high impact research: blending science, engineering & design ben shneiderman [email protected]...
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High Impact Research: Blending Science, Engineering & Design
Ben Shneiderman [email protected] @benbendc
Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction LabProfessor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies
University of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742
Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Info Studies - Psych, Socio, Educ, Jour & MITH www.cs.umd.edu/hcil
vimeo.com/72440805
Design Issues
• Input devices & strategies• Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
• Direct manipulation
• Menus, forms, commands
• Output devices & formats• Screens, windows, color, sound
• Text, tables, graphics
• Instructions, messages, help
• Collaboration & Social Media
• Help, tutorials, training
• Search www.awl.com/DTUI
Fifth Edition: 2010
• Visualization
Spotfire: Retinol’s role in embryos & vision
Spotfire: DC natality data
www.spotfire.com
Spotfire Treemap: Bond Portfolio Analysis
Spotfire Networks: Supply Chain Analysis
www.spotfire.com
10M - 100M pixels: Large displays
16M pixels: My New Workstation
100M-pixels & more
1M-pixels & less Small mobile devices
Information Visualization: Mantra
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
(The Eyes Have It, IEEE VL, 1996)
Information Visualization: Data Types
• 1-D Linear Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural
• 2-D Map GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical imagery
• 3-D World CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture
• Multi-Var Spotfire, Tableau, Qliktech, DataWatch
• Temporal EventFlow, TimeSearcher, Palantir, DataMontage
• Tree Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, SpaceTree, Treemap
• Network Pajek, UCINet, NodeXL, Gephi, Tom Sawyer
• Text TagClouds, Wordle, ManyEyes, Ngram Viewer
Inf
oViz
Sci
Viz
.
infosthetics.com visualcomplexity.com eagereyes.orgflowingdata.com perceptualedge.com datakind.orgvisual.ly Visualizing.org infovis.org
High Impact Research: Blending Science, Engineering & Design
Ben Shneiderman [email protected] @benbendc
Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction LabProfessor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies
University of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742
High Impact Research: A Vision for UMIACS
Ben Shneiderman (Chair, CS/HCI), Marshini Chetty (iSchool/HCI), Mihai Pop (CS/Computational Biology), Rance Cleaveland (CS/Software Engineering), Tudor Dumitras (ECE/Cybersecurity)
Metaphor
Metaphor
High Impact Research: A Vision for UMIACS
Ben Shneiderman (Chair, CS/HCI), Marshini Chetty (iSchool/HCI), Mihai Pop (CS/Computational Biology), Rance Cleaveland (CS/Software Engineering), Tudor Dumitras (ECE/Cybersecurity)
Metaphor
High Impact Research: A Vision for UMIACS
Ben Shneiderman (Chair, CS/HCI), Marshini Chetty (iSchool/HCI), Mihai Pop (CS/Computational Biology), Rance Cleaveland (CS/Software Engineering), Tudor Dumitras (ECE/Cybersecurity)
Metaphor
Jefferson’s Mission Statement (1804)
“object of your mission is to explore…the most direct & practicable water communication across the continent, for the purpose of commerce.” + geography, geology, astronomy, biology, meteorology + Indian languages, laws, customs, religion, agriculture, hunting & fishing
Inspira
tion
Kennedy Moon Shot Speech (1961)
“The growth of our science & education will be enriched by new knowledge of our universe & environment, by new techniques of learning & mapping, … by new tools & computers for industry, medicine, home & school.”
Inspira
tion
UN Millennium Development Goals
• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger• Achieve universal primary education• Promote gender equality and empower women• Reduce child mortality• Improve maternal health• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases• Ensure environmental sustainability• Develop a global partnership for development
To be achieved by 2015
Inspira
tion
• Make solar energy economical
• Provide energy from fusion
• Develop carbon sequestration methods
• Manage the nitrogen cycle
• Provide access to clean water
• Restore and improve urban infrastructure
• Advance health informatics
• Engineer better medicines
• Reverse-engineer the brain
• Prevent nuclear terror
• Secure cyberspace
• Enhance virtual reality
• Advance personalized learning
• Engineer the tools of scientific discovery
Grand Challenges: NAE (2008)
www.engineeringchallenges.org/
Inspira
tion
Ensure everyone can have access to safe & clean water?Restore movement to those with paralysis?Fly without damaging the environment?Help people with dementia live independently for longerPrevent the rise of resistance to antibiotics?Ensure everyone has nutritious, sustainable food?
Longitude Prize 2014: CrowdsourcedInsp
iratio
n
Ensure everyone can have access to safe & clean water?Restore movement to those with paralysis?Fly without damaging the environment?Help people with dementia live independently for longerPrevent the rise of resistance to antibiotics?Ensure everyone has nutritious, sustainable food?
Longitude Prize 2014: CrowdsourcedInsp
iratio
n
Science: The Endless Frontier (1945)
-Separates basic (or pure) from applied research
-Urges strong gov’t support for academic basic research: “statistically it is certain that important and highly useful discoveries will result from some fraction of the work undertaken; but the results of any one particular investigation cannot be predicted with accuracy.” - Warns: “applied research invariably drives out pure”
Vannevar Bush: FDR’s Science Advisor
The Problem
Science: The Endless Frontier (1945)
-Separates basic (or pure) from applied research
-Urges strong gov’t support for academic basic research: “statistically it is certain that important and highly useful discoveries will result from some fraction of the work undertaken; but the results of any one particular investigation cannot be predicted with accuracy.” - Warns: “applied research invariably drives out pure”
But he was wrong. These beliefs are just not true.
Vannevar Bush: FDR’s Science Advisor
The Problem
Linear Model
Basic Research
DevelopmentProduction
& operationsApplied
Research
The Problem
Linear Model
Basic Research
DevelopmentProduction
& operationsApplied
Research
Rarely works: Basic Researchers choose wrong problems Technology Transfer is a struggle
The Problem
Reverse Linear Model
Basic Research
DevelopmentProduction
& operationsApplied
Research
Successful pattern:Listen to industry problems & solve them Technology Transfer is easier
Production & operations
Development
AppliedResearch
Basic Research
High Impact Model: Raised Expectations
http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/04/toward-an- ecological-model-of-research-and-development/275187/
Production & operations
Development
AppliedResearch
Basic Research
High Impact Model: Raised Expectations
“use-inspired basic research”
“theory-inspired applied research”
Production & operations
Development
AppliedResearch
Basic Research
High Impact Model: Raised Expectations
“Theory without practice cannot survive and dies as quickly as it lives.” “He who loves practice without theory is like the sailor who boards ship without a rudder and compass and never knows where he may cast.” -- Leonardo Da Vinci
Research Project: 2 parents, 3 children
Solve Problem
RefineTheory
Provide Guidance to Future
Researchers
ResearchProject
AppliedProblem
BasicTheory
Choose actionable problems: civic, business & global priorities
High Impact Research Strategies
Blend science, engineering & design
research methods
Choose actionable problems: civic, business & global priorities
High Impact Research Strategies
Science, Engineering, Design
Blend science, engineering & design
research methods
Form teamswith diverse individuals
& organizations
Choose actionable problems: civic, business & global priorities
High Impact Research Strategies
Teams: Winning Strategy
• Magic of Two (End of the Lone Genius)
• Teams: hugely effective, but difficult to run
• May take practice to gain skills• Clear goals, clear roles
• Trust, communication, recognition
• Large teams need administrative support
scienceofteamscience.org www.teamsciencetoolkit.cancer.gov
Blend science, engineering & design
research methods
Form teamswith diverse individuals
& organizations
Strive for universaltheories, principles
& guidelines
Choose actionable problems: civic, business & global priorities
High Impact Research Strategies
What kinds of theories are there?
• Descriptive
• Explanatory
• Predictive
• Prescriptive
• Generative
What kinds of theories are there?
• Descriptive
• Explanatory
• Predictive
• Prescriptive
• Generative
• Cognitive
• Perceptual
• Motor skills
• Small Group Teamwork
• Organizational/Leadership
• Social/Cultural
Blend science, engineering & design
research methods
Form teamswith diverse individuals
& organizations
Strive for universaltheories, principles
& guidelines
Test prototypes with realistic interventions
Use big data &case study methods
Choose actionable problems: civic, business & global priorities
High Impact Research Strategies
Prototype & test
• “Something Small Soon”
• Be agile, Gather data, Fail sooner
• Scale-up, scale-out
• Find partners with living laboratories
• Repeated case studies support theories
• Writing clarifies thinking
• Publishing gains feedback
Blend science, engineering & design
research methods
Form teamswith diverse individuals
& organizations
Strive for universaltheories, principles
& guidelines
Test prototypes with realistic interventions
Use big data &case study methods
Choose actionable problems: civic, business & global priorities
Promote adoption & assess impact
High Impact Research Strategies
• Ideas travel through networks and relationships
• Cultivate champions. Present, Present, Present!
• Become a trustworthy source in your field
• Address areas of policy interest
• Join relevant committees & insert your findings into decision making
• Consider Action Research designs
• Don’t wait for publication. Disseminate early
How to Promote Adoption
https://becker.wustl.edu/impact-assessment/strategies
Promote Adoption & Assess Impact
• Promote Adoption• Send Five & Thrive
• Distribute copies of papers, create websites, make videos
• Travel to speak at conferences & to colleagues
• Write follow up papers, seek citations
• Assess Impact• Measure downloads, tweets, blogposts, media mentions
• Win Best Paper Awards, collect testimonials
• Count citations
• Repeat for Research, Researchers & Organizations
Research on Science & Technology
• 1975: Society for Social Studies of Science (4S)
• 1993: Int’l Society for Scientometrics & Informetrics
• 2007: Int’l Society for the Psychology of Science & Technology
• 2008: NSF Science of Science & Innovation Policy (SciSIP)
• 2010: Science of Team Science Conference (SciTS) (www.scienceofteamscience.org)
Research on Science & Technology
• 1975: Society for Social Studies of Science (4S)
• 1993: Int’l Society for Scientometrics & Informetrics
• 2007: Int’l Society for the Psychology of Science & Technology
• 2008: NSF Science of Science & Innovation Policy (SciSIP)
• 2010: Science of Team Science Conference (SciTS) (www.scienceofteamscience.org)
• 2011: Altmetrics Conference (www.altmetrics.org)
• 2011: Beyond Impact Workshop (www.beyond-impact.org)
• 2011: Becker Assessment Model (becker.wustl.edu/impact-assessment/)
• 2012: SF-Declaration on Research Assessment (am.ascb.org/dora/)
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil @benbendc
Quadrant Model of Research
Basic Research
(Bohr)
Use-inspiredBasic
Research(Pasteur)
Applied Research(Edison)
Considerations of use? No Yes
Quest for Yesfundamentalunderstanding?
No
Stokes, Pasteur’s Quadrant, 1997
• Desktop/Laptop software
• World Wide Web & services
• Mobile devices & services
• Human-Computer Interaction
• Information Visualization & Big Data
• Creativity Support Tools
• Technology-Mediated Social Participation
• Medical informatics: Learning Health System
• Environmental Protection
• Energy Sustainability
• Community Safety
• Education
Potential High-Impact Research TopicsInsp
iratio
n