High Middle Ages1000-1300 A.D.

• Last invasions (Viking and Magyar) end in 10th Century

• Greater security leads to the resumption of society on a larger scale

• Corporate life begins to grow

Improved farming techniques• Iron tipped Plow replaces wood

• Harness for Horse

• Three Field system replaces two field

• Leads to increase in food production

• Allows population to grow

• Actually now have a surplus population-not everyone needs to produce food.

Scholasticism and Universities

• Education in Early Middle Ages– Society organized for war and defense– Slight support for education

• Improved Economy and stability led to the possibility for education

• The Scholastic method was the method used to gain knowledge

• Latin was the language use in all Universities

Key Concept:

• Medieval thought began with the existence of God and the truth of his revelation as interpreted by the Church. The Medieval mind rejected the fundamental principle of Greek Philosophy-the autonomy of reason. Without the guidance of revealed truth, reason was seen as feeble.

Scholastic Purpose

• Provide rational explanation for what was believed on faith

• Prove reason and faith were harmonious

• Reconciled traditional Christian teaching and the new body of information recovered from the Ancient Greeks after 12th Century

• Use human reason (Aristotle) to understand the supernatural content of Christian revelation

Key Term: Dogma

• Definition:– A doctrine or body of doctrines concerning

faith or morals formally stated and authoritatively proclaimed by a Church

Influences on Scholasticism

• Aristotle– Translation of Aristotle into Latin opened up

new world of information that could not be ignored

– Aristotle was the Authority on all areas other than religion

Scholastic Philosophy

• Convinced of fundamental harmony between reason and revelation

• When conflicts arose between faith and reason faith was supreme– Philosophy was the servant to theology– Theology defined as the intellectual study of religion– Theology known as the “Queen of the sciences”

Scholastic Method

• Reliance on authority

• Use of precision in language

• Use of Deductive Logic– From large accepted truth to smaller truths

• Not at all like the scientific method

Scholastic Philosophers

• Peter Abelard 1079-1142– Wrote Sic et non “Yes and No”– Utilized systematic doubting– “By doubting we come to questioning and by

questioning we perceive the truth”– Use of dialectics: Any systematic

reasoning that juxtaposes two contradictory ideas and

seeks to resolve their conflict

Scholastic Philosophers (cont.)

• St. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274• Summa Theologica• Foremost Scholastic Philosopher• Created a synthesis of western philosophies and

attempted to reconcile to Christian belief• Drew distinction between faith and reason

– Reason can demonstrate many basic principles such as the existence of God, Trinity can’t be proved by logic

Medieval Architecture

From Romanesque to Gothic

Romanesque Architecture

• Viking invaders had burned wooden Churches in the 9th and 10th Centuries

• After 1000 AD Church building increased dramatically

• Fire proofing was essential• Stone replaced wood building• Romanesque-heavy roof, thick walls, little

light

Gothic Architecture

• Pointed arch, flying buttress

• Thinner walls, Stained glass

• Uninterupted light

• Built Cathedrals to glorify God

• Huge time and $ investment

Gothic Architecture cont.

• Main alter faced East, toward Jerusalem

• West faced setting sun-Last judgment

• North-least light; old testament

• South-most light; new testament

Medieval Art

• Art in the Middle Ages served a religious function which was to lift the mind toward God.

• It depicted a spiritual universe in which the supernatural was the supreme reality

• Left side of painting depicted the damned, right side the saved

Useful definitions

• Renaissance is a French word meaning rebirth- rebirth in that they resumed a civilization like that of the Greco-Romans

• The basic institutions of Europe originated in the Middle Ages

• Renaissance marked a new era in thought and feeling

• It pertained to high culture and hence to a limited number of persons

Definitions Continued

• Italian Renaissance involved the whole area of culture which is neither theological nor scientific but concerns moral and civic questions about what man ought to be or ought to do.

• Purely secular attitude appeared

• Life was no longer seen by leading thinkers as a brief preparation for the life after

Why Italy?

• Geography is Destiny

• Benefits of Medieval trade routes

• Venice and Genoa

Why Italy Continued

• Merchants made fortunes in commerce

• Lent money to Princes and Popes and thus made more money as bankers

• Rejoiced in the beautiful things and psychological satisfactions that money could buy

• Outlook was secular

Why Italy Cont.

• Italian towns were independent city –states

• Italy did not exist as a unified state

• Towns competed against each other-civic pride

Changing Attitudes

• What arose in Italy was a new conception of man himself

• This world was so exciting that another world need not be thought of

• What captivated the Italians was a sense of mans tremendous powers.

• Formerly there was a disdain for the things of the world. Now a life of involvement was also prized.

Terms and Quotes

• “The whole glory of man lies in activity” Leonardo Bruni

• Virtu: The quality of being a man- demonstration of human powers

Italian Humanism

The Birth of “Literature”

The greatest writers wrote about man, not God, placing man in the foreground, exalting him, praising him, questioning him, criticizing him, but not despising him and his worldly city as the Augustinians had been doing for a thousand years.

Birth of Humanism

• The literary movement of the Renaissance• Modern literature first appeared in the 14th

and 15th centuries in Italy• A class of men who saw themselves as

writers• Humanists used writing to please and

amuse their readers

Humanism: Thoughts• Humanism was the scholarly study of the

Latin and Greek classics and the ancient Church fathers for both their own sake and in the hope of a rebirth of ancient norms and values

• Unlike their scholastic rivals, Humanists were less bound to tradition; they did not focus all of their attention on summarizing and comparing the views of recognized authorities on a text or a question, but went directly to the original sources themselves. Their most respected sources were classical and biblical, not medieval.

Humanists

• Wrote a good deal in Latin• Preferred Latin style of the classical Roman period

– Complained that Middle Age Latin was too monkish, scholastic

• Also wrote in the Vernacular, Italian• Definition: Vernacular

– Using a language native to a region rather than a literary language (Italian in place of Latin)

• In the ancient writers the humanists found a new range of interests, discussion of political and civic questions

Neo Platonism

• Plato had expressed a very flattering view of human nature

• Eternal sphere of being and a perishable world in which humans actually lived

• Pico Della Mirandola’s oration on the dignity of man was very platonic.

• Allegory of the Cave

The birth of Italian HumanismPetrarch, Dante, Boccaccio

Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374

• “The first man of letters”• First Italian humanist• Trained for law and the clergy he criticized both

professions for their “Scholasticism”• Wrote Sonnets to Laura-clearly meant to be

literary productions• Wrote in Italian to popularize his ideas• Along with Boccaccio sought to create the

renaissance

Outside events

• The invention of the printing Press

• The fall of Constantinople in 1453

Petrarch

• His critical textual studies, elitiism and contempt for the allegedly useless learning of the scholastics were features that many later humanists shared

Sonnets to Laura

• May or may not have existed

• Lara in Latin means fame

• Married to another man

• Inspiration for Poetry

Petrarch, Cont.

• Literature became a kind of calling

• A consideration of moral philosophy no longer subordinate to theology

• How human beings should adjust to the world– what a good life could or ought to be, – where the genuine rewards for living were

to be found

Other Italian Humanists• Christine de Pisan 1363-1434 The city of ladies

chronicle of great woment in history• Leonardo Bruni- Florentine Historian. Showed a

need for authentic sources• Pico della Mirandola Oration on the dignity of man• Baldasare Castiglione 1478-1529 The Book of the

Courtier– “must converse with facility, be proficient in sports, know

how to dance and appreciate music, should know Latin and Greek

• Macchiavelli The Prince 1513

Boccaccio 1313-1375

• Friend of Petrarch

• Pioneer in humanist studies

• Decameron, 100 often bawdy tales told by three men and 7 women

• Stinging social commentary and a sympathetic look at human behavior

Humanist Education

• Medieval schooling had been chaotic and repetitious

• Renaissance separated students by age and class

• Latin was the Principal subject with Greek added

• Learned Latin and Greek to read the ancient writings

Dante Alighieri 1265-1321

• Divine Comedy written in Italian in 1300• Broken into three parts, Hell, Purgatory and

heaven• The classical poet Virgil leads him through Hell

and Purgatory• His muse Beatrice leads him through heaven• Allegorically, symbolically and mystically his

vision of a universe structured by reason and unified by faith came together and worked

Italy’s Political Decline

The French Invasions from 1494-1527

Treaty of Lodi 1454

• Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence

• Against• Venice and the

Papal States• Balance of power

Conflict

• Milanese Despot• Hostilities between

Milan and Naples resumed

• Treaty of Lodi ended-Naples supported by Pope Alexander VI and Florence prepared to invade Milan

Ludovico il Moro

• Milanese Despot• Appealed to aid from

the French• Invited French to

invade Italy and revive their dynastic claim to Naples

• France also had claims on Milan

Charles VIII of France1483-1498

• Responded quickly to Ludovicos call

• Crossed the Alps through Florence and the Papal States to Naples

Giraloma Savonarola1452-1498

• As Charles approached Florence the Medici ruler was thrown out in favor of savonarola

• Savonarola convinced the Florentines that the French Kings arrival was a long delayed and fully justified divine judgment for their immorality

End of Savonarola

• Savonarola’s moral rigor and anti-papal policies made it impossible for him to survive indefinitely

• Savonarola was executed in May of 1498

League of Venice 1498

• Made up of Spain (Ferdinand) which desired to gain territory in Italy and drive the French out, Venice, the Papal States and the holy roman emperor

• Joined later by Ludovico il Moro of Milan

• Pushed Charles the VIII out in 1498

Pope Alexander VI 1492-1503

• Probably the most corrupt Pope of the time

• Saw that a French alliance could help him regain lost territory in Romagna

• Agreed to abandon the league of Venice

• Louis XII of France invaded Milan in 1499

• Ludovico in jail

Alexander VI and his son Cesare Borgia conquered Romagna

Pope Julius II 1503-1513

Suppressed the Borgias and put Romagna under Papal Authority

Warrior Pope

Erasmus

Julius excluded from heaven

Francis I 1515-1547

• France again invaded Italy in 1515

• French massacred Swiss soliders

• Concordat of Bologna 1516

• French King gained control over the French clergy

• France recognized Pope over Councils

• Pope received annates from France

Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527

• Convinced that Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means

• Only a strong man could impose order on such a divided and selfish people

Cesare Borgia

• Machiavelli’s hero for what he and his father Alexander VI did in Romagna

Pope Leo X 1513-1521

• Machiavelli hoped to see a strong ruler emerge from the Medici family

Northern Renaissance

Christian Humanism

• “Pagan” humanism of Italy• Christian humanism of the North

– Effort to unite classical learning with the Christian faith

• Christian humanists studied the Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and read the Church fathers, both Latin and Greek in order to deepen their understanding of Christianity and to restore its moral vitality

• Medieval intellectual interests persisted; founding of Universities continued

• Education as a means of improving society

Mysticism and Lay Religion

• In the North a genuine religious impulse, in addition to religious humanistic scholarship, also remained alive

• Mysticism: belief that the individual soul could commune directly with God

• Laymen: Persons stirred by religion that did not become Priests

Erasmus 1466-1536

• Greatest of Northern Humanists• Regarded the middle ages as “Dark”, ridiculed the

Scholastics and studied deeply the writers of antiquity.

• He put his faith in education, enlightened discussion and gradual moral improvement

• He prepared new Greek and Latin texts of the New Testament

• He urged the reading of the Bible in the Vernacular languages

• He hoped people might turn from their evil ways

Praise of Folly 1509

• Satirized worldly pretensions and ambitions-those of the clergy most emphatically

• Advocated a return to simple Christian ethics

• He never threatened to break from the Church

Thomas More 1478-1535*

• *executed during the reign of Henry VIII• Utopia Literally translated as nowhere

– A state in which all inequalities would be abolished, towns kept clean, manual labor restricted to six hours a day, and education made available to everyone

– The key to the improvement of the individual was the reform of society’s institutions

Ship

of fools

Bosch

Breugel- the triumph of death

Breugel-the fall of Icarus

Albrecht Durer

Study of Praying Hands

Lamentation of Christ

Van Eyck

The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin

Martin Luther 1483-1546

• Catholic monk until 40• Terrified by the

omnipotence of God• Man justified by Faith

Alone, not by works, Romans I:17

• Reacted to John Tetzel 1517

Johann Tetzel

• Sold indulgences for the Archbishop of Mainz and Pope Leo X– Funds used to repay Fuggers loan and for the

building of St. Peters

• “When a coin in the coffer rings a soul from Purgatory springs”– Indulgences, commissioned by the Pope were said to

be able to spring soul from purgatory

• Luther thought the people were being deluded

Tetzel selling Indulgences

Tetzel preaching

• Don’t you hear the voices of your dead parents and other relatives crying out, “have mercy on us, for we suffer great punishment and pain. From this you could release us with a few alms…We have created you, fed you, cared for you, and left you our temporal goods. Why do you treat us so cruelly and leave us to suffer in the flames, when it takes so little to save us?”

Definition: Indulgence

• Indulgence: – God is merciful, but is just– Christ and the church established a “treasury of merits”– That “treasury of merits could be drawn upon by the

Church”– Originally applied to temporal sin, but Tetzel claimed the

indulgence secured total remission of sins on earth and in Purgatory

– Men and women could buy indulgences for themselves as well as for others

– Enraged Luther who felt the people were being deluded.

Definition:Purgatory

• Purgatory (Lat., "purgare", to make clean, to purify) in accordance with Catholic teaching is a place or condition of temporal punishment for those who, departing this life in God's grace, are, not entirely free from venial faults, or have not fully paid the satisfaction due to their transgressions.

Luthers Response:95 theses

• Luther posted the Theses on indulgences on the Church Door at Wittenburg 10/31/1517

• Luther sought Theological discussion, got Protestant reformation

• Luther rejected the notion that salvation could be achieved by good works, such as indulgences.

• In the theses Luther reviewed the Catholic sacrament of penance

• Some Theses challenged the Popes power to grant indulgences and others criticized Papal wealth.

Where is the authority of the Church, according to Luther.

• Luther in effect questioned the authority of the Pope to issue Indulgences

• Luther also stated that Church council’s were not incapable of error: John Huss burned at the stake, Council of Constance 1415.

• According to Luther it is up to each individual Christian to interpret the Bible according to his own Conscience

Pope Leo X

Leo X’s response and Luthers• Leo X ordered Luther to recant (take back) his

ideas• Luther publicly burned the Bull (letter) from the

Pope• Luther was then excommunicated• Charles V was now to arrest and try the heretic

Luther• Luther was summoned to appear at the Diet of

Worms 1521• Luther was placed under the ban of the empire-the

elector of Saxony took Luther under his protection.

Luthers Response, cont.

• In order to drive home these reforms, Luther called upon the Princes of the Holy roman Empire

Peasant response

• Luther:”a Christian man is the most free Lord” On Christian Liberty 1520

• Luther: Lords “flay and rob their subjects…until they can bear it no longer.”

• 1525 the Peasants revolt, seeking political and economic justice shouting slogans from Luther

Luther’s response to Peasants

• “against the Murderous, thieving hordes of the peasants”

• Luther referred to the peasants as filthy swine and urged the German Princes to suppress them by the sword

• Lutheranism took on a character of submissiveness to the state.

Martin Luther vs. Charles V

• Charles V was bound to uphold Catholicism because only in a Catholic world did the HRE make sense.

• The States of the Empire saw in Charles efforts to repress Luther a threat to their own freedom.

• States wanted “ius reformandi” the right to choose their own religion for their region.

• They became Lutheran locally, introducing Lutheran doctrines.

Luther’s early writings:

• Address to the Christian nobility of the German nation– Urged German Princes to force reforms on the

Roman Church

• Babylonian Captivity of the Church– Attacked 7 Sacraments; argued only two

• Freedom of a Christian– Summarized Luther’s teaching of Salvation by faith

alone

Excommunication of Luther

• Exurge Domine 6/15/1520– Condemned Luther for Heresy and gave him

60 days to retract

• Excommunication 1/3/1521

Diet of Worms

• April 1521, Luther presented his views before the Holy Roman Empires Diet of Worms

• Luther ordered to recant

• Luther would not recant: to do so would be to act against Scripture, reason and his own conscience

Secularization of Church property

• Where a state turned Lutheran it usually confiscated the Church properties within its borders.

• Enriched some of the Lutheran Princes and gave them a strong material interest in the success of the Lutheran movement.

League of Schmalkald

• Group of Princes and free cities formed against the HRE

• French King Francis I allied with the Protestant Princes against the Catholic HRE– France’s main foreign policy was to keep the

HRE weak

No help for Charles

• Charles V begged the Pope to call a council together

• King of France schemed so the Pope would not call such a council

• To the Papacy nothing was more upsetting than calling a Europe wide council.

• The Popes procrastinated in calling such a council

WAR

• The Schmalkaldic league had actually gone to war with the HRE CV (1546)

• Germany fell into an anarchy of civil struggle between Catholic and Protestant states.

• It was a war that mixed religious fervor with political issues

Peace of Augsburg 1555

• Ended the Schmalkaldic wars• Cuius regio eius religio (Whose the region,

his the religion)• Terms at Augsburg signified a complete

victory for the cause of Lutheranism and states rights

• Great victory for Protestantism, began dismantling of HRE

Lutheran Doctrine

• No Special office for the Priest• Denounced reliance upon fasts, pilgrimages,

saints and masses• Rejected the belief in Purgatory• Reduced the catholic 7 sacraments to 2• Rejected transubstantiation for consubstantiation• Clergy should marry• Monasticism should be eliminated

John Calvin 1509-1564

• Had a humanists knowledge of Latin and Greek as well as Hebrew

• 1536 wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion

• Where Luther had aimed his writing at the rulers of Germany-Calvin addressed the institutes to the world. He wrote it in Latin

Luther and Calvin similarities

• Justification by faith not works

• Both rejected transubstantiation

Unique Calvin doctrine

• Predestination-God being almighty, knew and willed in advance the way in which each human life would be lived out.

• The elect or the Chosen• A person could feel that he was one of the elect

if he persisted in a saintly life• Protestant work ethic• Rejected the position of Bishop and the Church

hierarchical bureaucracy

Geneva-Protestant Rome

• Calvin’s model Christian community• A body of ministers ruled the Church; a

consistory of ministers and elders ruled the town• Law was strict- all loose living was suppressed.

Disaffected were driven into exile• Removed religious images from Churches • Candles and incense gone, no music, no

chanting, etc. • Michael Servetus-burned at stake

Spread of Calvinism

• French Huguenots

• Netherlands

• John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland

Calvin and the State

• Calvinist refused to recognize the subordination of Church to state

• Insisted that true Christians should “Christianize” the State.

Reformation of England

• England was peculiar because it broke with the Roman church before adopting any Protestant principles.

• Henry VIII had been a good Catholic

• Defense of the Seven Sacraments

• Defender of the Faith• But… Henry had no male

heir– Remember chaos of wars of

the Roses

Wife #1 Catherine of Aragon

• Catherine of Aragon• Daughter of Ferdinand and

Isabella• Aunt of HRE Charles V• Mother of Mary Tudor

(bloody)• Could not produce male heir

for Henry VIII• Henry VIII Requested that

Pope annul his marriage to Catherine

• Pope refused-the Pope was in no position to offend Charles V

Wife #2 Anne Boleyn

• When the Pope refused to grant the annulment Henry broke the Roman connection and married the youthful Anne Boleyn

• Anne was the mother of Elizabeth I

Creation of the English church

• Henry VIII worked with Parliament to break from the Church

• Act of Supremacy- declared English King to be head of the Church of England

• Oath of supremacy-Thomas More• Henry closed the monasteries in England and

gave the land to the nobility• The new landed gentry remained firm supporters

of the House of Tudor and the English National Church

Church Structure

• Henry did not intend to change any church doctrines at all.

• He simply wished to be the supreme head of an English Catholic Church

• Six Articles of faith– Required belief in transubstantiation, celibacy

of the clergy, need for confession

Henry died in 1547

• Succeeded by his son Edward VI– Son of Henry and Jane

Seymour (3rd wife)

• 10 years old- reigned from 1547-1553

• Greatly influenced by Protestant doctrine

Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)

• Daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon

• Tried to re-Catholicize England

• Burned 300 Protestants at the stake

• Bloody Mary

Phillip II and Mary I

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

• Daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn

• Successfully concealed personal religious views

• Under QEI England became Protestant gradually and in their own way

Elizabeth I (cont.)

• Organizationally the English Church (Anglican) resembled the Lutheran Church

• It was a state Church, existence and doctrines determined by the gov’t

• In religious practice the church was definitely Protestant

• 39 articles of faith-broad, vague definition of the creed of the Anglican Church

Catholic Reformation and Counter Crusade

• Amongst the Church it was concluded that the need of reform was so urgent that all dangers of a council must be risked.

• Council of Trent 1545-1563

• Counter Crusade• Ignatius Loyola• Jesuits• Pope Paul III

Council of Trent

• Preserved the Papacy as the center of unity of the Catholic Church

• Helped prevent the dissolution into State Churches

• The Council made NO concessions to Protestant doctrine

• Clarified correct Catholic Doctrine

Doctrine from Trent:

• Justification by works and faith combined• Reaffirmed 7 sacraments• Priesthood is special order separate from laity• Transubstantiation was reaffirmed• Scripture and tradition were put on equal footing• Latin was the official language of services• The Vulgate was declared the official Bible• Celibacy for the Clergy was maintained• The theory and practice of indulgences were restated

The Counter Crusade

• Goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism and win back Protestants to Roman Catholicism

• Pope Paul III 1534-1549 the first of the reforming Popes to replace the Renaissance Popes

Ignatius Loyola

• The Society of Jesus-Jesuits

• Authorized by Pope Paul III in 1540

• Soldiers of Christ• Loyal to the Pope• Spiritual Exercises• Papal index of

forbidden books

The Protestant Revolt of the Netherlands

Netherlands vs. Spain

And Phillip II

Abdication of Charles V HRE

• CV stepped down in 1556 after the Peace of Augsburg

• Relinquished all titles, including HRE, King of Spain, the 17 provinces of the Netherlands and the Free County of Burgundy

Ferdinand I, brother of CV

• CV left Austria, Bohemia and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand I

• Subsequently Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor

Phillip II, son of CV

• Inherited Spain, 17 provinces of the Netherlands, and Free County of Burgundy

• Reigned from 1556-1598

The Ambition of Phillip II

• Phillip was first and foremost a Catholic• His Palace, the Escorial was built in the shape of

a grill in honor of St. Lawrence who had been martyred in that fashion.

• He took it upon himself to head up a Catholic counter offensive to the Protestant Reformation

• Spain could fund such an attack with the riches from the new world; Potosi, Peru.

Thoughtful Question• Why did the Netherlands revolt against Phillip II

and not his father Phillip II?• Charles V was from Flanders, which is in the

region of the Netherlands-he was one of them.• Phillip was thought of as a foreign King, a Spaniard

who lived in Spain. • After 1560 Spanish officials and troops were seen

more frequently in the Netherlands• Also after 1560 many Calvinists fled to the

Netherlands to escape the religious wars in France.

Political and religious revolt

• The revolt began n 1566 when 200 nobles of the various 17 provinces founded a league to check the “foreign” influence in the Netherlands.

• The league consisted of both Catholics AND Calvinists-they asked Phillip not to send the inquisition to the Netherlands

• Phillips agents refused the petition

Revolt begins 1566

• With the petition denied a mass revolt broke out

• The Calvinist faction destroyed some 400 Catholic Churches

• Many of the Nobles that had signed the original petition were disgusted with the violence

Council of Troubles (blood)

• Phillip II, appalled by sacrilege sent in the inquisition, Spanish troops and the Duke of Alva

• Alva’s Council sentenced thousands to death, confiscated Nobles estates-both Catholic and Calvinist

Duke of Alva

By 1576, representatives of all 17 provinces formed a union to drive out the Spanish

What error did the Spanish make that led to this Netherland wide revolt?

Do you think the English will get involved? If so, why?

Yes, England did get involved

• English feared the Spanish movement into the Netherlands-”the pistol pointed at the heart of England”

• England’s involvement was evolutionary

Elizabeth I

• QEI had lent money to the Netherlands from the very beginning-but secretly

• She did not want to provoke war with Spain• QEI had problems at home and she was not

event sure if her own subjects would support her– Duke of Norfolk– Mary, Queen of Scots

• The security of Elizabethan Protestant England rested on the outcome of the fighting in the Netherlands

The Prince of Parma

• IN 1578 Alexander Farnese, the Prince of Parma became the Spanish General of the Netherlands

• Rallied the southern 10 provinces to his side

• The 7 northern provinces, led by Holland, formed the Union of Utrecht in 1579

Spain to Antwerp

• When Parma moved his troops onto Antwerp, QEI openly entered the war

• Spain now believed that the Netherlands could only be subdued by defeating England

• The Queen of the “heretics” must be dethroned

• Phillip II prepared to invade England

Spanish Armada 1588

• As Phillip prepared to invade the English Parliament called for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

• The Spanish Armada was unsuccessful

• English led by Sir Francis Drake

• The Protestant wind

Results of the Struggle

• English assured their national independence• They became more solidly Protestant• With the defeat of the Spanish Armada, the

English were more free to take to the sea• 17 provinces officially broken into Spanish

Netherlands and the Dutch Netherlands (Holland)

French Wars of Religion

• France had remained a predominantly catholic Country of a population of 16 million, 1.2 million were Calvinist

• Conflict between Huguenots and Catholics

• Religion + politics (Nobles chose Calvinism to separate from King)

• Henry II died in tournament

French Civil war cont.

• Henry’s teenage sons (Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III) dominated by Catherine de’ Medici

• Open warfare between Catholics and Huguenots broke out in 1562.

• The Guise family led the catholic cause

• The Bourbon family led the Hueguenots

St. Bartholomew day massacre

• August 24,1572

• Catherine ordered the massacre of the Huguenots

• Henry of Navarre 1589

• “Paris is worth a Mass”

• Edict of Nantes 1598

30 years war 1618-1648 Origin of the Conflict

• Peace of Augsburg brought temporary truce in the religious conflict in the German States-only included Lutherans and Catholics, not Calvinists

Bohemian Phase 1618-1625

• Ferdinand II of Styria

• Calvinist revolt

• Defenestration of Prague

• Frederick V Elector of Palantine

• Battle of white mountain

• Frederick V the winter KIng

Danish Phase 1625-1629

• Christian IV Protestant ruler of Denmark

• Albert of Wallenstein

• Edict of Restitution 1629

Swedish period 1630-1635

• Gustavus Adolphus

• Treaty of Prague 1635

French Period 1635-1648

• Cardinal Richilieu

Peace of Westphalia 1648

• Sweden, Prussia and France all gained territory

• Formally recognized the independence of the Dutch republic

• Added calvinism to Peace of augsburg

Treaty of Pyrenees 1659

• Ended fighting between France and Spain