Highest Energy e+e– Collider

LEP at CERN 1989-2000

200 GeV ~4km radius

First e+e– Collider

ADA in Frascati 1961 0.2 GeV ~1m radius

e+e– Colliders

First Beams: April 2007Physics Runs: from Summer 2007

TOTEM pp, general purpose; HI

pp, general purpose; HI

LHCb: B-physics

ALICE : HI

pp s =14 TeV L=1034 cm-2 s-1

Heavy ions

CMS at LHC: 2007 StartCMS at LHC: 2007 Start

CMS

LHC Schedule Reconfirmed at CERN Council June 2003

ATLAS

HCAL Barrels Done: Installing HCAL Endcap and Muon CSCs in

SX5

36 Muon CSCs successfully installed on YE-2,3. Avg. rate 6/day

(planned 4/day). Cabling+commissioning.

HE-1 complete, HE+ will be mounted in Q4 2003

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Bunch Crossing

1034 cm-2 s-1

Luminosity

2835 Bunches/Beam 1011 Protons/Bunch

14 TeV Proton Proton

Proton Collisions

Parton Collisions

Higgs Production

7.5 m (25 ns)

~10000 per day

4x107 Hz

109 Hz

LHC Magnets

• 9 Tesla field• Dipoles separated by 20cm• Cooled to superfluid liquid helium temperatures• 20 km of magnets

LHC Magnets

LHC Detectors

B-physicsCP Violation

Heavy IonsQuark-gluon plasma

CMS

ATLAS

LHCCERN Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland

LHCCMS Detector

LHC300 foot shaft

LHCCMS Cavern (300 feet underground)

LHC

online systemmulti-level trigger

filter out backgroundreduce data volume level 1 - special hardware

40 MHz (80 TB/sec)level 2 - embedded processorslevel 3 - PCs

75 KHz (75 GB/sec)5 KHz (5 GB/sec)100 Hz(100-1000 MB/sec) data processing

offline analysis, selection

One of the four LHC detectors (CMS)

Raw recording rate 0.1 – 1 GB/sec3 - 8 PetaBytes / year

LHC Computing: Different from LHC Computing: Different from Previous Experiment GenerationsPrevious Experiment Generations

Tier2 Center

Online System

Offline Farm,CERN

Computer

France Center

FNAL Center

Italy Center

UK Center

InstituteInstituteInstituteInstitute ~0.25TIPS

Workstations

100–1000 MBytes/sec

~2.4 Gbits/sec

100 - 1000

Mbits/sec

Bunch crossing per 25 nsecs.Event is ~1 MByte in size

Physicists work on analysis “channels”.

Processing power: ~200,000 of today’s fastest PCs

Physics data cache

~PBytes/sec

~0.6 - 2.5 Gbits/sec

Tier2 Center

Tier2 Center

Tier2 Center

~622 Mbits/sec

Tier 0 +1

Tier 1

Tier 3

Tier 4

Tier2 Center

Tier 2

Experiment

Regional Center Hierarchy Regional Center Hierarchy (Worldwide Data Grid)(Worldwide Data Grid)

Production BW Growth of Int’l Production BW Growth of Int’l HENP Network Links (US-CERN HENP Network Links (US-CERN

Example)Example)

Production BW Growth of Int’l Production BW Growth of Int’l HENP Network Links (US-CERN HENP Network Links (US-CERN

Example)Example) Rate of Progress >> Moore’s Law. Rate of Progress >> Moore’s Law. (US-CERN Example)(US-CERN Example)

9.6 kbps Analog9.6 kbps Analog (1985)(1985) 64-256 kbps Digital 64-256 kbps Digital (1989 - 1994) [X 7 – 27](1989 - 1994) [X 7 – 27] 1.5 Mbps Shared 1.5 Mbps Shared (1990-3; IBM) [X 160](1990-3; IBM) [X 160] 2 -4 Mbps2 -4 Mbps (1996-1998) [X 200-(1996-1998) [X 200-

400]400] 12-20 Mbps 12-20 Mbps (1999-2000) [X 1.2k-2k](1999-2000) [X 1.2k-2k] 155-310 Mbps155-310 Mbps (2001-2) [X 16k – (2001-2) [X 16k –

32k]32k] 622 Mbps622 Mbps (2002-3) [X 65k](2002-3) [X 65k] 2.5 Gbps 2.5 Gbps (2003-4) [X 250k](2003-4) [X 250k] 10 Gbps 10 Gbps (2005) [X 1M](2005) [X 1M]

A factor of ~1M over a period of 1985-2005 A factor of ~1M over a period of 1985-2005 (a factor of ~5k during 1995-2005)(a factor of ~5k during 1995-2005)

HENP has become a leading applications driver, HENP has become a leading applications driver, and also a co-developer of global networks and also a co-developer of global networks

HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps

HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps

Year Production Experimental Remarks

2001 0.155 0.622-2.5 SONET/SDH

2002 0.622 2.5 SONET/SDH DWDM; GigE Integ.

2003 2.5 10 DWDM; 1 + 10 GigE Integration

2005 10 2-4 X 10 Switch; Provisioning

2007 2-4 X 10 ~10 X 10; 40 Gbps

1st Gen. Grids

2009 ~10 X 10 or 1-2 X 40

~5 X 40 or ~20-50 X 10

40 Gbps Switching

2011 ~5 X 40 or

~20 X 10

~25 X 40 or ~100 X 10

2nd Gen Grids Terabit Networks

2013 ~Terabit ~MultiTbps ~Fill One Fiber

Continuing the Trend: ~1000 Times Bandwidth Growth Per Decade;We are Rapidly Learning to Use Multi-Gbps Networks Dynamically

History – One large Research Site History – One large Research Site

Current Traffic to ~400 Mbps;Projections: 0.5 to 24 Tbps by

~2012

Much of the Traffic:SLAC IN2P3/RAL/INFN;

via ESnet+France;Abilene+CERN

Digital Divide Illustrated by Network Infrastructures: TERENA NREN

Core Capacity

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ukraine

Moldova

Azerbaijan

Jordan

Morocco

Iran

Bulgaria

Algeria

Croatia

Romania

Turkey

Serbia/Montenegro

Cyprus

Estonia

Latvia

Malta

Slovenia

Lithuania

Austria

Denmark

Iceland

Ireland

Slovakia

Switzerland

Portugal

Czech Republic

Finland

France

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Norway

Spain

Belgium

Germany

Netherlands

Poland

Sweden

United Kingdom

Core Capacity in Gbps

Current Core Capacity

Expected Increase in two years

Core capacity goes up in Large Steps: 10 to 20 Gbps;

2.5 to 10 Gbps; 0.6-1 to 2.5 Gbps

Current In Two Years

SE Europe, Medit., FSU, Middle East:Less Progress Based on Older

Technologies (Below 0.15, 1.0 Gbps): Digital Divide Will Not Be

ClosedSource: TERENA

The Global Lambda Integrated Facility for Research and Education (GLIF)

The Global Lambda Integrated Facility for Research and Education (GLIF)

Virtual organizationVirtual organization supports persistent data-intensive scientific research supports persistent data-intensive scientific research and middleware development on “LambdaGrids”and middleware development on “LambdaGrids”

Grid applications “ride” on dynamically configured networks based on Grid applications “ride” on dynamically configured networks based on optical wavelengths. optical wavelengths.

Architecting an international LambdaGrid infrastructureArchitecting an international LambdaGrid infrastructure