high-harmonic generation ii - peopleattwood/sxr2009/lec...hhg2_2009.ppt zone plate imaging with...
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation
High-Harmonic Generation II
• Phasematching techniques
• Attosecond pulse generation
• Applications
• Specialized optics for HHG sources
Dr. Yanwei Liu, University of California, Berkeley
and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Phase-matching of nonlinear process
Adopted from Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
Growth of second-harmonic power in a
crystal along the propagation direction,
assuming a constant pump intensity. Solid
curve: phase-matched case, with the
power growing in proportion to the square
of the propagation distance. Dashed
curve: non phase-matched case, with the
second-harmonic power oscillating
between zero and a small value.
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HHG2_2009.ppt
HHG in Hollow Fibers
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HHG2_2009.ppt
HHG in Hollow Fibers
Phase-Matched Generation of Coherent EUV Radiation
Andy Rundquist, et al.
Science 280, 1412 (1998)
No phase-matching,
n = 23-31, EUV output beam
With phase-matching,
n = 23-31, EUV output beam
Pressure phase matching
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Fully coherent EUV from HHG in hollow fiber
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Short Modulation Period Capillaries Extend PhaseMatching from 85 eV (Unmodulated Fibers) to 160 eV
A. Paul et al., Nature (2 Jan 2003)
E. Gibson et al., Science (3 Oct 2003)
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Coherent Soft X-Ray HHG with Quasi-Phase Matching
Courtesy of E. Gibson, A. Paul, H Kapteyn,M. Murnane, and colleaguesScience 302, 96 (3 Oct 2003)
Ck filter
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Quasi phase matching using counter-propagating pulses
X. Zhang, A. L. Lytle, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, O. Cohen, Nat. Phys. 3, 270 (2007).
Picosecond pulses, HHG coherence
length ~ 1mm.
Inte
nsity
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Quasi phasematching using CW counter-propagating laser
O. Cohen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 53902 (2007).
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The case for short pulses
Attosecond physics
F. Krausz, M. Ivanov
Review of Modern Physics 81, 163 (2009)By Harold “Doc” Edgerton, MIT
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‘Long’ (many cycles) pump lasergenerates attosecond pulse train
1.3 fs
2.7 fs
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Isolated attosecond pulse generation using few-cycle pump
Usually a multilayerto select high energies
M. Hentschel et al., Nature 414, 509 (2001).
Intense peak generateshighest photon energy
Bandpass filter selects highest photonenergy in a single attosecond pulse
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Carrier-Envelope Phase (CEP) of ultrafast pulse
Cosine wave Sine wave
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Cosine waveform generates single attosecond pulse
A. Baltuska et al., Nature 421, 611 (2003);
F. Krausz, M. Ivanov, Rev Modern Phy 81, 163 (2009)
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While sine waveform generates two attosecond pulses
A. Baltuska et al., Nature 421, 611 (2003);
F. Krausz, M. Ivanov, Rev Modern Phy 81, 163 (2009)
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Applications of HHG sources
Merits of HHG source:
• Ultrafast EUV/SXR pulses
• Temporal resolution in fs/as scale, never reached before
• Molecular dynamics excited by EUV photons
• Inner-shell probe (high photon energy)
• Well-controlled pump-probe experiments (automatically
synchronized with IR pump)
• Coherent radiation at short wavelengths (nm and fsec)
• Coherent Diffractive Imaging (CDI, or ‘lenseless’ imaging)
• Holographic Imaging
• Zoneplate Imaging
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Direct measurement of 750 nm light wave pulse duration
E. Goulielmakis, et al. Science 305, 1267 (2004)
A 250-as EUV pulse is used to map the electric field of
750-nm laser light wave
800 nm,3 cycle,~7 fsec
Laser lightField, EL(f)
Electrondetector
EUVpulse
Electrons
Atoms
Field-induced chargeof electron momentum, p(t)
Overlap of 7 fsec IR pulse and 250 asec EUV pulse.EUV frees electrons, IR electric field accelerates these electrons.These electrons arrive in waves via time-of-flight tube to detector.
2.7 fsec/cycle
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Unprecedented time resolution
Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter
A. L. Cavalieri, et al., Nature 449, 1029 (2007)
Tungsten(W)
ConductionBandelectrons
Pho
to e
lectr
on
yie
ld
Shifted “birth” times
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HHG2_2009.pptCourtesy of Zhi-Heng Loh and Stephen Leone, Univ. Calif., Berkeley
EU
V a
bso
rptio
nE
UV
ab
so
rptio
n
EU
V a
bso
rptio
nE
UV
ab
so
rptio
n
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency(EIT) in the XUV via coherent coupling of
He double excitation statesOrbital alignment and nonadiabatic
behavior in the strong-field ionization of Xe
Fs XUV transient absorption spectroscopy
EUV // IREUV ! IR
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EUV pump, EUV probe
Attosecond Pump Probe: Exploring Ultrafast Electron Motion inside an Atom
S. X. Hu and L. A. Collins, PRL 96, 073004 (2006)
Electronic motion inside an atom (computational)
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Zone plate imaging with femtosecond EUV pulses
Jong Ju Park et al., "Soft x-ray
microscope constructed with a PMMA
phase-reversal zone plate,"
Opt. Lett. 34, 235-237 (2009)
30 fs, 0.6 mJ
Mo/Si multilayern = 61
n = 59
n = 63n = 65
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Co-axial multilayer optics used in HHG pump-probe experiments
M. Drescher et al., Science 291, 1923 (2001)from Dr. R. Kienberger
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Reflectivity ! " Bandwidth
• Multilayer mirrors depend on
constructive interference from
individual interfaces
• Higher reflectivity needs more
layers
• Bandwidth gets narrower with
more layers
Attosecond pulse
" Broad bandwidth
" Limited number of layers
N<10 layers required for
200 as pulse (@13nm)
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Narrow bandwidth coatings for picking a single harmonic
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
85 87 89 91 93 95 97
Photon Energy (eV)
Re
fle
ctivity
FWHM = 1.8 eV
(2% relative bandwidth
vs 3.5% for typical coating)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Photon Energy (eV)
Refl
ecti
vit
y
narrowband
typical
Higher order of multilayer mirror: 2dsin" = m# ( m= 2,3,…)
Isolate a single harmonic order
1.2 eV
2.5 eV
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HHG2_2009.ppt
A. L. Aquila, F. Salmassi, F. Dollar, Y. Liu, and E. Gullikson, "Developments in realistic design
for aperiodic Mo/Si multilayer mirrors," Opt. Express 14, 10073-10078 (2006)
Aperiodic ‘supermirror’ with 20 eV bandwidth
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
120 130 140 150 160 170
MeasuredSimulated
Wavelength (Å)R
efle
ctiv
ity
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Intrinsic HHG chirp
-90 0 90 180 270 360
-2
-1
0
1
Time (Phase of E-Field)
Dis
tanc
e fro
m Io
n (n
m)
Chirp in sub-fs scale:
Different energy photons are emitted at slightly different times
∆τ = 558 as
∆Ε = 59 eV
λ = 800 nmI = 5 x 1014 W/cm2
Neon (Ip = 21.6 eV)
106 eV
69 eV
47 eV
94 eV
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Chirped Mirror for Phase Control
Effective ‘depth’ for different wavelengths are different
Aperodic mirror would provide more control of the spectral phase
across wide bandwidth
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HHG2_2009.ppt
Chirped multilayer mirrors with controlled phase can be used tocompensate chirp for pulse compression
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Photon Energy (eV)
Refle
ctiv
ity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Photon Energy (eV)
Phase (
rad,)
A. Aquila et al, Opt. Lett. 33 (455), 2008
Mo/Si Mo/Si
standard M.L.
standard M.L. (no chirp)
negative chirp
positive chirp
Aperodic M.L. with
positive chirpAperodic M.L.
with negative
chirp
Reflectivity Reflected phase
Quadratic
phase
associated
with a linear
chirp
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References
F. Krausz, M. Ivanov, Review of Modern Physics 81, 163 (2009).
P. H. Bucksbaum, Science 317, 766 (2007)
E. Goulielmakis, et al., Science 317, 769 (2007)
H. Kapteyn, et al., Science 317, 775 (2007)
• K. Kulander, K. Schafer and J. Krause, in Super Intense Laser-Atom Physics, NATO
Advanced Study Institutes, Ser. B, Vol. 316 (Plenum Press, New York, 1993).
• P. B. Corkum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994 (1993).
• M. Lewenstein et al., Phys. Rev. A 49, 2117 (1994).
• C. Lyngå et al., Phys. Rev. A 60, 4823 (1999).
• P. Salières, A. L’Huillier and M. Lewenstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3776 (1995)
• A. Rundquist et al., Science 280, 1412 (1998).
• M. Drescher, et al., Science 291, 1923 (2001).
• M. Hentschel et al., Nature 414, 509 (2001).
• R. A. Bartels, et al., Science 297, 376 (2002)
• R. A. Bartels et al., Opt. Lett. 27, 707 (2002).
• A. Baltuska, et al., Nature 421, 611 (2003).
• A. Paul et al., Nature 421, 51 (2003).
• E. Goulielmakis, et al. Science 305, 1267 (2004).
• A. L. Aquila, et al., Opt. Express 14, 10073-10078 (2006)
• E. A. Gibson et al., Science 302, 95 (2003).
• S. X. Hu and L. A. Collins, PRL 96, 073004 (2006).
• X. Zhang, et al., Nat. Phys. 3, 270 (2007).
• O. Cohen, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 53902 (2007).
• A. L. Cavalieri, et al., Nature 449, 1029 (2007)
• G. Genoud, et al., Appl. Phys. B 90, 533-538 (2008).
• A. Aquila et al, Opt. Lett. 33 (455), 2008.
• Tenio Popmintchev, et al., Opt. Lett. 33, 2128 (2008)
• Jong Ju Park, et al., Opt. Lett. 34, 235-237 (2009)