High Technology Clusters in UK: Science Parks & Incubators for Innovation & Entrepreneurship

Phil CookeCentre for Advanced Studies

Cardiff UniversityConference: ‘Innovazione e sviluppo locale: Esperienze

italiane e internazionali,’ Artimino, October 12-13, 2007

MAR and Jacobs

• Boschma, Frenken, Van Oort et al Utrecht• MAR ascribed view that sectoral or cluster

specialisation furthers innovativeness• Jacobs ascribed view that diversification of

sectors is key to innovativeness• Research by Cantwell/Iammarino (2003);

Utrecht Team; C. Ketels - suggests growth dynamics (including innovation) are more associated with ‘related variety’

Related Variety

• An evolutionary concept• Variety enhances health of species (cf. Dutch

elm disease; or contemporary devastation of Ponderosa pine forest in BC, Canada)

• Too much diversity makes ‘lateral absorptive capacity’ difficult = ‘cognitive dissonance’

• Neighbouring and proximate knowledge interaction ‘adds value’ to localised knowledge spillovers

• Clusters have some, but limited, related variety

Incubators for Specialisation

• E.g. Bioincubation• Specialist infrastructure• Specific service requirements• Distinctive ‘screening’ expertise• Long-term financing model• Opportunities for IPR & licensing revenue• Geographical & Relational Proximity

Science Parks as ‘Related Variety’ Proximity Platforms

• Harmonious interaction between entrepreneurship and the innovation system

• Entrepreneurs proximate to innovation system hub

• System hub has interactive policy instruments

The Cambridge & Oxford Science Parks

• Originally, somewhat ‘Jacobian’• Or, at least, diversified – by 1980s Cambridge

Science Park (1969) had very mixed tenants• Pharmaceutical, electronics, biotechnology,

materials, software, consultancies, etc.• Little networking – so Cambridge Network Ltd.

(ICT) set up in 1986 – Californian model• Later, incubators, e.g. St. John’s & Babraham

(C), BioTechNet (O) brought MAR interactions• By 2000s quite good ‘related variety’ ICT-Bio-

Nano interactions and spillovers

The First Cambridge Clusters in ICT : a MAR-type cluster – Wolfson & St. John’s Incubator

Addenbrooke’s Hospital

Cambridge Biotechnology

Northern Venture Managers Cambridge

University

Pfizer

Lorantis

Cambridge Antibody Technology

Domantis

Abbott

Eli Lilly

Astex

Daniolabs

Neurodegeneration Consortium

Gateway Fund

Biotica

Babraham Bioincubator

Babraham Technix

Babraham Bioscience Inst Technologies Ltd Wellcome Trust

Wyeth Amgen AstraZeneca

Cambridge Crytallographic Data Centre

GlaxoSmithKline

Gilead Sciences

(joint venture)

(Cambridge University administered)

Institute for Medical Research

Challenge Fund

Founders came out of Pfizermacrolide

templates

Vistide out-license

Hepsera out-license

virtual screening collaboration

(Cambridge University)

(funding)

partnership

arthritis collaboration

(funding)

licensing

licensing

Genzyme

antibodies license

validation

(funding)

Chiron -

(Novartis)

prOSIdion

ProlifixOSI Pharmaceuticals

Oxford Biotechnology

Celltech

Oxford Glycoscience

Genzyme Therapeutics

Genzyme Biosurgery

Chroma Therapeutics

Evolutec Oxford Immunotech

Prolysis

Oxxon Therapeutics

Powderject

EverestSerotecOxford Biomedica

Surface Therapeutics

Oxford Gene Technology

Glycoform PharminoxAvidex

Vastox

Evotec OAIOxitecUniversity of

Oxford

Spinouts

Oxford MolecularBiovex

drug discovery alliance

subsidiary

joint ventures

Nycomed Amersham Imaging-(GE Healthcare)

collaborations

Orchid Cellmark

Oxagen

imaging collaboration

Oxford Genome Science

Oxford Brookes University

Oxford Expression Technologies

Oxford BioInnovation

Gilead Sciences

acquisition

spinout

acquisition

PowderMedsubsidiary

XiMed (Didcot)

UBC & OSI

Global Biotechnology Co-Patenting: 1998-2004

Paris Stockholm Copenhagen

San Diego Toronto

Tokyo

Jerusalem Boston Montreal

New York

Munich Cambridge(MA)

Singapore

Zurich Cam(UK)

London

London

Geneva Oxford

1-2 3-5 6-8 9+

UCSD SG, Inc Salk SRI

SP LP

T,Inc SPh U UCSF

SU G.Inc AN SI

HMS

BWH UM

GH CMCC

HU MIT

MP WI Biogen

Lugwig NYU NFC MSK RU

UP KI

OU JRH

CAT CU

UTo HSC

UMo McU

NUS DSI

UUTo SEC

HeU Hadasit

RIT KI

ICRT UL

MRC CRCT

NIMR

ZU ETH

FSA

RVAU

MPGFW

Scotland’s ‘Knowledge Economy’ Approach

• Global Knowledge Flows• Cosmopolitanism• Retaining ‘Talent’• FDI conversion to R&D• Intermediary Technology Institutes• Clusters/’Proof of Concept Fund’• Scotland’s Science Strategy• Edinburgh Science Triangle -

Edinburgh Science Triangle: Towards ‘Related Variety’ Platform-Building?

• Alba Campus – advanced IT software design• Edinburgh Technopole – 62 hec. S&T Park• BioCampus – 12 hec. Biomanufacturing GMP

centre• Heriot Watt Research Park – est.1971• Centre for BioMedical Research – medical

bioincubator• Pentlands Science Park – veterinary &

environmental• Roslin BioCentre – transgenics R&D

commercialisation institute

Scotland’s Life Sciences Infrastructure

acquistion

Ardana Bioscience

Axis-Shield

Biovation

CyclacelInveresk Research

Strakan

Viragen

Evotec

Edinburgh University

Zentaris

Columbia Laboratories Inc.

Pharmacuro ApS

MRC Human Reproductive Services Unit, Edinburgh

Senetek PLC

Cytochemia AG

St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester

out-licence Striant

Nordic rights

German rights

in-licence Invicorp

in-license Striantin-license Turbutaline

commercialisation rights

Proskelia

Dundee Technopole

collaboration

Xcyte

acquisition

software collaboration

Dundee University

spinout

CV Therapeutics

collaborationAtlana

AstraZeneca

Lorus

Sankyo

GlaxoSmithKline

collaborations

Abbott

Diagnostics Products Corporation

diagnostics collaborations

Dundee Technology Centre

merger

ProPharma

acquisition

University of Strathclyde

spin-out

Charles River Laboratories Inc.

merger

Oxford BioMedica PLC

Roslin Institute

antibody collaborations

Nottingham University

Cancer Research UK

Merck

acquisition

Micro-elektronica

Nanotechnologie

Telematica

Communicatie

E-security

Mechatronica

Feed – food

- health

Life

sciences

L-SEC

DSP-Valley

Leuven.Inc

Jacobian Cluster Platform Policy

Lateral System Support• Knowledge centres• Entrepreneurs• Seed Money• Capital markets• Infrastructure• Role Models• Cluster Policy• Presence of international companies• Networks• Government• Quality of Life

Altaline Technologies

Telindus

Arcadiz

Telecom

Topcom

Weidmuller

Delta Design

Netsize

CDM

Tyco Electronics

Xplanation

Xentec Loft33

Smash Uitgeverij Averbode

Opikanoba

Telraam

Hypervision

EMD

Better Access

Reymen

Data Center

Ardatis

Sitelcom

Spacechecker

X-Plane SIMAC

Able

Terayon Comm. Systems

Mixed innovative

driven

Q Star Test

Micro Matic

Eyetronics

Medicim

Orban

Microwave

Products

ICOS

FillFactory

Tomoton

AnSem Philips

Resonext

Adelante

Technologies

Windriver

Septentrio

QMedit

Mind Linux Solutions

Acunia

Easics

Agilent Technologies

Option International

Pure innovatieve

driven

Telecommunications

IMEC

KULeuven

K.U.Leuven

4 Research groups

IMEC

Wireless & multimedia

platform

Kenniscentra

Centres of

excellence

Assurcard

EPYC

Smash

Hypervision

Cronos-

EGOVA

Ardatis

Electronic Virtual Office

SOFTDEXX

Good-Ex

Benelux-France

Manage-IT

Abtimore

Apeiron

EMD

Utimaco Safeware

Evisor (IBM)

Telindus

Hypertrust

Risc Technology Belgium

Data4S

Cryptomathic

Better Access

Ubizen

Control Solutions

International

E-security

KULeuven

K.U.Leuven

Faculty of Applied Sciences

2 Research groups

K.U.Leuven

Faculty of Law

ICRI research group

Kenniscentra

Centres of

excellence

Pure innovation

driven

Mixed innovation

driven

Biotest Seralco

Benelux

Terumo

Europe

Autocyte

Europe

Conti BPC

Ortec

VWR InternationalCentocor

Malaise&co

IVIA

Medvision

Benelux

Norgine

Dermat

E.S.R.I.

Deckers Div

Dakocytomation

Cochlear

M-Elect

Vivactiss

Custom8

@Medical Techn.

New Standard Eng.

Materialise

MXS

Data4S

PharmaDM

QMedit

PatientWeb

Thromb-X

reMYND

Algonomics

4AZA Biosciences

Tigenix

RNA-TEC

Medicim

Life sciences

KULeuven

Univ hospitals

K.U.Leuven

Rega Institute

CEHA

Lab of Exp. Genetics & Transgenese

VIB

VIGOUR

Kenniscentra

Centers of

excellence

Pure innovatieve

bedrijven

Mixed innovatieve

bedrijven

28/10/07

Performance Indicators

20,00015,500Jobs

8 bn. €*

* Growth 10 %4.5 bn. €Turnover

400>300N° of

companies

2010 2010 (est.)20042004

DSP Valley Extension: from Jacobian to MAR

DSP Valley network-node

Eindhoven

DSP Valley network-node

Aachen

DSP Valley network-node

Leuven

Digital Signal Processing

• Is central to products like high-density hard-disk drives

• Desktop video-conferencing• Audio/video compression by rapidly processing

large amounts of digital information • Used in conjunction with mixed-signal devices

and embedded software, it is referred to as a DSP Solution

• It collects, processes, compresses, transmits and displays analogue and digital data

Norway: Rogaland-Stavanger ‘Related Variety’ Culinary Platform

AquacultureRese arch

Gast ronomisk Institutt

‘Meat and Dr ink Arena ’

Uni versity of StavangerHospitality and T ourism Management

Research on Omega 3 Food Enrichment

Regional, National and Global Supplier Industries (e .g. Hor ticulture, Organic Seaf ood and Meat, Non -organic Food, Cer amics, Wine, Beer and Spirits, Equity Finance, Culinary Law and Logistics, Chilli ng and Freezing, Restaurant Desi gn)

Food Science Tr aining Food High School Tr aining

Government of Norway

Innovation Nor wayRegions and Counties

Gour met Chefs, Sommeliers & Wai ters

Bocuse D’Or European Cuisi ne Championshi ps, “Buf fet ”Chef , “Youn g Chefs ” Competition s, “Green Fair , Gladmat , Food & Wine Festivals

Gour met Restaurants ”Fusi on” Restaurants Etc.

Stavan ger -Rogaland ”Norway ’s Fine st Culinary Cluster ”

Conclusions

• UK high-tech clusters begin specialised (MAR) but evolve towards limited Jacobian character

• Incubation more ‘hands-on’ and can be best when specialised

• Science Parks, once seemed too diversified, but potentially new ‘platform’ functions emerge

• KU Leuven ‘learns’ from Cambridge – moves swiftly from rather weak MAR origins (IMEC) to powerful Jacobian ‘related variety’

• Platform assists local, inter-sectoral ‘horizontal’ ‘related variety’ innovation, relational proximity to firms in other nodes helps ‘pipeline’ innovation

• Entrepreneurship benefits from horizontal ‘absorptive capacity’ proximities and vertical absorptive capacity customer networks