Candidate number

Faculty of Health & Wellbeing

BSc (Hons) Operating Department Practice ODP

Foundations of Human Biology

MDPHT1FHB

Year one - Level four Resit Examination

Cohort S19

26th August 2020

Time normally allowed: 2 hours

Please read the instructions to candidates fully:

Duration of exam: This examination should normally be completed in 2 hours. However, due to its take-home online nature, you are given 48 hours to complete and submit it.

Final submission time and date: Your answer paper must be uploaded as a word document to Turnitin submission point by Friday 28/08/2020 11:00.  Students must submit their exam answer paper by the exam finish time. If they submit after that time, the exam answer will be classed as a non-submission and given a mark of 0%.

Who to contact during the exam if you think there is an error in the exam paper: luke.ewart@canterbury.ac.uk

When the exam paper is released on Blackboard, contact details for the key person in charge will be provided along with it. Please check Blackboard for any updated guidance relating to your query first, and if none has been provided, then email the key contact. Please be aware that if you email during working hours (9am – 5pm, Monday to Friday) staff

may take up to 2 hours to respond to your query. If you email outside of working hours, staff may not respond until the following morning.

Who to contact during the 48 hours of the exam for non-academic queries relating to IT/online systems issues: i-zone@canterbury.ac.uk, or the live chat available via https://blogs.canterbury.ac.uk/studentnews/were-still-here-for-you/. Please note that the support is only available during normal working hours of 9am – 5pm , Monday to Saturday.

Format of file to submit: Word document. As you type in your answers, the text will move down the page. Please pay attention to this as the formatting may change slightly as it moves.

Anonymity will not be possible for take-home exams, so please add your name and student ID to the file name and to the header of the first page.

Where to submit the file: Upload your file to the Turnitin submission point available on the Take-Home Exam section of your module Blackboard. Please note that only a single file can be submitted. You can submit your file as often as you wish within the 48 hours provided, but not late submissions will be allowed. Only the final submission you upload will be saved and available to markers.

Statement of authenticity of work: By submitting your exam answers you are agreeing to the statement “By submitting this online exam, I confirm that the work is my own.”

Exam questions and specific instructions:

Candidates are required to answer all questions. The mark obtainable for each question is shown in brackets

alongside the question – Use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question

Candidates should read the questions carefully and answer only what is asked as no credit will be given for irrelevant information. Brief answers are acceptable giving a rationale or explanation when required.

You should ensure that your answers are your own work and be aware of academic integrity policy and procedures around collusion and plagiarism. Do not copy large amounts of text from books, notes or other sources.

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Assessment criteria: Level 4 available at https://www.canterbury.ac.uk/quality-and-standards-office/docs/Assessment-grading-criteria--Level-4-final-04-10-10.pdf

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1. Below is a diagrammatic representation of a Hydrogen atom and a Helium atom.

Describe the differences in the atomic structures of a Hydrogen atom and a Helium atom

(3 marks)Answer: A helium antom comprises of a nuclues contaning two postivve charged protons and two neutrons, surrounded by two obtiting electrons which convey a negatvie charge. A hydrogen antom has just one proton and one electron. The differntce is that the nucleus is 4.1 times heavier that normal.

2. What are the chemical symbols for the following elements or compounds (5 marks)?

a. Potassium Answer: K

b. Mercury Answer: Hg

c. Nitrous oxide Answer: N2O

d. Iron Answer:Fe

e. Carbon dioxide Answer: CO2

3. Define the following anatomical terms: (8 marks)

a) AnteriorAnswer:

b) ProneAnswer:

c) DistalAnswer:

d) Contralateral

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Answer:

4. Describe the processes that move substances into and out of cells. In your answer include the factors that affect these processes.

(8 marks)Answer:

5. What is the function of the following intracellular organelles(3 marks)a. Centrioles

Answer: The function of entroles is to produce cilla interphase and

b. Golgi apparatus Answer: The function of the Golgi apparatus is to process the bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell. The Golgi apparatus is sometimes compared to a post office inside the cell since one primary function is to modify, sort and package proteins to be secreted.

c. Ribosome Answer: Ribosomes are cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for many cell function, such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

6. Name four types of connective tissue (4 marks)Answer 1 Loose areolar

Answer 2) Loose adipose

Answer 3) Loose reticular

Answer 4) Fibrous tissue

7. a) What is one difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland? Answer: the differnce betweemn the endocrine and exocrin gland is that an endocrine gland is missing ducts and stays as bloks of tissue. Endocines

b) Give an example of each (3 marks)Answer:

8. What are papillae cells? (1 mark)Answer: MDPHT1FHB Page 5 of 18 Cohort S19 Resit examination

9. Human body temperature is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism. What is meant by the term ‘negative feedback’?

(2 marks)Answer:

10. Thermoreceptors in the brain detect changes in blood temperature. Name the part of the brain that contains thermoreceptors.

(1 mark)Answer:

11. a) What is the function of melanocytes? Answer:

b) Where are melanocytes found? (2 marks)Answer:

12. What processes do epidermal cells undergo as they move towards the skin surface?

(2 marks)Answer:

13. Give 2 physiological responses made by the body to a falling core temperature. (2 marks)Answer 1)

Answer 2)

14. A person has a recorded arterial blood pressure of 130/65 mmHg. (3 marks)a) Which is their diastolic pressure?

Answer:

b) Define the term diastole Answer:

15. a) What is the role of chemoreceptors? Answer:

b) What is the role of proprioceptors (2 marks) Answer:

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16. If a patient’s heart rate is 60bpm and the cardiac output is 6L/min what is their stroke volume?

(1 mark) Answer:

17. Which blood vessels carry blood from the lungs to the heart? (1 mark)

Answer:

18. a) In what type of blood vessel are valves found?Answer:

b) What are their function? (2 marks)Answer:

19. What is the average lifespan of a human red blood cell?(1 mark)

Answer:

20. How is the structure of a capillary wall adapted for its function? (1 mark)

Answer:

21. How does venous circulation help maintain blood pressure when haemorrhaging causes blood loss?

(4 marks)Answer:

22. What is the name of the vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the muscle layer of the heart

(1 mark)Answer:

23. What 3 factors does vascular resistance depend upon?(3 marks)

Answer 1)

Answer 2)

Answer 3)

24. a) Which antigens are found on the red blood cells of an individual who is blood group type AB?

Answer:

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b) Which antibodies are found in the plasma of an individual who is blood group type AB?

Answer:(2 marks)

25. What is the function of fibrinogen? (1 mark)Answer:

26. What is the normal range for the pH of blood plasma?(1 mark)

Answer:

27. The diagram below shows the percentage of blood flow to some body organs at rest and during heavy exercise.

a) Explain the difference in the percentage blood flow to skeletal muscles at

rest and during heavy exercise. (4 marks)

Answer:

b) Explain the difference in the percentage blood flow to the skin at rest and during heavy exercise.

(4 marks)Answer:

28. The diagram below shows the bones and some of the muscles of a human arm.

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a) Name the bones labelled A, B, C and D (4 marks)Answers:

A:

B:

C:

D:

b) Describe the functions of muscles X and Y in the movement of the forearm (4 marks)Answer:

c) Describe how the movement of joint M differs from the movement of joint N (2 marks)Answer:

29. What is the correct term for the shaft of a long bone?(1 mark)

Answer:

30. Name 4 bones that are part of the axial skeleton(4 marks)

Answers: MDPHT1FHB Page 9 of 18 Cohort S19 Resit examination

1)

2)

3)

4)

31. How many vertebrae make up: a) the cervical region of the vertebral column

Answer:

b) the thoracic region of the vertebral columnAnswer:

c) the lumbar region of the vertebral column (3 marks)Answer:

32. Give an example of:a) a long bone

Answer:

b) a flat boneAnswer:

c) a short bone (3 marks)Answer:

33. Name the 3 types of muscle tissue and give an example of where each type is found in the body.

Answers:Muscle 1:

where found:

Muscle 2:where found:

Muscle 3:where found: (6 marks)

34. The diagram below represents the structure of the human respiratory system.

a) Double click on the text boxes and label structures A and B(2 marks)

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b) Explain how structures X and Y lead to air entering the lungs. (4 marks)

Answer:

35. Explain how the structure of B aids in gas exchange (2 marks)

Answer:

36. Define the term “dead space” (1 mark) Answer:

37. What name is given to the membranes that cover the lungs?(1 mark)

Answer:

38. Where are: a) central chemoreceptors located?

Answer:

b) peripheral chemoreceptors located? (3 marks)Answer:

39. How would respiratory rate alter in response to an increase in arterial PCO2? (1 mark)Answer:

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40. How is the majority of CO2 transported in blood? (1 mark)Answer:

41. What is the percentage of Nitrogen in air? (1 mark)Answer:

42. What is the function of the tracheal rings? (1 mark)Answer:

43. What is the term given to the amount of air moved in one respiratory cycle? (1 mark) Answer:

44. Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands (3 marks)

Answers:1)

2)

3)

45. Name the three parts of the pharynx (3 marks)Answers:

1)

2)

3)

46. What is the difference between an essential amino acid and a non-essential amino acid?

(2 marks)Answers:

47. Give two bodily uses for cholesterol (2 marks)Answers:

1)

2)

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48. What is considered a normal healthy range for Body Mass Index (BMI)?(1 mark)

Answer:

49. Give an example of a) a water soluble vitamin

Answer:

b) a fat soluble vitamin (2 marks)Answer:

50. Why is it necessary to have iodine in the diet?(1 mark)

Answer:

51. Name the lobes of the liver (4 marks)Answer:

52. Which 3 hormones are released by the thyroid gland? (3 marks)

Answers:1)

2)

3)

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53. The graph shows the concentrations of glucagon and insulin in the blood.

a) Explain why the concentration of glucagon rises before eating a meal (4 marks)Answer:

b) Explain the effect that an increase in the concentration of insulin has on the concentration of glucagon in the blood

(2 marks)Answer:

54. a) Which hormone is secreted by the testes in response to Luteinising Hormone (LH)?

Answer:

b) Which testicular cells secrete it? (2 marks)Answer:

55. Describe the function of Follicle stimulating hormone(2marks)

Answer:

56. Describe the function of Oestrogen (2 marks)Answer: MDPHT1FHB Page 14 of 18 Cohort S19 Resit examination

57. a) Which hormone stimulates the release of human growth hormone?Answer:

b) Which hormone inhibits the release of human growth hormone? (2 marks)Answer:

58. Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?(2 marks)

Answer:

59. What is the name of the temporary endocrine gland that forms in the ovary after ovulation

(1 mark)Answer:

60. Name the three layers of the non-pregnant uterus (3 marks)Answers:

1)

2)

3)

61. What secretions are added to sperm to make semen bya) The seminal vesicles

Answer:

b) The prostate glandAnswer:

c) The bulbourethral gland (4 marks)Answer:

62. Which part of a neuron:a) may be surrounded by a myelin sheath

Answer:

b) is the area that receives information from a stimulusAnswer:

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c) is the area immediately before a synapse (3 marks) Answer:

63. Starting with the outermost, name the meninges. (3 marks)Answer:

64. Which cells produce myelin? (2 marks)Answer:

65. The diagram below shows a synapse.

Describe how A and B are involved in the transmission of a signal across the synapse. (5 marks) Answer:

66. Give three changes brought about by a stimulation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

(3 marks)Answers:

1)

2)

3)

67. Explain what is meant by the term “resting membrane potential” (2 marks)Answer:

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68. The diagram below shows a section through the eye.

a) Name the parts labelled A and B (2 marks)

Answer A:

Answer B:

When a bright light shines into the eye, part B helps to reduce the amount of light that reaches part A. This is an example of a reflex action.

b) What is meant by the term ‘reflex action’? (2 marks)Answer:

c) Describe how part B reduces the amount of light that reaches part A. (2 marks)

Answer:

69. Which area of the brain contains the cardiovascular centres? (1 mark)Answer:

70. Which area of the brain regulates posture and balance? (1 mark)Answer:

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71. Excess nitrogen can be excreted by animals in three different molecules. These are ammonia, urea and uric acid. Table 1 below gives some properties of the three excretory products.

Table 1 Ammonia Urea Uric acidSolubility Very high High Very lowToxicity High Medium LowNumber of ATP molecules needed to excrete one molecule

0 4 8

Using information in table 1, explain why urea is the main molecule for nitrogen excretion in humans.

(4 marks)Answer:

72. Table 2 shows the concentration of urea in the blood of a person over a period of 16 hours. For the first 8 hours the kidneys were functioning normally. After 8 hours the persons kidneys stopped working.

Table 2 Kidneys working Kidneys not working

Time in hours

0 4 8 12 16

Concentration of urea in blood in arbitrary units

100 100 100 150 220

a) Which part of the blood carries urea? (1 mark)

Answer:

b) State two conclusions that can be drawn from the information in table 2. (4 marks) Answer:

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