TheThe FourthFourth ADBIADBIOECDOECDILOILO RoundtableRoundtable onon LabourLabour MigrationMigration ininA iA i B ildiB ildi HH C it lC it l B dB d AsiaAsia:: BuildingBuilding HumanHuman CapitalCapital acrossacross BordersBorders

ByMs.A.SrijaDirector

Labour&EmploymentDivisionPlanningCommission,

G t fI di N D lhiGovernmentofIndia,NewDelhi2728January,2014,Tokyo

The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data

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included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

O tli f th P t tiOutlineofthePresentation

Overviewofrecentlabourmigrationtrendsandpolicies.p

MigrationtrendregardinginternationalstudyinIndiastudyinIndia

Indiaspoliciesoninternationalstudyforyouthinuniversities&toretainorattractyouthinuniversities&toretainorattractyouthbackhome

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Mi ti T d i I diMigrationTrendsinIndia

Twotypesofmigrants InternalmigrantsO t i t (E i t ) Outmigrants(Emigrants)

Objective employment,employment, marriage, study

OutmigrationpreIndependence Internalmigrationpostindependence

C d/Contd/

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I t l Mi tInternalMigrants Estimated at 326 million (NSSO 200708) projected to have3 ( 7 ) p j

increased to 400 million as per Census 2011 (Rajan 2013) 23percent increase

Two types:yp circular or seasonal migrants

(i) Estimates vary from around 15 million to about 100 million asper different sourcesp

(ii) Circular migrants face discrimination permanent migrants

80 percent of internal migrants females (NSSO 200708),80 percent of internal migrants females (NSSO 2007 08), Females marriage, Malesemployment Males Construction workers, rickshaw pullers, hawkers,etc. F l d ti k t ti k t it Females domestic workers, construction workers, export units.

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Measures to address Migrant WorkersMeasurestoaddressMigrantWorkers

Legislativeg Programmatic intervention Legislative

Interstate Migrant Workmen (Regulation ofEmployment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979.B ildi & Oth C t ti W k (R l ti f Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation ofEmployment & Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 &Building & Other Construction Workers Welfare CessAct, 1996

Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008,C d/Contd/

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M i l t dd Mi t W k MeasuresinplacetoaddressMigrantWorkers

ProgrammaticInterventions: ProgrammaticInterventions: Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (National HealthInsurance Scheme) to unorganized sector workers

The MNREGA providing right to employment nearthe place of residence to stop distress migration.Oth S h f idi i /di bilit Other Schemes for providing pension/disabilitybenefit to the unorganized sector workers

Besides the Employees Provident Fund Act 1952 andp y 95Employees State Insurance Scheme are applicable tomigrant workers.

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O t i t /E i tOutmigrants/Emigrants Estimate of outmigrants 25 million (MOIA Annual Report 201213)g 5 Types:

Indentured labourHigher education and employment Job migrationJob migration

OECD professionally&technicallyqualified Gulfcountries semiskilledandunskilled Gulfcountries semiskilledandunskilled EconomicImpactRemittances,economicupliftment insourceStatesupliftment insourceStates

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E i ti f Ed tiEmigrationforEducation Indianstudentsenrolledabroad 2.3million

IndianstudentsinEU 2005 23,9262009 44,315

IndianstudentsinUK 201112 16,335335201313 12,280

IndianstudentsinUSA 201112 1,00,270, , 7201213 96754

Reasonsforthedecline:Rupeedepreciation,stricterimmigrationlaws,newerdestinations EU,Canada,China,New

l dZealand

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E i ti f Ed tiEmigrationforEducation

LowCapacityintakeofdomesticinstitutions QualityEducation;AssuredJobsinlabourmarket EntryintotheJobMarketofdestinationcountry CoursePreference

USAManagement&engineeringdegrees Australia vocationaltrainingUK d UKoneyeardegreecourses

Russia&China medicaleducation

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T d f Mi t i t I diTrendofMigrantsintoIndiaMigrantStockintoIndia(inlakhs)

CountryofOrigin 1990 2000 2013Total 74,93,204 64,11,272 53,38,486

B l d h 8Bangladesh 4375155 3879110 3230025Nepal 518212 664187 553050

Pakistan 1921278 1353230 1126796SriLanka 281720 189850 158083SriLanka 281720 189850 158083Myanmar 85706 61883 51529China 18165 8695 7240Kuwait 16860 7437 6193

Afghanistan 14159 9892 8237Malaysia 12295 15219 12672UAE 9940 14662 12209

B iD l 6 86BruneiDarussalam 16220 31057 25861Source:UnitedNations

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I t ti l St d i I diInternationalStudyinIndia Atotalof31632foreignnationalstudentsfrom153countriesenrolledinAtotalof31632foreignnationalstudentsfrom153countriesenrolledin

Indianhigherlearninginstitutesin201112.Malestudents17328,FemaleStudents 10203.

KeyStatesey States Karnataka(10,103) AndhraPradesh(4698),Maharashtra(4329),

TamilNadu(2383),Delhi(1529)&UttarPradesh(1016) Top10Countries: Top10Countries:

Nepal,Iran,Afghanistan,Bhutan,Sudan,UnitedStates,China,Iraq,SriLanka&Malaysia,

HighestnumberofmigrantscomefromBangladeshbutfewas HighestnumberofmigrantscomefromBangladeshbutfewasstudents.

MaximumnumberofforeignstudentsfromNepalContd/Contd/

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I t ti l St d i I diInternationalStudyinIndia % ll di d d t 72%enrolledinundergraduatecourses. PopularcoursesArts,Commerce,Nursing,Dental,EngineeringandMedicineEngineeringandMedicine

NumberofInternationalStudentsinIndia

Year 199091 199697 200001 200405 200607 200809

Students 12889 5841 6896 13267 18391 217789 5 4 9 3 7 39 77

Source:Association ofIndianUniversitiesascitedinthearticleTheHigherEducationSysteminIndiaanditsImpactontheEconomy

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P li F I t ti l St dPolicyFocusonInternationalStudy

Faculty and students exchange programs Institutional collaboration for teaching and research Induction of diverse teaching learning models andenhanced use of technologyS Strategy: Bilateral Treaties Institutional Initiatives Institutional Initiatives Legal Reforms

Contd/Contd/

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P li F I i l S dPolicyFocusonInternationalStudy

Bilateral Treaties IndoUS Higher Education Summit UK India Education & Research Initiative UKIndia Education & Research Initiative Human Resource Mobility Partnership Agreement

Institutional Initiatives Manipal University Indian School of Business BITS Pilani BITS Pilani

Legal Reforms Higher Education and Research Bill, 2011 Foreign Educational Institutions Bill, 2010

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Internationalization of Higher EducationInternationalizationofHigherEducation

DirectBenefits Qualifiedworkforce ReapthedemographicdividendS f i h Savesonforeignexchange

EncourageparticipationofforeignstudentsintoIndiaIndirectbenefitsIndirectbenefits

strengthensancillaryindustrieslikerealestate,tourism,cateringetc.

generationofemployment

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Pen Picture of MigrationPenPictureofMigrationEmigration 2010 Immigration 2010Emigration 2010 Immigration 2010

StockofEmigrants 11.3million StockofImmigrants 5.4million

DestinationC t i

UAE,USA,S di A bi

SourceCountries Bangladesh,P ki t N l S iCountries Saudi Arabia,

UK,Canada,Kuwaitetc

Pakistan,Nepal,SriLanka,Myanmar,Malaysia,Afghanistanetcg

Emigrationrateoftertiaryeducatedpopulation

4.3percent

population

Femalesas apercentofimmigrants

48.7per cent

I d i US O d i US illiInwardremittanceflow(2009)

US$55000million

Outwardremittanceflow(2009)

US$4000million

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ThankYou

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