hexagon (kh-9) mapping camera program and evolution
TRANSCRIPT
~I
HEXAGON (KH-9) MAPPING CAMERA PROGRAM AND EVOLUTION
December 1982
o2'3?- -83
(DIRECTOR OF SPECIAL PROJECTS, OFFICE OF TH E SECRETARY OFTH E AIR FORCE)
JOINT SI/TK/B (IMAGERY) CLASSIFIED BY SISR VOL I & IPM DECLASSIFY OADR
I . BIF·059W·23422/82
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE
WARNING NOTICE: INTELLIGENCE SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED (WINTEL)
DISSEMINATION AND EXTRACTION OF INFORMATION CONTROLLED BY ORIGINATOR (ORCON)
NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION: UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE SUBJECT
TO CRIMINAL SANCTIONS
•
PUBLICATION REVIEW
This document was produced by the Hexagon Program Office for the Director of Special Projects, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force.
Deputy for Payloads
J;rf; ~;f: ;?#C z:;t;;; -;6 Colonel Lester S. McChristian Director, Hexagon Program Office
irector, Secretary of the Air Force Special Projects
MCS HISTORY
Because of the breadth of the document, custodial orpnizations are required to insure access to this document or any part thereof is limited to a "must know" basis and controlled by individual signature acknowledgement of each access. The list of which is to be maintained with the document. This document will not be downgraded or dupucated/copied in whole or in part Without the express written approval of Program A, Director, Security and Policy and Director, Hexagon Program Office.
lOP &EGRB/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 111
NRO APPROVED FOR RIii~"SI!CRI!TIRUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 30 JANUARY 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO AUTHOR/EDITOR , ,
The Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, Special Projects, wishes to express its appreciation to Maurice G. Burnett for his outstanding efforts in providing the research, data compilation, organization, and presentation of this historical reference document.
Mr. Burnett has been continuously involved with the Reconnaissance Community for over
Mes HISTORY
30 years. It is this wealth of experience and knowledge that made his particpation invaluable in the location and selection of material, interviewing of key personalities, and the identification of Significant world events and technological advances. T.his will undoubtedly make this historical documentation of the evolution of satellite reconnaissance and mapping much more understandable and meaningful to future generations.
lOP SEGRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON iv
BIF.()59W-23422/82 Handle Via
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE
FOREWORD
This report was prepared from data provided by the Secretary of the Air Force Special Projects Office (SAFSP), the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), the Aerospace Corporation, and the HEXAGON Associate Contractors.
As the HEXAGON (KIf-9) Mapping Camera Program was approaching its scheduled comple tion date of mid-1981, the Secretary of the Air Force Special Projects Office (SAFSP) in EI Segundo, California, initiated a task to prepare a history of this highly successful program. It was initially envisioned that the report would cover only the Mapping Camera System (MeS), its development, operation and results. But during ensuing discussions between government and contractor person nel it was recognized that a history of the MeS alone would give future readers only a fragmented account of how the MeS fit into the overall picture of satellite reconnaissance -obviously we did not Just suddenly acqUire this sophisticated capability.
Of particular concern to Lt. Colonel Guy F. Welch (SAFSP) at the time, was the scarcity of historical data readily available for the indoctrination of newly aSSigned personnel to SAFSP. "Old timers" who might be capable of giving a well-rounded briefing (from first-hand experience) on the evolution of satellite reconnaissance were not easily accessible in 1980, over two decades after the development and first launch of an American satellite. And, though there were printed accounts covering certain periods in satellite development, there was seen a need to prepare a condensation of records and to include synoptic charts, schematics and photographs to serve better as an initial indoctrination tool. ..
For these reasons, it was decided that a supplement should be added to the MCS history to provide a synopsis of the evolution of satellite 'reconnaissance in general, and that in this particu lar case, the supplement should be placed ahead of the "original" main subject. The result then was to prepare the report in two parts, Part I covering the evolution of the satellite reconnaissance capability, and Part n, the Mapping Camera System (MeS). Part n also includes a description of the overall HEXAGON (KIf -9) system, but only briefly, since a full history of the HEXAGON pro gram is in preparation. It is the intention of the present SAFSP Director, Major General John F. Kulpa that histories of the HEXAGON program and other programs, which are stlll active, shall be completed at appropriate times and in adequate detail.
Four reports were used principally as reference sources in the preparation of Part I. Through extensive research, authors have presented from varying perspectives the evolution of missiles, satellites and government organizations during the period 1945 to 1960 in sufficient detail to develop the theme we were looking for. Hence, the following reports were drawn on extensively (in many instances verbatim) and are referenced throughout part one.
TOP &EGR8/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON V
-
30 JANUARY 2012 TO' S!CI!7iRUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
"u.s. Military Space Programs: A Brief Analytical History, and Interaction with Operational Forces, 1945, 1975," B. W. Augenstein, August 1975 (UNCLASSIFIED).
"The U.s. Military in Space, Its Inheritance and Bequest," the United states Air Force Academy Military Space Doctrine Working Group, March 1982 (UNCLASSIFIED).
"A History of Satellite Reconnaissance," Volumes I through mB prepared by Robert Perry under direction of the NRO (TOP SECRET/BYE).
"CORONA Program History, Vol I Program Overview," produced by the Directorate of Science and Technology, Central Intelligence Agency, 19 May 1976 (TOP SECRET/BYE).
BIF.Q59W·23422/82
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CONTENTS
PART I - EVOLUTION OF SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
Background. . . . . . . Early Missile Research ,
Pre-World War II . World War II Era . . Post-World War II. .
Early Satelltte Research. Interim Aerial Surveillance Methods .
i iii tv v
1 1 1 2 2 4 7 9
13 14 16 16 17 18 19 25 25 33 33 47 51 59 68 79 81 82 82
Rekindling of USAF Interests in Space . . . • Transfer of Space Activities to the Services . U-2 "Spy Plane" Incident Closes Russian Skies EstabUshing the NRO and SAFSP. Space Activities 1958-1960, , . .
Early Satellite Systems . . . . . . Preface to Early Satellite Systems '. SAMOS Programs . . .
E-l/F-l, E-2 Series, . E-4 Mapping Satellite. . E - 5 Recovery Program . E -6 Recovery Program .
CORONA Program. . . DISCOVERER Series, . Army SECOR System . . Army ARGON Mapping System MURAL camera. . . . • . ..
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1.5-Inch Terrain and stellar/Terrain Cameras. LANYARD Camera. . JANUS Camera . . . . . . DISIC Mapping Camera . . . J -3 Constant Rotating Camera
Defense Weather Satellites. GAMBIT Program ..... . The KH -11 System. . . . . . Exhibits of Typical Imagery From PHOTINT Programs. References ....•...•.. ....
PART n - THE HEXAGON (KH-9) MAPPING CAMERA SYSTEM
Introduction. . . . . . . . •
1. The HEXAGON Sate Hite . . Government Organizations Associate Contractors. . The Aerospace Vehicle .
. '.
The Mark 8 Satellite Reentry Vehicle (sRV) The Mark V SatelUte Reentry Vehicle.
Introduction . . . . System Description Hardware Description Mission Overview . .
2. The Mapping Camera Program Development Introduction . . . . . . . . . . MCS Development to First Flight . .
Events Leading to Contract Award. System Configuration Changes . . Establishing First Launch Schedule NPIC Statement of MCS Product Requirements MCS Calibration Responsibilities and Procedures • MCS Block I Procurement. . MCS Software Development. . . . . • Incorporation of Wobble Roller • • . • • Early Plans for Block n Procurement Proposal for MCS Improved Design
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111 118 119 138
i-3
1-1 1-1 1-3 1-6 1-13 1-13 1-14 1-14 1-19 1-19 1-20 1-20 1-25 1-29 1-33 1-33 1-34 1-39 1-42
2-1 2-1 2-3 2-3 2-8 2-8 2-9 2-9 2-11 2-11 2-12 2-12 2-13
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BYEMAN/TALENT KEYHOLE CONTROL SYSTEMS JOINTLY
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30 JANUARY 2012 10.' SECRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
Pressure Makeup System Two Additional Mapping Cameras . MCS Testing to First Flight. . .
Mapping Camera System Hardware and Test Cycle Configuration . . . . Physical Characteristics Lens Systems . . .
Mechanical Description. Terrain Camera . . Stellar Camera. . . Terrain Primary Shutter Rotary Shutter . . . . Capping Shutter. . . • Stellar Shutter and Light Baine Subsystems Mechanical Operations . . . . . . . Terrain Pressure Plate and Platen Press Forward Motion Compensation . . . . Terrain Film Transport. . . . . . . Frame Advance and Mechanical Operation. Other Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . Stellar Film Transport and Platen Press . Frame Advance and Mechanical Operation. Terrain Film Supply Subsystem. . . stellar Film Supply Subsystem . . . Stellar and Terrain Takeup Subsystem Terrain Thermal Shutter Subsystem Mechanical Operation Chutes .......... . Light Baffle . . . . . . . . . Main Instrument System Electronics Assembly Electrical Distribution and Power. System Harness Physical Orientation
Test and Integration Preflight Calibration System Integration and Test Flight Readiness Assurance Program
3. Mission Scenario. . . . . . . Operational Summary. . . . . Development of Requirements. . Mission Requirements Validation
Defense Mapping Agency Validation
HEXAGON (KH-9) Data Base. . . . . . .
lOP 9ECRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON Ix
2-14 2-15 2-16 2-19 2-19 2-20 2-20 2-28 2-29 2-32 2-33 2-33 2-33 2-34 2-34 2-34 2-34 2-36 2-38 2-38 2-39 2-39 2-41 2-41 2-42 2-42 2-42 2-42 2-42 2-43 2-43 2-43 2-43 2-45 2-46 2-53 2-56
3-1 3-1 3-2 3-2 3-2 3-6 3-6 3-7
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Satellite Test Center Operation . . . Purpose of the Satellite Test Center Overview of STC Operations STC Staffing . . . . . . .
USAF Tracking Network. • . . Associate Contractor Support. Operational Support Data Base Operational Support Activities-Associate Contractors
Operations Data Flow. . . De -orbit/Recovery Sequence
De-Orbit Preparations. De-Orbit ..... . Reentry ..... . Backup Timer Events Post Flight . . . .
4. Processing/Duplicatlon . . Processing Site Production Work Flow
Receipt of Mission Film. . . Downloading/prespUce . . . Original Negative Processing. Optical Titling • . . . . . Preliminary Evaluation. .. .. Densitometry/DupUcation Route Determination. Printing. . . . . . . . Duplicate Film Processing. . . . Duplicate Copies Inspection . . . Final Original Negative Inspection .
Acquisition Material Stellar Camera . . . . . . . Terrain Camera. . . . . . .
Distortion in Film Handling Systems Duplication. . . . . .
Films ...... . System Sensitometry .
Physical Handling ..
5. Post Flight Analyses . • Concept and Purpose PFA Background Mapping Camera PFA Organlzations and Procedures. In-Flight Camera Calibration Procedures . . .
6. Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exploitation Systems Developed and/or Utilized. . Exploitatlon of Imagery . . . . • . • . . . •
Analytical Triangulation. . . . • • • . . Continental Control Network (CCN) Data Base Photogrammetric Compilation ..•..
..
'.
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3-'1 3-'1 3-8 3-8 3-9 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-21 3-21 3-22
4-1 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-9 4-11 4-12 4-12 4-12 4-13
5-1 5-1 5-1 5-3 5-8
6-1 6-1 6-15 6-15 6-15 6-16
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'1. Operational Considerations and Statistics . . Highlights . . .. Mission Planning, Strategies, and Accomplishments.
Summary of Collection Interests for Mission 1213 MCS Mission Engineering Summaries and Major Changes.
Mission 1205 (SV-5) . Use of SO-131 Mission 1206 (SV -6) . New Launch Schedule Mission 1207 (SV - '1) . Project 80 Study . . Mission 1208 (SV -8) . Mission 1209 (SV -9) . Mission 1210 (SV-I0) Mission 1211 (SV -11) Star Sensor System (S3). Ultra-Thin-Base (UTB) Film Implementation Mission 1212 (SV -12) Mission 1213 (SV -13) Mission 1214 (SV -14) Mission 1215 (SV -15) Mission 1216 (SV -16)
Closeout of the Operational Phase.
8. KH-9 Products and Imagery. .
. 9.
10.
U.
Medium and Small Scale Maps and Charts Large (1: 50,000) Scale Topographic Line Maps Digital Data . ..
Digital Terrain Elevation Data. Digital Feature Analysis Data
Point Positioning
lep 3ECREt/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON xi
7-1 '1-1 '1-1 7-3 7-5 7-5 7-6 '1-6 7-7 '1-8 7-9 7-11 7-12 '1-13 7-14 7-16 7-17 '1-19 7-20 7-21 7-24 '1-25 7-26
8-1 8-1 8-1 8-1 8-2 8-2 8-2
9-1
10-1
11-1
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NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE 30 JANUARY 2012 TOP 3!el!TfRUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
1-1 1-2a 1-2b 1-3a 1-3b 1-4a 1-4b 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8a 1-8b 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-20 1-21a 1-21b 1-21c 1-22 1-23 1-24 1-25 1-26
1-27
1-28
FIGURES
PART I - EVOLUTION OF SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
Advanced Reconnaissance System Evolution. Standardized Agena as Viewed in 1959 . U.S. Space Vehicles as Viewed in 1959 . Number of Launches Each Year Orbit Duration of PHOTINT Systems WS-117L Vehicle System . . . . . WS-117L Subsystems . . • . • . E-1 Visual Reconnaissance Component Test Model E -2 Visual Reconnaissance Payload. . E-2 Payload-Functional Schematic • . SAMOS E-5 Recovery Camera Payload. SAMOS E-5 Recovery Capsule . . . . E -6 Reconnaissance Satellite Subsystems • Major Components of the CORONA J-3/CR (KH-4A) Launch Vehicle. CORONA PhotographiC Payload Profiles • • • • . C Triple Prime (C''') Camera (KH-3) in Test Stand ARGON (KH-5) Army Mapping Camera MURAL (KH -4) Twin Panoramic Camera System Index and stellar-Index Cameras . . . . • . LANYARD (KH -6) Panoramic Camera System . Artist's View of the J-l (KH-4A) Camera System With Dual SRV's Major Components of the J -3 (KH -4B) Subsystem . CORONA Program Synopsis. . • . . CORONA Program Museum Display. . Early Weather Reconnaissance System . DMSP System Evolution . . . • . . DMSP System Network. . . • . . . GAMBIT (KH-7) Configuration . . . . KH-l Camera System Imagery (CORONA C) . KH-2 Camera System Imagery (CORONA C'). KH-3 Camera System Imagery (CORONA C''') KH -4 Mapping Camera System Imagery From Panoramic Camera (CORONA-MURAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . KH-4 Mapping Camera System Imagery From stellar/Index (S/I) Camera (CORoNA-MURAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KH-4A Camera System Imagery (CORONA-JANUS J-l) .......•
12 23 23 30 31 35 35 37 39 41 53 53 61 69 70 75 83 85 85 89 91 93 95 97 101 101 101 112 122 123 124
125
CONTROL SYSTEMS JOINTLY xii
1-29 1-30 1-31 1-32 1-33 1-34 1-35 1-36 1-37 1-38
KH -4B Mapping Camera System Imagery (DIBIC). . . • • . . KH-4B Pan Camera System Imagery (CORONA-JANUS J-3). • . KH-5 Army Mapping Camera System Imagery (CORONA-ARGON). KH-6 Camera System Imagery (CORONA-LANYARD) ...•. KH-7 Camera System Imagery (GAMBIT-PROGRAM 206, CUEBALL) KH-8 Camera System Imagery (GAMBIT-G-CUBED). . . KH -9 Mapping Camera System Imagery (HEXAGON -MCS) . KH-9 Camera System Imagery KB-U Camera System Imagery, KH -11 Camera System Imagery,
MCS HISTORY
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137
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FIGURES
PART n - THE HEXAGON (1m-9) MAPPING CAMERA SYSTEM
Frontispiece-Mission 1216 (SV-16) Launch on 17 June 1980 . . . • . . . . 1-1 Locations of Government and Contractor Facilities Supporting HEXAGON
Program ...... . 1-2 The Aerospace.Vehicle. . . 1-3 HEXAGON Vehicle on Orbit . 1-4 Satellite Vehicle Configuration 1-5 Satellite Basic Assembly structure 1-6 Satellite Basic Assembly-Aft Section 1-7 Attitude Control. . . . . . . . 1-8 Orbit Adjust and Reaction Control. 1-9 Electrical Distribution and Power. 1-10 Telemetry and Tracking. . . 1-11 Command and Timing. . . . 1-12 Lifeboat II. . . . . . . . 1-13 Search/Surveillance Cameras
Two-Camera Assembly ... Mark 8 Recovery Vehicle Equipment. Mark V Reentry Vehicle. . . . . .
1-14 1-15 1-16a 1-16b 1-17a 1-17b 1-18 1-19 1-20 1-21 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15
. .
•• 1-17 • . 1-21
· 1-21 .1-23 · 1-23 · 1-27 · 1-27 · 1-31 · 1-35 · 1-35 · 1-37 .1-37 · 1-38 · 1-3~ .1-40 .1-43 · 2-21 · 2-24 .2-25 .2-27 .2-27 .2-28 .2-29 · 2-30 · 2-31 .2-32 • 2-33 · 2-35
•. 2-36 • 2-37 • 2-37
BI FoOS9W·23422/82
CONTROL SYSTEMS JOINTLY
30 JANUARY 2012 lep 5EOREl/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-23 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-28 2-29 2-30 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 5-1 5-2 5-3 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 7-1 7-2 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6
Terrain Transport Film Flow. Stellar Camera Film Transport Stellar Transport Film Flow . APSA and MC . Coordinates and Assembly Identification Mapping Camera Integration and Operational Flow. • Distortion Boresight Test Unit (DBTU) . . . . . . Air Force Celestial Calibration Site, Cloudcroft, New Mexico. Cloudcroft Facility. . . . . . Cloudcroft Calibration Enclosure. • Cloudcroft Operational Flow . . • • Main Instrument Shipping Container. SV in High-Bay Test Area . . SV Entering Vacuum Chamber. . . • SV Going Vertical . . . . . . . SV in Position for MCS Film Loading and Vertical Tests. Operational Events . . . . . ; . . . . . . Mapping Camera Operations-92-N.ML Altitude. Operational Support Overview. . USAF T racking Network. . . . OIWG Organizational Structure . Problem Management Flow Chart Mapping Camera Operational Data Flow. Mapping Camera Operational Data Flow. Flight Profile. . . . . . . . . . Typical Air Recovery Sequence . . . Processing Site Production Work Flow Satellite Recovery Vehicle (SRV). • . SRV Interfaced With Presplice Complex . Examples of Optical Titling Exposed During Development Kingston Continuous Printers. Distortion Analysis System. . . • Ontario Processing Complex . . . PF A Organizations and Data Flow . Visual Edge Match Equipment (VEM) VEM Matrix Array. . • . . . . . Replacement of Photographic Imagery Equipment (RPIE). Universal Automatic Map Compilation EqUipment (UNIMACE) . Automatic Reseau Measuring Equipment (ARME). Analytical Stereoplotter Systems (AS-ll). Strip Vacuum Frame . . . . . . . Mission Statistics . . . . . . . . HEXAGON Program Museum Display . 1 : 50,000-Scale Map. . . . . . • . Joint Operations Graphics (Air) Map . Joint Operations Graphics (Ground) Map. Comp~son, Operational FUms-Sky Harbor, Phoenix, Arizona. Tag-On of QX-801 FUm-Dayton, Ohio . . • Experimental Photography-IR Color, SO-131. . • . . . . .
'Fer SEGRET!RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON xv
· .5-11 • .6-3
.6-5 • • .6-9
• .'.8-11 • . .• .8-13
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE
8-7 Map of San Joaquin Valley, California. . . . . 8-8 Terrain Photography-DMAFB, Tucson, Arizona. 8-9 Terrain Photography-Las Vegas, Nevada . . . 8-10 Terrain Photography-Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona 8-11 Terrain Photography-Aswan, Dams, UAR . 8-12 Terrain Photography-Aswan, UAR. 8-13 Terrain Photography-Siberia, Asia 8-14 Stereo Pair-Low Sun Angle, USSR . 8-15 Stereo Pair-Tucson, Arizona. . . 8-16 Stereo Pair-Mount Logan, Alaska. 8 -17 Stellar Photography. . . . . . . 8-18 Stellar Photography-Calibration Mode 8-19 Stellar Photography-40x Enlargements .
TABLES
1-1 Condensed Log of 1957- 60 Space Pro,ects 1-2…
HEXAGON (KH-9) MAPPING CAMERA PROGRAM AND EVOLUTION
December 1982
o2'3?- -83
(DIRECTOR OF SPECIAL PROJECTS, OFFICE OF TH E SECRETARY OFTH E AIR FORCE)
JOINT SI/TK/B (IMAGERY) CLASSIFIED BY SISR VOL I & IPM DECLASSIFY OADR
I . BIF·059W·23422/82
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE
WARNING NOTICE: INTELLIGENCE SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED (WINTEL)
DISSEMINATION AND EXTRACTION OF INFORMATION CONTROLLED BY ORIGINATOR (ORCON)
NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION: UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE SUBJECT
TO CRIMINAL SANCTIONS
•
PUBLICATION REVIEW
This document was produced by the Hexagon Program Office for the Director of Special Projects, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force.
Deputy for Payloads
J;rf; ~;f: ;?#C z:;t;;; -;6 Colonel Lester S. McChristian Director, Hexagon Program Office
irector, Secretary of the Air Force Special Projects
MCS HISTORY
Because of the breadth of the document, custodial orpnizations are required to insure access to this document or any part thereof is limited to a "must know" basis and controlled by individual signature acknowledgement of each access. The list of which is to be maintained with the document. This document will not be downgraded or dupucated/copied in whole or in part Without the express written approval of Program A, Director, Security and Policy and Director, Hexagon Program Office.
lOP &EGRB/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 111
NRO APPROVED FOR RIii~"SI!CRI!TIRUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 30 JANUARY 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO AUTHOR/EDITOR , ,
The Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, Special Projects, wishes to express its appreciation to Maurice G. Burnett for his outstanding efforts in providing the research, data compilation, organization, and presentation of this historical reference document.
Mr. Burnett has been continuously involved with the Reconnaissance Community for over
Mes HISTORY
30 years. It is this wealth of experience and knowledge that made his particpation invaluable in the location and selection of material, interviewing of key personalities, and the identification of Significant world events and technological advances. T.his will undoubtedly make this historical documentation of the evolution of satellite reconnaissance and mapping much more understandable and meaningful to future generations.
lOP SEGRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON iv
BIF.()59W-23422/82 Handle Via
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE
FOREWORD
This report was prepared from data provided by the Secretary of the Air Force Special Projects Office (SAFSP), the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), the Aerospace Corporation, and the HEXAGON Associate Contractors.
As the HEXAGON (KIf-9) Mapping Camera Program was approaching its scheduled comple tion date of mid-1981, the Secretary of the Air Force Special Projects Office (SAFSP) in EI Segundo, California, initiated a task to prepare a history of this highly successful program. It was initially envisioned that the report would cover only the Mapping Camera System (MeS), its development, operation and results. But during ensuing discussions between government and contractor person nel it was recognized that a history of the MeS alone would give future readers only a fragmented account of how the MeS fit into the overall picture of satellite reconnaissance -obviously we did not Just suddenly acqUire this sophisticated capability.
Of particular concern to Lt. Colonel Guy F. Welch (SAFSP) at the time, was the scarcity of historical data readily available for the indoctrination of newly aSSigned personnel to SAFSP. "Old timers" who might be capable of giving a well-rounded briefing (from first-hand experience) on the evolution of satellite reconnaissance were not easily accessible in 1980, over two decades after the development and first launch of an American satellite. And, though there were printed accounts covering certain periods in satellite development, there was seen a need to prepare a condensation of records and to include synoptic charts, schematics and photographs to serve better as an initial indoctrination tool. ..
For these reasons, it was decided that a supplement should be added to the MCS history to provide a synopsis of the evolution of satellite 'reconnaissance in general, and that in this particu lar case, the supplement should be placed ahead of the "original" main subject. The result then was to prepare the report in two parts, Part I covering the evolution of the satellite reconnaissance capability, and Part n, the Mapping Camera System (MeS). Part n also includes a description of the overall HEXAGON (KIf -9) system, but only briefly, since a full history of the HEXAGON pro gram is in preparation. It is the intention of the present SAFSP Director, Major General John F. Kulpa that histories of the HEXAGON program and other programs, which are stlll active, shall be completed at appropriate times and in adequate detail.
Four reports were used principally as reference sources in the preparation of Part I. Through extensive research, authors have presented from varying perspectives the evolution of missiles, satellites and government organizations during the period 1945 to 1960 in sufficient detail to develop the theme we were looking for. Hence, the following reports were drawn on extensively (in many instances verbatim) and are referenced throughout part one.
TOP &EGR8/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON V
-
30 JANUARY 2012 TO' S!CI!7iRUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
"u.s. Military Space Programs: A Brief Analytical History, and Interaction with Operational Forces, 1945, 1975," B. W. Augenstein, August 1975 (UNCLASSIFIED).
"The U.s. Military in Space, Its Inheritance and Bequest," the United states Air Force Academy Military Space Doctrine Working Group, March 1982 (UNCLASSIFIED).
"A History of Satellite Reconnaissance," Volumes I through mB prepared by Robert Perry under direction of the NRO (TOP SECRET/BYE).
"CORONA Program History, Vol I Program Overview," produced by the Directorate of Science and Technology, Central Intelligence Agency, 19 May 1976 (TOP SECRET/BYE).
BIF.Q59W·23422/82
I·
CONTENTS
PART I - EVOLUTION OF SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
Background. . . . . . . Early Missile Research ,
Pre-World War II . World War II Era . . Post-World War II. .
Early Satelltte Research. Interim Aerial Surveillance Methods .
i iii tv v
1 1 1 2 2 4 7 9
13 14 16 16 17 18 19 25 25 33 33 47 51 59 68 79 81 82 82
Rekindling of USAF Interests in Space . . . • Transfer of Space Activities to the Services . U-2 "Spy Plane" Incident Closes Russian Skies EstabUshing the NRO and SAFSP. Space Activities 1958-1960, , . .
Early Satellite Systems . . . . . . Preface to Early Satellite Systems '. SAMOS Programs . . .
E-l/F-l, E-2 Series, . E-4 Mapping Satellite. . E - 5 Recovery Program . E -6 Recovery Program .
CORONA Program. . . DISCOVERER Series, . Army SECOR System . . Army ARGON Mapping System MURAL camera. . . . • . ..
fe, 3ECRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON vU·
BIFoOS9W·23422/82 HandleYla
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE
1.5-Inch Terrain and stellar/Terrain Cameras. LANYARD Camera. . JANUS Camera . . . . . . DISIC Mapping Camera . . . J -3 Constant Rotating Camera
Defense Weather Satellites. GAMBIT Program ..... . The KH -11 System. . . . . . Exhibits of Typical Imagery From PHOTINT Programs. References ....•...•.. ....
PART n - THE HEXAGON (KH-9) MAPPING CAMERA SYSTEM
Introduction. . . . . . . . •
1. The HEXAGON Sate Hite . . Government Organizations Associate Contractors. . The Aerospace Vehicle .
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The Mark 8 Satellite Reentry Vehicle (sRV) The Mark V SatelUte Reentry Vehicle.
Introduction . . . . System Description Hardware Description Mission Overview . .
2. The Mapping Camera Program Development Introduction . . . . . . . . . . MCS Development to First Flight . .
Events Leading to Contract Award. System Configuration Changes . . Establishing First Launch Schedule NPIC Statement of MCS Product Requirements MCS Calibration Responsibilities and Procedures • MCS Block I Procurement. . MCS Software Development. . . . . • Incorporation of Wobble Roller • • . • • Early Plans for Block n Procurement Proposal for MCS Improved Design
lOP IECRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON viii
111 118 119 138
i-3
1-1 1-1 1-3 1-6 1-13 1-13 1-14 1-14 1-19 1-19 1-20 1-20 1-25 1-29 1-33 1-33 1-34 1-39 1-42
2-1 2-1 2-3 2-3 2-8 2-8 2-9 2-9 2-11 2-11 2-12 2-12 2-13
BIF·059W·23422182 Handle Via
BYEMAN/TALENT KEYHOLE CONTROL SYSTEMS JOINTLY
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30 JANUARY 2012 10.' SECRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
Pressure Makeup System Two Additional Mapping Cameras . MCS Testing to First Flight. . .
Mapping Camera System Hardware and Test Cycle Configuration . . . . Physical Characteristics Lens Systems . . .
Mechanical Description. Terrain Camera . . Stellar Camera. . . Terrain Primary Shutter Rotary Shutter . . . . Capping Shutter. . . • Stellar Shutter and Light Baine Subsystems Mechanical Operations . . . . . . . Terrain Pressure Plate and Platen Press Forward Motion Compensation . . . . Terrain Film Transport. . . . . . . Frame Advance and Mechanical Operation. Other Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . Stellar Film Transport and Platen Press . Frame Advance and Mechanical Operation. Terrain Film Supply Subsystem. . . stellar Film Supply Subsystem . . . Stellar and Terrain Takeup Subsystem Terrain Thermal Shutter Subsystem Mechanical Operation Chutes .......... . Light Baffle . . . . . . . . . Main Instrument System Electronics Assembly Electrical Distribution and Power. System Harness Physical Orientation
Test and Integration Preflight Calibration System Integration and Test Flight Readiness Assurance Program
3. Mission Scenario. . . . . . . Operational Summary. . . . . Development of Requirements. . Mission Requirements Validation
Defense Mapping Agency Validation
HEXAGON (KH-9) Data Base. . . . . . .
lOP 9ECRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON Ix
2-14 2-15 2-16 2-19 2-19 2-20 2-20 2-28 2-29 2-32 2-33 2-33 2-33 2-34 2-34 2-34 2-34 2-36 2-38 2-38 2-39 2-39 2-41 2-41 2-42 2-42 2-42 2-42 2-42 2-43 2-43 2-43 2-43 2-45 2-46 2-53 2-56
3-1 3-1 3-2 3-2 3-2 3-6 3-6 3-7
BIF·059W-23422/82
30 JANUARY 2012 lap 3EeREljRUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
Satellite Test Center Operation . . . Purpose of the Satellite Test Center Overview of STC Operations STC Staffing . . . . . . .
USAF Tracking Network. • . . Associate Contractor Support. Operational Support Data Base Operational Support Activities-Associate Contractors
Operations Data Flow. . . De -orbit/Recovery Sequence
De-Orbit Preparations. De-Orbit ..... . Reentry ..... . Backup Timer Events Post Flight . . . .
4. Processing/Duplicatlon . . Processing Site Production Work Flow
Receipt of Mission Film. . . Downloading/prespUce . . . Original Negative Processing. Optical Titling • . . . . . Preliminary Evaluation. .. .. Densitometry/DupUcation Route Determination. Printing. . . . . . . . Duplicate Film Processing. . . . Duplicate Copies Inspection . . . Final Original Negative Inspection .
Acquisition Material Stellar Camera . . . . . . . Terrain Camera. . . . . . .
Distortion in Film Handling Systems Duplication. . . . . .
Films ...... . System Sensitometry .
Physical Handling ..
5. Post Flight Analyses . • Concept and Purpose PFA Background Mapping Camera PFA Organlzations and Procedures. In-Flight Camera Calibration Procedures . . .
6. Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exploitation Systems Developed and/or Utilized. . Exploitatlon of Imagery . . . . • . • . . . •
Analytical Triangulation. . . . • • • . . Continental Control Network (CCN) Data Base Photogrammetric Compilation ..•..
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lOP SEGRET/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON X
3-'1 3-'1 3-8 3-8 3-9 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-21 3-21 3-22
4-1 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-9 4-11 4-12 4-12 4-12 4-13
5-1 5-1 5-1 5-3 5-8
6-1 6-1 6-15 6-15 6-15 6-16
BIF.Q59W-23422/82. Handle VIa
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'1. Operational Considerations and Statistics . . Highlights . . .. Mission Planning, Strategies, and Accomplishments.
Summary of Collection Interests for Mission 1213 MCS Mission Engineering Summaries and Major Changes.
Mission 1205 (SV-5) . Use of SO-131 Mission 1206 (SV -6) . New Launch Schedule Mission 1207 (SV - '1) . Project 80 Study . . Mission 1208 (SV -8) . Mission 1209 (SV -9) . Mission 1210 (SV-I0) Mission 1211 (SV -11) Star Sensor System (S3). Ultra-Thin-Base (UTB) Film Implementation Mission 1212 (SV -12) Mission 1213 (SV -13) Mission 1214 (SV -14) Mission 1215 (SV -15) Mission 1216 (SV -16)
Closeout of the Operational Phase.
8. KH-9 Products and Imagery. .
. 9.
10.
U.
Medium and Small Scale Maps and Charts Large (1: 50,000) Scale Topographic Line Maps Digital Data . ..
Digital Terrain Elevation Data. Digital Feature Analysis Data
Point Positioning
lep 3ECREt/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON xi
7-1 '1-1 '1-1 7-3 7-5 7-5 7-6 '1-6 7-7 '1-8 7-9 7-11 7-12 '1-13 7-14 7-16 7-17 '1-19 7-20 7-21 7-24 '1-25 7-26
8-1 8-1 8-1 8-1 8-2 8-2 8-2
9-1
10-1
11-1
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NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE 30 JANUARY 2012 TOP 3!el!TfRUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
1-1 1-2a 1-2b 1-3a 1-3b 1-4a 1-4b 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8a 1-8b 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-20 1-21a 1-21b 1-21c 1-22 1-23 1-24 1-25 1-26
1-27
1-28
FIGURES
PART I - EVOLUTION OF SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
Advanced Reconnaissance System Evolution. Standardized Agena as Viewed in 1959 . U.S. Space Vehicles as Viewed in 1959 . Number of Launches Each Year Orbit Duration of PHOTINT Systems WS-117L Vehicle System . . . . . WS-117L Subsystems . . • . • . E-1 Visual Reconnaissance Component Test Model E -2 Visual Reconnaissance Payload. . E-2 Payload-Functional Schematic • . SAMOS E-5 Recovery Camera Payload. SAMOS E-5 Recovery Capsule . . . . E -6 Reconnaissance Satellite Subsystems • Major Components of the CORONA J-3/CR (KH-4A) Launch Vehicle. CORONA PhotographiC Payload Profiles • • • • . C Triple Prime (C''') Camera (KH-3) in Test Stand ARGON (KH-5) Army Mapping Camera MURAL (KH -4) Twin Panoramic Camera System Index and stellar-Index Cameras . . . . • . LANYARD (KH -6) Panoramic Camera System . Artist's View of the J-l (KH-4A) Camera System With Dual SRV's Major Components of the J -3 (KH -4B) Subsystem . CORONA Program Synopsis. . • . . CORONA Program Museum Display. . Early Weather Reconnaissance System . DMSP System Evolution . . . • . . DMSP System Network. . . • . . . GAMBIT (KH-7) Configuration . . . . KH-l Camera System Imagery (CORONA C) . KH-2 Camera System Imagery (CORONA C'). KH-3 Camera System Imagery (CORONA C''') KH -4 Mapping Camera System Imagery From Panoramic Camera (CORONA-MURAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . KH-4 Mapping Camera System Imagery From stellar/Index (S/I) Camera (CORoNA-MURAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KH-4A Camera System Imagery (CORONA-JANUS J-l) .......•
12 23 23 30 31 35 35 37 39 41 53 53 61 69 70 75 83 85 85 89 91 93 95 97 101 101 101 112 122 123 124
125
CONTROL SYSTEMS JOINTLY xii
1-29 1-30 1-31 1-32 1-33 1-34 1-35 1-36 1-37 1-38
KH -4B Mapping Camera System Imagery (DIBIC). . . • • . . KH-4B Pan Camera System Imagery (CORONA-JANUS J-3). • . KH-5 Army Mapping Camera System Imagery (CORONA-ARGON). KH-6 Camera System Imagery (CORONA-LANYARD) ...•. KH-7 Camera System Imagery (GAMBIT-PROGRAM 206, CUEBALL) KH-8 Camera System Imagery (GAMBIT-G-CUBED). . . KH -9 Mapping Camera System Imagery (HEXAGON -MCS) . KH-9 Camera System Imagery KB-U Camera System Imagery, KH -11 Camera System Imagery,
MCS HISTORY
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137
BIF·059W·23422/82
lOP &ECREI/RUFF/ GAMBIT/HEXAGON BYEMAN~:~~-:,~I~EYHOLE ,_xiii CONTROL SYSTEMS JOINTLY
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE
FIGURES
PART n - THE HEXAGON (1m-9) MAPPING CAMERA SYSTEM
Frontispiece-Mission 1216 (SV-16) Launch on 17 June 1980 . . . • . . . . 1-1 Locations of Government and Contractor Facilities Supporting HEXAGON
Program ...... . 1-2 The Aerospace.Vehicle. . . 1-3 HEXAGON Vehicle on Orbit . 1-4 Satellite Vehicle Configuration 1-5 Satellite Basic Assembly structure 1-6 Satellite Basic Assembly-Aft Section 1-7 Attitude Control. . . . . . . . 1-8 Orbit Adjust and Reaction Control. 1-9 Electrical Distribution and Power. 1-10 Telemetry and Tracking. . . 1-11 Command and Timing. . . . 1-12 Lifeboat II. . . . . . . . 1-13 Search/Surveillance Cameras
Two-Camera Assembly ... Mark 8 Recovery Vehicle Equipment. Mark V Reentry Vehicle. . . . . .
1-14 1-15 1-16a 1-16b 1-17a 1-17b 1-18 1-19 1-20 1-21 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15
. .
•• 1-17 • . 1-21
· 1-21 .1-23 · 1-23 · 1-27 · 1-27 · 1-31 · 1-35 · 1-35 · 1-37 .1-37 · 1-38 · 1-3~ .1-40 .1-43 · 2-21 · 2-24 .2-25 .2-27 .2-27 .2-28 .2-29 · 2-30 · 2-31 .2-32 • 2-33 · 2-35
•. 2-36 • 2-37 • 2-37
BI FoOS9W·23422/82
CONTROL SYSTEMS JOINTLY
30 JANUARY 2012 lep 5EOREl/RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON MCS HISTORY
2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-23 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-28 2-29 2-30 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 5-1 5-2 5-3 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 7-1 7-2 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6
Terrain Transport Film Flow. Stellar Camera Film Transport Stellar Transport Film Flow . APSA and MC . Coordinates and Assembly Identification Mapping Camera Integration and Operational Flow. • Distortion Boresight Test Unit (DBTU) . . . . . . Air Force Celestial Calibration Site, Cloudcroft, New Mexico. Cloudcroft Facility. . . . . . Cloudcroft Calibration Enclosure. • Cloudcroft Operational Flow . . • • Main Instrument Shipping Container. SV in High-Bay Test Area . . SV Entering Vacuum Chamber. . . • SV Going Vertical . . . . . . . SV in Position for MCS Film Loading and Vertical Tests. Operational Events . . . . . ; . . . . . . Mapping Camera Operations-92-N.ML Altitude. Operational Support Overview. . USAF T racking Network. . . . OIWG Organizational Structure . Problem Management Flow Chart Mapping Camera Operational Data Flow. Mapping Camera Operational Data Flow. Flight Profile. . . . . . . . . . Typical Air Recovery Sequence . . . Processing Site Production Work Flow Satellite Recovery Vehicle (SRV). • . SRV Interfaced With Presplice Complex . Examples of Optical Titling Exposed During Development Kingston Continuous Printers. Distortion Analysis System. . . • Ontario Processing Complex . . . PF A Organizations and Data Flow . Visual Edge Match Equipment (VEM) VEM Matrix Array. . • . . . . . Replacement of Photographic Imagery Equipment (RPIE). Universal Automatic Map Compilation EqUipment (UNIMACE) . Automatic Reseau Measuring Equipment (ARME). Analytical Stereoplotter Systems (AS-ll). Strip Vacuum Frame . . . . . . . Mission Statistics . . . . . . . . HEXAGON Program Museum Display . 1 : 50,000-Scale Map. . . . . . • . Joint Operations Graphics (Air) Map . Joint Operations Graphics (Ground) Map. Comp~son, Operational FUms-Sky Harbor, Phoenix, Arizona. Tag-On of QX-801 FUm-Dayton, Ohio . . • Experimental Photography-IR Color, SO-131. . • . . . . .
'Fer SEGRET!RUFF/GAMBIT/HEXAGON xv
· .5-11 • .6-3
.6-5 • • .6-9
• .'.8-11 • . .• .8-13
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE
8-7 Map of San Joaquin Valley, California. . . . . 8-8 Terrain Photography-DMAFB, Tucson, Arizona. 8-9 Terrain Photography-Las Vegas, Nevada . . . 8-10 Terrain Photography-Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona 8-11 Terrain Photography-Aswan, Dams, UAR . 8-12 Terrain Photography-Aswan, UAR. 8-13 Terrain Photography-Siberia, Asia 8-14 Stereo Pair-Low Sun Angle, USSR . 8-15 Stereo Pair-Tucson, Arizona. . . 8-16 Stereo Pair-Mount Logan, Alaska. 8 -17 Stellar Photography. . . . . . . 8-18 Stellar Photography-Calibration Mode 8-19 Stellar Photography-40x Enlargements .
TABLES
1-1 Condensed Log of 1957- 60 Space Pro,ects 1-2…