................................... LOS results for multiphase example.................................................................................................. Field intersection control delay worksheet ........................................................................................ Sample application of intersection control delay worksheet............................................................. Sample application with residual queue at end ................................................................................. Field Saturation Flow Rate Study Worksheet ................................................................................... Case III: supplemental delay with initial oversaturation demand clearing in T. [Supplemental delay per vehicle (d3) in seconds = 1,800Qbt/cT.]............................................................................. Case IV: supplemental delay with initial oversaturation demand decreasing in T. [Supplemental delay per vehicle (d3) in seconds = 3,600Qb/c 1,800T[1 Min(1, X).].................................... Case V: supplemental delay with initial oversaturation demand increasing in T. [Supplemental delay per vehicle (d3) in seconds = 3,600Qb/c.] ............................................................................ Demand profile for multiple-period analysis (15-min periods) ........................................................ Delay model components for multiple-period analysis..................................................................... Traffic streams at TWSC intersection: (a) four-leg intersection; (b) T-intersection........................ Definition and computation of conflicting volumes.......................................................................... Potential capacity, two-lane roadway................................................................................................. Potential capacity, four-lane roadway................................................................................................ Adjustment to major left-turn, minor-through impedance factor (3) ............................................... Platoon dispersion from upstream signalized intersections............................................................... Upstream signalized intersection........................................................................................................ 9-80 9-81 9-82 9-82 9-83 9-83 9-84 9-85 9-85 9-86 9-87 9-88 9-89 9-90 9-90 9-91 9-92 9-92 9-93 9-93 9-94 9-94 9-95 9-95 9-98 9-100 9-100 9-104 9-107 9-109 9-110 9-110 9-111 9-111 9-112 9-114 9-114 9-118 9-120 9-121 9-123 9-139 9-139 9-139 9-141 9-143 10-6 10-8 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-17 10-17


xix FIGURES 10-8 10-9 Page 10-18

10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-15 10-16 10-17 10-18 10-19 10-20 10-21 10-22 10-23 10-24 10-25 10-26 10-27 10-28 10-29 10-30 10-31 10-32 10-33 10-34 10-35 10-36 10-37 10-38 10-39 10-40 10-41 10-42 10-43 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 11-9 11-10 11-11 11-12 11-13 11-14 11-15 11-16 11-17 11-18 11-19 11-20 11-21

Platoon dispersion model [adapted from Bonneson and Fitts (12)]................................................. Various platoon overlap cases: best caseplatoons completely overlap so unplatooned period is maximum; worst caseplatoons alternate so unplatooned period is minimum; average caseone-half of subordinate platoon is subsumed by dominant platoon .................................. Intersection with two-stage gap acceptance process ......................................................................... Capacity approximation at intersections with flared minor-street approach .................................... Estimation of 95th-percentile queue length ....................................................................................... Average control delay......................................................................................................................... Queue-versus-delay relationship......................................................................................................... TWSC intersection capacity and LOS computational procedures .................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation A1...................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation A2...................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation A3...................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation A5...................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation A6...................................................................................... Definition of intersection approaches ................................................................................................ Saturation headway conditions for Vehicle 2.................................................................................... Case 1: vehicles on subject approach only........................................................................................ Case 2: vehicles on subject and opposing approaches...................................................................... Case 3: vehicles on subject and conflicting approaches ................................................................... Case 4: vehicles on subject and two other approaches..................................................................... Case 5: vehicles on all approaches .................................................................................................... Two-phase operation analogy............................................................................................................. Four-phase operation analogy ............................................................................................................ Configuration for Formulation 1 ........................................................................................................ Configuration for Formulation 2 ........................................................................................................ Flow for AWSC procedures............................................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation B1...................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation B2...................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation B3...................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation B4...................................................................................... Basic roundabout ................................................................................................................................ Analysis of one roundabout leg ......................................................................................................... Roundabout approach capacity........................................................................................................... Flow stream definitions ...................................................................................................................... Traffic volumes for Sample Calculation C1...................................................................................... Worksheet for Sample Calculation C1 .............................................................................................. Sample Calculation C1 capacity and volume analysis...................................................................... Typical time-space trajectories of vehicles on one-lane arterial segment ........................................ Arterial LOS method .......................................................................................................................... Design categories ................................................................................................................................ Types of segments .............................................................................................................................. Worksheet for summary of arterial intersection delay estimates...................................................... Worksheet for computation of arterial level of service .................................................................... Speed profile by arterial section ........................................................................................................ Arterial LOS calculation process ....................................................................................................... Calculation 2, description: using worksheet for summary of arterial intersection delay estimates Calculation 2, description: using worksheet for summary of arterial level of service .................... Calculation 2, solution: using worksheet for summary of arterial intersection delay estimates ..... Calculation 2, solution: using worksheet for computation of arterial level of service.................... Speed profile for Calculation 2, southbound traffic.......................................................................... Calculation 3, description: using worksheet for summary of arterial intersection delay estimates Calculation 3, solution: using worksheet for summary of arterial intersection delay estimates ..... Calculation 3, solution: using worksheet for computation of arterial level of service.................... Speed profile for Calculation 3, northbound traffic .......................................................................... Sample calculation speed as a function of arterial flow rate............................................................ Calculation 5 speed as a function of arterial flow rate on two different segment lengths.............. Calculation 6, solution: using worksheet for computation of arterial level of service.................... Speed profile for Calculation 6 ..........................................................................................................

10-19 10-20 10-21 10-22 10-24 10-26 10-28 10-47 10-49 10-50 10-54 10-56 10-59 10-59 10-60 10-60 10-60 10-61 10-61 10-61 10-62 10-62 10-63 10-68 10-76 10-78 10-79 10-80 10-82 10-83 10-84 10-85 10-87 10-88 10-89 11-3 11-5 11-7 11-9 11-13 11-14 11-15 11-17 11-18 11-18 11-21 11-22 11-23 11-24 11-25 11-26 11-27 11-28 11-28 11-30 11-31Updated December 1997

xx FIGURES 11-22 11-23 11-24 11-25 11-26 11-27 11-28 11-29 11-30 11-31 121 122 123 124 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 141 Page 11-32 11-33 11-34 11-34 11-35 11-36 11-37 11-38 11-39 11-40 12-5 12-7 12-22 12-27 13-4 13-4 13-4 13-5 13-5 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-10 13-11 13-12 13-13 13-15 13-16 13-17 13-18 13-19 13-20 13-21 13-23 13-25 14-2

Calculation 7, solution: using worksheet for summary of arterial intersection delay estimates ..... Calculation 7, solution: using worksheet for computation of arterial level of service.................... Speed profile for Calculation 7 .......................................................................................................... Arterial geometry for Calculation 10................................................................................................. Calculation 10, solution: using worksheet for summary of arterial intersection delay estimates ... Calculation 10, solution: using worksheet for computation of arterial level of service.................. Arterial geometry for Calculation 11................................................................................................. Calculation 11, solution: using worksheet for summary of arterial intersection delay estimates ... Calculation 11, solution: using worksheet for computation of arterial level of service.................. Speed profile for Calculation 11, eastbound traffic .......................................................................... Example of freeway person-capacity ................................................................................................. The two-dimensional nature of transit level of service as related to transit capacity ..................... Bus stop capacity related to dwell times and loading positions....................................................... Typical CBD busway line-haul passenger volumes .......................................................................... Relationships between pedestrian speed and density ........................................................................ Relationships between pedestrian flow and space............................................................................. Relationships between pedestrian speed and flow ............................................................................ Relationships between pedestrian speed and space........................................................................... Preemption of walkway width............................................................................................................ Typical free-flow walkway speed distribution .................................................................................. Cross-flow trafficprobability of conflict ........................................................................................ Illustration of walkway levels of service........................................................................................... Minute-by-minute variations in pedestrian flow................................................................................ Relationship between platoon flow and average flow ...................................................................... Levels of service for queuing areas ................................................................................................... Pedestrian movements at a street corner............................................................................................ Worksheet for walkway analysis........................................................................................................ Illustration of solution to walkway problem...................................................................................... Intersection corner geometrics and pedestrian movements............................................................... Intersection corner condition 1minor street crossing .................................................................... Intersection corner condition 2major street crossing..................................................................... Worksheet for crosswalk analysis ...................................................................................................... Worksheet for street corner analysis.................................................................................................. Worksheet for street corner analysis of sample calculation.............................................................. Worksheet for crosswalk analysis of sample calculation.................................................................. Illustration of right-turn conflicts with bicycles and pedestrians......................................................

PHOTOGRAPHS Vehicles shying away from both roadside and median barriers ............................................................................ Ideal conditions of lane width and lateral clearance .............................................................................................. Formation of large gaps in front of slow-moving trucks climbing the grade ....................................................... Formation of large gaps in front of trucks or other heavy vehicles on relatively level terrain ........................... LOS A ...................................................................................................................................................................... LOS B....................................................................................................................................................................... LOS C....................................................................................................................................................................... LOS D ...................................................................................................................................................................... LOS E....................................................................................................................................................................... LOS F ....................................................................................................................................................................... Divided multilane highway in a rural environment................................................................................................ Divided multilane highway in a suburban environment......................................................................................... Undivided multilane highway in a rural environment............................................................................................ Undivided multilane highway in a suburban environment..................................................................................... Bridge pier in center of normally undivided suburban multilane highway........................................................... Inadequate shoulder and obstructions on roadway ................................................................................................. Ideal divided multilane highway ............................................................................................................................. Undivided multilane highway with no obstructions ............................................................................................... Typical views of two-lane two-way highways in rural environments................................................................... Typical use of paved shouldersslow-moving vehicle uses shoulder of a two-lane rural highway, permitting faster vehicles to pass ..........................................................................................................................................Updated December 1997

3-6 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-13 3-13 3-13 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-11 7-11 7-11 7-11 8-3 8-19

xxi PHOTOGRAPHS Design categories: top left, typical high speed design; top right, typical suburban design; bottom left, typical intermediate design; bottom right, typical urban design .................................................................................... TABLES 11 12 13 14 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 210 211 212 213 214 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 51 52 53 54 55 56 61 62 63 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 710 711 81 82 Page 11-7

Organization of manual ...................................................................................................................... Primary measures of effectiveness for level of service definition.................................................... Adjustment factors used for analyses ................................................................................................ Analysis techniques ............................................................................................................................ Maximum annual average daily traffic reported on selected Interstate routes (1990) .................... Reported maximum one-way hourly volumes on selected freeways................................................ Reported maximum lane volumes on selected freeways .................................................................. Reported maximum one-way volumes for selected multilane highways ......................................... Reported maximum volumes on selected two-lane rural highways ................................................. Reported maximum one-way volumes on selected urban arterials .................................................. Directional distribution characteristics............................................................................................... Observed values of K and D on selected freeways and expressways .............................................. Lane distribution by vehicle type....................................................................................................... National spot speed trends for 55-mph facilities............................................................................... Average speed by day vs. night and lane in mph ............................................................................. Average speed by lane in mph........................................................................................................... Observed saturation flow rates at signalized intersections................................................................ Capacity by facility type .................................................................................................................... LOS criteria for basic freeway sections............................................................................................. Passenger-car equivalents on extended general freeway segments .................................................. Passenger-car equivalents for trucks and buses on specific upgrades.............................................. Passenger-car equivalents for recreational vehicles on specific upgrades........................................ Passenger-car equivalents for trucks and buses on specific downgrades......................................... Adjustment factors for lane width...................................................................................................... Adjustment factors for right-shoulder lateral clearance .................................................................... Adjustment factors for number of lanes ............................................................................................ Adjustment factors for interchange density ....................................................................................... Configuration type vs. minimum number of required lane changes ................................................ Parameters affecting weaving area operation .................................................................................... Constants of prediction for weaving intensity factor, W................................................................... Criteria for unconstrained vs. constrained operation of weaving areas............................................ Limitations on weaving sections ...........

highway capacity manual 3rd edition

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