high performance toughened vinyl ester resins · single-edge-notch bending (senb ) k 1c and g 1c...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: High Performance Toughened Vinyl Ester Resins · single-edge-notch bending (SENB ) K 1c and G 1c ... Flexural Summary • CSRVE rebounds back to original position after testing •](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa273de22e332060b4ee5ee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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A novel approach to reduce fatigue cycling damage, impact resistance, and crack propagation in composite structures
High Performance Toughened Vinyl Ester Resins
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Critical Damage/Recovery Properties of Vinyl Ester Resin with Rubber Modifier
Need to:
• Retain strength in the presence of flaws/damages
• Be able to store and recover large strains in response to temperature
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Typical Graphical Representation of Glass Transition Range using DMA
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• Standard vinyl ester • Core shell rubber modified vinyl ester • Low viscosity epoxy resin used in the wind
industry
Resins Chosen for Study
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• Flexural properties (ASTM D790) • Tensile properties (ASTM D638) • Plane-strain fracture toughness (ASTM D5045)
single-edge-notch bending (SENB) K1c and G1c
Clear Cast Mechanical Properties
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• Short beam shear (ASTM D2344) • Drop ball impact • Fatigue testing
Fiber Reinforced Mechanical Properties
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Flexural Test ASTM D790 on CSRVE at Maximum Deflection
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Heating above Resin Tg (130°C) - Coupon Original Shape Recovered after 3 Minutes
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Damage Recovery to Show Flexural Strength Retention
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
Stress (psi)
Extension (in)
123[4]
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Flexural Strength Retention Data
Flexural Peak Stress
Original Anneal 1 Anneal 2 Anneal 3
20,000
16,000
12,000
8,000
4,000
0
(psi) Flexural Modulus
Original Anneal 1 Anneal 2 Anneal 3
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
(psi)
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Flexural Test – ISO 178-2010 (similar to ASTM D790)
• CSRVE – (135 MPa) Flexural no breaks - no permanent
deformation • Epoxy – (125 MPa) Flexural no breaks, light permanent
deformation
• Vinyl standard – (145 MPa) Bending - breaking • Polyester standard – (115 MPa) Bending - breaking/shattered
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Typical Tensile Properties of the Various Base Resins
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
Stress (psi)
Strain (in/in)
Epoxy 2 CSRVE 2
DCPD
Standard VE
Epoxy 1 CSRVE 1
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Tensile Elongation
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Damage Recovery after Tensile Testing (ASTM D638)
Control Coupon — has not been tested
Coupon was stressed before failure
Coupon annealed above the glass transition andrecovered
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Typical Tensile Properties of the Various Base Resins Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness (ASTM D5045) (SENB) – G1c
• K1C is standing for critical stress intensity factor • G1C is standing for critical energy release rate
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Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness (ASTM D5045) (SENB) – K1c and G1c
specimen: 60 mm x 12.8 mm x 3.2 mm pre-crack: 6 mm depth by blade-tapping head speed: 1mm/min.
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Elongation Comparison With Fracture Toughness, K1C
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Energy per unit area of crack surface or critical strain energy release rate, G1C, at fracture initiation.
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Apparent Interlaminar Shear Strength – Short-Beam Shear ISO 14130: 1997 (similar to ASTM D2334)
• Resistance test wing delamination of laminated carbon UD 300 g/m2 12K, 6-ply thickness 2mm
CSRVE deformation at 120 Mpa – no breaks
Standard VE resin deformation at 90 MPa crack breaking interlaminate
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Apparent Interlaminar Shear Strength – Short-Beam Shear ISO 14130: 1997 (similar to ASTM D2334)
• Resistance wing delamination of laminated carbon UD 300 g/m2 12K, 6-ply thickness 2mm
DGEBA epoxy resin with 828 hardener dioxide MTHPA strain 110 MPa - no breaks
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CSRVE Unique Toughness Properties
1-Lb. Steel Ball Dropped from 2 Feet on Un-Reinforced Castings
Standard VE CSRVE
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CSRVE Recovered
CSRVE Heat Treated and Recovered from Damage CSRVE Heat Treated and Recovered from Damage
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Drop Ball Impact on 3 Ply’s of E-Glass Mat from 2 Feet Drop Ball Impact on 3 Plys of E-Glass Mat from 2 Feet
Standard VE DCPD
CSRVE 1 CSRVE 2
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Drop Ball Impact on 4 Plys of 3K Carbon Weave Fabric From 3 Feet
CSRVE 2 Structural Epoxy
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Drop Ball Impact on 3 Ply’s of E-Glass Mat from 2 Feet Drop Ball Impact on 4 Plys of 3K Carbon Weave Fabric From All Heights
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Drop Ball Impact on 4 Ply of 3K Carbon Weave
0
1
2
3
4
5
3 4 5 6
Height (ft)
Cra
ck
Le
ng
th (
in)
Epoxy
CSRVE
Drop Ball Impact
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Toughness and Resistance to Fatigue of the Control Resin and CSRVE
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
VE CSRVE 1 CSRVE 2 Epoxy 1 Epoxy 2
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
HD
T
HD
T
HD
T
HD
T
HD
T
Tg
Tg
Tg
Tg
Tg
HDT and DSC Tg Properties
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HDT Coupon Recovery
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Straight Coupon was Bent after Heating
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Heat Treated CSRVE Flat Coupon Made into a Coil
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Recovery of Original Shape after Heat Treatment
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Application Trial – CSRVE Vacuum Infusion of Transportation Deck
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Hammer Impact Test on High Performance Olefin Yarn Comingled with 3K Carbon Fiber Helmet – No puncture!
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Light Weight Moldable Parts using CSRVE Resin, Olefin, Carbon, Olefin/Carbon Hybrid Fabric, & Styrofoam Beads
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Flexural Summary
• CSRVE rebounds back to original position after testing
• Epoxy would bend but would not recover • VE fractured • CSRVE above Tg will go back to original
shape – the same sample retested retained 80% of the original strength
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Tensile Summary
• Epoxy and standard VE were sensitive to defects and reduced elongation by half
• CSRVE samples were not sensitive to defects,
very little reduction in elongation
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G1c and Fatigue Summary
• G1c – CSRVE had 10 times the toughness of the
epoxy and VE • Fatigue test
– Control Resin pultruded spring – 125K cycles to failure
– CSRVE pultruded spring – 1 million cycles – did not break
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Short Beam Shear
• CSRVE and epoxy did not shear – they bent
• VE sheared
• CSRVE had 120 MPa shear strength with no break, and epoxy resin had 110 MPa shear strength with no break
• Overall CSRVE has very good adhesion to carbon fiber
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Drop Ball Impact Summary
• CSRVE using CS E-glass had the least damage compared to VE laminate
• Carbon fiber laminates made with CSRVE had
better crack resistances compared to the epoxy laminates
• Carbon fiber laminate made with epoxy broke in
half at 6-foot drop whereas the CSRVE laminate did not
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HDT and DSC Summary
• Coupons after HDT testing show that CSRVE coupon rebounds back to original shape under static load – epoxy and VE did not have enough to rebound
• DSC scans show that all resins evaluated were
fully cured
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Thank you! Questions?
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