high pressure x-ray diffraction experiments on the omega ... · high pressure x-ray diffraction...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega ... · High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega and NIF Laser Facilities + future experiments at the ESRF](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5e9b0139b6587d24b246a723/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HighPressureX-rayDiffractionExperimentsontheOmegaandNIFLaserFacilities+futureexperimentsattheESRF
Raymond F. Smith Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Jon Eggert, Ryan Rygg, Federica Coppari, Marius Millot, Amy Jenei, Rick Kraus, Dayne Fratanduono, and others (LLNL)
June Wicks, Thomas Duffy (Princeton Univ.)
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Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources
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Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid (1)
ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources
Time
LaserPower
Multi-shock
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Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(2)
(1)
ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources
Time
LaserPower
Shock+Ramp +isentropicreleaseTime
LaserPower
Multi-shock
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Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(3)
(2)
(1)
ThenatureofhighpressurephasetransformationscannowbeexploredwithusingtemporallyshapedLaserdriverscoupledwithx-raysources
Time
LaserPower
Time
LaserPower
Ramp
Shock+Ramp +isentropicreleaseTime
LaserPower
Multi-shock
![Page 6: High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega ... · High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega and NIF Laser Facilities + future experiments at the ESRF](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5e9b0139b6587d24b246a723/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Mg2SiO4(olivine(
B1(MgO((+((MgSiO3(Pv%
MgSiO3(pPv%
FeNi(alloy(liquid%
B1%(NaCl0type)(
B2%(CsCl0type)(
S8shovite(CaCl2%0type(
PbO2%0type(
Pyrite(
Cotunnite(
Fe2P0type(
Perovskite%(Pv)%
Post0Perovskite%(Pv)%
MgO(+(MgSi2O5(?(
?(
Fe(alloy((
liquid?%hcp?%fcc?%
500(GPa(
1300(GPa(
MgO$MgSiO3$ SiO
2$
135(GPa(
23(GPa(
Super(Earth((10(Earth(masses)(
Earth((1(Earth(mass)(
hcp?%
360(GPa( ~4000(GPa(
RecentexperimentsonOmegahavefocusedondeterminingthehighpressurecrystalstructureofMgO andFeSi alloys
JuneWicks
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DemonstratedatOmega,PXRDIP(PowderX-RayDiffractionImagePlates)
NIFTARDIS(TARget DiffractionInSitu)
28.6mm
R62.6mm
1TPa =1000GPa =10MbarWehavedevelopednsx-raydiffractionplatformsontheOmegaandNIFLaserfacilities
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Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic
x-ray source
*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)
ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
sample
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Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic
x-ray source
*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)
ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
sample
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Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic
x-ray source
*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)
ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
sample
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Target Laserpulseshapes X-raydiffractiondiagnostic
x-ray source
*Rygg,RSI(2012)*Lazicki,PRL(2015)
ThePXRDIPdiagnosticattheOmegalaserrecordsx-raydiffractionin1ns
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
sample
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OnOmegaandNIFX-rayprobeisquasi-monochromaticHe-αlineemission
1011 - 1012 photonsincidentonsample3.5%bandwidth
X-raySpectrumemittedin4π~nsLaser
~nsLaser
Cufoil
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
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PXRDIPBOX
Mainsourcesofnoise
HardX-rayemissionfromHe-αsource
ThermalX-rayemissionfromdriveplasma(scaleswithLaserIntensity,plasmavolumeandduration)
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CH MgO Quartz
250µm
Targetdesign
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CH MgO Quartz
VISARvelocityinterferometer,providesinformationonMgOpressureversustime
LaserDrive
ShockFront
Experimentalsetup
StreakedOpticalPyrometer
ProvidesinformationonMgOtemperatureversustimeattheshockfront.
LaserP
ower
Time(ns)0 10
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CH MgO Quartz
Hydrocode simulationsmatchedtoQuartzshockvelocityto
determineMgOPressureduringx-rayprobetime.
VISARLaserDrive
ShockFront
PressureDeterminationusingreflectingshockinquartz
Dist
ance
(µm
)
14121086Time (ns)
MgO Qtz
18
16
14Quar
tz S
hock
Ve
loci
ty (
km/s
)
15141312Time (ns)
Visar Hydrocode
LaserP
ower
Time(ns)0 10
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Leftpanel
TaTa
Ta
Ta
Ta
MgOB2
011
002
112
022
013
222
MgOB2 110
MgOB2 100
JuneWicks
At515GPa MgO isintheB2phaseontheHugoniot
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LaserDrive
DiamondFeSi
Targetdesignforramp-compressionofFeSi
Diamond
Las
er P
ower
80 Time (ns)
VISAR
UsingthistechniquewehaveobtaineddiffractiondatafromsolidstateFeSialloysupto1300GPa
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ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.
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X-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmega/NIFandESRF
- X-raysource- RequiredLaserSpotSize- Signal-to-Noise- Achievablesamplepressures- ShotRate
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EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
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EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
FutureESRF250µmphaseplate
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EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
ESRF250µmphaseplateNIF
Energy~ 144kJin30ns@351nmShotRate=1shot/8hoursMaxSamplePressure> 3,000GPa
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EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
ESRF250µmphaseplateOmega-EP
Energy~ 8kJin10ns@351nmShotRate=1shot/90minutesMaxSamplePressure> 1000GPa
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EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
FutureESRFEnergy~ 100-200Jin4-10ns@527or1054nmShotRate=1shot/1minuteMaxSamplePressure500+GPa
FutureESRF250µmphaseplate
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EnergyNeededtoachieveagivenpressurescaleswithLaserIntensityForShockSamplewithaCHablator:PCH ~ ILASER0.8
ForRampCompressionSamplewithadiamondablator:PDiamond ~ ILASER0.7
1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpot Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
ESRF250µmphaseplateToachieve800GPa indiamondover10ns:
NIF:20kJOMEGA:3kJESRF:200J
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1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpotESRF250µmphaseplate400µmx-raysspot,
nsduration300µmx-raysnsduration
20µmx-rays?100ps duration
Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
LaserspotsareneededonOmegaandNIFtoaccommodatelargerdiameterx-raybeams.Thisimprovesthesignal-to-noiseinthediffractionpattern
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1.51.00.50.0
-0.5-1.0-1.5
Dist
ance
(m
m)
-1 0 1Distance (mm)
TARDIS tiled spot
NIFLaserSpotESRF250µmphaseplate
400µmx-rays
300µmx-rays
20-80µmx-rays
Omega-EP1.1mmphaseplate
LaserspotsareneededonOmegaandNIFtoaccommodatelargerdiameterx-raybeams.Thisimprovesthesignal-to-noiseinthediffractionpattern
Improvedsignal-to-noiseatESRF:
- ReduceddriveLaserplasmavolume- Nounwantedhighenergyx-rayemission
associatedwiththex-rayprobe- Highenergyx-raysfromESRFspectrally
decoupledfromlaserplasmax-rayspectrum
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New100-Jclass,pulse-shapedlasersarebeingbuiltatX-raysourcesaroundtheworld.
Every20mins/Hr,100J@3ω,flashlamp:LOGOS/LLE
DiPOLE:10Hz,100J@1ωDPSSL:RAL
HEDscienceinstrument,HIBEF
Long pulse Laser(Ceramic)200J/10-20ns/0.1Hz/532nm
MEC
• Continuum laser, 2-20 ns, 2ω• 40 J in 10 ns, 10 min. rep rate.
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PulseShapingisimportanttoaccessdifferentthermodynamiccompressionpaths
Omega-EP,Pulseshapetoproduceasteadyshock
NIFpulseshapetoproducearamp-compressionwave
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Lase
r Pow
er (
TW)
1086420Time (ns)
Delivered: 1313 J Requested Pulse Shape
100
80
60
40
20
0
Lase
r Pow
er (
TW)
3020100Time (ns)
Delivered: 452 kJ Requested Pulse Shape
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
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PulseshapingisavailableonLCLS/MECalbeitwithlessfidelity
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
Lase
r Pow
er (
TW)
12840Time (ns)
LD70, EF Beams, Run 89-143
MECLaser– April2014,25repeatlasershots
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
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PulseshapingatAPS-DCS
100J,3𝜔,10ns
10ns
10ns
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Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram
1)
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1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhases
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars
Needtoaverage~100shots
5umTa
1) 2a)
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
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1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhasesb) Liquiddiffraction
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars
Needtoaverage~100shots
5umTa
Weck,etal.,(2009)Gorman,etal.(2015)
Single-ShotBiLiquidDiffractionatLCLS 300sH2OLiquidDiffractionatESRF
Mayneedtoaverage~100shotstoobtainhigh-qualityliquiddiffraction
1) 2a)
2b)
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
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1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
2) low-signalphenomenaa) LowSymmetryPhasesb) Liquiddiffractionc) EXAFS
15-ShotAverageTaL-ShellEXAFSatOmega
Likelyneedtoaverage10-50shots
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars
Needtoaverage~100shots
5umTa
Weck,etal.,(2009)Gorman,etal.(2015)
Single-ShotBiLiquidDiffractionatLCLS 300sH2OLiquidDiffractionatESRF
Mayneedtoaverage~100shotstoobtainhigh-qualityliquiddiffraction
1) 2a)
2b) 2c)
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
![Page 37: High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega ... · High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega and NIF Laser Facilities + future experiments at the ESRF](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5e9b0139b6587d24b246a723/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.
![Page 38: High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega ... · High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega and NIF Laser Facilities + future experiments at the ESRF](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5e9b0139b6587d24b246a723/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
WithcompacthighpowerlasersystemsESRFandotherx-raysourcesofferexcitingpossibilitiesformuchimprovedsingle-to-noisemeasurementsofhigh-pressurecrystalstructure onmorecomplexmaterials.
ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.
![Page 39: High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega ... · High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Experiments on the Omega and NIF Laser Facilities + future experiments at the ESRF](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5e9b0139b6587d24b246a723/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
WithcompacthighpowerlasersystemsESRFandotherx-raysourcesofferexcitingpossibilitiesformuchimprovedsingle-to-noisemeasurementsofhigh-pressurecrystalstructure onmorecomplexmaterials.
Requirements- Needgoodphaseplates- LaserPulseshaping- HighRepratetargets- GoodVISARandPyrometry diagnostics- Equationofstateandhydrocode developmentto
understandtargetconditions
ConclusionsInrecentyearsX-raydiffractionexperimentsonOmegaandNIFhavebeenverysuccessfulindetermininghigh-pressurecrystalstructuresonmaterialswithhighsymmetry phases.
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Backupslides
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ExperimentsetupontheStanfordLCLS-MEChutch
10Jin10ns
(50fs)
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
RecentMECdiffractionpublications:Gleasonetal.,Nat.Comm.(2015)Gormanetal.,Phy.Rev.Letts.(2015)
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1) Quicklymapoutphasespaceusingvariablepulseshapes
2) low-signalphenomenaa) Narrow-bandwidth
diffractionb) Liquiddiffractionc) EXAFS
3) Makemoviesoftransitionsusingvariabletimedelaysovermanyshots
15-ShotAverageTaL-ShellEXAFSatOmega
Likelyneedtoaverage10-50shots
Tempe
rature
Pressure
I
II
Liquid
(1)
(2)
(3) (3)
PulseShapingtoProbeaPhaseDiagram MonochromaticDiffractionatBioCars
Needtoaverage~100shots
5umTa
Weck,etal.,(2009)Gorman,etal.(2015)
Single-ShotBiLiquidDiffractionatLCLS 300sH2OLiquidDiffractionatESRF
Mayneedtoaverage~100shotstoobtainhigh-qualityliquiddiffraction
1) 2a)
2b) 2c)
Totakeadvantageofthepotential1shot/minreprateweneedtodevelophighrepetitionratetargets.
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Equilibriumthermodynamicsisdescribedbyanequation-of-state(EOS)surface
Strongshocksprobehigh-temperatureEOSstates
RampedcompressionwavesprobeEOSatlowertemperaturesthanshocks
P
Time
P
Time
Pressure(G
Pa)
TheentireregionofphasespacebetweentheHugoniotandtheIsentrope canbeprobedbyvariabletime-dependentdrives.
1TPa =1000GPa =10Mbar
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FutureexperimentsusingtheESRFlaserLaser100-200J,4-10ns,shaped,1shot/minute,1053nm&528nm
X-raysPhaseI,thelaserwillbecoupledtoaXASbeamline(5-27keV).PhaseII,,wehopetoaddasecondbeamlinewithXRD,XRIandXES(~ 20- 60keV),pinkbeam(1-2%bandwidth),~1x1011 photonsperX-raypulsein100ps.