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High TRL Photon Imaging Detector for Space Situational Awareness Applications
Jon Lapington, University of Leicester
CEOI Technology Conference 21st April 2015 1
Space Research Centre
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Scope • Overview of photon counting applications • Space situational awareness applications • Project aims and objectives • New detector technologies
– Photocathodes – enhanced QE and lifetime – Microchannel plate – higher lifetime & efficiency – Square format image tubes – low mass, high fill factor – Image readout – high temporal and spatial resolution – Adaptive electronics – scene-dependent optimisation
• Success criteria • Partner heritage • Summary
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Imaging photon-counting applications
• Space situational awareness applications – Faint object tracking – Space weather
• imaging and spectroscopy of planetary aurora and limb • magnetospheric charge exchange emission
• Space science applications – high resolution imaging and spectroscopy
• optical and UV planetary science and astronomy • Additional terrestrial applications
– Biological and medical sciences • time resolved spectroscopy e.g. fluorescence lifetime imaging
– High energy physics • picosecond timing for Cherenkov detection
– Materials analysis • semiconductor testing
– Defence and security sectors • neutron imaging, 3D imaging, low light level surveillance, threat detection.
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Space situational awareness: Faint object tracking
Slow frame rate CCD • Detector sums:
– Object counts – Diffuse background – Readout noise
• Low frame rate sums over all Δt
• Object signal competes with sky background
Horizontal axis: space Vertical axis: time Object counts: red Diffuse background: green Readout noise: blue Detector sums grey region
Δt
Figure credit: Priedhorsky, Applied optics 44(3), 423
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Space situational awareness: Faint object tracking
Higher frame rate CCD • Detector sums:
– Object counts – Diffuse background – Readout noise
• Multiple frames over Δt • Object signal competes
with: – lower sky background – Higher readout noise
Horizontal axis: space Vertical axis: time Object counts: red Diffuse background: green Readout noise: blue Detector sums grey region
Δt
Figure credit: Priedhorsky, Applied optics 44(3), 423
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Space situational awareness: Faint object tracking
Photon counting detector • Sub-ns time resolution
≡ very high frame rate
• No readout noise • Sky background:
– summed only per resolution element
Horizontal axis: space Vertical axis: time Object counts: red Diffuse background: green Readout noise: blue Detector sums grey region
Δt
Figure credit: Priedhorsky, Applied optics 44(3), 423
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Space situational awareness: Space weather
• Techniques to measure solar wind interaction • Predictions for effects on:
– Satellite health and survival – Space and terrestrial communications – Terrestrial weather
• Auroral and limb imaging
• Magnetospheric charge exchange emission – Open-faced detector with
soft x-ray photocathode Image credit: D. Bodewits (University of Maryland)
Aurora Australis from NASA IMAGE satellite
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Project Aim
• Develop high TRL technology demonstrator – Combine latest technological developments – Covering all aspects of detector performance – Improved photo-response (efficiency) – Imaging performance (rate/resolution trade-off) – Sub-nanosecond single photon timing – Mechanical format for high density packing – Enhanced detector lifetime
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Project Objectives • UV solar-blind photocathode technology
– Photek’s state-of-the-art cut-off of optical wavelengths – allows UV detection at photon counting sensitivity at high background light levels
• Enhanced MCP performance using atomic layer deposition (ALD) – Enhanced detector lifetime, quantum efficiency, lower noise, higher signal dynamic range, lower HV
• Square tube, thin wall, low mass detector design – high fill factor, detector arrays with low dead area.
• High speed capacitive division image readout (C-DIR) – low complexity, cost-effective, centroiding image readout – Enhanced count rate, image resolution, and time resolution performance
• Adaptive digital processing electronics – scene dependent optimisation for enhanced dynamic range – digital filtering for real-time count rate vs image resolution trade-off
• Demonstrator system combining enabling technologies – TRL 6 typically required for entry into space missions
• Performance goals: – Resolution: ≤10 µm FWHM, photon rate: ≥5 Mcount/s, lifetime >10C/cm2 ≡ ~1014 event/cm2
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Photocathode developments • Solar-blind CsTe photocathode
– Photek world-leading performance • Optical wavelength rejection • Cut-off of two orders of
magnitude >350 nm. • Peak quantum efficiency (QE) at
254 nm 9% (HST) 34% • Applications in the scientific,
commercial and military sectors • Detection of distant, faint UV
sources – Auroral imaging, UV astronomy – flames, jet engines, missile plumes – high level of optical background
rejection (cf. CCD red leak)
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MCP enhancement using Atomic Layer Deposition
• Production of very thin, pinhole-free conformal films
• Two step, sequential, self-limiting process
• Two precursors react to produce atomic scale films Courtesy: SPIE Newsroom, 8 May 2012
• Low vacuum (viscous flow) • Elevated temperature (100’s °C)
Alumina deposition
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ALD enhanced MCPs • ALD coating of conventional MCPs
– several monolayers of material • Enhance the secondary electron yield
(SEY) • Improved QE due to “first electron
bounce” statistic • ALD coating enhances MCP QDE by over 20%
• lower operating voltage due to the higher SEY
• increased detector lifetime due to reduced MCP outgassing – ALD seals in adsorbates on the MCP surface – Reduces ion feedback which causes QE loss
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Square format MCP detector • Thin-walled square
tube recently developed
• Application-friendly square image format
• Easier close packing of tube arrays
• Smaller dead space between active readout regions
• Project aim: enhance TRL for space mission adoption
CERN, 18th December 2014 CEOI Technology Conference 21st April 2015 13
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Space Research Centre
Event charge is localized on resistive layer Transient signal induced through dielectric Dielectric substrate part of vacuum housing Induced signal sensed by C-DIR readout C-DIR - a capacitively coupled electrode array
Capacitive division – breakthrough performance A new concept in centroiding readouts Purely capacitive – picosecond timing potential No resistive noise – no partition noise 25 x 25 mm2 C-DIR – pattern capacitance of <8 pF! Very low total noise (<200 e- rms at τ=250ns)
→ 1000 × 1000 pixel2 at 106 electrons. Simple linear algorithm – minimal processing Excellent linearity - utilize >80% of anode Capacitances intrinsic in pattern geometry
Applications Wide-field fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) Sub-nanosecond photon-timing/imaging pptv trace gas measurement using BBCEAS UV astronomy – imaging and spectroscopy TOF applications in materials science Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors for HEP
C-DIR – the “Capacitive Division Image Readout”
Proof-of-concept prototype
Prototype image data
C-DIR equivalent circuit
Optimised flex-PCB C-DIR readout
Linearity simulation
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in ADC out
in ADC out
in ADC out
in ADC out
Threshold (FPGA controlled DAC)
Signal processing FPGA Digitizer (1 Gsample 4 ch., 14-bit)
Adaptive Electronics Variable shaping (simple e.g. exp decay)
C-DIR readout
Triggering
Autonomous or user selected Mode choice ->
Shaping control Digitizer sample rate Digitizer sample depth Threshold control Filtering algorithm Decoding algorithm
Baseline restoration
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Success Criteria
• Combination of enabling technologies – In a single device at TRL 6 – As a fallback – 2 devices (circular and square formats)
• Detector performance goals: – Resolution: ≤10 µm FWHM – photon count rate: ≥5 Mcount/s – lifetime >10C/cm2 ≡ ~1014 event/cm2
• Adoption in space mission proposal(s) – Enquiries very welcome
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Success Criteria (2)
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Project partner heritage • University of Leicester, Space Research Centre
– MCP detectors for X-ray/UV astronomy • Exosat-CMA • ROSAT-WFC • AXAF-HRI • J-PEX
• Photek Ltd. – Custom space qualified MCP tubes for astronomy, EO and space
weather • ACE – Advanced Composition Explorer • XMM – Optical Monitor • MSX-UVISI – Detector • TIMED-GUVI – Global Ultraviolet Imager • DMSP-SSUSI – Special Sensor Ultra-violet Spectrographic Imager • Astrosat-UVIT – Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope
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Summary
• Assembly of state-of-the-art detector technologies – Enhanced QE, life time, imaging, square format – Scene adaptive performance optimization – Aimed at Space situational awareness applications
• Faint object tracking • Space weather
– High TRL demonstrator for early mission adoption
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Acknowledgements
• University of Leicester – Steven Leach – Project Scientist
• Photek Ltd. – Martin Ingle – Project manager
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