heterocyclic compounds with biological meaning
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Heterocyclic compounds
with biological meaning
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Heterocyclic compounds
Cyclic, organic compounds which besides carbon
atoms have one or more heteroatom (other elements than
C).
Heterocyclic atoms:
– nitrogen, N
– sulphur, S
– oxygen, O
– phosphorus, P
– barium, Ba
– zinc, Zn
– silicon, Si.
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From the biological point of view, the most important are heterocyclic
compounds with 5- and 6-membered rings, containing: S, N, O.
Most of the heterocyclic compounds have their common names.
Substituent’s position in the ring is described by :
– number – position of heteroatom – no. 1
– Greek letter – describes carbon atom the closest to heteroatom as a, then β and γ, respectively.
Heterocyclic compounds
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Heterocyclic compounds are:
• widespread in nature
• biologically active
• some of them are toxic (e.g. coniine, coumarin and derivatives).
Occurrence in:
• natural dyes - heme, chlorophyll
• alkaloids – atropine and nicotine
• amino acids such as tryptophan and histidine
• enzymes, nucleoproteins, antibiotics
• vitamins
• many synthetic pharmaceuticals.
Heterocyclic compounds
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Aromatic character of heteroatom-containing ring comes from
aromatic sextet which consists of:
• „not bound” electron pairs of heteroatoms
• four electrons π from carbon atoms
Heterocyclic compounds
Pyrrole Furane Thiophen
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5- membered ring heterocyclic compounds with
one heteroatom
5-membered rings:
• contain mostly oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen
• are flat
• are aromatic
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5- membered ring heterocyclic compounds with
two heteroatoms
oxazole imidazole thiazole pyrazole
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5- membered ring heterocyclic compounds
Condensation products with benzene
With one heteroatom
With two heteroatoms
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Pyrrole and derivatives
• Pyrrole derivatives:
• pyrroline
• pyrrolidone
• proline,
• Hydroksyproline.
• Condensation’s products of pyrrole with benzene:
– indole,
– tryptophan,
– serotonin.
• Condensation’s products of pyrrole with formaldehyde:
– heme
– hemoglobin
– billirubin
– porphyrins
– Biliverdin.
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Pyrrole and derivatives. Porphyrin structure
Heme: cyclic tetrapyrrole containing iron atom. Present as prostetic group of hemoglobin, mioglobin, and cytochromes.
Chlorophylls are cyclic tetrapyrrole compounds
containing magnesium atom:
• photosynthesis center in plants
• light-absorbing dyes
Terapyrrols belong to a family of “dyes”
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Pyrrol derivatives. Porphyrins structure and
metabolism
degradation
Bilirubin + albumin is transported to liverwhere it combines with glucuronic acid whichincreases its solubility.
Porphyrin
arrangement
(yellow dye)
(green dye)
Tetrapyrrols have character of dyes.
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5-membered rings with one heteroatom
5-hydroxytryptophan serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
biologicaly activ amine
hormon which is also neurotransmitter in central nervous system and in gastrointestinal tract
necessary for sleep - the intermediate product is converted in enzymaticreaction to melatonin (animals with blocked serotonin production are sleepless)
deficiency causes apathy or agression, depression, increasedappetite for carbohydrates
may also be a cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
(SIDS)
Serotonin (5-hydroksytryptamine):
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5-membered ring with two heteroatoms
histaminehistidine
decarboxylation
HistidineStructural element of hydrolytic enzymes.
Histamine (tissue hormone) : present in plant and animal tissues natural factor increasing permeability of veins leading to edema (swelling) causes angiectasia (dilation of a lymphatic or blood vessel)
causes decreasing of blood pressure when binding to H2 receptors, causes vasodilation, stimulation of gastric acid secretion
- CO2
oxazole thiazole imidazole
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5-membered ring with two heteroatoms
Thiamine – Vitamin B1 - two-rings system:
Pyrimidine and thiazole rings connected by methylene group
Thiamine pyrophosphate (cocarboxylase):
•coenzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenases (citiric acid cycle)
•recommended in Beri-beri disease (nerves inflammation caused
by B1 deficiency.)
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6-membered ring - heterocyclic
compounds
pyran pyridine pyrazine pyrimidine
The most important derivatives of pyrane are monosaccharides:• glucopyranose• galactopyranose• mannopyranose
Pyridine derivatives – biologically active compounds:• vitamin B6
• nicotine• vitamin PP
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Vitamin PP –
nicotinic acid derivative
It participates in:
• redox processes in human body (as coenzymes)
• regulation of sugar level in blood
• regulation of cholesterol level
• regulation of blood flow in veins
• maintaining appropriate skin condition (deficiency of vit. PP –pellagra, from latin: pella agra – rough skin)
• hormones synthesis (estrogen, progesterone)
Nicotinic acid nicotine vitamin PP
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Vitamin B6 –
pyridoxine, pyridoxal phosphate
• Vitamin B6– water soluble
– part of three natural pyridine compounds
– coenzyme for 50 different enzymes
• Takes part in :
– protein transformation (coenzyme of transaminases)
– transformation of tryptophan to serotonin
– protein and nucleic acid synthesis
Its necessary for hemoglobin synthesis.
Pyridoxine piridoxalPyridoxal phosphate
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Pyrimidine bases and their derivatives
Pyrimidine:1,3- diazine – aromatic heterocyclic compound containing two atoms of nitrogen at position 1 and 3
cytosine uracyl thymine
Derivatives:
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Pyrimidine bases and derivatives
In physiological conditions quantitatively dominant tautomeric form:• in thymine and uracyl is lactam• in cytozine is lactim
Keto-enol tautomerism: result of hydrogen atom migration, due to it, pirimidine bases are
present in the following forms:• Lactam, keto structure (=O) • Lactim, enol structure (-OH)
cytozine uracyl thymine
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Condensed rings with heteroatoms
Vitamin H
• Participate in:
– proteins and fats metabolism
– fatty acids synthesis
– vitamin C absorption
– amino acid and sugars metabolism
• resistant to heating, acids and bases.
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Purine base and their derivatives
Purine have pyrimidine ring combined with imidazol ring.
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Purine bases and derivatives
Purines contain pyrimidine ring combined with imidazol ring
In nature purine does not exist in free form but as amino and keto derivatives
Amine groups attached to aromatic ring of purine
act similarly to amine group from amino acids, i.e.
can transform into cationic form after H+ addition.
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Purine bases and derivatives
Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine
In physiological conditions main tautomeric forms are:• for guanine and hypoxanthine - lactam• for adenine – lactim –amino form
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Purine bases and derivatives
Uric acid
easily undergos keto-enol transformations
mammals have uric acid in small quantities in blood, liver, spleen and urine
in humans uric acid is a final product of purine bases metabolism of food as well as of degradation of endogenous
nucleic acids
about 75% is excreted with urine and 25% goes to gastrointestinal tract where it is decomposed by gut microflora
slightly soluble in water and therefore has a tendency to accumulate in kidneys (uric stones) and in joints
in basic environment creates easily soluble urates.
xanthin uric acid
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Purine bases and derivatives
Teophilin Caffeine Theobromine(1,3-dimethylxanthine) (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) (3,7-dimethylxanthine)
• Methylated purines are present in plants as plant’s bases (alcaloids)
• caffeine is present in coffee beans
• teophilin is present in tea leaves
• theobromine is present in cacao beans (harmful for dogs
and horses)
All of them have pharmacological application
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Condensed rings with heteroatoms
Riboflavin - vitamin B2
• mononucleotide consisting of :
– nitrogenous base called isoalloxazine
(polycyclic heterocyclic compound )
– ribitol esterified by isoalloxazine (flavin)
rybitol
Isoalloxazine (flavin)
B2 participate in:
- oxydo/reduction processes,
- normal functioning of nervous system,
eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory
system,
- amino acids and lipids transformation
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Active forms of riboflavin
pyrophosphate
adenine
D-ribose
D-ribitol
flavin
riboflavin mononucleotide (FMN)- created as a result of ATP-dependent
phosphorylation of riboflavin
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)- adenine nucleotide is attached to FMN
(requires ATP):
FMN + ATP → FAD + PPi (pirophosphate)
orthophosphate
- represent flavoprotein prosthetic groups connected with an apoenzyme – enzymes from
oxyreductases family (ex. participating in Krebs’ cycle)
- participate in electron transfer and H+ ions (reduced forms: FADH2 and FMNH2)
AMP
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Structure of nucleosides
H
Nucleosides consist of nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T,U) and
ribose or deoxyribose.
Name depends on the type of purine or pyrimidine bases.
(A,G,T,C,U)
(ribose or deoxyribose)
A nitrogenous base
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Structure of nucleotides
A phosphate group
Nucleotides have three characteristic components:a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
and at least one phosphate group.
A nitrogenous base(pyrimidines or purine base)
(ribose or deoxyribose)
A, G,T,C,U
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Nucleotides and nucleic acids
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids
NucleotideDNARNA
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Roles of nucleotides
• building blocks of nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)
(like amino acids in proteins);
• ATP: adenosine triphosphate - "molecular unit of
currency" of intracellular energy transfer; energy
source;
• structural components of many enzyme cofactors
(NAD+/NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
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Nucleic acids are biopolymers with molecular weight about 106 daltons
RNA - contains ribose (D-ribose)
DNA – contains deoxyribose ( D-2-deoxyribose)
DNA: contains adenine, guanine, cytosine , thymine
RNA: contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
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Nucleotide nomenclature
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DNA structure
• DNA consists of two helical
chains wound around the
same axis in a right-handed
fashion aligned in an
antiparallel way.
• There are 10.5 base pairs, or
36 Å, per turn of the helix.
• Alternating deoxyribose and
phosphate residues on the
backbone form the outer part
of the helix.
• The planar purine and
pyrimidine bases of both
strands are stacked inside the
helix.
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DNA structure
• Nucleotides in polynucleotide strands
are joined to one another by the a
covalent bond between sugar of one
nucleotide and phosphate of the next
one (phosphodiester bond)
• Nitrogenous bases of the two strands
are bound together with hydrogen
bonds
• Major and minor grooves: different
sizes, as a result of asymmetrical
alignment of the two strands (with
respect to each other);
- major groove: 22 Å wide
- minor groove: 12 Å wide.
Transcription factors usually bind to
DNA in the major groove.
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DNA strands
• the antiparallel strands of DNA are not identical, but are complementary.
• complementary base pairs: C pairs with G, and A with T
• the sequence of one strand can be predicted when the sequence of its complementary strand is given.
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Causes of DNA modifications
• physical factors ex.:
– gamma radiation– UV
• effect of carcinogenic chemicals
• changes in cell metabolism
• the oxidation of nitrogenous bases by free radicals:
hydroxyl (.OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2)
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cleavage of
phosphodiester bonds
modification to nitrogenous bases
A,G,C,T
cleavage of the glycosidic bond
conversion of sugar residue
DNA damage by the hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen
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Adenine
Guanine
.OH attacks at N7 and C8 in
adenine and guanine leading to
disruption of the imidazole ring
Modifications of nitrogenous bases in addition
reaction of the hydroxyl radical
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The reaction products of thymine with ROS under
aerobic conditions
thymine
5-hydroxy-6-hydrothymine
thymine glycol
5,6-dihydrothymin
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Pyrimidine bases – cytosine and uracil – high sensitivity to .OH
uracil
5-hydroxyuracil
5,6-dihydroxyuracil
5-hydroxymethyluracil
cytosine
5,6-dihydroxycytosine5-hydroxycytosine
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• High levels of oxidative damage to DNA may cause :– carcinogenesis,
– blockage, or
– decelerating of DNA replication.
DNA repair mechanisms:
• Oxidised products are removed by:
– excision of modified DNA nucleobases by: formamidopyrimidineDNA glycosylase (repaired by: AP endonucleases and DNA polymerase)
• Bulky (helix-distorting) damage: removed by endonucleases.
• Double-strand breaks: “stitching" with the participation
of ligases
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